Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Management – Cultural Heritage'

Doutoramento em Turismo
With this work we propose to analyze the perception of the concept of quality by managers of museums and archaeological sites. To this end, we chose to analyze some heritage areas open to the public and certified by HERITY - World Organisation for the Certification of Quality Management of Cultural Heritage, the only international certification of this kind which has been officially recognized by UNESCO and the World Tourism Organization. The application of the principles of quality and Total Quality Management to cultural heritage management is part of the efforts towards a continuous improvement of the cultural tourism offer and - in our opinion – towards an increasing capacity to promote intercultural dialogue between local population and visitors. In this context, we have therefore investigated the perception of quality within the context of cultural heritage management, and how the culture of quality can provide a greater involvement of local communities, contributing to the strengthening of authenticity and destination personality, as well as the promotion of intercultural dialogue between tourists and residents. To answer these questions, we have defined a theoretical model and subsequently carried out an empirical work at European level on the perception of quality by managers of cultural heritage sites, namely archaeological heritage. An in-depth comprehension of areas such as Archeology, Tourism and Quality Management, as well as its role within the broader context of sustainable regional development, are the basis of this work. The latter is intended, in turn, to be a vehicle of reflection within the creation of public policies on territorial management and tourism development. We thus undertook a research line which is still almost unexplored, that is, the analysis of quality principles within the cultural heritage management, their potential and the measurement of their actual impact on the territory, through an integrated approach, by considering in a specular, complex way the two main beneficiaries: residents and tourists.
Com o presente trabalho nos propomos de analisar a perceção do conceito de qualidade por parte dos gestores dos museus e sítios arqueológicos. Para tal, escolhemos analisar algumas áreas patrimoniais abertas ao publico e certificadas por HERITY - World Organisation for the Certification of Quality Management of Cultural Heritage, única certificação internacional deste género e cuja importância já foi oficialmente reconhecida pela UNESCO e pela Organização Mundial do Turismo. A aplicação dos princípios da qualidade e do Total Quality Management à gestão do património cultural se insere nos esforços para uma melhoria contínua da oferta cultural e turística e – no nosso entender – no aumento da capacidade de promover o diálogo intercultural entre população residente e visitantes. Nos questionamos portanto sobre a percepção do significado de Qualidade no âmbito da gestão do património cultural, e de que forma a cultura da qualidade pode proporcionar um maior envolvimento das comunidades locais, contribuindo assim para o reforço da autenticidade e do caracter do destino, bem como do diálogo intercultural entre turistas e residentes. Para responder a estas perguntas, procuramos definir um modelo teórico que, a seguir, confrontamos com os resultados de um trabalho empírico de âmbito europeu sobre a perceção da qualidade por parte dos gestores do património cultural, nomeadamente arqueológico. O estudo aprofundado do que é a Arqueologia, o Turismo e a Qualidade e a reflexão do papel destes três domínios no âmbito mais abrangente do desenvolvimento territorial sustentável representam a base deste trabalho, que se propõe por sua vez de ser um veículo de reflexão no âmbito da criação das políticas públicas de gestão do território e de desenvolvimento turístico. Empreendemos assim uma linha de investigação ainda pouco explorada, dedicada à analise dos princípios da qualidade no âmbito da gestão do património, às suas potencialidades e à medição dos seus efetivos impactos no território, através de uma abordagem integrada e considerando duma forma não convencional, mas sim especular e complexa os dois principais beneficiários: população residente e turistas.

This thesis evaluates the Keklik Street and its Surrounding Conservation and Development Project with respect to sustainability principle of Cultural Heritage Management. The achievements and deficiencies of the Project will be discussed and a performance measurement of the physical, functional and organizational sustainability will be done. Finally, the thesis will emphasize the contribution of the sustainability principle of the management approach and its instruments to the heritage conservation process.

The Christian cultural heritage of north Africa is ancient and rich, but at risk after recent political events. Many Christian minority communities living in Islamic environments feel at risk of persecution. This is a topical and timely PhD. The Christian, Coptic heritage of Egypt remains poorly studied from the perspective of heritage management and is also at risk from a number of factors. Using first-hand study and analysis based upon original fieldwork, the thesis offers a state of the art assessment to risks facing Coptic monuments in Egypt today. It does this by situating Egyptian heritage policy within the English framework, and it establishes theoretical approaches to value, significance, meaning, and interpretation in Egyptian heritage within a wider global framework. It is based on the analysis of three markedly different Egyptian Christian Coptic sites, each with their own unique management issues and it offers a series of solutions and ideas to preserve, manage and interpret this unique material culture and to emphasise community solutions as being the most viable and sustainable approaches, whilst taking into account the varied levels of significance of these monuments.

The sustainability of cultural heritage management of the resources is strongly related to support from local community via participation. It is evident that active community involvement can improve local residents’ quality of life based on better environment, social and economic conditions. However, there is little research into the question of whether the involvement of local community in heritage management derives from a genuine interest and desires to protect and conserve their local heritage assets. In the case of Malaysia, a truly local community collaborative approach is often limited due to the ways in which the community in question is conceptualised and involved in the process. In other words, local community involvement is extremely rare because they have been neglected especially in the decision making process. This has created a negative relationship between local community and government authorities in resource conservation. Therefore, it is pivotal to investigate the influence of the local community attachment towards heritage, in order to understand the local community involvement in heritage management. The attitudes and perceptions of three groups of respondents were examined by using the concept of heritage trail development, as an illustrative example to triangulate the relationship between local community involvement, government administrative structures and tourists’ experiences. The results revealed that, despite the fact the local community is highly attached to the heritage assets; the level of community involvement in cultural heritage management in Malaysia is low due to operational, structures and cultural limitation to engage the local community in both management and tourism development in the Melaka World Heritage Site. This is to say that the participation approach in Malaysia is highly controlled by the centralised government structure. The research recommends that the authorities consider implementing two major improvements in order to develop and maintain a system of sustainable cultural heritage management: Firstly, to overcome the limitations of community participation in the decision making process. Secondly, to consider the community attachment towards cultural heritage elements, before developing tourist attractions in heritage settings, in terms of residents’ emotional and functional attachments.

The aim of this research is the consideration of the cultural heritage policies of European institutions (the European Union and the Council of Europe) and the impact of such policies on the national heritage policy of two member States (Greece and Italy). The analysis focuses mainly on the national and supra-national heritage legislation. The EU by means of policies and laws has gradually emerged as an important factor in the field of national heritage management. The impact of the EU in the fields of heritage terminology and legislation is a fact. New concepts concerning things 'national' are being directly 'imported' from the EU to its member States. The use of heritage in the political arena has a long history in nation States, with regard to issues of identity. By taking this one step further, the EU aims to construct a 'European' identity which will eventually replace the different 'national' ones. A historical narrative proves the logic behind EU action. The cultural heritage has been used by the EU throughout the years for a variety of political and economic purposes. The amendment of national laws and the introduction of EU concepts into national heritage law are results of an imposed change, not of legal evolution. The comparison of the two EU member States emphasises the complexity of issues involved in both the national and supra¬ national level. The conclusions aspire to arouse awareness of the powers that EU enjoys over national heritage legislation. The thesis also endeavours to highlight the power of law to create and construct public attitude towards the heritage, enhancing or denying claims for identity. It assesses the political will behind legal acts and policies with regard to the heritage. It addresses the attempt made by European institutions to create 'uniformity' in both laws and concepts related to heritage in a Europe of diverse heritages.

Sustainability is one of the key challenges facing society in the twenty-first century. The adoption of sustainable practices in the heritage sector resonates with its long-established objectives to conserve and enhance the historic environment, although its implementation can also present significant dilemmas for the commodification, integrity, authenticity, accessibility and viability of these resources, particularly where sites are tourist attractions. The aim of this thesis was to investigate progress in the adoption of sustainable practices in heritage properties and sites in Devon and Cornwall. The findings were based on the compilation of an inventory of selected heritage resources; an extensive questionnaire survey of managers of historic houses and castles, historic churches, and museums and archives (416 responses), which investigated the extent of, and opinions about, sustainable management approaches; and semi-structured, face-to-face interviews with eight heritage managers, which probed key issues in much greater depth. The results of the research demonstrated some similarities with the adoption of sustainable practices in other sectors, such as the practical issues associated with costs and lack of knowledge. There were also some heritage-specific issues, such as perceived conflicts with protection duties, the consequences of being largely dependent upon volunteer staffing, and the institutional role of larger parent organisations, which have been overlooked in previous research. Most significantly, the results indicated that very few heritage sites produced sufficient surpluses to facilitate investment in sustainable practices that might ultimately enhance their financial viability and fund enhanced conservation activities. Future strategies for the sector as whole must therefore not only deal with capacity-building, such as access to information and training on sector-specific sustainable management, but also address the institutional factors governing heritage in the UK, such as strategic leadership, the most effective models for governance and funding mechanisms for sustainability, and the creation of local and regional heritage networks.

Conserving the cultural significance of heritage sites - as the guardians of social unity, place identity, and national pride - plays an essential role in maintaining sustainable social development, as well as preserving the variations identifying cultural groups and enriching the interaction between them. Consequently, and considering the importance of the built environment in communicating, as well as documenting, cultural messages, this research project, started in 2007, develops a set of guiding principles for interpretation management, as a process for conserving cultural World Heritage Sites; by maintaining and communicating their cultural significance through managing newly added architectural, urban, and landscape designs to such heritage sites. This research was mainly conducted to investigate and explain a concern regarding a gap that is increasing between people and the cultural heritage contexts they reside- particularly in Egypt- and to suggest a strategy for professionals to understand such sites from a perspective that reflects the public cognition. Adopting Grounded Theory methodology, the research develops a series of principles, which are intended to guide the process of cultural heritage conservation; through a critical analysis of current heritage conservation practices in World Heritage Sites. The research shows how they [the guiding principles] correspond to the contemporary perception of cultural heritage in literature, for which, a thorough discussion of literature, as well as critical analysis of UNESCO’s heritage conventions and ICOMOS charters are carried out. The research raises, discusses, and answers several key questions concerning heritage conservation, such as: whether UNESCO’s conventions target the right heritage or not; the conflicts appearing between heritage conservation documents (conventions and charters); whether intangible heritage can be communicated through design; and the effect of Western heritage ideology on heritage conservation practices. This is carried out through the use of interpretive discourse analysis of literature and heritage documents, and personal site observations and questionnaire surveys carried out in two main World Heritage Sites: Historic Cairo in Egypt and Liverpool city in the UK. The two case studies contributed to the understanding of the general public’s perception of cultural Heritage Sites, and how such perception is reflected in current heritage conservation practices. The thesis decodes cultural World Heritage Sites into three intersecting levels: the ‘cultural significances’ (or ‘open codes’), which represent different categories under which people perceive historic urban landscapes; the ‘cultural concepts’ (or ‘axial codes’), which are considered as the objectives of heritage conservation practice, and represent the general concepts under which cultural significances influence the heritage interpretation process; and finally, the ‘interpretation strategy tactics’, the UNCAP Strategy (or the ‘selective coding’), which are the five overarching principles guiding the interpretation management process in cultural heritage sites. This strategy, the UNCAP (Understanding people; Narrating the story; Conserving the spirit of place; Architectural engagement; and Preserving the built heritage), developed throughout this research, is intended to help heritage site managers, curators, architects, urban designers, landscape architects, developers, and decision makers to build up a thorough understanding of heritage sites, which should facilitate the establishment of more interpretive management plans for such sites, and enhance the communication of meanings and values of their physical remains, as well as emphasizing the ‘spirit of place’; for achieving socio-cultural sustainability in the development of World Heritage Sites.

Purpose – This study seeks to explore residents’ attitudes towards cultural events in Nelson Mandela Bay (NMB), South Africa. The study further discusses the cultural values and social realities of the diverse socio-economic landscape inherent to the city. Equally, the extent of stakeholder involvement has been reflected throughout the study as an indispensable requirement towards sustainable tourism in the city. The study presents that customising cultural events according to the cross-cultural typology has far-reaching consequences in enhancing the image of NMB and induces stakeholder engagement. This study is based on the notion of Social Capital and Stakeholder theory and draws on the multi-cultural phenomenon as the thrust of the study is based on attracting residents’ to cultural events. The literature study indicated that the concept of Social Capital and stakeholder collaboration are mutually exclusive and empirical analysis indicates a strong relationship between the factors relative to residents’ attitudes. Design/Methodology/Approach – This study is located in the positivism paradigm and comprises literature and exploratory research to examine the supposition between the independent variables and the attitudes of residents’ in the NMB. The independent variables underlined in the proposed model are embedded in the literature undertaken. Equally, the thrust of the study is underpinned in Social Capital theory and the Stakeholder theory and is evident throughout this study. In this study, the convenience sampling and snowball sampling methods were employed to obtain a representative sample of residents from the NMB. A questionnaire was used in this study to solicit responses pertaining to the biographical information and questions relating to the factors of perceived satisfaction of residents in the NMB in relation to cultural events. A total number of 3,659 residents participated in this study. The researcher conducted this study by means of testing the constructs of the measuring instrument employed, as well as providing a causal model of relationships between the independent variables and the residents’ attitudes of cultural events in NMB. Findings – The results confirm the reliability and validity of the scales tested on a sample of 3,659 residents, collected using the questionnaire in Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan area. The empirical analysis indicates relationships among the independent factors; Social Capital and Stakeholder Profile, where a Pearson’s correlation of 0.50 exists. Furthermore, descriptive findings indicate that there is an overall positive tendency in attitudes for cultural events in the city. The practical significance as identified in the Cohen’s d test for significance infers that the moderating factors in the conceptual model prove that age, area code, home language, ethnicity and home language exert influence in determining residents’ attitudes in the city. Practical Implications – This study identifies the importance of leveraging the cross-cultural typology underscored the Stakeholder theory. Equally, for destination marketing organisations (DMOs) this study can glean insights in respect of the profile of residents for cultural event marketing and their response as stakeholders in the organisation of a cultural event. Social Implications – This study aims to gain a better understanding of the residents’ attitudes of the cultural events hosted by the NMB, its Social Capital and its relationship with varying demographic niches and cultural-centric insights that align to the ideologies pertaining to global citizenship. Originality/Value – This present study makes a contribution to the theories of Social Capital and Stakeholder theory by investigating its roles in determining residents’ attitudes of cultural events in a city. Moreover, it discusses the role of the factors as inducing variables for residents’ motivation by employing marketing principles related to the unique and emotional selling proposition philosophy. Equally, the study espouses the significance of promoting cultural events to extent that it acts as a platform to promote socio-economic development; employment opportunities, improved living standards, improving city infrastructure and environmental protection of a destination and justifies the expedition of Social Capital on the attitudes of residents’.

As increasingly recognised by scholars, climate change is posing new challenges in the field of risk management and urban planning. The natural and anthropogenic risks that characterise a given territory, see their effects amplified by those of climate change. Even though cultural heritage has passed through decades and centuries, it has never experienced such unexpected and variable events as those forecasted by climate change for the foreseeable future, making it a sensitive element of the living environment. This thesis, whose general context has been defined and provided by the European H2020 SHELTER project, aims at defining guidelines to reduce the gap between disaster risk management and urban planning in the field of cultural heritage in historic areas. To this aim, the current integration of both cultural heritage and protection and prevention measures within planning policies and tools for the case study of Ravenna has been explored, reported and analysed, with a specific focus on the church and archaeological area of Santa Croce. The specific objective is to understand to what extent data risk management, climate change adaptation and heritage site management are currently treated as key interlinked elements. The results obtained have led to the definition of a protocol for integrating climate change and disaster risks management into heritage management which is articulated into six phases. As part of the protocol, an evaluation method of how urban planning tools already in force contribute to the adaptive capacity of Ravenna’ territory in terms of treating and dealing with risk management has been proposed and validated. The proposed guidelines may lead to the improvement of the heritage management plans that heritage site managers applies to cope with risks related and the effects of climate change. Lastly, three punctual design actions for increasing the resilience of the area of Santa Croce have been explored.

Recently tourism sector has been gaining more importance as an essential part of the local economic development due to the global economic reformation, and many cities have achieved tourism based on local economic development. The concept of CHM has increasingly become an important subtitle for tourism sector with planning perspectives as a significant planning tool. The concept consists of combining the cultural, social, economic, and touristic sectors for an enhanced wider plan. This thesis aims to investigate CHM on the case of Tripoli which has witnessed CHM development at its old city centre. It tries to analyze the local impact on Tripoli city and introduce a newly rehabilitated historical city centre for better tourism activities and an improved local development. Using Tripoli study case as a research method, this research focuses on Abou Ali district in Tripoli city. This district, in particular, has examined local tourism and economic development based on a CHM project prepared at the city level base to improve its local economy depending on cultural management related to its tourism activities. The local government, assisted by national and international supports, has introduced CHM to help the old neglected historical city centre re-emerge into the local economy which is the focal point this thesis aims to study.

Culture has been consistently underrepresented in the sustainability debate and often perceived as a constraining factor to modern-day advancement. However in recent years, the broadening development paradigm in the Global South is increasingly asserting culture's indispensable role in sustainable human development. This dominant cultural paradigm mainstreamed by UNESCO is subscribed to by government and other role-players within the domain of culture and urban development. Despite its significant achievements, it however comes with a specific heritage conceptualisation, which is disconnected from local reality and perpetuates a problematic theoretical construct of cultural legacy, which is steeped in a Eurocentric conservation bias with colonial undertones. The thesis argues that this model will not lead to transformative interventions in urban areas that harness the power of culture if its interpretation remains decontextualised and perpetuates an instrumentalised view of culture and cultural conservation practice, inherited from the past. The thesis explores how an alternative conceptualisation of culture, based on the concept of cultural ecologies, can be more meaningful and beneficial in contributing to the theoretical reassessment of the human settlements imaginary. This is achieved through an interdisciplinary literature review and a case study of Bagamoyo, a small urban settlement in Tanzania. Through a systematic diagnosis of this small scale locality, cultural ecologies are foregrounded through the primary lens of the urban public-private interface and framed within a context that is shaped by the dynamics of globalisation. Additionally, the study takes place against the backdrop of a failed UNESCO World Heritage application, which allows me to discuss the undercurrents and invested interests associated with cultural heritage politics and the traumatic impact global conventions can have on local sustainability. It concludes in a proposed approach that repositions culture at the core of social exchange and argues that cultural sensitive development is an ongoing socio-cultural production process. Its potential lies in capturing the layered 'ordinariness' of place and in harnessing the imaginative responses arising from local idioms, practices and traditions as the shared imaginary of tomorrow.

Despite the growing body of research on the concept of adaptive capacity, there is an absence of research which investigates adaptive capacity in the field of cultural heritage management. Climatic changes have potentially serious implications for the historic environment, which is itself a non-renewable resource. Cultural heritage sites can be particularly sensitive to severe weather events and to changes in climate, both due to direct impacts on built structures, archaeology and designed landscapes, but also due to changes in visitor behaviour and the potentially adverse implications of adaptive measures on heritage significance. This research investigated the adaptive capacity of the management of cultural heritage sites in the UK, through the assessment of adaptive capacity at selected case study sites. A questionnaire survey of all UK WHS sites, a review of plans and policy, and interviews with key stakeholders at a national level also contribute to the study. An in-depth qualitative analysis of three UK World Heritage Sites was undertaken, which were Ironbridge Gorge, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal and Blenheim Palace. Fieldwork included site visits, interviews with stakeholders involved in site management such as property managers, conservators and local authority officers, and a thorough documentary review. A conceptual framework of adaptive capacity relevant for heritage management has been developed, which can be used as a tool for analysis, in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses in capacity. The key determinants of adaptive capacity in the framework, identified through the research, are cognitive factors, leadership, learning capacity, access to information, authority and resources. The research makes a contribution to adaptive capacity theory, with adaptive capacity theory being found to be applicable to heritage management, but with certain limitations. Areas of weakness and strengths in adaptive capacity at the case study sites and in wider World Heritage management planning have been identified, and practical recommendations are presented. The study found that whilst progress is being made within the heritage sector on adaptation, there are significant challenges and areas where capacity could be enhanced. Notably, there is a lack of information on best practice and guidance on adaptation within a heritage context. Tools for futures thinking such as climate change scenarios are not being widely used in management planning, and concerns about the uncertainties associated with climate data are prevalent. Although clear top down guidance is needed to provide drivers and a framework for action, this needs to be balanced with local flexibility, in order to allow locally appropriate and sensitive decision making to protect significance. There is also a need for further collaboration and dialogue between different sectors, with sustained cooperation required to combine the approaches and requirements of those from different fields e.g. the integration of heritage concerns into the work of emergency planners.

The production of BIM models of heritage constructions opens a broad road of opportunities for integrated data management in day-to-day operation of asset, covering several interesting aspects, such as conservation and predictive/corrective maintenance, room usage, asset tracking amongst others. However, in the same way as new buildings are becoming more and more self-monitored, so can heritage buildings, through wireless and low-consumption devices for such purposes based on the widespread existence of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This is still a topic that has deserved little attention in the literature because of the inherent pluridisciplinarity that it carries and requires. The proposed method is comprised of three main components: IoT system, relational database, and BIM. The first component, the IoT system, is a smartboard associated with a microcontroller. The microcontroller is used to communicate air temperature, pressure, humidity, and gas resistance data in individual rooms. The smartboard is connected to temperature and humidity sensors for collecting the environmental data. The time interval of saving sensor data in a database can be increased or decreased by a user as required. The microcontroller can also host a variety of wireless communication protocols (e.g., Bluetooth, ZigBee, and Wi-Fi). The second component is a relational database developed in the MySQL environment to house and update the captured sensors data. The microcontroller can be coded to store and transfer sensors data to the database at predetermined time intervals. The third component is the BIM-based model of a building. The BIM model is used as a central model to visualize and monitor the environmental data of rooms remotely and increase the monitoring process’s speed.

Within the world of library collection and preservation, the focus has historically been on the dual preservation of physical form and intellectual knowledge as represented through symbols (text), images, metadata, and organization of information. Certainly, the philosophy of the library to "enhance learning and ensure access to information for all" (ALA 2008) is paramount in directing resources and collection development in response to the needs of the user community. However, research and educational material may be found beyond the explicit materiality of books and the text they contain; understanding and recognizing spiritual and cultural properties implicitly located within certain library materials may provide additional fields of research, as well as learning and collaboration opportunities. Using adjunct literature within the field of museum studies and ethnography, this paper proposes to discuss how simultaneous recognition of intangible and tangible properties of certain objects is relevant to the library. The special collections library is perhaps the best place where such considerations can be made - it is a library dedicated to preserving not only copies of each work, but variant copies whose tangible and intangible properties may vary from one another - though some examples may apply to academic or public libraries as well. The scope of this undertaking will include a discussion of the adjunct and related literature from the museum world, identification of books, or types of books that have spiritual or cultural values to be considered, collection of cultural or religious viewpoints related to identified materials from members of one of those communities that create or use these items (Buddhist), and discussion of how such findings can inform the ongoing operations of special collections libraries and their mission as cultural memory institutions.

Mestrado em Arquitectura Paisagista - Instituto Superior de Agronomia
The undeniable importance of the asset value of historic garden as testimony and reference of past eras has been growing in Portugal through studies, publications and initiatives which reinforce its value recognition. Despite the advances and efforts made for the recovery of historic gardens, the recognition of its value is still far from general public recognition. This dissertation intends to be a contribution to an effective heritage management, based on the acknowledgement of historical gardens heritage importance and on its demands. The tourism integration emerges as a possible proposal for the achievement of such goals, in order to promote their protection, by assigning a use or a function since, in most gardens, is recognized the needed potential to implement a demanding tour. The main goals of this work are the analysis of the situation of Portuguese gardens, by data collection through a survey; the contribution for a database development for AJH, and the preliminary proposal of a Website, which intends to enable the creation of tourist routes through historic gardens, and promote de value of historical gardens in Portugal

The nature of heritage is dissonant and heritage is likely to be part of conflicts or politics within and between classes, communities, ethnicity, identities or nations. One of the significant heritage debates is the presence of the Western Authorised Heritage Discourse (ARD) in non-Western societies, which may lead to tensions between stakeholders in heritage management. Heritage management in Non-Western countries at times sits in a complex web of conflicts due to the existence of competing discourses that shape the way cultural heritage is interpreted and managed. This research explores how different heritage interest groups perceive 'cultural heritage' and respond to tensions in heritage management arising from the competing ideologies underpinning heritage management by mapping conflicts over heritage issues at the city of Lamphun in Northern Thailand. There are different types of meanings and values attached to Lamphun's cultural heritage as a consequence of the coexistence of at least three major discourses: the traditional Buddhist/animistic worldview, the royalist- nationalist discourse and the Western AHD. This research has shown that while Western hegemony does exist, other competing discourses are equally influential. Heritage management will never be free of values or politics. In a place where management or administration is centralised, the parties that deliver globalised heritage practices are likely to be government agencies and experts. However, the outcomes of the implementation of these protocols, procedures or practices are often counterbalanced by traditional practices performed by locals and negotiations are necessary. The relationship between parties that adhere to different heritage discourses is in fact on a continuum. Heritage is defined and re-defined by a range of communities as they negotiate their identities and sense of place. These negotiations will have ongoing influences and will change not only the content of heritage discourses but also which discourses are given power and legitimacy. Heritage management, thus, should be a dynamic practice. Even the dominant discourses can change over time. Thus, it is difficult to define a single or 'best' set of practices that are held to be 'universally true'.

The major focus of this essay is the case study of the Voortrekker Monument Heritage Site in Pretoria, the introduction of a new management team in 1994 and the suggested manner in which the management could be improved. To place this particular case study in perspective, it was necessary in the first place, to look at the meaning of cultural resource- or heritage management and other related terms. It soon became apparent that no single term for this new discipline has been determined and that countries around the world differ greatly on this issue. South Africa uses the term Heritage Resource Management. An overview of cultural resources management (CRM) in other countries such as the U.S.A., Great Britain and some members of the Commonwealth, was also presented. Cultural resource management is a relatively new discipline in South Africa, and an historical overview, in which most of the relevant legislation was referred to, was undertaken. In comparison to other countries in the world, much less publications have been produced in South Africa. Most of these had been completed as dissertations or as papers for conferences. A detailed summary of all the relevant (directly or indirectly) legislation was compiled. In the last chapter, a case study of the Voortrekker Monument was undertaken. An attempt was made to provide adequate answers to the questions why?, how?, and who? should manage a heritage site. Answers to the question as to why a site should be managed, include the establishing of a cultural identity, the site's educational value, for research purposes and finally for its important role in the tourism industry. In the section on how to manage a site, aspects such as the identification and cultural significance of a site were discussed. The importance of a mission and a vision and key strategies, as well as policies were stressed. Resource management on the site includes conservation techniques, sustainable use and visitor management as well as heritage impact assessment. The site's financial management and the site's marketing were addressed in the last section. A heritage site must be managed by 'someone' and in the last section the 'who' (human resources) behind the management of the site, is discussed. Finally the hope is expressed that this dissertation will serve as a basis for a conservation management plan for the VTMHS and serve as a manual for other, similar heritage sites.
Dissertation (MA (Heritage and Museum Studies))--University of Pretoria, 2006.
Historical and Heritage Studies
unrestricted

This thesis examines the development of cultural heritage tourism in Malaysia, and questions if this tourism development has been managed in a sustainable manner. Recent national tourism policies in Malaysia increasingly have been aimed towards promoting cultural heritage tourism, signifying that cultural heritage tourism could be potentially one of the most important areas in the growth of the country’s tourism industry. While tourism development has contributed to the country’s economic growth, for cultural heritage, the thrust of the tourism industry is to make the most of the country’s non-renewable resources. This thesis identifies three key objectives required for creating sustainable tourism development in Malaysia: meeting the needs of local communities, satisfying the demands of a growing number of tourists, and safeguarding the remaining natural and cultural resources. Knowledge leading to improvements in the development of cultural heritage tourism is important, as knowledge is a primary means of strengthening its positive aspects and simultaneously mitigating its negative aspects, so that development can maintain a long-term viability. This study also explores some of the key management issues relating to the development of cultural heritage tourism at both Federal and State levels. A broad understanding is necessary for providing a firm basis in prescribing a thorough and realistic sustainable development framework. The study employs questionnaires, surveys, and interviews with a range of government officials, local communities, and tourists. The findings indicate that the government has played a major role in shaping the development of sustainable cultural heritage tourism in Malaysia, but at present there are many shortcomings that need to be addressed, such as definitions of the term Cultural Heritage, as well as management issues, including conflicts and bureaucratic barriers. These problems, consequently, hinder a comprehensive management of cultural heritage tourism. Additional findings indicate that local communities are not actively involved in tourism planning or decision-making processes, though they generally are satisfied with development at the locations of this study. The study also calls for higher quality tourist services, and the promotion of other elements of cultural heritage to compliment the already established yet limited elements. Finally, it suggests a Sustainable Cultural Heritage Tourism Framework, incorporating social and cultural elements. This thesis contributes new knowledge to the field of cultural heritage tourism in Malaysia and may serve as a starting point for researchers interested in this area. Furthermore, the results of this study are expected to be useful for guiding policy actions in the future.

Throughout history, the direct or indirect choice of preservation has resulted in the successful incorporation of tangible products of the human past into modern cultural environments. Within the current American historic preservation system, "significance" is used as a delimiter for identifying historic properties that are determined beneficial to the heritage of the American people. As defined under U.S. law, however, "significance" is attributed only to places and objects whose importance is limited within an historical or scientific framework. This thesis proposes that the significance of historic properties transcends the boundaries of these limited frameworks of importance, and demonstrates that the public benefits of preservation are maximized when history is reified through the modern-use of these places and objects as cultural resources for the current and future generations of the American people.

This thesis tries to define &lsquo
landscape archaeology&rsquo
as a concept
it describes and analyzes the key landscape archaeology types, dynamics, and approaches. Then, it aims to define the landscape archaeological characteristics of the Troad Region in this context. The archaeological landscape character of the Troad Region shapes the importance of the area, not only for the Anatolian culture, but also for the European cultures and for archaeology discipline. Hence, the necessity of conservation works for the area with the horizon of this concept gains importance. Thesis defines what had been done for the area in terms of conservation and reviews the Long Term Development Plan prepared for the Troia Historical National Park Area. With a critical view of what has been done and what has not been done, it tries to emphasize the importance of grasping the landscape archaeological character of the area in conservation and management plan works. It gives a general guideline to ensure a sustainable future for the historic, cultural, social, economic and environmental nature and qualities of these kinds of areas.

This three-year PhD study looks at heritage performance in impact assessment (IA) practices, analysing the urban planning context and management experiences of selected urban World Heritage (WH) sites in the UK. The research develops recommendations for assessing the impact of plans, programmes and projects on heritage values in culturally significant urban areas with the emphasis on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of large-scale projects in an urban environment. The research analyses theoretical and empirical approaches to heritage management, investigates methodologies for heritage IA and explores opportunities for and barriers to improved heritage IA in the context of current UK policy. In particular, the research contributes with the conceptual framework of identification, interpretation and management of the cultural heritage in the urban planning system. The review of academic and other relevant literature helped to develop the conceptual framework. The data was collected by means of desk-based documents analysis, case studies, focus-group seminars and an on-line Questionnaire with the experts in the heritage and IA fields. The world’s most well-known and arguably most protected sites with officially identified Outstanding Universal Value – WH sites – provide general lessons for the heritage management and IA of new developments and infrastructure projects. The management of UK WH sites could be said to have the features of what is known as a values-based approach to conservation. This approach emphasises the identification of cultural heritage significance with the early participation of different stakeholders in the planning process; the latter has a scope for improvement in the UK context. Research on the boundaries of the heritage and IA fields leads to an improved understanding of cultural heritage and provides a framework for the IA process. The developed framework and the criteria for an enabling environment could be useful for achieving agreement between the different stakeholders, and could allow a smoother planning decision-making process, leading in turn to a reduced need for monitoring from international bodies. The results are useful for planners and developers in the context of western practice, and could also be relevant to the development of international guidelines.

Thesis (MPA (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The birth of democracy in South Africa launched a paradigm shift in the public sector aligning it with the new political ideology. To meet this objective, state organs had to be radically transformed to embrace this new political ideology so as to extend and enhance service delivery to all South Africans. The democratisation of state organs led to the transformation of public institutions both statutory and non-statutory. The urgency to transform strategic state institutions whose mandate was to provide basic and primary needs like health, housing and social services, led to the neglect of other like sport, culture, and the natural environment. The transformation of some of the latter institutions was attended to only after a couple of years after the democratisation. This led to flaws in these legislative development processes which resulted in the creation of different institutions by various laws. This was the root cause of fragmentation. The provisions of these Acts are in some areas ambiguous and contradictory. The consequences are duplications and overlaps in the implementation processes. Heritage institutions have different regulatory frameworks and management systems – regulations, policies, guidelines and procedures. Furthermore, complex internal management systems expedite fragmentation of this sector. This institutional fragmentation has enormous impact on heritage conservation and management. There is limited cooperation and collaboration between heritage institutions. This study will outline how theories, strategies and instruments from the new public management approach, can be utilised to address these challenges.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Met die totstandkoming van ‘n demokratiese Suid-Afrika het in paradigma verskuiwing in die openbare sektor gevolg wat dit in lyn gebring het met die nuwe politieke ideologie. Om hierdie doelwit te bereik staats instelling moes radikaal getransformeer word om hierdie nuwe politieke ideologie te ondersteun en diens lewering na alle Suid-Afrikaners uit te brei. Die demokratisering van staatsinstellings het tot die transformasie van beide statutere en -nie statutere instellings gelei. Die noodsaak om strategiese staatsinstellings wie se mandaat dit was om basiese en primere dienste soos gesondheid, behuising en maatskaplike dienste te verskaf en transformeer, het tot die verwaarlosing van sport, kultuur en omgewingsake gelei. Dit het ‘n paar jaar geduur na demokratisering voordat die transformasie van hierdie instellings aandag gekry het. Die gevolg was ‘n gebrekkige wetgewende ontwikkelingsproses wat tot die totstandkoming van verskillende instellings in terme van verskeie wette gelei het. Hierdie is die bron van fragmentasie. Die voorskrifte van hierdie wetgewing is in sekere areas dubbelsinnig en teenstrydig. Die gevolg is duplikasie en oorvleuling in die implementeringsprosesse. Erfenis oorvleueling instellings het verskillende regulatoriese raamwerke en bestuurstelsels- regulasies, beleide, riglyne en prosedures. Verder vererger die komplekse interne bestuurstelsels fragmentasie in die sektor. Die institusionele fragmentasie het groot impak op erfenisbewaring en-bestuur. Daar is beperkte samewerking tussen erfenis instellings. Hierdie studies sal aandui hoe teoriee, strategie en instrumente van die nuwe benadering tot openbare bestuur aangewend kan word om hierdie uitdagings die hoof te bied.

Cattle are widely used in cultural landscape management in Sweden today. However, there are few recent studies concering what types of cattle or what breeds of cattle that are being used for cultural landscape management. The aim of this study is to examine the use of cattle in cultural landscape management in Sweden, focusing on the aims and the types of cattle and cattle breeds that are used. I will also examnine why these specific types of cattle and cattle breeds are being used. To answer these questions a literature study, combined with three case studies and interviwes was conducted. The results show that there are a series of aspects that effect what type of cattle that is being used for cultural landscape management. These aspects range from the aim of the cultural landscape management, the modern breeding objectives, animal welfare and the milk and meat yield of the different breeds. The result also show a need for further studies on the subject.

Management of cultural heritage depends on ethical decisions. These ethical decisions will bestow the heritage with a value and will protect it by establishing legal frameworks. However, sometimes, these legal frameworks can have the opposite effect and damage the heritage if they are not continuously revised and updated according to the new ethical challenges of the development in the field of cultural heritage. Although underwater cultural heritage has a legislative element that protects it from the relatively minor threat of treasure hunters, it pays little attention to ethical concerns that expose the heritage to more serious menaces. This study proposes (contrary to the traditional view of land heritage management as an example to underwater heritage management) a new vision where underwater cultural heritage challenges principles that in land heritage management have been taken for granted: valuation, use, management and preservation. The work presents four case studies as models both for illustrating the key ethical issues and for offering solutions: the violin of the Titanic, ancient lead for particle physics experiments, watery graves and the effects of climate change on underwater cultural heritage. Finally this work explores themes of value, ethics and the process in which a common object becomes heritage.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(地域研究)
甲第13970号
地博第63号
新制||地||21(附属図書館)
UT51-2008-C886
京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻
(主査)准教授 重田 眞義, 教授 市川 光雄, 教授 太田 至
学位規則第4条第1項該当

This work primarily examines the management of wet-preserved archaeological sites in England, through an exploration of value and analysis of current management approaches. The aim is to explore whether the current policy frameworks, in particular the role of preservation in situ, can provide a sustainable future for wet-preserved archaeological sites. This work further seeks to conceptualise the modelling of sustainability, preservation and management decision making in wetland archaeological sites. Looking at the last 40 year of wetland research through the work of the large-scale wetland survey projects, this work initially considers the current understanding of wet archaeological sites in England. It also examines aspects of heritage management through the legislative and policy frameworks and their legacy. This work considers the implications that legislative and policy positions have for the management of wetland archaeological sites and examines the theoretical concepts that underpin them. This includes exploring reflective management, the development of research frameworks, and scoring mechanisms for the designation of sites. It also looks at broader constructs of value through the concepts of cultural and economic values. Three existing archaeological sites, a ringwork at Borough Fen near Peterborough, a marsh fort at Sutton Common near Doncaster and a triple post-alignment near Beccles, will be presented as case studies. These sites serve as examples of how the management of sites has been approached. The results of the case study analysis are used to develop a series of conceptual models looking firstly at sustainability and preservation in situ, and, secondly at preservation, value and decision making. The study concludes that the presumption in favour of preservation in situ can be challenging for wet preserved archaeological sites. Deterioration of the preservation environment can in some cases produce a similar decline in significance. Preservation in situ may therefore not be the most appropriate option for archaeological sites in wetlands.

This study presents an analysis of human encounter with place. It examines the personal and cultural importance of an attachment to place, focusing on the reciprocal relationship between cultural heritage and a sense of place. Place is constructed out of mutual meanings between people and their environment. The study begins with an indepth look at the theory of place. In a series of heritage management case studies, the theory is applied in order to illustrate how meanings of place may be expressed. Place as a normative concept provides a role for resource managers in finding the meanings people associate with places, and in nurturing and enhancing these meanings. This involves the recognition of different values and 'stories' that are associated with place. Recognising these differences helps shift resource management away from the simplicity of grand narratives and totalizing discourses, towards a respect for intangible and multiple meanings in place. To a certain extent an understanding of place is already informing both natural and cultural management decisions in New Zealand, although this may not be explicitly recognised. To approach cultural heritage management from the perspective of place, however, challenges the current directions that heritage management is taking in this country. The study proposes a way of taking up that challenge, and concludes that the importance of place should not be overlooked.

Países como Portugal ou regiões como o Alentejo são amplamente conhecidas pela riqueza e diversidade do seu património. Colocados ante os desafios económicos e sociais vivenciados em regiões como esta, com altas taxas de desemprego, com uma consistente diminuição e envelhecimento da população, parece-nos relevante analisar de que maneira os recursos patrimoniais existentes na região, sejam eles culturais, arquitectónicos, mas também naturais, deveriam contribuir para inverter a tendência existente. Com este trabalho pretende-se discutir formas alternativas de gestão do património que passam pela necessária participação do Estado e de entidades privadas e que ambicionam a contribuição do património para o desenvolvimento económico e fixação das populações através da criação de emprego sem que tal represente dano para o património enquanto memória colectiva de um povo. De forma a aceder a dados concretos da região, recorrer-se-á a dados referentes aos Castelos de Evoramonte de Viana do Alentejo; ABSTRACT:Countries such as Portugal and the Alentejo region in particular, are widely known for the richness and diversity of its cultural and architectural heritage. Faced with economic and social challenges such as high unemployment rates combined with a shrinking and aging population, it seems relevant to analyze how existing resources in the region such as its cultural, architectural, but also natural heritage should contribute to reverse the existing tendency. This work intends to discuss alternative ways of managing the assets so that they are inclusive of both public and private entities to fully fulfill the need to include heritage in the regional economic development and establishment of populations, through the creation of employment, while preserving of collective memory of a people. In order to access specific data in the region, will use the data for the castles of Viana do Alentejo and Evoramonte

The study presents an investigation of a regionalauthorized heritage discourse, represented by theCounty Administrative Board on signs set up at ancientmonuments and sites in the province of Skånein southern Sweden. The starting point is a criticalanalysis of layout, texts and illustrations to ascertainthe narratives conveyed by the signs. The results showthat slightly less than half of the studied signs workwell according to the criteria set up for the study. Theresult also demonstrates that more than half of thestudied signs do not work well according to these criteria.Those that work well give detailed informationabout the ancient monument or site. The signs that donot work well give inadequate information and riskexcluding a majority of the people who read them.The latter signs confirm what so many other discourseanalyses have shown, that the authorized heritage discourseto a large extent still privileges the perspectivesof a white, middle-class male. The former signs, thatis, those that are judged to work well in terms of thecriteria applied in this study, show that the authorizedheritage discourse does not only offer something thatprivileges the perspectives of that white, middle classmale, but also has the ability to offer narratives withother perspectives.

[EN] Software Engineering provides a repository of techniques, methods and tools to manage, process, use and exploit information. In recent decades, this corpus has not only been applied to domains that traditionally act as a receivers of software solutions, but also it has been expanded and enriched by contributions from other disciplines and domains with needs related to the information produced. One of the most common needs in these disciplines is the software assistance to experts or domain professionals in performing processes ranging from the analysis of raw gathered data to the generation of new knowledge based on these, thus allowing the continuous advance of the discipline. In order to assist knowledge generation processes through software, it is necessary a deep understanding of the Software Engineering corpus as well as the particularities of the domain assisted and how knowledge is generated inside it.This situation appears too in the Cultural Heritage domain, whose professionals produce and manage large amounts of data about evidences of our past and present, from which they create new knowledge that constitutes the knowledge about heritage of a particular community.Despite their relevance and the regular application of Software Engineering solutions to the Cultural Heritage domain, the knowledge generation process in Cultural Heritage poses a challenge for Software Engineering, mainly due to the low presence of formal studies of the process, making it difficult to assist it through software. The lack of formal studies implies that we do not know which particular processes in Cultural Heritage we must assist and what should be the appropriate assistance in each case. Furthermore, the Cultural Heritage domain and, in general, the humanities, possesses some particular characteristics that are especially difficult to deal with by software, such as the presence of high subjectivity, the fact that much information is uncertain or vague, and the importance of the temporal aspect in the information. In order to address these two challenges from a transdisciplinary perspective, this thesis presents a conceptual framework based on software models for the construction of software solutions to assist to the knowledge generation process in Cultural Heritage. Firstly, the thesis conducts a deep exploration of the knowledge generation processes in Cultural Heritage, whose inputs are mainly textual sources. As a result, the thesis proposes a methodology and a modelling language to use discourse analysis in Software Engineering. By using this approach, it is possible to relate elements of a text with the domain entities that are referenced and the argumentative mechanisms used during the knowledge generation process and captured in the text. Subsequently, the thesis proposes a conceptual framework whose implementation allows to manage the domain particularities mentioned above, providing a software assistance to the Cultural Heritage professionals through information visualization techniques.The proposed conceptual framework has been validated in two complementary ways. On the one hand, we have developed a full case study in the Cultural Heritage domain, for which we have instantiated all the software models proposed as part of the framework to represent a real-world scenario. This case study application has revealed the potential of the framework in terms of conceptual representation, technical support and software-assistance definition mechanisms.On the other hand, the proposed software models have been implemented as a functional iOS application prototype. The prototype has been validated empirically against professionals in Cultural Heritage, comparing the performance of knowledge generation processes using the proposed framework to the conventional ways without software assistance. The empirical validation has revealed how the proposed framework provides a robust solution for implementing software-assistance in Cultural Heritage.
[ES] La ingeniería del software ofrece un repositorio de técnicas, métodos y herramientas como soluciones para el manejo, tratamiento, uso y explotación de información. En las últimas décadas, este corpus no sólo ha sido aplicado a dominios tradicionalmente receptores de soluciones software, sino que se ha expandido y enriquecido con aportaciones de diversas disciplinas y dominios con necesidades relacionadas con la información que producen.Una de las necesidades más habituales es la asistencia a los profesionales de dichas disciplinas durante el proceso evolutivo que realizan desde el análisis de los datos más primarios hasta la generación de conocimiento nuevo que permita avanzar en la disciplina involucrada. Este es el caso del Patrimonio Cultural, cuyos profesionales producen y manejan ingentes cantidades de datos acerca de evidencias sobre nuestro pasado y presente, y desde los cuáles descubren y generan conocimiento nuevo, que supone la herencia cultural propia de una comunidad. Este conocimiento define la comunidad en el presente y es transmitido a las generaciones presentes y futuras. Pese a su relevancia y a la habitual aplicación de determinadas soluciones de ingeniería software en el dominio, el proceso de generación de conocimiento en Patrimonio Cultural representa en sí mismo un reto para la ingeniería del software, debido fundamentalmente a la poca presencia de estudios formales acerca del mismo, lo que dificulta su asistencia mediante software. Esto implica que no sabemos qué tipo de subprocesos debemos asistir mediante software ni cuál es la asistencia más adecuada. Además, el corpus actual en ingeniería del software debe soportar especificidades del dominio patrimonial y, en general, de las humanidades, como son la presencia de una alta subjetividad, el hecho de que mucha información es incierta o vaga, y la importancia del aspecto temporal en los datos. Con el objetivo de abordar estos dos retos desde una perspectiva co-investigadora y transdisciplinar, la presente tesis doctoral presenta un marco conceptual basado en modelos software para la construcción de soluciones software que asistan a la generación de conocimiento en Patrimonio Cultural. La tesis explora a fondo el proceso de generación de conocimiento en Patrimonio Cultural, cuyas fuentes eminentemente textuales han dado lugar a la propuesta de una metodología completa y un lenguaje de modelado para utilizar análisis del discurso en ingeniería del software. Esta propuesta permite que se puedan relacionar elementos de un texto con las entidades del dominio que se referencian, así como los mecanismos argumentativos que se emplean.Posteriormente, la tesis propone un marco conceptual completo cuya implementación permite gestionar las especificidades del dominio antes señaladas, ofreciendo una asistencia mediante técnicas de visualización de información software a los especialistas en Patrimonio Cultural. El marco conceptual propuesto ha sido validado de dos maneras complementarias. Por un lado, se ha desarrollado un caso de estudio patrimonial completo, para el cual se han implementado todos los modelos software del marco conceptual propuesto, representando un escenario de aplicación completo del mundo real. Este caso de estudio ha permitido comprobar la potencia del marco conceptual propuesto en cuanto a representación, soporte y definición de mecanismos de asistencia software. Por otro lado, los modelos software que conforman el marco conceptual propuesto han sido implementados en un prototipo funcional en forma de aplicación iOS. Esto ha permitido contar con una implementación real de asistencia software en Patrimonio Cultural. Dicha solución se ha validado empíricamente con profesionales del dominio, comparándola con los modos de generación de conocimiento habituales sin dicha asistencia.La validación empírica ha permitido comprobar cómo el marco propuesto constituye una solución sólida para la construcci
[CAT] L'enginyeria del programari ofereix un repositori de tècniques, mètodes i eines com a suport per la manipulació, tractament, ús i explotació d'informació. En les darreres dècades, aquest corpus no sols ha sigut aplicat a dominis tradicionalment receptors de solucions de programari, si no que s'han extés i enriquit amb aportacions des de diferents disciplines i dominis amb necessitats relacionades amb l'informació que produeixen. Una de les necessitats més habituals és l'assistència als professionals d'aquestes disciplines durant el procés evolutiu que realitzen des de l'anàlisi de les dades més primàries fins la generació de nou coneixement que permet avançar en la disciplina involucrada. Aquest és el cas del Patrimoni Cultural, el professionals del qual produeixen i manipulen grans quantitats de dades sobre evidències del nostre passat i present, i des de les quals descobreixen i generen nou coneixement, que suposa l'herència cultural pròpia d'una comunitat. A pesar de la seua relevància i a la normal aplicació de determinades solucions d'enginyeria de programari al domini, el procés de generació de coneixement en Patrimoni Cultural representa, en sí mateix, un repte per a l'enginyeria del programari, fonamentalment per la poca presència d'estudis formals sobre aquest domini, cosa que dificulta la seua assistència per programari. Açò implica que no sabem quin tipus de subprocessos hem d'assistir amb programari ni quina és l'assitència més adient. A més a més, el corpus actual en l'enginyeria del programari ha de suportar especifitats del domini patrimonial i, en general, de les humanitats, com són la presència d'una alta subjectivitat, i el fet que molta informació és incerta o imprescisa, o la importància de la dimensió temporal en les dades. Amb l'objectiu d'abordar aquestos dos reptes des d'una perspectiva de recerca colaborativa i transdisciplinar, aquesta tesi doctoral presenta un marc conceptual basat en models de programari per a la construcció de solucions de programari que assistisquen a la generació de coneixement en Patrimoni Cultural. En primer lloc, la tesi explora en profunditat el procés de generació de coneixement en Patrimoni Cultural, les fonts de les quals són majoritàriament textuals han sigut l'orige per a la proposta d'una metodologia completa i un llenguatge de modelatge per emprar anàlisi del discurs en enginyeria de programari. Aquesta proposta permet que es puguen relacionar elements d'un text amb les entitats del domini que es referencien, així com els mecanismes argumentatius que s'empren. Posteriorment, la tesi proposa un marc conceptual complet amb una implementació que permet gestionar les especificitats del domini abans esmentades, oferint una assistència mitjançant tècniques de visualització d'informació de programari als especialistes en Patrimoni Cultural.El marc conceptual proposat ha sigut validat de dues maneres complementàries. Per una banda, s'ha desenvolupat un cas d'estudi patrimonial complet, implementant tots els models de programari del marc conceptual proposat, representant un escenari d'aplicació complet del món real. Aquest cas d'estudi ha permés comprovar la potència del marc conceptual proposat en quant a la representació, suport i definició de mecanismes d'assistència de programari. Per una altra banda, els models de programari que conformen el marc conceptual proposat s'han implementat en un prototipus funcional en forma d'aplicació iOS. Aquest fet ha permés comptar amb una implementació real d'assistència de programari en Patrimoni Cultural. Aquesta solució s'ha validat empíricament amb professionals del domini, comparant-la amb els modes de generació de coneixement habituals sense aquesta assistència. La validació empírica ha permés comprovar com el marc conceptual proposat constitueix una solució sòlida per a la construcció, a partir dels models de programari especificats, dels sistemes de prog
Martín Rodilla, P. (2016). Software-Assisted Knowledge Generation in the Cultural Heritage Domain: A Conceptual Framework [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68496
TESIS

This study explores representation and use of indigenous heritage constructs with a view to identifying implications thereof for the quality and relevance of heritage education practices in post colonial southern Africa. Framed within a critical hermeneutic research paradigm under-laboured by critical realist ontology, the study was conducted using a multiple case study research design. The data collection protocol was three-phased, starting with a process of contextual profiling, within which insights were gained into discourses shaping the constitution and orientation of heritage education practices at the Albany Museum in South Africa, the Great Zimbabwe Monument in Zimbabwe and the Supa Ngwao Museum in Botswana. The second phase of data collection entailed modelling workshops in which educators engaged in discussion around the status of heritage education in post apartheid South Africa. This highlighted, through modelled lessons, some of the tensions, challenges and implications for working with notions of social transformation and inclusivity in heritage education. The third phase of data collection involved in-depth interviews. Twelve purposively selected research participants were interviewed between 2010 and 2011. Data generated across the study was processed and subjected to different levels of critical discourse analysis. Besides noting how heritage education in post colonial southern Africa is poorly framed and under-researched, this study revealed that current forms of representing indigenous heritage constructs are influenced more by socio-political discourses than the need to protect and conserve local heritage resources. The study also noted that the observed heritage education practices are oriented more towards addressing issues related to marginalisation and alienation of indigenous cultures and practices, than enhancing learners’ agency to manage and utilise local heritage resources in a more sustainable ways. Based on these findings the study recommends re-positioning heritage education within the framework of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). ESD acknowledges both issues of social justice and the dialectical interplay between nature and culture; as such, it may allow for representation and use of indigenous heritage constructs in ways that expand current political orientations to include sustainability as an additional objective of heritage education. Given that little research focusing on heritage education has been undertaken within southern Africa, the findings of this study provide a basis upon which future research may emerge.

Local coastal fishers in Belize are adapting novel strategies to manage, exploit, and market marine and coastal resources in an effort to promote fishing livelihoods and coastal environmental sustainability. These resilience strategies respond to diminished fishing stocks, fisheries and environmental policies and regulations, climate change, shifting seafood markets, and expanding tourism development. With growing foreign investment and nationally-directed infrastructure improvement projects on the Placencia Peninsula in recent years, tourism development is shifting toward mass tourism, and local residents are seeking avenues to sustain their livelihoods. In Placencia, the need for effective monitoring and management of Marine Protected Areas, fisheries, and coastal tourism, and enforcement of environmental regulations is being met through collaborations between the fisheries sector, governmental departments, regional environmental NGOs, and international aid agencies. Drawing on an “anthropology of public policy” approach and ethnographic research (including interviews, participatory mapping, surveys, and participant-observation) between 2013 and 2015 on the peninsula, this thesis investigates the implications of collaborative coastal resource management strategies developed between the Placencia Producers Cooperative Society Limited and regional environmental NGOs such as the Southern Environmental Association (SEA), among others, to promote marine conservation, local fishing livelihoods, and heritage tourism. In particular, I consider how fishing livelihoods, conceptions of local history and heritage, environmental knowledge, tourism development, and fisheries and environmental policies inform the relationships and trajectory for “sustainable” local fisheries management through these collaborations. Many local fishers recognize a complementary relationship between tourism and fishing occupations through the ways that they can impart an ecological conservation ethos, centering coastal environmental knowledge, education, and local “embodied heritage” experiences and skills to sustain local marine livelihoods while preserving coastal ecosystems for visitors and future generations of residents. With the declining prominence of commercial fishing for Caribbean spiny lobster, queen conch, and fin-fish in the village, several Placencia fishers are applying their generationally inherited and embodied marine knowledge to livelihood diversification strategies such as seasonal, full- or part-time transitions to tour guiding and NGO coastal conservation, monitoring and enforcement, restoration, and outreach positions. Moreover, many fishers in the Placencia producers fishing cooperative have ventured into alternative fisheries and mariculture activities including fishing and marketing of invasive lionfish as well as seaweed farming and value-added product promotion with variable support from the Belize Fisheries Department, SEA, other environmental NGOs, and international conservation and development organizations. Recognizing these livelihood diversification strategies and relationships for sustainable coastal resource management, I discuss the opportunities and challenges of three recent and emerging alternative livelihoods programs directed by the Placencia fishing cooperative including the seaweed farming project, the lionfish eradication and marketing initiative, and the development of a heritage tourism program centering fisher livelihoods in connection with a proposed local fishing history museum. To explore the possibility for fishing heritage tourism as a pathway to “sustainable tourism development” on the peninsula in the future, I investigate how local conceptions of fishing as heritage in Placencia village converge with or diverge from tourist “imaginaries” of culture and heritage on the peninsula as well as heritage assets and products conceived in national sustainable tourism development policy and commercial tourism markets. Residents of the peninsula, Belizean workers and visitors residing off of the peninsula, and foreign tourists alike recognize fishing and activites, events, and places associated with fishing as aspects of local heritage, although foreign visitors generally ascribe only cursory significance to fishing in the peninsula’s culture(s), heritage, and identities as compared with Belizean nationals. Rather, these visitors often imagine local heritage in terms of beaches and relaxation, the Belize Barrier reef and cayes, and especially the local friendly vibe, “quaintness,” and cultural diversity of people, drawing partly from national and local tourism marketing media portrayals of major attractions on the peninsula (such as on websites and in magazines and guidebooks) and resident and visitor word of mouth. Local and national sustainable tourism policies for the peninsula that recommend cultural tourism as a secondary product for future tourism development on the peninsula align with interview and survey results that suggest widespread resident and visitor interest in seeing the development of cultural heritage attractions on the peninsula such as a local cultural and historical museum. For many residents, conceptions of heritage tourism fit within the scope of local plans and visions for sustainable development that aim to maintain the integrity of the peninsula as a “low impact,” “authentic,” integrated, and primarily overnight tourism destination with a laid-back vibe, beaches, cultural diversity, and access to a variety of inland and marine-based attractions. Drawing from these results, I conclude by discussing the implications of these alternative fisheries and tourism initiatives and markets to support local livelihoods and coastal environmental conservation, and consider the potential viability of collaborative coastal resource management approaches between fishers, NGOs, and governmental organizations for future sustainable development in Placencia and other coastal Belizean communities. This thesis represents an applied case study of collaborative fisheries management and how heritage is conceived and applied in a coastal Belizean context. It builds on previous coastal environmental resource management, heritage studies, and anthropology of tourism research, and considers the significance of local heritage and livelihoods in crafting locally accountable, relevant, and sustainable development policies and plans in coastal settings.

A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo a reflexão sobre conceitos, relações e informações relevantes para a criação de uma ferramenta de auxílio um banco de dados dedicada à gestão de bens patrimoniais em rede. Para tanto, incorpora em seu escopo o cotidiano de trabalho no Centro de Gestão de Informação e Documentação do Acervo Artístico-Cultural dos Palácios do Governo do Estado de São Paulo. A proposta desse estudo é desenvolver um modelo de normatização no registro, tratamento e pesquisa em sistema de informação para a construção de ferramenta de auxílio na gestão de patrimônio artístico, cultural e histórico do Estado de São Paulo. A investigação situa-se em um campo interdisciplinar que envolve a Museologia, a História da Arte, a Ciência da Informação e a Administração. Como exercício prático, a pesquisa ora apresentada propõe um modelo de organização, fluxo e recuperação de dados que inclui: ficha de inventário; ficha de catalogação; fluxo de trabalho e instrumento de avaliação.
The present research aims at reflecting on concepts, relations and relevant information for creating an aiding tool - a database management system for patrimonial asset network. Therefore, in its scope it includes the daily work at the Information and Documentation Management Center of the Curatorship of the collections of the palaces of São Paulo State Government. The main purpose of this dissertation is to develop a regulatory model in registering, treating and researching an information system in order to build an aiding tool for managing the State of São Paulo artistic, cultural and historic heritage. Bearing this in mind, the course of this investigation is directed to interdisciplinary studies that encompass Museology, History of Arts, Information Sciences and Administration. As a practical exercise, the research shown here suggests a model of organization and recovery of data that includes: inventory card files, catalog card files, workflow, and evaluation tools.

This dissertation investigates the maritime heritage crisis as it exists on the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America, emphasizing the Salish Sea region of Washington State, USA, and British Columbia, Canada. Worldwide, maritime landscapes are undergoing unprecedented change resulting in physical, biological, and cultural problems of “wicked” proportions. To focus conversation, the maritime heritage crisis is defined here as heritage site loss resulting from amenity migration and sea level rise. Rapid, unsustainable population growth (coastal sprawl) and anthropogenic climate change (global warming) are key drivers of contemporary coastal change, thus, arguably, heritage destruction. In Northern America, the response to coastal change has been resource management, elevating the concepts of “resourcism” and “management” as central elements of coastal change discourse. In this dissertation, I examine the response of archaeology/cultural resource management (CRM) to coastal change. I survey coastal change threats and impacts, focusing on Indigenous maritime heritage landscapes because they are especially sensitive to coastal change and the primary context for Northern American archaeology/CRM. To assess heritage conservation and the success of CRM in the Pacific Northwest, I present a case study of the shíshálh (Sechelt) First Nation’s traditional territory in British Columbia’s amenity-rich Sunshine Coast. I discuss the shíshálh Nation’s heritage stewardship approach and detail coastal change impacts in three areas within the Nation’s territory. In addition to future sea level rise, the impact of amenity migration or “sea change” on Indigenous heritage is demonstrated to be significant. Indigenous maritime heritage landscapes are highly threatened, contested and politicized places, tied up in issues of nationalism, colonialism, sovereignty and, increasingly, cultural survival. By focusing on social power and domination, a critical heritage studies approach exposes resource management as a technology of government promoting and permitting the ideology of growth, development and progress. Archaeology/CRM is therefore implicated in both the destruction of Indigenous heritage landscapes and the psychosocial consequences of that destruction, and is thus part of the problem, not the solution. An example of the “miner’s canary,” the shíshálh Coast study offers important lessons about heritage stewardship in the late modern era of consumer capitalism.
Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Graduate

This thesis aims to develop a Theoretical Framework for Conserving Cultural Values of Heritage Buildings in Malaysia from the perspective of Facilities Management. It proposes the establishment of Cultural Values of Heritage Buildings (CVHB) and Facilities Management (FM) in sustaining the physical condition, authenticity, and integrity of heritage buildings in Malaysia. The linkages between CVHB and FM will help to produce guidelines for conserving CVHB from the FM perspective (CVHB-FM) at the initial phase of conservation in Malaysia. The thesis adapted the Critical Realist approach in understanding the world by distinguishing the reality from factual and empirical, and recognising the social structures in the phenomenon. The research process “onion” was adapted to achieve the goal of the thesis. A Case-Study was conducted based on Malacca’s World Heritage City. A single holistic embedded approach was employed from the three levels of conservation practitioners who were strategic, tactical, and operational. The Matrix Thematic mapped the main elements of the study (CVHB, FM, conservation practitioners, and conservation documents) in a robust manner. Expert Interviews and Document Reviews were the main tools used in gathering the data. The raw qualitative data was then analysed via Content Analysis and Template Analysis. This thesis identifies the CVHB as being social, economic, political, historic, aesthetical, scientific, age, and ecological. These were associated and epistemologically constructed with FM perspectives of people, place, process, and technology. The embedded levels of respondents from the conservation practitioners have explained and elaborated on the connotation between the characteristics of CVHB and FM in developing the theoretical framework of the research. The thesis also provided insights into how the perspective of FM was associated with CVHB criteria in conserving a heritage building in Malaysia.

xii, 124 p. : ill. (chiefly col.), col. maps
This thesis explores the complex relationship between heritage conservation and tourism in the Historic Center of Arequipa, a World Cultural Heritage Site in Peru. Although it has been recognized that tourism impacts the people and places where it occurs and, through this, it impacts the tourists' own experience, the challenge that tourism poses to efforts to conserve heritage resources is not always recognized. Even though heritage conservation efforts in Arequipa have been strengthened in the last ten years, tourism has been increasing steadily without appropriate planning, therefore challenging the desired balance between conservation and tourism in the historic center. The relationship between heritage conservation and tourism has been assessed, and tourism opportunities and threats for heritage conservation have been identified. Based on the existing Master Plan for the Historic Center of Arequipa guiding conservation efforts in the city, recommendations for conservation and tourism planning have been established.
Committee in charge: Robert Z. Melnick, Chairperson; Henry Kunowski, Member