Academic literature on the topic 'Management and marketing'

There are two principal problems arising for marketing management: first—the increase of marketing ability to use effectively its resources, and second—to inventory the risks influencing marketing activity in order to develop their management strategy. Considering exceptional riskiness of marketing, the solution of marketing efficiency problems is not separable from identification of risks, influencing marketing, and their management strategies development. Integrated analysis of marketing efficiency and risk management problems is performed in two ways. First, a marketing risks portfolio management situation is analysed in such a way that resources, intended for risk management, are distributed among the means of decreasing value at risk in such a manner that the overall value of risk, i.e. the resultant of all risk values, would be minimal. Second, based on the expert efficiency estimates for a unit of costs in every element of marketing structure, a distribution of costs is pursued which would uphold the best increase of marketinggenerated marginal utility. To find the solution, imitative modeling and stochastic optimization methods are used. Santrauka Kyla dvi pagrindines marketingo valdymo problemos: pirma—tai marketingo gebejimo efektyviai naudoti jam skirtus išteklius didinimas, antra—inventorizuoti marketingo veiklai itak daranèias rizikas, siekiant parengti ju valdymo strategij. Atsižvelgiant i išskirtini marketingo rizikingum, jo efektyvumo problemu sprendimas neatsiejamas nuo riziku, daranèiu poveiki marketingui, identifikavimo ir ju valdymo strategiju sukurimo. Straipsnyje marketingo efektyvumas ir rizikos valdymo problemos nagrinejamos dviem budais. Pirmas—nagrinejama marketingo riziku portfelio valdymo situacija, kai ištekliai, skirti rizikai valdyti, dalijami tarp priemoniu, skirtu riziku vertei mažinti (Value at Risk), taip, kad bendroji rizikos verte, t. y. visu rizikos verèiu atstojamoji, butu minimali. Antras—remiantis ekspertu efektyvumo iverèiais snaudu vienetui kiekviename marketingo strukturos elemente, ieškomas toks snaudu padalijimas, kuris puoseletu naudingiausi marketingo sukuriamo ribinio naudingumo prieaugi. Sprendimams rasti pasitelkti imitacinio modeliavimo ir stochastinio optimizavimo metodai.

According to the broadest understanding, business crises are threats to a company that create, or have the potential to create, unwanted and negative outcomes in its business. The damage caused by the crisis to the economic entity affected by the crisis includes financial losses (declining income), creating a bad image and reducing the company's reputation, damage to company assets, technological inferiority, losses for interest and influence groups, the so-called. stakeholders of the company. The business crisis is related to the weaknesses that the company has and which further encourage it; when resources and potentials are lacking, leading to a decline in competitiveness or a weakening of market position; when events take place in the environment that are unexpected and unplanned. Thus, a business crisis is an unplanned and unwanted process that endangers or hinders the development of a company, thus putting it in an inferior position in relation to the competition. Therefore, a significant number of crisis situations arise due to the inability of management to anticipate changes that occur in the company environment. This paper will discuss the current crisis in business, which has affected almost the entire economic structure and all companies, with greater or lesser intensity. The crisis is caused by environmental factors due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is also a challenge in the use of new tools and methods available to marketing managers in overcoming the crisis in modern conditions.

Work presents the theoretical aspects of destination management and marketing. It defines the destination management and sustainable development of tourism. The work is applied to destination management and destination marketing in region Sokolovsko. For this destiaci is proposed marketing strategy and marketing mix.

Formal art education equips students with skills to produce artworks. A formal art education may increase the opportunity for employment, however, art-related employment is very limited. Art graduates would be better equipped to market and manage art establishments or their own careers if art education were to be supplemented with basic business skills. Artists who wish to earn unsupplemented incomes from their art should undertake to acquire business acumen. This includes being presentable to the market place in attitude and appearance. It also includes aptitude in art, marketing and management. Role models and non-models of success and failure in business should also be observed. Art graduates should adopt applicable tried and tested business methods. Good marketing is a mix of business activities which identifies and creates consumer needs and wants. Marketing activities involve research, planning, packaging, pricing, promoting and distributing products and services to the public to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organisational objectives. Art products include artworks, frames, art books and art materials. Art-related services include the undertaking of commissions, consulting, teaching, free parking, convenient shopping hours, acceptance of mail or telephone orders, exhibitions, ease of contact, approval facilities, wrapping, delivery, installations (picture hanging), quotations, discounts, credit facilities, guarantees, trade-ins, adjustments and restorations. Good management is a mix of business activities which enables a venture to meet the challenges of supply and demand. There is a blueprint for management competence. The three dimensions of organisational competence are collaboration, commitment and creativity. Self-marketing and management is an expression of an artist's most creative being. It is that which can ensure and sustain recognition and income. Artists, like other competent organisations and entrepreneurs from the private sector, should operate with efficient manufacturing, marketing, management and finance departments. They are also equally important and therefore demand equal attention. Artistic skill together with business acumen should equip the artist to successfully compete in the market place. There are no short-cuts to becoming an artist but there are short-cuts to becoming a known and financially stable artist. Understanding marketing and management could mean the difference between waiting in poverty and frustration for a "lucky break" (which may only happen after an artists's death) and taking control. Success should be perpetuated through continuous effort.

This study has been written to increase our knowledge about Sino-Western business relations and to understand how to successfully embark in China. It aims to create a deeper context understanding of the Chinese consumer and the Chinese market – in order to successfully manage your business in China. A qualitative case study methodology is used, involving the abductive method and a hermeneutic approach. Appropriate interviewees have been selected, i.e. those having valid and reliable insights and experiences to this study. The empirical results are portrayed as short stories along with reflections, to enlighten key findings in the research. Results of the investigation show that a willingness to understand and being humble are key in the creation of a successful business relationship with the Chinese. Certainly, the importance of guanxi and trust are tremendous. Thus, learn the rules and play by them – use them to your advantage. Show empathy and patience and trust the universal law of reciprocity. Indeed, as we understand the underlying forces, the cultural values and traditions, we appreciate how to effectively communicate with the Chinese and ultimately how to deliver value to create a healthy business relationship in our marketing efforts. A plethora of stories are presented that illuminate various situations that experienced Western business managers have encountered, and how to manage these. Key findings in this research may benefit not only academics, as new theory is introduced, but also everyone interested in China and aiming to create a healthy Sino-Western relationship. Finally, top managerial implications are presented that are of relevance to readers both intending to and already doing business in China. Some of the most important ones advise us to remain patient, to gather all the information possible and to never underestimate the Chinese.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Over the past two decades company performance has become the mantra of corporate theory. It follows that marketers have recently become understandably preoccupied with measuring the performance of marketing activity. In fact, the pressure for financial accountability has led to widespread concern over the role of the marketing function within a company. Some go as far as contemplating the demise of marketing professionals unless marketers develop an understanding of the marketing-finance interface and are able to enter into a dialogue with top management regarding the value that marketing adds to the company. Modern financial theory prescribes that the primary financial objective of any company should be shareholder value maximisation. Value based management (VBM) involves the appropriate allocation of scarce resources using prioritisation and cost-benefit analyses of different strategies to ensure that managers remain focused on shareholder value creation. The VBM philosophy embraces four fundamental driving forces impacting on the creation of value, the first of which is the profitable growth of sales. Since marketers are the custodians of brand sales the recognition of sales as a value driver places marketing at the centre of the value culture. The role of the marketing function is to create customer value that will translate into marketing assets (brand equity) and by doing so serves to add value to a company. The brand value chain summarises the process through which marketers can create value by carefully investing in various marketing tactics (or expenditures). These expenditures are encapsulated by the marketing mix. Simply, the marketing mix can be described as the sum of all expenditures intended to build brand equity and can be classified into four components known as the 4Ps (product, price, place and promotion). Concern has been raised that marketers focus too much attention on the stages in the brand value chain where marketing strategy is formulated and too little attention on the latter stages where the strategy is linked back to the value created through the implementation thereof. Despite the plethora of marketing metrics available the key to measuring the impact of marketing activity lies in maintaining a balance between non-financial, efficiency metrics and financial effectiveness metrics. To this end, there is a need for the development of aggregate-level models that link marketing tactics (expenditures) to to financial impact (e.g. sales) in order to communicate the value created by marketing. As a first step toward the objective of developing such models, it is important to understand the nature of the relationship between marketing expenditures (in terms of the 4Ps) and sales). Therefore, the primary objective in this study was to establish whether there is a relationship between the expenditures of different marketing components (4Ps) and sales. To this end, the proposition formulated elucidated that the variance in sales of a product is attributable to fluctuations in marketing expenditures. A meta analysis study was undertaken and two South African fast moving consumer goods brands’ financial data were investigated for the period of July 2001 to the end of June 2005. The marketing expenditures incurred for each of the respective brands were dissected and allocated according to the 4Ps of marketing. The metohod applied to investigate the relationship between marketing expenditures and sales originated through the adoption of multiple regression analysis between the indepent variables (marketing expenditures) and the dependent variable (sales). However, due to the fact that the data were collected over time it was anticipated that the time-related characteristics in the data might have offended inherent assumptions on which multiple regression analysis is based. Therefore, a time series regression analysis was subsequently adopted to account for time-related characteristics such as trend or seasonality. Counteracting dummy variables were included in the regression analysis to better understand the effect of trend and seasonality. In the case of Brand A, it was necessary to include dummy variables to counteract the effect of trend in the regression analysis., the results revealed that there is a statistically significant relationship between the expenditures of different marketing components (4Ps) and sales. Only distribution expenditures and price (along with trend) explained unique variance in sales. In the case of Brand B, it was necessary to include dummy variables for both trend and seasonality before the model was suitable for analysis. Once again, the results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the expenditures of different marketing components (4Ps) and sales. However for Brand B, only production expenditures (along with trend and seasonality) explained unique variance in sales. Therefore, in conclusion of the results found there were important findings to note. Firstly, when investigating data colllected over time it is imperative to understand the impact of time-related characteristics in the data and subsequently adopt the appropriate model to investigate relationships in the data. Secondly, despite a statistically significant relationship detected between marketing expenditures and sales the different components of the 4Ps have varying prominence for different brands and the appropriate allocation of resource will depend on the nature of the product and the strategy in mind.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die prestasie van ’n maatskappy het oor die afgelope twee dekades die mantra van korporatiewe teorie geword. Dit volg dus dat bemarkers onlangs afgetrokke is met die meet van die prestasie van mark aktiwiteit. Die druk vir finansiële verantwoordbaarheid het in wye kommer oor die rol van die bemarkingsfunksie binne ’n maatskappy, uitgeloop. Daar word bespiegel oor die ondergang van professionele bemarkers tensy bemarkers ’n begrip van die bemarking-finansie skeidingsvlak ontwikkel en in staat is om ’n dialoog met topbestuur aan die gang te sit rakende die waarde wat bemarking tot ’n maatskappy voeg. Moderne finansiële teorie stel voor dat die primêre finansiële doelwit van enige maatskappy die verhoging van belanghebbende waarde moet wees. Waarde-gebaseerde bestuur (WGB) sluit die gepaste toewysing van skaars hulpbronne, deur die gebruik van vooropstelling en koste-voordeel analise van verskeie strategieë, in, om te verseker dat bestuurders op die belanghebbende waarde skepping gefokus bly. Die WGB filosofie omarm vier grondliggende dryfsmagte wat op die skep van waarde, waarvan eerstens die winsgewende groei van verkope is, ’n impak het. Aangesien bemarkers die bewaarders van die handelsnaam verkope is, plaas die erkenning van verkope as ’n waarde drywer, bemarking in die middelpunt van die waarde kultuur. Die rol van die bemarkingsfunksie is om kliënt waarde te skep wat omgesit sal word in bemarkingsbates (handelsmerk billikheid) en dien so om waarde tot ’n maatskappy by te dra. Die handelsmerk waarde ketting som die proses op waardeur bemarkers waarde kan skep deur versigtig in verskeie bemarkingstaktieke (of uitgawes) te belê. Hierdie uitgawes word saamgevat deur die bemarkingsmengsel. Die bemarkingsmengsel kan kortliks beskryf word as die som van alle uitgawes wat bedoel is om handelsmerk billikheid te bou en kan in vier komponente, wat as die 4Ps (produk, prys, plek en promosie) bekend staan, geklassifiseer word. Daar is reeds kommer uitgespreek dat bemarkers te veel aandag aan die stadiums in die handelsmerk waarde ketting bestee waar bemarkings strategie geformuleer word en te min aandag word aan die latere stadiums geskenk waar die strategie teruggeskakel word aan die waarde wat deur die implementering daarvan geskep word. Ten spyte van die menigte beskikbare bemarkings metrieke lê die sleutel tot die meet van die impak van bemarkingsaktiwiteite in die onderhou van ’n balans tussen nie-finansiële, doeltreffende metrieke en finansiële effektiwiteit metrieke. Daar is dus ’n behoefte aan die ontwikkeling van gemiddelde-vlak modelle wat bemarkings taktieke (uitgawes) aan finansiële impak (bv. verkope) skakel om sodoende die waarde wat deur bemarking geskep word, te kommunikeer. Dit is belangrik om, as ’n eerste treë na die doelwit om sulke modelle te ontwikkel, die aard van die verhouding tussen bemarkingsuitgawes (in terme van die 4Ps) en verkope te verstaan. Die hoofdoel in hierdie studie was dus om vas te stel of daar ’n verhouding tussen die uitgawes van verskillende bemarkingskomponente (4Ps) en verkope bestaan. Die voorstel wat geformuleer is, het verklaar dat die verskeidenheid in verkope ’n produk is wat toegeskryf kan word aan fluktuering in bemarkings uitgawes. ’n Meta analise studie is onderneem en twee Suid-Afrikaanse vinnig-bewegende gebruikers goedere handelsmerke se finansiële data vir die typerk van Julie 2001 tot einde van Junie 2005 is ondersoek. Die bemarkings uitgawes wat vir elk van die handelsmerke aangegaan is, is ontleed en toegeken volgens die 4Ps van bemarking. Die metode wat toegepas is om die verhouding tussen bemarkings uitgawes en verkope te ondersoek het ontstaan deur die aanneem van meervoudige agteruitgang analise tussen die onafhanklike veranderlikes (bemarkings uitgawes) en die afhanklike veranderlikes (verkope). Daar is egter verwag, as gevolg van die feit dat die data oor tyd versamel is, dat die tyd-verwante kenmerke in die data inherente aannames mag beledig het, waarop meervoudige agteruitgang analise gebaseer is. ’n Tydsreek agteruitgang analise is gevolglik aangeneem om verantwoordbaar te wees vir tydsverwante kenmerke soos neiging of seisoenaliteit. Teenwerkende fop veranderlikes is by die agteruitgang analise ingesluit om die effek van neiging of seisoenaliteit beter te verstaan. In die geval van Handelsmerk A, was dit nodig om fop veranderlikes in te sluit om die effek van neiging in die agteruitgang analise teen te werk. Die uitslae het gewys dat daar ’n statisties noemenswaardige verhouding tussen die uitgawes van verskillende bemarkingskomponente (4Ps) en verkope is. Slegs verspreiding uitgawes en prys (tesame met neiging) het unieke verskille in verkope verduidelik. In die geval van Handelsmerk B was dit nodig om die fop veranderlikes in te sluit vir beide neiging en seisoenaliteit voordat die model gepas was vir analise. Die uitslae het weereens gewys dat daar ’n duidende verhouding tussen die uitgawes van verskillende bemarkingskomponente (4Ps) en verkope is. Slegs produksie uitgawes (tesame met neiging en seisonaliteit) het egter unieke verskille in verkope vir Handelsmerk B verduidelik. Daar was dus, in gevolgtrekking tot die uitslae wat gevind is, belangrike bevindings om van kennis te neem. Dit is eerstens van uiterste belang om die impak van tyd-verwante kenmerke in die data te verstaan en om vervolgens die gepaste model aan te neem om verhoudings in die data te ondersoek. Tweedens, ten spyte van ’n statistiese noemenswaardige verhouding wat bespeur is tussen bemarkings uitgawes en verkope, het die verskeie komponente van die 4Ps verskillende vernaamheid vir verskillende handelsmerke en die gepaste toekenning van bronne sal afhang van die aard van die produk en die strategie wat beoog word.

This thesis attempts to explore an alternative taking us beyond the paradigmatic tension which currently dominates and stagnates the discipline of marketing study.This is done in the light of Habermas's critical theory and contemporary critical systems thinking (CST). It is argued that there is an urgent need to bring together the strengths of 'critical' and 'systems' so as to facilitate collective complementarity while at the same time preserving opportunity for pursuing individual development among heterogeneous approaches.Based upon an investigation of how systems approaches have been employed as analytical techniques for improving marketing efficiency, as conceptual models facilitating comprehensive understanding of marketing activities, and as a guide to theoretical development to co-ordinate divergence and convergence in research, the thesis contends that systems approaches can be employed in a perhaps more rewarding way to investigate, address and tackle the present paradigmatic tension.The thesis proposes a critical systems reconstruction of marketing study: first reorienting marketing as a communicative action system driven and constituted by rationally contesting human technical, practical and emancipatory interests in consumption needs, then suggesting a conceptual typology for categorising marketing approaches into technical, practical and normative marketing which systematically nurtures technical enhancement, subjective experience and social norm formation inmarketing activities.It is asserted that under such reconstruction, mutual understanding and support among heterogeneous approaches is not arbitrary, but is an inherent feature of marketing knowledge inquiry. The thesis urges marketing researchers to enter into a critical dialogue to establish plurality in the long term, to promote mutual learning through fusion of horizons, and to pursue complementarity in practical problemsolving intervention.In the effort to revitalise systems approach as a facilitating model, the thesis concludes that given the stagnating paradigmatic unease currently prevailing in marketing study, the future for competitive marketing systems lies in systems marketing - serving human contestable interests in consumption needs through communicative reasoning among various marketing systems.

One of the key concepts within the marketing literature remains the 'marketing mix.' An unexamined element of this mix remains, to pursue the cooking metaphor, the way in which the chef is able to balance the various ingredients to achieve a palatable dish. Therefore, the impetus behind this thesis is this lack in the literature. The approach to remedy this lack is developed through Action Research. The original notion of the marketer as a mixer of ingredients strongly suggests that marketing was (and remains) largely a craft. As practitioners within the craft, managers require devices to guide them in their everyday operations. However, the use and effectiveness of such 'heuristic devices' by practising marketers remains little explored. Matrix schemas have always been traditionally used, by both academics and practitioners, in the development and interpretation of both strategy and tactics in marketing. While the strategic schemas have attained the status of dogma (the Boston Box, for example), at the tactical level,use of the marketing mix has never reached such heights, (apart from an occasional stress on the need for the 'blending of ingredients'). As marketing has developed as a craft, numerous definitions have been offered. Today there are several different authoritative, but accepted definitions. The Chartered Institute of Marketing [CIM] and the American Marketing Association [AMA] define marketing as: 'Marketing [management] is the process of planning and executing the conception of pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods and services that satisfy organisational objectives.' [Fifield & Gilligan, 1996; 2] A clear understanding of the development of the matrix approach from the level of strategy to tactics in marketing is the essence of the published works. The marketing mix concept seems relatively simple. Since Culliton [1947] first carried out his study (amongst the major American companies of his time), the notion of managers within the marketing function as 'mixers of ingredients' has enjoyed wide currency. Culliton's study included a full examination of a number of case histories and the use by the participating companies of marketing ingredients. Borden [1964] expanded this work to a formal use of the term 'marketing mix' and he presented a list of mix constituents, based on Culliton's work. These developments were taken further by McCarthy [1964] in terms of simplification and classificatory order as the famous 4Ps. It is now just over 30 years since McCarthy provided this gloss on Borden's work and offered a generic marketing mix [product, price, promotion and place] as a means of translating marketing planning and tactics into practice [Bennett 1997:151] This eventually led to Kotler [2000) defining the mix as being 'A set of marketing tools that a firm uses to pursue its objectives.' Thus, ingredients become tools and the analogy changes. McCarthy's 4Ps classification of the marketing mix variables has received acceptance in past decades. However, in recent years increasing criticism of this approach has been voiced in academic circles (Van Waterschoot, 1992, p.83). It is believed by some academics that this paradigm is beginning to lose its position (Gronroos, 1994, Gronroos, 1992, Sheth 1988). It is sometimes called 'traditional' or out-dated (Shimpock-Viewg,/1993, Lane, /1988, Turnbull, 1987). Over the past few years, it has been argued that marketing is concerned not just with the original 4Ps and the various elements associated with them, but also with less controllable variables (or ingredients, or tools) such as people, processes and service evidence. (Rafiq, 1995). However, the shifts from 'ingredients' to 'tools' to 'variables' hints at an underlying confusion as to the conceptual status of the artefacts described. Borden's work has the merit that his classificatory schema derives directly from empirical evidence. Borden reflected this basis when he identified the need to record within case studies evidence of what was being mixed in the marketing domain. Later extensions do not, by and large, have this merit. There have been no published studies which replicate Culliton's original work. Extensions to the mix (the conceptual device contributed by Borden) and the distilled formulation of the mix offered by McCarthy rely on conceptual processes only. The nature of the extensions seems clear, but they rest on different assumptions about how the world of the marketing manager should be construed. This thesis draws on several case studies of the world of marketing managers and a test of the 4P's framework within that world as its modus operandi. The examination uses a process of 'Action Research'. It thus is placed in the tradition established by Culliton in his pioneering work. Unlike Culliton, the work does no flow from a considered execution of a single research design, but has emerged in the search for consistency in marketing management, as pursued with the manager themselves. In essence, the Action Learning method of research has been adopted. The outcome, a new model for application, is seen as the contribution to knowledge. In essence the thesis pulls together the understanding and criticisms that both practitioners and academics need to investigate the gaps that exist in marketing management research. The importance of a company's participation as being integral to the action it takes and the solutions it prescribes is the essence of the Action Research and the model process.

La tesi ha voluto offrire uno sguardo all’approccio ed ai vari strumenti di marketing utilizzati ed utilizzabili dai liberi professionisti considerandoli come “leve” di cambiamento, innovazione e successo professionale. Più specificamente, si è dato risalto alle modalità attraverso le quali gli studi professionali applicano gli strumenti offerti dal marketing al fine di innalzare il livello qualitativo delle prestazioni erogate e per ampliare altresì lo spettro di servizi proposti ai clienti. Da ultimo, si è ritenuto di indagare la reale efficacia degli strumenti di marketing applicati agli studi professionali, valutando i risultati ottenuti a seguito dell’implementazione di strumenti e tecniche di marketing e, laddove possibile, quantificando la convenienza e profittabilità degli investimenti effettuati.
The doctoral thesis is meant to outline an approach to the marketing tools available to professionals for change, innovation and success. More in detail, it sets out the ways in which professional firms apply the marketing tools in order to increase the quality of the services offered to customers and to expand their range. Finally, it embodies an inquiry on the effectiveness of the marketing tools, when used by professional firms, evaluating the results obtained from the use of such tools and marketing techniques and quantifying the profitability of the investments made.

At the present time, managements which can see and use alterations, they can remain stand and strive with their competitors. Changes are in managements only able to possible by using new strategies, that can make a management comperior under the competition clause. These strategies are: last trends, fun promotions, flash mobbings, guerrilla advertising and even the viral applications that can make people unwittingly a marketer. On the other hand, at the first times, while guerilla marketing was a method that small scale enterprise can struggle against the big bussiness, nowadays it is a very simple method which every management can apply easily.The aim of guerilla marketing is to make more sales, like traditional marketing. But, the methods that used, are different from eachother. This method try to find with very low budget some works, that will take place more higher from other traditional marketing methods' effects. This works have to be effective, different, enjoyable and unforgetable. That is possible to see them in out,on ethernet and somewhere of our life. Especially, these activities are organized contemplated by advertising agencies; diversified according to the imagination of the creators. Guerilla marketing and the other similar marketings are done especially online network in tourism sector of Turkey. The purpose of this study; is increasing the awareness of guerilla marketing as an alternative method in academic and sectorel context, that can increase the sales of tourism managements and at the same time can provide quickly and easily reach to their target group.