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Academic literature on the topic 'Mammals Locomotion'

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Published: 10 December 2022
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Journal articles on the topic "Mammals Locomotion"

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BLICKHAN, REINHARD, and ROBERT J. FULL. "Locomotion Energetics of the Ghost Crab: II. Mechanics of the Centre of Mass During Walking and Running." Journal of Experimental Biology 130, no. 1 (July 1, 1987): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.130.1.155.

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Terrestrial locomotion involving appendages has evolved independently in vertebrates and arthropods. Differences in the mechanical design of the locomotor apparatus could impose constraints on the energetics of locomotion. The mechanical energy fluctuations of the centre of mass of an arthropod, the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius), were examined by integrating the ground reaction forces exerted during sideways locomotion. Crabs used a pendulum-type energy exchange mechanism during walking, analogous to an egg rolling end over end, with the same effectiveness as birds and mammals. Moreover, ghost crabs were found to have two running gaits. A switch from a slow to a fast run occurred at the same speed and stride frequency predicted for the trot-gallop transition of a quadrupedal mammal of the same body mass. In addition, the mass-specific mechanical energy developed over a unit distance was independent of speed and was within the limits measured for birds and mammals. Despite the obvious differences in mechanical design between crabs and mammals, energy-conserving mechanisms and the efficiency of locomotion were remarkably similar. These similarities may result from the fact that the muscles that generate forces during terrestrial locomotion have relatively conservative mechanical and energetic properties.
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Janis, Christine M., and Alberto Martín-Serra. "Postcranial elements of small mammals as indicators of locomotion and habitat." PeerJ 8 (September 2, 2020): e9634. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9634.

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Many studies have shown a correlation between postcranial anatomy and locomotor behavior in mammals, but the postcrania of small mammals (<5 kg) is often considered to be uninformative of their mode of locomotion due to their more generalized overall anatomy. Such small body size was true of all mammals during the Mesozoic. Anatomical correlates of locomotor behavior are easier to determine in larger mammals, but useful information can be obtained from the smaller ones. Limb bone proportions (e.g., brachial index) can be useful locomotor indicators; but complete skeletons, or even complete long bones, are rare for Mesozoic mammals, although isolated articular surfaces are often preserved. Here we examine the correlation of the morphology of long bone joint anatomy (specifically articular surfaces) and locomotor behavior in extant small mammals and demonstrate that such anatomy may be useful for determining the locomotor mode of Mesozoic mammals, at least for the therian mammals.
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Grant, Robyn A., Vicki Breakell, and Tony J. Prescott. "Whisker touch sensing guides locomotion in small, quadrupedal mammals." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1880 (June 13, 2018): 20180592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.0592.

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All small mammals have prominent facial whiskers that they employ as tactile sensors to guide navigation and foraging in complex habitats. Nocturnal, arboreal mammals tend to have the longest and most densely packed whiskers, and semi-aquatic mammals have the most sensitive. Here we present evidence to indicate that many small mammals use their whiskers to tactually guide safe foot positioning. Specifically, in 11, small, non-flying mammal species, we demonstrate that forepaw placement always falls within the ground contact zone of the whisker field and that forepaw width is always smaller than whisker span. We also demonstrate commonalities of whisker scanning movements (whisking) and elements of active control, associated with increasing contact with objects of interest, across multiple small mammal species that have previously only been shown in common laboratory animals. Overall, we propose that guiding locomotion, alongside environment exploration, is a common function of whisker touch sensing in small, quadrupedal mammals.
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Williams, Terrie M. "The evolution of cost efficient swimming in marine mammals: limits to energetic optimization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1380 (January 29, 1999): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0371.

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Mammals re–entered the oceans less than 60 million years ago. The transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic lifestyle required extreme morphological and behavioural modifications concomitant with fundamentally different locomotor mechanisms for moving on land and through water. Energetic transport costs typically reflect such different locomotor modes, but can not be discerned from the fossil record. In this study the energetic challenges associated with changing from terrestrial to aquatic locomotion in primitive marine mammals are examined by comparing the transport, maintenance and locomotor costs of extant mammals varying in degree of aquatic specialization. The results indicate that running and swimming specialists have converged on an energetic optimum for locomotion. An allometric expression, COT TOT = 7.79 mass −0.29 ( r 2 = 0.83, n = 6 species), describes the total cost of transport in J kg −1 m −1 for swimming marine mammals ranging in size from 21 kg to 15,000 kg. This relation is indistinguishable from that describing total transport costs in running mammals. In contrast, the transitional lifestyle of semi–aquatic mammals, similar to that of ancestral marine mammals, incurs costs that are 2.4–5.1 times higher than locomotor specialists. These patterns suggest that primitive marine mammals confronted an energetic hurdle before returning to costs reminiscent of their terrestrial ancestry, and may have reached an evolutionary limit for energetic optimization during swimming.
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Webster, KN, and TJ Dawson. "Is the energetics of mammalian hopping locomotion advantageous in arid environments?" Australian Mammalogy 26, no. 2 (2004): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am04153.

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Although hopping is a relatively rare mammalian gait, hopping mammals are common in arid environments. Arid environments are open, with patchy resources, and the widespread use of hopping by arid zone mammals appears to be related to the benefits of fast locomotion. In several species, fast hopping is economical in comparison to fast quadrupedal running. These hopping species can reach greater maximum aerobic speeds than similarly sized runners. Faster locomotion can reduce predation risk and increase opportunities to exploit open microhabitats. More economical locomotion may improve a hopping mammal's ability to adopt alternative foraging strategies. The disadvantages of hopping include an increased cost of slow locomotion, reduced manoeuvrability at slow speeds and reduced ability to exploit densely vegetated patches.
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Ryczko, Dimitri, Jackson J. Cone, Michael H. Alpert, Laurent Goetz, François Auclair, Catherine Dubé, Martin Parent, Mitchell F. Roitman, Simon Alford, and Réjean Dubuc. "A descending dopamine pathway conserved from basal vertebrates to mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 17 (April 11, 2016): E2440—E2449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1600684113.

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Dopamine neurons are classically known to modulate locomotion indirectly through ascending projections to the basal ganglia that project down to brainstem locomotor networks. Their loss in Parkinson’s disease is devastating. In lampreys, we recently showed that brainstem networks also receive direct descending dopaminergic inputs that potentiate locomotor output. Here, we provide evidence that this descending dopaminergic pathway is conserved to higher vertebrates, including mammals. In salamanders, dopamine neurons projecting to the striatum or brainstem locomotor networks were partly intermingled. Stimulation of the dopaminergic region evoked dopamine release in brainstem locomotor networks and concurrent reticulospinal activity. In rats, some dopamine neurons projecting to the striatum also innervated the pedunculopontine nucleus, a known locomotor center, and stimulation of the dopaminergic region evoked pedunculopontine dopamine release in vivo. Finally, we found dopaminergic fibers in the human pedunculopontine nucleus. The conservation of a descending dopaminergic pathway across vertebrates warrants re-evaluating dopamine’s role in locomotion.
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JORDAN, LARRY M. "Initiation of Locomotion in Mammals." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 860, no. 1 NEURONAL MECH (November 1998): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09040.x.

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Giuliodori, Mauricio J., Heidi L. Lujan, Whitney S. Briggs, and Stephen E. DiCarlo. "A model of locomotor-respiratory coupling in quadrupeds." Advances in Physiology Education 33, no. 4 (December 2009): 315–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/advan.00057.2009.

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Locomotion and respiration are not independent phenomena in running mammals because locomotion and respiration both rely on cyclic movements of the ribs, sternum, and associated musculature. Thus, constraints are imposed on locomotor and respiratory function by virtue of their linkage. Specifically, locomotion imposes mechanical constraints on breathing that require the respiratory cycle to be synchronized with gait. Thus, many mammals, including humans, synchronize respiration with the movement of the limbs during locomotion. For example, quadrupeds synchronize locomotor and respiratory cycles at a 1:1 ratio (stride/breath) over a wide range of speeds. Interestingly, quadrupeds maintain an almost constant stride frequency (and therefore respiratory frequency) at different speeds. To increase speed, quadrupeds lengthen their stride. Accordingly, to increase minute ventilation, quadrupeds must increase tidal volume since respiratory rate is coupled with stride frequency. We developed a simple, inexpensive, and easy to build model to demonstrate this concept. A model was chosen because models significantly enhance student understanding. Students are drawn into discussion by the power of learning that is associated with manipulating and thinking about objects. Building and using this model strengthen the concept that locomotor-respiratory coupling provides a basis for the appropriate matching of lung ventilation to running speed and metabolic power.
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Rossignol, S., G. Barrière, O. Alluin, and A. Frigon. "Re-expression of Locomotor Function After Partial Spinal Cord Injury." Physiology 24, no. 2 (April 2009): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00042.2008.

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After a complete spinal section, quadruped mammals (cats, rats, and mice) can generally regain hindlimb locomotion on a treadmill because the spinal cord below the lesion can express locomotion through a neural circuitry termed the central pattern generator (CPG). In this review, we propose that the spinal CPG also plays a crucial role in the locomotor recovery after incomplete spinal cord injury.
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Fish, F. E., and R. V. Baudinette. "Energetics of locomotion by the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster): a comparison of swimming and running in a semi-aquatic mammal." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 4 (February 15, 1999): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.4.353.

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Semi-aquatic mammals occupy a precarious evolutionary position, having to function in both aquatic and terrestrial environments without specializing in locomotor performance in either environment. To examine possible energetic constraints on semi-aquatic mammals, we compared rates of oxygen consumption for the Australian water rat (Hydromys chrysogaster) using different locomotor behaviors: swimming and running. Aquatic locomotion was investigated as animals swam in a water flume at several speeds, whereas water rats were run on a treadmill to measure metabolic effort during terrestrial locomotion. Water rats swam at the surface using alternate pelvic paddling and locomoted on the treadmill using gaits that included walk, trot and half-bound. Water rats were able to run at twice their maximum swimming velocity. Swimming metabolic rate increased with velocity in a pattern similar to the ‘humps’ and ‘hollows’ for wave drag experienced by bodies moving at the water surface. Metabolic rate increased linearly during running. Over equivalent velocities, the metabolic rate for running was 13–40 % greater than for swimming. The minimum cost of transport for swimming (2.61 J N-1 m-1) was equivalent to values for other semi-aquatic mammals. The lowest cost for running (2.08 J N-1 m-1) was 20 % lower than for swimming. When compared with specialists at the extremes of the terrestrial-aquatic continuum, the energetic costs of locomoting either in water or on land were high for the semi-aquatic Hydromys chrysogaster. However, the relative costs for H. chrysogaster were lower than when an aquatic specialist attempts to move on land or a terrestrial specialist attempts to swim.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mammals Locomotion"

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Horner, Angela M. "Crouched Locomotion in Small Mammals: The Effects of Habitat and Aging." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1283529573.

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Vázquez, Molinero Ramón. "Comparative anatomy of Henkelotherium guimarotae (Holotheria), a late Jurassic small mammal, and its relevance for the evolution of the mode of locomotion of modern mammals." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2004/12/index.html.

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Bances, Enrique [Verfasser], Hartmut [Akademischer Betreuer] Witte, Thomas [Gutachter] Sattel, and Hans-Christoph [Gutachter] Scholle. "Wireless modular multi-sensor systems for the analysis of mechanical coupling between respiration and locomotion in mammals / Enrique Bances ; Gutachter: Thomas Sattel, Hans-Christoph Scholle ; Betreuer: Hartmut Witte." Ilmenau : TU Ilmenau, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1178128547/34.

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Botton, Léo. "The Form-Function relationships in the process of secondary adaptation to an aquatic life : the contribution of semi-aquatic mammals." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC087/document.

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Se déplacer dans l’eau ou sur terre implique de faire face à des contraintes mécaniques extrêmement différentes. L’eau est sensiblement plus dense et visqueuse que l’air et, par le fait, la locomotion aquatique est dominée par la traînée et la poussée d’Archimède alors que la locomotion terrestre est dominée par la gravité et l’inertie. Si les adaptations les plus extrêmes à la locomotion dans chacun de ces milieux sont bien documentées, les espèces semi-aquatiques qui se déplacent fréquemment dans ces deux milieux restent peu étudiées.Les mustélidés présentent une large diversité de spécialisations locomotrices tant du point de vue du type de milieu fréquenté que du point de vue du degré de spécialisation.Cela inclut trois événements indépendants d’apparition d’un mode de vie semi-aquatique avec pour représentants actuels : le vison d’Europe, le vison Américain et les loutres. En utilisant la morphométrie géométrique pour quantifier l’ensemble de la forme de l’humérus, du radius, de l’ulna, du fémur, du tibia et de la fibula, j’ai étudié les différences morphologiques de l’appareil locomoteur des mustélidés terrestres et semi-aquatiques. Étant donné que les visons et les loutres font face aux mêmes contraintes fonctionnelles liées à une locomotion à la fois terrestre et aquatique, j’ai testé si leur morphologie convergeait. Enfin, étant donné la différence de contraintes fonctionnelles induites par les deux milieux, j’ai testé si le milieu de locomotion avait un impact homogène sur l’appareil locomoteur ou si une spécialisation de certains os pouvait être observée.Si les visons diffèrent peu de leurs parents terrestres, les loutres montrent d’importantes différences en termes de taille, forme et proportions relatives des os. Les visons présentent une morphologie similaire à celle observée chez tous les Mustelinae.Néanmoins, la morphologie de l’humérus est convergente entre les deux visons, avec une courbure plus grande que chez leurs parents terrestres. La morphologie des visons résulte de spécialisations récentes de la morphologie versatile propre aux Mustelinae, leur mode de nage est similaire à celui des Mustelinae terrestres et ils ne montrent que de subtiles différenciations morphologiques.A l’opposé, les loutres présentent des os longs dont la forme diffère nettement de celle de leurs parents terrestres. De plus, elles montrent une grande diversité de formes, en opposition avec l’hypothèse qui voudrait que de fortes contraintes fonctionnelles, telles que celles induites par la locomotion aquatique, devraient conduire à un nombre limité de réponses évolutives possibles. Les loutres montrent un ensemble de caractéristiques morphologiques en lien avec la locomotion aquatique: des os robustes, avec de larges épiphyses, un stylopode court relativement au zeugopode et un grand bras de levier pour les extenseurs du coude. Seule la loutre de mer (Enhydra lutris) montre une spécialisation différente entre les pattes avant et arrière. Les pattes arrière sont dédiées à la locomotion aquatique avec un grand bras de levier pour les muscles de la hanche et un pied transformé en palette natatoire. La patte avant, en revanche, présente une ulna gracile, avec un processus olécrane court et un radius courbé cranialement, produisant un patronde co-variation unique. Ces particularités permettent de plus grands degrés de liberté dans les mouvements de l’avant-bras, et de fait, les capacités de manipulation uniques chez cette espèce.Ainsi les mustélidés semi-aquatiques présentent une diversité qui n’était pas attendue étant donné la différence de contraintes mécaniques imposées par la locomotion dans l’eau et sur terre. Les mustélidés semi-aquatiques semblent avoir évolué depuis une morphologie ancestrale versatile jusqu’à des formes très spécialisées,où la réduction progressive de la locomotion terrestre a permis une spécialisation différente entre les membres antérieurs et postérieurs
Moving in water and on land implies coping with drastically different mechanicalconstraints. Water is substantially more dense and viscous than air and thus aquaticlocomotion is dominated by drag and buoyancy when terrestrial locomotion is dominatedby gravity and inertia. If extreme adaptations to locomotion in each of thesetwo media are well described, semi-aquatic species that move extensively in bothmedia remain poorly studied.Mustelids presents a large diversity of locomotor specializations involving differentkinds of locomotor environments and different degrees of specialization. It encompassthree independent evolutions of a semi-aquatic lifestyle: the European mink,the American mink, and the otters. Using geometric morphometrics to quantify theshape of the entire humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula I investigated morphologicaldifferences in the locomotor apparatus of terrestrial and semi-aquaticmustelids. As both minks and otters face functional pressures resulting from bothaquatic and terrestrial locomotion, I tested whether their morphology converged.Finally, considering the differences in the functional requirements of the two media,I explored whether the locomotor ecology has a homogeneous impact on thelocomotor apparatus or whether a functional specialization of certain parts can beobserved.Whereas minks show low morphological differentiation from their terrestrial relatives,otters diverged a lot in both shape, size, and the relative proportions of thelimb bones. Minks present a morphology that is similar to the one observed in otherMustelinae. Nevertheless, the shape of the humerus is convergent between thetwo minks, and shows a greater curvature than in their terrestrial relatives. Minksresult from recent specializations of the versatile morphology of Mustelinae witha swimming mode similar to the one of the terrestrial Mustelinae and only subtlemodifications of their long bone morphology.Conversely, otters present a long bone shape that is strongly divergent from theone of their terrestrial relatives. Additionally, they show very diverse long boneshapes in opposition to the hypothesis stating that strong functional requirements,as the ones induced by aquatic locomotion, should induce a limited number of potentialevolutionary responses. Otters show morphological features that are related to aquatic locomotion: robust bones with broad epiphyses, a short stylopodrelative to the zeugopod, and a long in-lever for elbow extensors. Only the sea otter(Enhydra lutris) presents a functional specialization that differs between hind andforelimb. The hind limb is dedicated to aquatic locomotion with a strong in-lever forthe hip muscles, and the feet that are modified into swimming paddles. Meanwhile,the forelimb presents a relatively gracile ulna with a short olecranon process and aradius that is curved more cranially, resulting in a drastic change in the pattern ofco-variation. These features are interpreted as providing greater degrees of freedomin the movements of the forearm, which allows the unique manipulative skillsof this species.Thus semi-aquatic mustelids present a diversity that was not expected given thestrong differences in the mechanical constraints imposed during locomotion in waterversus on land. Semi-aquatic mustelids appear to have evolved from the versatileancestral locomotor apparatus to highly specialized forms, where the progressivereduction of terrestrial locomotion allowed differential adaptation of the foreandhind limbs
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Warner, Sharon Elaine. "Foot design, locomotor impact dynamics and pathology in large mammals." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618328.

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Andersson, Ki. "Aspects of locomotor evolution in the Carnivora (Mammalia)." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Palaeontology group, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3543.

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In this thesis, the shape of the distal humerus trochlea is analysed using landmark-based morphometrics and multivariate methods, with the aim of exploring locomotor evolution in carnivorans. Elbow joint morphology is used together with body size and craniodental morphology to characterize past and present carnivorans. Evolutionary implications are studied at the ordinal, familial, and species levels, testing specific hypotheses about scaling, morphological constraints, evolutionary trajectories, and potential for social pack-hunting behaviour. The circumference of the distal humerus trochlea is found to be highly correlated with body mass, and appears to scale similarly throughout the order Carnivora. A general predictive model for carnivoran bodymass is presented (a=0.601; b= 2.552; r2=0.952, SEE=0.136, p<0001, n=92), which removes the need for the investigator to actively choose between the diverging estimates that different predictors and their equations often produce. At the elbow joint, manual manipulation and locomotion appear to be conflicting functions, thus suggesting mutually exclusive lifestyles involving either forelimb grappling or pursuit. At large body sizes, carnivorans are distributed over a strongly dichotomised pattern (grappling or locomotion), a pattern coinciding with the postulated threshold in predator-prey size ratio at 21.5-25 kg. This pattern is compared to that of two carnivoran faunas from the Tertiary. In the Oligocene (33.7-23.8 Myr BP), the overall pattern is remarkably similar to that observed for extant Carnivora. In the Miocene (23.8-11.2 Myr BP) carnivores show a similarly dichotomised pattern as the Oligocene and Recent, although the whole pattern is shifted towards larger body sizes. This difference is suggested to be a reflection of the extraordinary species richness of browsing ungulates in the early Miocene of North America. Such an increase in prey spectrum would create a unique situation, in which large carnivores need not commit to a cursorial habitus in order to fill their nutritional requirements. Finally, the elbow joints and craniodental morphology (14 measurements) of fossil canids were examined with the aim of assessing the potential for pack-hunting in fossil canids. It is clear that small and large members of the Recent Caninae share similar craniodental morphologies. However, this pattern is not present in Borophaginae and Hesperocyoninae. In the latter, large representatives are characterized by being short-faced, with reduced anterior premolars and enlarged posterior premolars, thus approaching a “pantherine-like” craniodental configuration. These traits are interpreted as an adaptation for killing prey with canine bites. It is similarly determined that, unlike recent Caninae, all analyzed species of borophagines and hesperocyonines have retained the ability to supinate their forearms. It is therefore likely that manual manipulation was part of their hunting behaviour, thus removing an essential part of the argument for social pack-hunting in these forms, as the benefits of such a strategy become less obvious.

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Otts, Charlotte. "POSTURAL AND LOCOMOTOR CAPABILITIES IN THE PHENACODONTID CONDYLARTHS (MAMMALIA)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187554.

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The Paleocene and early to middle Eocene Family Phenacodontidae includes three species--Tetraclaenodon puercensis, Phenacodus vortmani, and P. primaevus--with available postcranial material for an investigation of postural and locomotor capabilities. The details of bone and joint morphology are compared within the phenacodontids and with several extant analogues whose postural and locomotor capabilities and morphological correlates are known better. Several aspects of the postcranial morphology of the phenacodontids, especially P. vortmani and P. primaevus, suggest cursorial capabilities. The anterior thoracic vertebral column has limited flexibility dorsoventrally and mediolaterally, but the articular surfaces in the lumbar section, especially in the larger P. primaevus, tend to allow dorsoventral movement while restricting mediolateral movement, thus potentially adding to total stride length. The digitigrade limb posture, again especially developed in P. vortmani and P. primaevus, adds to limb length and stride length. Several features of the joints in the forelimb and hindlimb restrict motion to the parasagittal plane or enhance thrust against the ground in the parasagittal pIane, thus contributing to forward motion. The curvatures of the glenoid fossa and the humeral head enhance flexion and extension and restrict abduction. The mediolateral width and shapes of the articular surfaces in the elbow joint prevent supination. The flexor hinge in the wrist allows a powerful thrust against the ground during push-off. The keels in the distal metapodials maintain that thrust in the parasagittal plane. In the hindlimb, the high greater trochanter and the third trochanter increase the mechanical advantage of some extensors of the femur. The deep patellar groove suggests strong extension at the knee. Similarly, the deep grooves and distinct condyles of the distal tibia and dorsal surface of the astragalus, along with the relatively long calcaneal tuberosity, suggest powerful flexion at the ankle joint and confine motion at the upper ankle joint to flexion and extension. The phenacodontids and especially Phenacodus vortmani and P. primaevus were good runners, particularly compared with their Paleocene and Eocene contemporaries. Within the genus Phenacodus, the more slender P. vortmani, with its more elongate distal elements of the hindlimb, probably was the more efficient runner.
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Argot, Christine. "Evolution de la locomotion chez les Borhyaenoïdes (marsupiala, mammalia) : étude morphofonctionnelle, phylogénétique, et implications paléoécologiques." Paris 11, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA112217.

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Copploe, Joseph V. II. "In Vivo Strains in the Femur of the Nine-Banded Armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1403533523.

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Shelley, Sarah Laura. "The rise of placental mammals : the anatomy, palaeobiology and phylogeny of Periptychus and the Periptychidae." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29539.

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The diversification of eutherian mammals following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction was a critical period in evolutionary history. The Palaeocene is marked by the proliferation of archaic mammals which exhibit a mosaic of primitive and derived anatomies and whose phylogenetic affinities with extant mammals remain contentious. Consequently, macroevolutionary studies assessing the timing and recovery of eutherian mammals following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction are inhibited by our relatively poor knowledge of the mammals which thrived during the Palaeocene. One group of Palaeocene mammals in particular, the ‘Condylarthra’ have proven especially enigmatic and, as historically conceived, includes families of ungulate-grade mammals some of which are considered the ancestral stock from which modern perissodactyls and artiodactyls arose. The Periptychidae are a distinctive ‘condylarth’ family and were among the first mammals to appear after the extinction. As such they constitute an excellent empirical case study towards resolving the evolutionary relationships and understanding the palaeobiology of Palaeocene mammals. The overarching aim of this thesis has been to generate a comprehensive higher-level phylogenetic hypothesis of Periptychidae and shed light on the species-level interrelationships of taxa historically identified as periptychids and other ‘condylarth’ exemplars. This aim has been achieved by the undertaking a comprehensive anatomical re-description of the archetypal periptychid, Periptychus carinidens, based on a wealth of new fossils recovered from the San Juan Basin in New Mexico, USA. The anatomical information described in this thesis has also facilitated a greater understanding of ecology and functional morphology of Periptychus and its kin. Periptychus carinidens was a medium-sized, robust, stout-limbed animal that was mediportal and adopted a plantigrade mode of locomotion. The cranial and dental anatomy of Periptychus is broadly concurrent with the inferred plesiomorphic eutherian condition albeit more robust in its overall construction. The broad facial region, tall sagittal and nuchal crests and distinctive dentition with strong enamel crenulations and compressive wear are likely indicative of durophagous diet made up of dense, fibrous, plant-based food stuffs. The postcranial skeleton of Periptychus is a miscellany of morphologies with often paradoxical functional implications. Despite its robustness, Periptychus retained a moderately high degree of multiaxial movement and dexterity in its limbs with prominent muscle attachment sites indicative of powerful, non-rapid limb movements. Well-developed manual and digital flexors and extensors are further indicative of some scansorial and fossorial capability. Periptychus and other Palaeocene mammals are characterised by their robust anatomy and tend to lack any obvious extant analogues impeding our understanding of eutherian ecological diversity during the Palaeocene and the roles of many so-called ‘archaic’ mammals. Multivariate analyses on a dataset of functionally significant limb measurements show that Palaeocene mammals exhibit a distinct and more constrained range of locomotor ability defined by their prevalent robust morphology. However, there are subtle distinctions between archaic taxa indicating ecomorphical diversity possibly due to niche partitioning, that are not easily comparable to extant mammals. This suggests that, far from being generalized ancestral stock, Palaeocene taxa were experimenting with their own unique locomotor styles. The extinction of many archaic groups at the end of the Palaeogene is associated with a trend towards increasingly open habitats, which was less conducive to the survivorship of robust, ambulatory mammals. The anatomy of Periptychus combines a basic early placental body plan with numerous unique specialisations in its dental, cranial and postcranial anatomy that not only exemplify the ability of mammals to adapt and evolve following catastrophic environmental upheaval but provide a prime exemplar by which to tackle the taxonomic and systematic conundrum that is ‘Condylarthra’. A cladistic analysis was conducted to determine the phylogenetic affinities of Periptychidae within Placentalia. 141 taxa were scored for 503 characters including 40 periptychid species and 63 novel characters. The dataset was analysed under parsimony optimality criteria and the resulting phylogeny shows a well resolved strict consensus topology with numerous well-supported relationships which help elucidate periptychid phylogeny. The analysis presented here finds Periptychidae as a monophyletic group to the exclusion of several purported periptychid taxa which are recovered with the ‘arctocyonid’, Baioconodon nordicum. The in-group relationships of Periptychidae are resolved to broadly support the subfamilial arrangement proposed by previous workers. Alticonus is recovered the most basal, unambiguous periptychid taxon. Ampliconus forms a paraphyletic stem from Alticonus to all other unequivocal periptychid taxa. Conacodontinae forms a clade which includes Auraria as the most basal taxon relative to Oxyacodon, which forms a paraphyletic stem to Conacodon. The hypsodont periptychids, Haploconus + Goleroconus form a clade, separate from both ‘Anisonchinae’ and Conacodontinae, both of which they have previously been affiliated to. ‘Anisonchinae’ forms a paraphyletic stem relative to Periptychinae. Mithrandir oligustus is the most basal ‘anisonchine’. Gillisonchus is generically distinct from both Mithrandir and ‘Anisonchus’ due to morphological similarities with Hemithlaeus and the Periptychinae. Periptychinae forms a well-supported clade with Hemithlaeus and Tinuviel resolved to be more closely related to Ectoconus than Periptychus + Carsioptychus. Periptychus is a member of Periptychinae and most closely related to Carsioptychus within Periptychini. The phylogeny reported here indicates that Periptychidae were an incredibly successful family during much of their early history and were particularly prolific during the middle Puercan. Most species were small to medium sized animals; however, members of Periptychinae attained large body sizes within less than half a million years of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Periptychids were prolific during early Puercan, but spent the majority of their evolutionary history exhibiting high turnover, with many short-lived species, with the notable exception of three genera: Anisonchus, Haploconus and Periptychus, which prevailed through the Torrejonian. These periptychids are among the most enduring Palaeocene taxa known and reiterate the importance of the Periptychidae in understanding the recovering and radiation of Placentalia following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.
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Books on the topic "Mammals Locomotion"

1

Arnold, Caroline. Super swimmers: Whales, dolphins, and other mammals of the sea. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 2006.

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Arnold, Caroline. Super swimmers: Whales, dolphins, and other mammals of the sea. Watertown, MA: Charlesbridge, 2007.

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Yamashita, Keiko. Paws, wings, and hooves: Mammals on the move. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co., 1993.

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Fischer, Martin S. Die Lokomotion von Procavia capensis (Mammalia, Hyracoidea): Zur Evolution des Bewegungssystems bei Säugetieren. Keltern-Weiler: Goecke & Evers, 1998.

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Pershin, S. V. Osnovy gidrobioniki. Leningrad: "Sudostroenie", 1988.

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Melʹnik, K. P. Lokomotornyĭ apparat mlekopitai͡u︡shchikh: Voprosy morfologii i biomekhaniki skeleta. Kiev: Nauk. dumka, 1991.

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Atsushi, Komori. Animal mothers. (London): Picture Corgi, 1987.

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Nickel, R. The locomotor system of the domestic mammals. Berlin: Verlag P. Parey, 1986.

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Witte, Hartmut, Martin S. Fischer, Holger Preuschoft, Danja Voges, Cornelius Schilling, and Auke Jan Ijspeert. Quadruped locomotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0031.

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This chapter considers locomotion in living machines, focusing particularly on mammals and on the possibility of designing mammal-like quadrupedal robots. Locomotion is the movement of an organism or a machine from one place to the other, covering a defined minimal distance. In organisms, locomotion usually is driven by a central element and/or appendices. Vertebrates are characterized by the existence of a spine and the mechanics of an endoskeletal system. The amphibio-reptile type of vertebrate locomotion shows oscillations of the body stem mainly in the horizontal, which are coupled to the ground by legs with two long segments. The vertical oscillations of the body stem in the mammal type of quadrupedal locomotion are coupled to the ground by legs with three long segments. For any size of animal and any allometric relation between mass and ground reaction force the resonance mechanisms of gravitational and spring-mass-pendula are tuned to one each other. Elongated feet allow torque exchange with the substrate.
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Prescott, Tony J. Mammals and mammal-like robots. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0045.

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Mammals are warm-blooded tetrapod vertebrates that evolved from reptilian ancestors during the late Triassic period around 225 million years ago. This chapter focuses on some of the most distinctive mammalian characteristics and on integrated robotic systems that seek to capture these capabilities in biomimetic artifacts. Topics covered include the mammalian brain, novel sensory systems, agile locomotion, dextrous grasp, and social cognition. Attempts to build integrated robotic systems that broadly match the behaviour and appearance of specific mammalian species have focused most strongly on humans, on quadrupeds such as cats and dogs, and on rodents. The goal of creating robots that resemble mammals will be encouraged by interest in mammal-like robots that can emulate some of the capacities for social companionship provided by domesticated mammals such as rabbits, dogs, and cats.
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Book chapters on the topic "Mammals Locomotion"

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Davis, Randall W. "Locomotion." In Marine Mammals, 89–132. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9_5.

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Armstrong, R. B., and M. H. Laughlin. "Muscle Function During Locomotion in Mammals." In Proceedings in Life Sciences, 56–63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70610-3_4.

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McClellan, Andrew D. "Command Systems for Initiating Locomotion in Fish and Amphibians: Parallels to Initiation Systems in Mammals." In Neurobiology of Vertebrate Locomotion, 3–20. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09148-5_1.

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Serio-Silva, Juan Carlos, Ricarda Ramírez-Julián, Timothy M. Eppley, and Colin A. Chapman. "Terrestrial Locomotion and Other Adaptive Behaviors in Howler Monkeys (Alouatta pigra) Living in Forest Fragments." In Movement Ecology of Neotropical Forest Mammals, 125–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03463-4_9.

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Mistlberger, Ralph E. "Circadian Organization of Locomotor Activity in Mammals." In Motor Activity and Movement Disorders, 81–109. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-469-6_3.

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Panyutina, Aleksandra A., Leonid P. Korzun, and Alexander N. Kuznetsov. "Functional Analysis of Locomotor Apparatus of Colugos." In Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings, 205–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08756-6_4.

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Panyutina, Aleksandra A., Leonid P. Korzun, and Alexander N. Kuznetsov. "Functional Analysis of Locomotor Apparatus of Bats." In Flight of Mammals: From Terrestrial Limbs to Wings, 227–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08756-6_5.

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Fish, Frank E. "Locomotion, Terrestrial." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 552–54. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804327-1.00164-3.

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Deméré, Thomas A. and, and Joshua H. Yonas. "Locomotion, Terrestrial." In Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals, 672–73. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-373553-9.00154-1.

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Berta, Annalisa, James L. Sumich, Kit M. Kovacs, Pieter Arend Folkens, and Peter J. Adam. "Musculoskeletal System and Locomotion." In Marine Mammals, 165–212. Elsevier, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-012088552-7/50009-6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mammals Locomotion"

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Dev Singh, Pragalbh, Ishan Neogi, Vardhan Niral Shah, and Vaibhav Joshi. "Propulsive Performance of Morphing and Heaving Foil." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-81308.

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Abstract Biological locomotion, observed in the flexible wings of birds and insects, bodies and fins of aquatic mammals and fishes, consists of their ability to morph the wings/fins. The morphing capability holds significance in the ability of fishes to swim upstream without spending too much energy and that of birds to glide for extended periods of time. Simplifying the wing or fins to a foil, morphing refers to the ability of the foil to change its camber smoothly, without sharp bends on the foil surface. This allows precise control over flow separation and vortex shedding. Compared to conventional trailing-edge extensions or flaps, used in rudders and elevators in submarines and ships, morphing foils provide better control of thrust and lift characteristics. This study aims at understanding the importance of the morphing of foil combined with a sinusoidal heaving motion on thrust generation. A two-dimensional variational stabilized Petrov-Galerkin moving mesh framework is utilized for modelling the incompressible low Reynolds number flow across the flapping foil. The morphing motion is characterized by the extent of morphing, measured as an angle of deviation from the initial camber, and the point of initiation of morphing on the foil as a percentage of its chord length. The effect of the foil morphing and the heaving motion on the propulsive performance are investigated. The extent of morphing is varied from −30° and 30°, and the point of initiation ranges from 15% to 50% of the chord. The Reynolds and Strouhal numbers for the study are 1100 and 0.2, respectively. The results from the current work can pave the way for enhanced engineering designs in bio-mimetics and give insights on design conditions for optimal thrust performance.
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Uchida, Hiroaki, Kenzo Nonami, Yoshihiko Iguchi, Huang Qing Jiu, and Takaaki Yanai. "Partial Model Based Walking Control of Quadruped Locomotion Robot With Self Renovation Control Function." In ASME 1999 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc99/movic-8432.

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Abstract It is considered that locomotion robots are aggressive under the circumstances where human hardly work, for example, in the nuclear power plant, in the bottom of the sea and on a planet. The injury and the fault of the robot might occur frequently under those circumstances. It is very important problem that the robot can realize the walking with the fault. This is very difficult problem for biped and quadruped robot to realize a stable walking in the case that actuator or sensor is broken. And, in walking of mammal, gait pattern is generated by neural oscillator existing in the spinal cord. In the case that a lower neural system is injured, mammal realize a walking by a higher neural system. Thus, mammal has a self renovation function. In this study, in order to realize the stable walking of the quadruped robot with fault, we discuss the control method with self renovation function for the fault of the decentralized controller and the angular sensor. First, we design the centralized controller of one leg by sliding mode control for the fault of decentralized controller. Second, Sky Hook Suspension Control is applied for the fault of the angular sensor. The proposed methods are verified by 3D simulations by CAD and experiments.
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Running, During. "Biomechanical Model of Bare-Breasts." In Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics Conference. AHFE International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100423.

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Sports bras are designed to reduce mammary glands or breast movement during exercises, but there is no standardized, valid and reliable method to evaluate relative three-dimensional (3D) breast movement; and there is no literature to predict the 3D force acting on the breasts during activities. A reliable method is essential to evaluate 3D breast movement and to determine the effective design features of supportive sports bras. This study derived and validated a new Breast Coordinate System (BCS) for investigating 3D breast movement, so as to identify the most effective bra features and to analyze the effects of breast volume and bra strap properties on breast movement, then to develop theoretical models of breast force generated during bare-breasted running. In the light of this, 3D mechanical models have been developed based on a system comprising a mass, springs and dampers. The orthogonal force exerted on the breasts during running was derived. The predicted results of maximum breast force were verified with previous literature. The new methods will contribute to future research on human locomotion and the design of close-fitting garments.
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