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1
Whitehead, Tegan, Miriam Goosem, and Noel D. Preece. "Use by small mammals of a chronosequence of tropical rainforest revegetation." Wildlife Research 41, no. 3 (2014): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14082.
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Context The conversion of tropical rainforest to grazing pasture results in a drastic change in small-mammal community composition. Restoring the landscape through ecological revegetation is thus an increasingly important management technique to conserve rainforest mammals. Aims This study aimed to determine the habitat ages at which species of small mammals recolonised revegetated habitats on the southern Atherton Tablelands, north-eastern Queensland, Australia. We focussed on changes in rainforest mammal abundance and diversity with increasing habitat age. Methods Small-mammal trapping and mark–recapture techniques investigated mammal diversity, abundance and community composition within remnant rainforest, three age classes of ecological revegetation and abandoned grazing pasture. Key results Small-mammal community composition differed between remnant rainforest and abandoned grazing pasture. The pasture and 3-year old revegetated sites were similar in composition, both lacking rainforest small mammals. Six- and 7-year old revegetation plantings provided suboptimal habitat for both rainforest and grassland mammals, whereas 16- and 22-year old revegetated habitats were dominated by rainforest species, with some individuals being frequently recaptured. Conclusions As revegetated habitats aged, the small-mammal community composition transitioned from a grassland-like composition to a community dominated by rainforest species. Implications Although rainforest small mammals were very occasionally captured within the 6- and 7-year old habitats, revegetated plantings were not dominated by rainforest species until the habitat was 16 years old. This highlights the importance of commencing revegetation as early as possible to minimise future population declines and maximise the conservation of rainforest mammals.
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Mikula, Peter, Jiří Hadrava, Tomáš Albrecht, and Piotr Tryjanowski. "Large-scale assessment of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals using internet photos." PeerJ 6 (March 19, 2018): e4520. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4520.
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Birds sitting or feeding on live large African herbivorous mammals are a visible, yet quite neglected, type of commensalistic–mutualistic association. Here, we investigate general patterns in such relationships at large spatial and taxonomic scales. To obtain large-scale data, an extensive internet-based search for photos was carried out on Google Images. To characterize patterns of the structural organization of commensalistic–mutualistic associations between African birds and herbivorous mammals, we used a network analysis approach. We then employed phylogenetically-informed comparative analysis to explore whether features of bird visitation of mammals, i.e., their mean number, mass and species richness per mammal species, are shaped by a combination of host mammal (body mass and herd size) and environmental (habitat openness) characteristics. We found that the association web structure was only weakly nested for commensalistic as well as for mutualistic birds (oxpeckers Buphagus spp.) and African mammals. Moreover, except for oxpeckers, nestedness did not differ significantly from a null model indicating that birds do not prefer mammal species which are visited by a large number of bird species. In oxpeckers, however, a nested structure suggests a non-random assignment of birds to their mammal hosts. We also identified some new or rare associations between birds and mammals, but we failed to find several previously described associations. Furthermore, we found that mammal body mass positively influenced the number and mass of birds observed sitting on them in the full set of species (i.e., taking oxpeckers together with other bird species). We also found a positive correlation between mammal body mass and mass of non-oxpecker species as well as oxpeckers. Mammal herd size was associated with a higher mass of birds in the full set of species as well as in non-oxpecker species, and mammal species living in larger herds also attracted more bird species in the full set of species. Habitat openness influenced the mass of birds sitting on mammals as well as the number of species recorded sitting on mammals in the full set of species. In non-oxpecker species habitat openness was correlated with the bird number, mass and species richness. Our results provide evidence that patterns of bird–mammal associations can be linked to mammal and environmental characteristics and highlight the potential role of information technologies and new media in further studies of ecology and evolution. However, further study is needed to get a proper insight into the biological and methodological processes underlying the observed patterns.
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Perry, Justin J., Eric P. Vanderduys, and Alex S. Kutt. "More famine than feast: pattern and variation in a potentially degenerating mammal fauna on Cape York Peninsula." Wildlife Research 42, no. 6 (2015): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr15050.
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Context Global mammal populations continue to be threatened by environmental change, and recent decadal monitoring in northern Australia suggests a collapse in mammal abundance in key locations. Cape York Peninsula has globally significant natural values but there is very little published about the status and distribution of mammals in this region. Aims Following an extensive field survey we investigated two key questions: (i) what is the composition, spatial variation and change from previous regional surveys in the mid to late 1900s in the native terrestrial and arboreal mammal fauna recorded; and (ii) which landscape and site factors best predict mammal richness and abundance. Methods We sampled 202 one-hectare sites across seven locations from 2009 to 2012 in woodlands, closed forestand dune scrub and tussock grasslands. We collected landscape and site-based environmental data for each location, representing fire, weather and vegetation factors. We used generalised linear mixed models to examine the relationship between mammals and these factors. Key results Mammals were generally scarce across the sites and were more abundant and species rich in wet coastal grasslands or closed forests then tropical savanna woodlands. Fire frequency data and the surrounding vegetation complexity were consistent landscape-scale predictors of mammals; ground cover and woody complexity were significant at the site scale. Conclusions Notwithstanding interpretational constraints related to the limited evidence base of historic sampling, the mammal fauna recorded in this study for Cape York Peninsula was similar in composition to the mammal fauna described from 1948–1980 and surveys in 1985, with some species seemingly declining (e.g. Melomys burtoni, Dasyurus hallucatus, Sminthopsis virginiae) and others stable (e.g. Rattus sordidus) or more common (e.g. Rattus tunneyi); however, across all sites abundance was low, and many sites had few or no mammals. Implications In the absence of consistent long-term systematic monitoring it is difficult to determine if this survey and historical surveys represent pre-European patterns for mammals. The absence or low abundance of mammals in most sites suggest that cotemporary patterns may not represent an intact mammal fauna. Due to the equivocal nature of these findings a critical next step is to establish robust monitoring and experimental work to reveal the response of mammals to management interventions.
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Balčiauskas, Linas, Laima Balčiauskienė, and Vitalijus Stirkė. "Mow the Grass at the Mouse’s Peril: Diversity of Small Mammals in Commercial Fruit Farms." Animals 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9060334.
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Small mammals are not only pests but also an important part of agricultural ecosystems. The common vole is a reference species for risk assessment of plant protection products in the European Union, but no data about the suitability of the species in the Baltic countries are present so far. Using the snap-trap line method, we evaluated species composition, abundance, and diversity of small mammal communities in commercial orchards and berry plantations in Lithuania, testing the predictions that (i) compared with other habitats, small mammal diversity in fruit farms is low, and (ii) the common vole is the dominant species. The diversity of small mammals was compared with control habitats and the results of investigations in other habitats. Out of ten small mammal species registered, the most dominant were common vole and striped field mouse. Small mammal diversity and abundance increased in autumn and decreased in line with the intensity of agricultural practices but were not dependent on crop type. In the most intensively cultivated fruit farms, small mammals were not found. The diversity of small mammal communities in fruit farms was significantly higher than in crop fields and exceeded the diversities found in most types of forests except those in rapid succession.
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Asher, S. C., and V. G. Thomas. "Analysis of temporal variation in the diversity of a small mammal community." Canadian Journal of Zoology 63, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z85-166.
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The validity of using single-sample surveys to measure small mammal diversity was assessed by measuring the effect of short-term, temporal variation in species diversity on the spatial diversity of small mammals occupying fencerow habitats. The diversity of small mammals varied seasonally. Interaction between changes in richness and evenness accounted for the temporal variation in diversity. Temporal variation was attributed to the response of the small mammals to seasonal changes in the vegetation, to the fluctuation in meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) captures among seasons, and to the appearance of small numbers of several mammal species during the summer. Significant spatial variation in species diversity existed, but was masked by the effect of seasonal changes in habitat on the small mammals. Erroneous conclusions could therefore be drawn from the pooling of many single-sample surveys of small mammal diversity.
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Cameron, Victor, and Anna L. Hargreaves. "Spatial distribution and conservation hotspots of mammals in Canada." FACETS 5, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2020-0018.
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High-latitude countries often contain the polar range edge of species that are common farther south, potentially focusing national conservation efforts toward range-edge populations. The global conservation value of edge populations is controversial, but if they occur where biodiversity is high, there need not be trade-offs in protecting them. Using 152 of 158 terrestrial mammal species in Canada, we tested how species’ distributions relate to their national conservation status and total mammal richness. We found that half of “Canadian” mammals had <20% of their global range in Canada. National threat status was strongly associated with range area; mammals considered “at risk” had 42% smaller Canadian ranges than mammals considered secure. However, after accounting for range area, taxa with smaller proportions of their global range in Canada were not more likely to be considered at risk, suggesting edge populations are not inherently more vulnerable. When we calculated mammal diversity across Canada (100 × 100 km grid cells), we found that hotspots of at-risk or range-edge mammals were twice as species rich as nonhotspot cells, containing up to 44% of Canadian mammal diversity per grid cell. Our results suggest that protecting areas with the most at-risk or range-edge mammals would simultaneously protect habitat for many species currently deemed secure.
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Forboseh, P. F., T. C. H. Sunderland, and M. Eno-Nku. "Priority setting for conservation in south-west Cameroon based on large mammal surveys." Oryx 41, no. 2 (April 2007): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307001743.
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AbstractThe forests of the Cameroon-Nigeria transboundary region have been highlighted as a high conservation priority, yet many of the extant forest remnants remain relatively unknown, particularly with regard to the occurrence of large mammals. Between 2002 and 2004 we surveyed the large mammal fauna of the Mone and Ejagham Forest Reserves and the Upper Banyang, Nkwende Hills and Etinde forests of south-west Cameroon. Our objective was to document the extant large mammal species as an important step in the review of government priorities to identify key sites within the region for conservation and management. We reviewed the available literature on mammal distribution and then surveyed the forests for mammal and human signs. Despite a growing illegal commercial trade in wildlife, particularly for bushmeat, many sites retain populations of one or more threatened and locally rare large mammal species of significant conservation importance. Moreover, the sites collectively complement each other in terms of their representation of the threatened large mammal fauna. An emphasis on the enforcement of wildlife legislation and minimizing logging impact are of primary importance for the conservation of large mammals in these and other forest remnants in south-west Cameroon. In addition, at some sites, there already exists community interest in active wildlife management.
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Barker, J., D. Lunney, and T. Bubela. "Mammal surveys in the forests of the Carrai Plateau and Richmond Range in north-east New South Wales." Australian Mammalogy 17, no. 1 (1994): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am94003.
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Mammal surveys were carried out on the Carrai Plateau and Richmond Range in north-east New South Wales between March 1988 and November 1989. The emphasis was placed on rainforest mammals, following the recognition by Adam ( 1987) that the species lists of mammals in the state's rainforests were incomplete and that more research was needed. The mammals were surveyed primarily by analysis of prey remains in Dog and Fox scats, collected from roads throughout the forests, and from bat trapping. The bat fauna at both the Carrai Plateau and Richmond Range is rich (1 0 species and nine species respectively, including the rare Golden-tipped Bat, Kerivoula papuensis, in the Richmond Range). Scat analysis revealed the presence of 24 native species on the Carrai Plateau, and on the Richmond Range there were 17 species, including high numbers of two pademelon species. Feral prey species are almost completely absent, although the Fox is an established predator in both areas. A sharp division was identified between the mammal faunas of closed and open forests. Differences were found also between the mammal fauna composition of the two rainforest sites, and with those of nearby eucalypt forests. The mammal fauna of New South Wales rainforests is distinct from open forests and future mammal surveys are needed to ensure an adequate level of knowledge to identify and conserve these areas.
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Balaji, Vedharajan, and Veeramuthu Sekar. "Marine mammal strandings in the northern Palk Bay from 2009 to 2020." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 5 (April 28, 2021): 18313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6302.13.5.18313-18318.
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Globally, the marine mammal population has been under threat due to various human activities. Data on stranding of these animals that are important for effective conservation planning and management, however, are not available in most of the developing countries. This paper presents observations on marine mammal strandings in northern Palk Bay, the southeastern coast of India over the last decade. In total, 21 stranding events consisting of 23 marine mammals were observed from 2009 to 2020. These stranded mammals include a Humpback Dolphin, a Blue Whale, two Finless Porpoises, and 19 Dugongs. The evident reason for the death of the dugongs and the porpoise being fishing activities, regulations on fishing practices, and intensive monitoring of the existing dugong population and their habitats are necessary. This study recommends for establishment of conservation reserve, and setting up district-level marine mammal rescue and release units in Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Thanjavur, Pudukkottai, and Ramanathapuram districts, comprising fishers and line departments. These units need to be sufficiently equipped in terms of equipment and infrastructure, and periodical technical training and workshops on marine mammal rescue and release procedures to quickly respond and handle marine mammal strandings in the area.
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Naulak, Thangsuanlian, and Sunita Pradhan. "A checklist of mammals with historical records from Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalaya landscape, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 11 (August 26, 2020): 16434–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6062.12.11.16434-16459.
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A region-specific species checklist is an important resource for biodiversity documentation and conservation. This review provides an updated mammal species checklist for the biodiversity hotspots of the Darjeeling-Sikkim landscape in Eastern Himalaya. The list was compiled by systematically reviewing 94 available publications spanning 178 years from 1841 to 2019, for mammals from the region. The species checklist is envisioned to aid in understanding the current status of mammal records, historical distribution, ranked conservation status of mammals, and research gaps. A total of 173 mammal species under 11 orders and 33 families, including the recently upgraded taxon, Sikkim Pika Ochotona sikimaria was enlisted. There are 25 species included in the IUCN threatened categories, 58 species listed in the CITES Appendices, and 112 species included in the schedules of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 in India. Although mammals receive the maximum research attention in the landscape, small mammals and bats have rarely been subjected to systematic studies in recent years.
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Baker, Troy L., Jim Jeansonne, Charlie Henry, and John Tarpley. "NOAA OFFICE OF RESPONSE AND RESTORATION'S ROLE DURING OIL SPILLS WHERE MARINE MAMMALS ARE INVOLVED." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 991–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-991.
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ABSTRACT Providing rapid and humane care for distressed or threatened marine mammals is crucial to the ultimate success of such actions. Recently, in the southeast United States, marine mammals were observed in the vicinity of several oil spills. Proper coordination of marine mammal rescue or recovery actions with the Unified Command (UC) is essential for response personnel safety and increased probability of saving the affected animals. In the event of animal mortalities, effective coordination between the marine mammal resource agencies and the UC helps ensure the preservation of causal evidence. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'S (NOAA'S) Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R), generally through the NOAA Scientific Support Coordinator (SSC), is able to assist the Federal On-Scene Coordinator (FOSC) and UC in addressing the threat of spilled oil on potentially affected marine mammals. Response actions during recent spills included: documenting the animals’ type and location, notification of the marine mammal agencies and teams responsible for their recovery and care, and coordination between the spill response and the marine mammal response. The actions of responders during recent spills involving marine mammals are summarized and relevant issues discussed, including properly characterizing the threat to marine mammals from spilled oil. The recent oil spill responses involving marine mammals in the southeastern U.S. are applicable to future spills throughout the United States and potentially worldwide. These recent incidents underscore the need to fully understand and plan for high profile wildlife issues during oil spill responses.
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Rondinini, Carlo, Luigi Boitani, Ana S. L. Rodrigues, Thomas M. Brooks, Robert L. Pressey, Piero Visconti, Jonathan E. M. Baillie, et al. "Reconciling global mammal prioritization schemes into a strategy." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1578 (September 27, 2011): 2722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0112.
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The huge conservation interest that mammals attract and the large datasets that have been collected on them have propelled a diversity of global mammal prioritization schemes, but no comprehensive global mammal conservation strategy. We highlight some of the potential discrepancies between the schemes presented in this theme issue, including: conservation of species or areas, reactive and proactive conservation approaches, conservation knowledge and action, levels of aggregation of indicators of trend and scale issues. We propose that recently collected global mammal data and many of the mammal prioritization schemes now available could be incorporated into a comprehensive global strategy for the conservation of mammals. The task of developing such a strategy should be coordinated by a super-partes , authoritative institution (e.g. the International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN). The strategy would facilitate funding agencies, conservation organizations and national institutions to rapidly identify a number of short-term and long-term global conservation priorities, and act complementarily to achieve them.
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Lawes, Michael J., Brett P. Murphy, Alaric Fisher, John C. Z. Woinarski, Andrew C. Edwards, and Jeremy Russell-Smith. "Small mammals decline with increasing fire extent in northern Australia: evidence from long-term monitoring in Kakadu National Park." International Journal of Wildland Fire 24, no. 5 (2015): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14163.
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Small mammal (<2 kg) numbers have declined dramatically in northern Australia in recent decades. Fire regimes, characterised by frequent, extensive, late-season wildfires, are implicated in this decline. Here, we compare the effect of fire extent, in conjunction with fire frequency, season and spatial heterogeneity (patchiness) of the burnt area, on mammal declines in Kakadu National Park over a recent decadal period. Fire extent – an index incorporating fire size and fire frequency – was the best predictor of mammal declines, and was superior to the proportion of the surrounding area burnt and fire patchiness. Point-based fire frequency, a commonly used index for characterising fire effects, was a weak predictor of declines. Small-scale burns affected small mammals least of all. Crucially, the most important aspects of fire regimes that are associated with declines are spatial ones; extensive fires (at scales larger than the home ranges of small mammals) are the most detrimental, indicating that small mammals may not easily escape the effects of large and less patchy fires. Notwithstanding considerable management effort, the current fire regime in this large conservation reserve is detrimental to the native mammal fauna, and more targeted management is required to reduce fire size.
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M. J. S. Bowman, D., and J. C. Z. Woinarski. "Biogeography of Australian monsoon rainforest mammals: implications for the conservation of rainforest mammals." Pacific Conservation Biology 1, no. 2 (1994): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc940098.
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Monsoon rainforests form an archipelago of small habitat fragments throughout the wet-dry tropics of northern Australia. According to the definition of Winter (1988) the current monsoon rainforest mammal assemblage contains only one rainforest specialist mammal species (restricted to Cape York Peninsula), and is dominated by eutherian habitat generalists (murids and bats) that mostly occur in surrounding savannah habitats. The mammal assemblages in monsoon rainforests across northern Australia (Cape York Peninsula, Northern Territory and the Kimberley) are essentially regional subsets of the local savannah and mangrove mammal assemblages, and consequently share only a limited number of species in common (most of which are bats). The lack of rainforest specialists in northwestern Australia is thought to be due to: (i) the lack of large tracts (> 1 000 ha) of monsoon rainforest habitat; (ii) the possible substantial contraction of these habitats in the past; and (iii) the limited extent of gallery rainforests, such rainforests being important habitats for rainforest mammals in South American savannahs. Unfortunately it is not possible to identify the threshold of habitat area required to maintain populations of monsoon rainforest specialist mammal species because of an impoverished fossil record pertaining to the past spatial distribution of monsoon rainforests. The implications of the lack of a specialist mammal fauna in Australian monsoon rainforests for the future of heavily fragmented tropical rainforests elsewhere in the world is briefly discussed. It is concluded that the analogy of habitat fragments to true islands is weak, that rainforest plant species are less vulnerable to local extinction than mammals, that the loss of mammal rainforest specialists may not result in a dramatic loss of plant species, and that corridors of rainforest may be critical for maintenance of rainforest mammal assemblages in areas currently subject to forest clearance.
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Paglia, Adriano P., Maria Olímpia G. Lopes, Fernando A. Perini, and Heitor M. Cunha. "Mammals of the Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti (EPDA-Peti), São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Minas Gerais, Brazil." Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 6, sup. (November 4, 2005): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2005.22129.
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This study presents the results of an inventory of the mammal fauna of the Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti (EPDA-Peti) a reserve in the transition between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado. Eight field campaigns (including trapping for small mammals and mist-netting for bats) were conducted between May 2002 and July 2004. Forty-six mammals belonging to eight orders were recorded. Fifteen species not recorded in previous inventories at the Station were identified; on the other hand, 14 mammals listed in previous studies were not recorded now. The most abundant small mammals at the EPDAPeti were Oligorizomys flavescens, Akodon cursor, Trinomys setosus and Bolomys lasiurus. The small mammal community from the campo rupestre (high altitude, rocky grassland) habitat is distinct from that found in the forest. In spite of the reserve’s small size, mammal species’ richness is relatively high. Possible reasons for this are the diversity of habitats and the fact that EPDA-Peti is located in a transitional zone between the Atlantic Forest and the Cerrado.
Key words - Mammals, conservation, diversity, ecology, small mammals, Atlantic Forest, Cerrado.
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Schooler, Sarah L., and Harold S. J. Zald. "Lidar Prediction of Small Mammal Diversity in Wisconsin, USA." Remote Sensing 11, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 2222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11192222.
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Vegetation structure is a crucial component of habitat selection for many taxa, and airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology is increasingly used to measure forest structure. Many studies have examined the relationship between LiDAR-derived structural characteristics and wildlife, but few have examined those characteristics in relation to small mammals, specifically, small mammal diversity. The aim of this study was to determine if LiDAR could predict small mammal diversity in a temperate-mixed forest community in Northern Wisconsin, USA, and which LiDAR-derived structural variables best predict small mammal diversity. We calculated grid metrics from LiDAR point cloud data for 17 plots in three differently managed sites and related the metrics to small mammal diversity calculated from five months of small mammal trapping data. We created linear models, then used model selection and multi-model inference as well as model fit metrics to determine if LiDAR-derived structural variables could predict small mammal diversity. We found that small mammal diversity could be predicted by LiDAR-derived variables including structural diversity, cover, and canopy complexity as well as site (as a proxy for management). Structural diversity and canopy complexity were positively related with small mammal diversity, while cover was negatively related to small mammal diversity. Although this study was conducted in a single habitat type during a single season, it demonstrates that LiDAR can be used to predict small mammal diversity in this location and possibly can be expanded to predict small mammal diversity across larger spatial scales.
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Yuan, Yuan, Yaolei Zhang, Peijun Zhang, Chang Liu, Jiahao Wang, Haiyu Gao, A. Rus Hoelzel, et al. "Comparative genomics provides insights into the aquatic adaptations of mammals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 37 (September 9, 2021): e2106080118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106080118.
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The ancestors of marine mammals once roamed the land and independently committed to an aquatic lifestyle. These macroevolutionary transitions have intrigued scientists for centuries. Here, we generated high-quality genome assemblies of 17 marine mammals (11 cetaceans and six pinnipeds), including eight assemblies at the chromosome level. Incorporating previously published data, we reconstructed the marine mammal phylogeny and population histories and identified numerous idiosyncratic and convergent genomic variations that possibly contributed to the transition from land to water in marine mammal lineages. Genes associated with the formation of blubber (NFIA), vascular development (SEMA3E), and heat production by brown adipose tissue (UCP1) had unique changes that may contribute to marine mammal thermoregulation. We also observed many lineage-specific changes in the marine mammals, including genes associated with deep diving and navigation. Our study advances understanding of the timing, pattern, and molecular changes associated with the evolution of mammalian lineages adapting to aquatic life.
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Wilson B, A., and J. Wolrige. "Assessment of the Diet of the Fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Habitats of the Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 2 (1999): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am00201.
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The Eastern Otway Ranges, Victoria have highly diverse native mammal communities. Although the Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) has been recorded in the area the extent of its distribution and effects on native mammals are unclear. The aims of this study were to analyse the diet of the Red Fox in the study area, to compare the diet between seasons and habitats (woodland, forest, heathland) and to assess the diet in the habitat of the New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae) which is endangered in Victoria. Fox scats collected monthly in each habitat were analysed to determine the composition of the diet and small mammal trapping was carried out in each habitat to determine potential small mammal prey species. Overall, mammals (42%) constituted the highest proportion in the fox scats and sixteen species, including nine native species were recorded. Large-sized native mammals including Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia bicolor) and the Eastern Grey Kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) constituted 60% of the mammal diet category. The occurrence of plant material was significantly different between seasons, being more abundant in winter. There was a significant difference in the frequency of large introduced mammals in the diet between seasons, with consumption being higher in winter. The occurrence of large, native mammalian prey increased from 15% in winter to 47% in autumn. The frequency of occurrence of the major dietary categories (plant material, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, mammals) was similar across habitats. Large introduced mammals occurred in higher proportions in the diet from woodland habitat. Small mammals were more numerous in scats of heathland and scats from the forest contained the highest abundance of medium-sized mammals. There was no evidence of the endangered New Holland Mouse in scats collected from habitat where a population of the species was present.
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Malcolm, Jay R. "Small mammal abundances in isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near Manaus, Brazil." Acta Amazonica 18, no. 3-4 (1988): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-43921988183083.
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Abundances of msmall terrestrial mammals were estimated in 10 and 100-ha, isolated and non-isolated primary forest reserves near, Manaus, Brazil between October 1983 and March 1984. The smalt mammal abundance pattern In a 10 ha reserve isolated fan appoximately three years differed significantly from that in othen reserves, primarily due to higher capture rates of Marmosa cinerea, Rhipidomys mastacalis, and Onyzomys paricola in the isolated reserve. Viet type and re-invasion potential may be important factors the small mammal communities in forest patches. Variation the small mammal community among othen reserves was pnimanlty due to variatton In the abundances of Proechimys and 0. capito. At least pant of this vantation was attributable to temporal efects, but variation due to reserve effects also was suggested. Small mammals were much more abundant in the reserves during the present study than in 1982.
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Machado, Felipe Santana, Álvaro Fernando de Almeida, Dalmo Arantes de Barros, José Aldo Alves Pereira, Rossi Allan Silva, and Alexandre Augusto Spadoni Pereira. "Diversity of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil." Check List 12, no. 5 (September 16, 2016): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/12.5.1962.
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Studies on mammal diversity provide the essential groundwork for the development of conservation methods and practices. The region of the Poços de Caldas Plateau is lacks such studies, which may be a problem for future conservation actions. Here, we analyze the richness of medium-sized and large mammals from Atlantic Forest remnants on the Poços de Caldas Plateau, Minas Gerais state. Diurnal censuses of direct observations and mammal signs were conducted, and we documented 20 species of mammals belonging to eight orders. Three species of primates, one carnivore, one cingulate, one lagomorpha, three rodents, one artiodactyla, and two marsupials were found. The largest forest remnant that presented the greatest richness is currently a conservation unit. Forest remnants are important for the consolidation of management strategies and have fundamental role for the conservation of mammal diversity in the south of Minas Gerais state.
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Burbidge, A. A. "Conservation Values and Management of Australian Islands for Non-Volant Mammal Conservation." Australian Mammalogy 21, no. 1 (1999): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am99067.
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At least 16 species of Australian mammals have become extinct over the past 200 years. Without islands, however, this figure would be even worse as nine species that were formerly widespread on mainland Australia were or are restricted to land-bridge islands. In addition, 13 species and subspecies of endangered and vulnerable mainland mammals that still occur on the mainland have island populations, reducing their chance of extinction. In all, 43 islands protect 29 taxa of Australian threatened mammals. Since European settlement some island mammal populations have become extinct, while many new populations, of both Australian and exotic mammals, have been established. The extinction of island native mammal populations is significantly correlated with the introduction of exotic mammals. Management of islands needs to concentrate on four areas: quarantine, monitoring (of both native mammals and possible introduction of exotics), eradication of exotics and translocations of native species. Prevention of introduction and establishment of further exotics to important islands through quarantine procedures is vital, especially for islands with permanent or temporary human habitation. Eradication or control of existing exotics is required for many islands and eradication of further introductions, as soon after detection as possible, should be a high priority action for nature conservation agencies. Past exotic mammal eradications and needs for the future are discussed. Translocations of island mammal populations to the mainland should take place only where the species is extinct on the mainland. Translocation to islands, where translocation to or on the mainland is not feasible, is an important conservation technique. Islands with exotics can be of value for re-introduction of locally extinct mammals or introductions (marooning) of threatened species that are at risk from feral predators on the mainland once the exotics have been eliminated.
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Rocha, Ednaldo Cândido, Kálita Luis Soares, and Ismael Martins Pereira. "Medium- and large-sized mammals in Mata Atlântica State Park, southeastern Goiás, Brazil." Check List 11, no. 6 (December 2, 2015): 1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/11.6.1802.
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The purpose of this study was to carry out an inventory of medium and large-sized mammal species occurring in the Mata Atlântica State Park (MASP). Located in Água Limpa municipality, state of Goiás, the MASP occupies an important area with a seasonal forest remnant, which is considered an enclave of the Atlantic Forest within the Cerrado biome. From October 2012 to December 2013, MASP’s area was randomly surveyed for evidence of mammal presence. Records of 23 species of wild mammals were obtained, seven of them listed as nationally endangered. Medium and large-sized mammal species composition is characteristic of the Cerrado biome, and no endemic species of the Atlantic Forest were recorded. Richness and diversity of the mammal species recorded in MASP show the importance of this protected area for in situ conservation.
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Woinarski, John C. Z., Andrew A. Burbidge, and Peter L. Harrison. "Ongoing unraveling of a continental fauna: Decline and extinction of Australian mammals since European settlement." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 15 (February 9, 2015): 4531–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417301112.
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The highly distinctive and mostly endemic Australian land mammal fauna has suffered an extraordinary rate of extinction (>10% of the 273 endemic terrestrial species) over the last ∼200 y: in comparison, only one native land mammal from continental North America became extinct since European settlement. A further 21% of Australian endemic land mammal species are now assessed to be threatened, indicating that the rate of loss (of one to two extinctions per decade) is likely to continue. Australia’s marine mammals have fared better overall, but status assessment for them is seriously impeded by lack of information. Much of the loss of Australian land mammal fauna (particularly in the vast deserts and tropical savannas) has been in areas that are remote from human population centers and recognized as relatively unmodified at global scale. In contrast to general patterns of extinction on other continents where the main cause is habitat loss, hunting, and impacts of human development, particularly in areas of high and increasing human population pressures, the loss of Australian land mammals is most likely due primarily to predation by introduced species, particularly the feral cat, Felis catus, and European red fox, Vulpes vulpes, and changed fire regimes.
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Price, Owen, Brooke Rankmore, Damian Milne, Chris Brock, Charmaine Tynan, Louise Kean, and Lisa Roeger. "Regional patterns of mammal abundance and their relationship to landscape variables in eucalypt woodlands near Darwin, northern Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 5 (2005): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04033.
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Habitat loss and fragmentation are usually construed as having negative consequences for wildlife, and habitat heterogeneity as having a positive effect. We conducted a mammal survey in eucalypt woodlands near Darwin, and found very few mammals in an intact region of the study area. This is consistent with an emerging pattern suggesting that many mammal species are declining across northern Australia, even though habitats remain relatively intact. However, we also found apparently healthy populations of the same species in a fragmented region of the study area. Using a combination of remote sensing, GIS and generalised linear modeling, we found some evidence of relationships between fire regime, fire heterogeneity or vegetation heterogeneity and the distributions of mammal species in this area. However, there was a strong regional component of the distribution that is not explained by these variables. The cause of the lack of mammals in the intact region of the study area has not been revealed by this analysis. One possible reason for this failure is that the landscape variables used in the analysis were too fine to detect variation in mammal abundance occuring at a much courser regional scale.
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Kumar, Alexander V., Donald W. Linzey, and Charles R. Smith. "Bait Preferences and Population Status of Small Mammals in Great Smoky Mountains National Park." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 129, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-129.2.44.
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Abstract Small mammal bait preferences and population status were studied in Great Smoky Mountains National Park during the summer of 2010. The possible occurrence of the least weasel (Mustela nivalis) in the Park was also assessed. Traps baited with peanut butter caught significantly more small mammals than empty traps or traps baited with potted meat. The overall number of small mammals caught was significantly less than in an extensive study in the Park during 1999–2003, although the effort (measured as trap-nights) for the two studies was similar. A drought that occurred between the two studies and/or the relatively recent appearances of the coyote (Canis latrans) and European wild boar (Sus scrofa) may have contributed to the significantly lower numbers of small mammals caught. Implications of climate change for small mammal populations are discussed. M. nivalis was not trapped during the study. Future, more intensive studies are recommended to explore thoroughly the possibility of M. nivalis inhabiting the Park and the effects of C. latrans and S. scrofa on small mammal populations within the park.
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Hollwarth, Ashton, and Stacey Vickery. "Small mammal anaesthesia nursing." Veterinary Nurse 11, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 138–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/vetn.2020.11.3.138.
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This article provides an outline of special considerations and requirements for the anaesthesia of small exotic mammals. This includes the process from pre-anaesthesia, induction, maintenance and monitoring, and recovery. Most small mammal species can be anaesthetised using revised techniques and equipment from companion animal anaesthesia, however the requirements for modified equipment and monitoring are discussed in this article.
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Nyamukuru, Antonia. "Wild mammal dung abundance in Lake Mburo National Park is lower than in adjacent ranchlands." Nature Conservation 37 (December 11, 2019): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.37.35814.
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The establishment of livestock ranchlands adjacent to protected areas in savanna ecosystems is believed to threaten wild animals. Intensive competition for vegetative resources, water and poaching are considered to be immediate factors that reduce the capacity of protected areas to sustain wild mammals. The coexistence of wild mammals and ranchlands is common in Southern Africa but has rarely been suggested as a viable conservation option in East Africa. To assess the importance of ranchlands in conserving wild mammals, 36 plots of 20 × 20 m dimension were positioned along a 7240 m stretch from the boundary in Lake Mburo National Park (LMNP) and 36 plots of similar dimension were set within the ranchlands adjacent to the Park. The dung counts of different species recorded in the plots were used as a relative index of mammal abundance in the ranchlands and in LMNP. The results reveal 18 wild mammal species recorded in both sampled areas, 12 within LMNP and 17 in the adjacent ranchlands. The topi Damaliscus lunatus was only found in the park. Total dung count estimated in both ranchlands and LMNP was 2,586 with LMNP accounting for 29% and ranchlands 71%. In terms of wild mammal dung, ranchlands had a higher wild mammal dung count than LMNP (30% higher). The study points to the compatibility of the two land uses in conserving wild mammals and biodiversity in general, negating the common belief of competition and exclusion. Future research is needed on the compatibility of ranchlands with protected areas on biodiversity status of other species.
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Babb-Biernacki, Spenser J., Jacob A. Esselstyn, and Vinson P. Doyle. "Predicting Species Boundaries and Assessing Undescribed Diversity in Pneumocystis, an Obligate Lung Symbiont." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080799.
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Far more biodiversity exists in Fungi than has been described, or could be described in several lifetimes, given current rates of species discovery. Although this problem is widespread taxonomically, our knowledge of animal-associated fungi is especially lacking. Fungi in the genus Pneumocystis are obligate inhabitants of mammal lungs, and they have been detected in a phylogenetically diverse array of species representing many major mammal lineages. The hypothesis that Pneumocystis cospeciate with their mammalian hosts suggests that thousands of Pneumocystis species may exist, potentially equal to the number of mammal species. However, only six species have been described, and the true correspondence of Pneumocystis diversity to host species boundaries is unclear. Here, we use molecular species delimitation to estimate the boundaries of Pneumocystis species sampled from 55 mammal species representing eight orders. Our results suggest that Pneumocystis species often colonize several closely related mammals, especially those in the same genus. Using the newly estimated ratio of fungal to host diversity, we estimate ≈4600 to 6250 Pneumocystis species inhabit the 6495 currently recognized extant mammal species. Additionally, we review the literature and find that only 240 (~3.7%) mammal species have been screened for Pneumocystis, and many detected Pneumocystis lineages are not represented by any genetic data. Although crude, our findings challenge the dominant perspective of strict specificity of Pneumocystis to their mammal hosts and highlight an abundance of undescribed diversity.
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Woinarski, JCZ, RW Braithwaite, KA Menkhorst, S. Griffin, r. Fishe, and N. Preece. "Gradient analysis of the distribution of mammals in Stage III of Kakadu National Park, with a review of the distribution patterns of mammals across north-western Australia." Wildlife Research 19, no. 3 (1992): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920233.
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A total of 56 native mammal species (about one quarter of the species of land mammals known from Australia) was recorded from the Stage III area of Kakadu National Park, Northern Territory. A single environmental gradient (of substrate and disturbance) described well the distributions of species other than bats from this area. For most species, there was little shift in gradient position between three trapping periods (spaced over three years). The mammal fauna comprised a rocky upland assemblage, a lowland monsoon rainforest-swamp assemblage, and an open forest-woodland assemblage. Mammal diversity and abundance was greatest in the rocky uplands. The distribution of most bat species was not clearly associated with this gradient. The Stage III mammal fauna is compared with that described from elsewhere in north-western Australia. Across this region, the fauna shows little variation with longitude, but undergoes substantial latitudinal change in conjunction with a steep rainfall gradient. The habitat reSationships of the Stage III mammal fauna are broadly repeated across north-western Australia. The fauna of sandstone ranges is attenuated with decreasing size and increasing isolation of these ranges. The mammal fauna of monsoon rainforests is depauperate, reflecting the small size and patchiness of this habitat. The mammal fauna of open forest/woodland is characterised by extensive distributions of its constituent species and a relative lack of arboreal folivores and small macropods.
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Proulx, Gilbert. "Veterinarians and Wildlife Biologists Should Join Forces to End Inhumane Mammal Trapping Technology." World's Veterinary Journal 11, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 317–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj43.
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Current mammal trapping standards uphold the use of inhumane trapping technology. For example, killing neck snares for the capture of canids, and rotating-jaw traps, and steel-jawed leghold traps for procyonids and mustelids, are being used by trappers despite decades of research showing that they are inhumane, and cause serious injuries and distress in captured animals. Many wildlife biologists unsuccessfully raised concerns about inhumane mammal trappings. This short communication stresses the need for veterinarians and wildlife biologists to work together to improve the fate of mammals captured in killing or restraining traps, and modify mammal trapping standards on the basis of animal welfare science.
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JOHNSON, M. A., P. M. SARAIVA, and D. COELHO. "The role of gallery forests in the distribution of cerrado mammals." Revista Brasileira de Biologia 59, no. 3 (August 1999): 421–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-71081999000300006.
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The Cerrado biome contains a rich mammal community, with an influence from the Amazonian and Atlantic rainforests, principally observed in the gallery forests. In this paper, through literature review, it is shown that the non-volant mammal community of the gallery forests is distinct from the mammal communities of any other physionomy of the Cerrado. Additionally, the gallery forests contain twice as many species common to the rainforests when compared to all the other physiognomies of the Cerrado combined. The gallery forests appear to provide habitat within the Cerrado for rainforest mammals, increasing the biodiversity of this biome. As such, gallery forests may function as dispersion corridors for these species.
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Dacheux, Jean-Louis, Francoise Dacheux, Valerie Labas, Heath Ecroyd, Brett Nixon, and Russell C. Jones. "New proteins identified in epididymal fluid from the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 21, no. 8 (2009): 1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd09091.
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The platypus epididymal proteome is being studied because epididymal proteins are essential for male fertility in mammals and it is considered that knowledge of the epididymal proteome in an early mammal would be informative in assessing the convergence and divergence of proteins that are important in the function of the mammalian epididymis. Few of the epididymal proteins that have been identified in eutherian mammals were found in platypus caudal epididymal fluid, and the major epididymal proteins in the platypus (PXN-FBPL, SPARC and E-OR20) have never been identified in the epididymis of any other mammal.
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Susdiyanti, Tun, Ken Dara Cita, and Annisa Izzatin Widawardani Kusno. "DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS AND HABITAT OF MAMMALS IN MANDALAWANGI RESORT OF MOUNT GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK." Indonesian Journal of Applied Research (IJAR) 1, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/ijar.v1i1.35.
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Distribution pattern and habitat quality of mammals is essential to keep the existing of mammals which depends on interactions between its intrinsic evolutionary and ecological system. Mandalawangi Resort aside from being a conservation area, it is also a tourist area. Tourism activities carried out in the region, will directly and indirectly affect the sustainability of mammal diversity. The benefits of mammals are to stabilize the food chain, the spread of plant seeds, as an object of research and education. The study aims to determine the distribution patterns and habitat of mammals in Mandalawangi Resort . Research on mammal diversity was carried out using 4 methods: rapid assessment, line transect, animal footprint. Habitat data obtained using vegetation analysis and field observation methods. The diversity of mammals in the Mandawalangi Resort consists of 7 types of mammals from 6 families, namely kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica), langur (Trachypithecus auratus), wild cats (Felis domesticus), wild boar (Sus scrofa), leopard (Panthera pardus melas) , civet mongoose (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) and house gutters (Suncus murinus). Species wealth index is low (0.50). The diversity index of mammals is included in the low diversity category (0.25). The highest level of mammal species meeting is kekes squirrel (Tupaia javanica) with a value of 29.4%. Evenness index is included in the unstable community category (0.15). Mammalian habitat is divided into tropical rain forests and open land with dominating trees namely Damar (Agathis damara) and Rasamala (Altingia excelsa).
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Kelly, Luke T., Dale G. Nimmo, Lisa M. Spence-Bailey, Michael F. Clarke, and Andrew F. Bennett. "The short-term responses of small mammals to wildfire in semiarid mallee shrubland, Australia." Wildlife Research 37, no. 4 (2010): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10016.
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Context. Wildfire is a major driver of the structure and function of mallee eucalypt- and spinifex-dominated landscapes. Understanding how fire influences the distribution of biota in these fire-prone environments is essential for effective ecological and conservation-based management. Aims. We aimed to (1) determine the effects of an extensive wildfire (118 000 ha) on a small mammal community in the mallee shrublands of semiarid Australia and (2) assess the hypothesis that the fire-response patterns of small mammals can be predicted by their life-history characteristics. Methods. Small-mammal surveys were undertaken concurrently at 26 sites: once before the fire and on four occasions following the fire (including 14 sites that remained unburnt). We documented changes in small-mammal occurrence before and after the fire, and compared burnt and unburnt sites. In addition, key components of vegetation structure were assessed at each site. Key results. Wildfire had a strong influence on vegetation structure and on the occurrence of small mammals. The mallee ningaui, Ningaui yvonneae, a dasyurid marsupial, showed a marked decline in the immediate post-fire environment, corresponding with a reduction in hummock-grass cover in recently burnt vegetation. Species richness of native small mammals was positively associated with unburnt vegetation, although some species showed no clear response to wildfire. Conclusions. Our results are consistent with the contention that mammal responses to fire are associated with their known life-history traits. The species most strongly affected by wildfire, N. yvonneae, has the most specific habitat requirements and restricted life history of the small mammals in the study area. The only species positively associated with recently burnt vegetation, the introduced house mouse, Mus domesticus, has a flexible life history and non-specialised resource requirements. Implications. Maintaining sources for recolonisation after large-scale wildfires will be vital to the conservation of native small mammals in mallee ecosystems.
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Lim, W. S., A. R. Mojiol, P. M. Yip, C. Goh, P. Liau, Y. C. Liaw, and S. V. John. "Suitability for salt-lick tourism: A preliminary assessment on the natural salt-licks at Segaliud-Lokan Forest Reserve, Sandakan, Sabah." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1053, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1053/1/012029.
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Abstract The natural salt-licks are visited by various species of terrestrial mammals, hence ideal for mammal watching, although the suitability for salt-lick tourism is influenced by other factors. Preliminary research was conducted on the suitability of four natural salt-licks for mammal watching in Segaliud-Lokan Forest Reserve (SLFR), Sabah. The camera trapping survey and field assessment were conducted for eight months, and then the assessment criteria applied in this study included the lick accessibility, detection frequency, species richness, viewable activity sighting probability, reliability and visibility on the terrestrial mammals, at a given lick. A total of 12 different mammal species were recorded, where Sambar Deer, Bearded Pig, Banteng, and Bornean Orang-utan were determined as the main visitor species of this study. Among the four selected salt-licks, the rating score of SL50A (Score=1.71) was significantly lower than those of SL50B, SL56 and SL59 (Score=2.57 respectively, χ2 2 =6.794, p=0.042), hence highlighting that SL50A was not suitable for conducting mammal watching activity, unlike the other three natural licks at SLFR. The assessment on the compatibility between the supply (mammalian physical availability) and demand (highly anticipated species) was excluded from this research, therefore emphasizing the need to fill up this particular research gap in the future.
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Ahumada, Jorge A., Carlos E. F. Silva, Krisna Gajapersad, Chris Hallam, Johanna Hurtado, Emanuel Martin, Alex McWilliam, et al. "Community structure and diversity of tropical forest mammals: data from a global camera trap network." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1578 (September 27, 2011): 2703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0115.
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Terrestrial mammals are a key component of tropical forest communities as indicators of ecosystem health and providers of important ecosystem services. However, there is little quantitative information about how they change with local, regional and global threats. In this paper, the first standardized pantropical forest terrestrial mammal community study, we examine several aspects of terrestrial mammal species and community diversity (species richness, species diversity, evenness, dominance, functional diversity and community structure) at seven sites around the globe using a single standardized camera trapping methodology approach. The sites—located in Uganda, Tanzania, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Suriname, Brazil and Costa Rica—are surrounded by different landscape configurations, from continuous forests to highly fragmented forests. We obtained more than 51 000 images and detected 105 species of mammals with a total sampling effort of 12 687 camera trap days. We find that mammal communities from highly fragmented sites have lower species richness, species diversity, functional diversity and higher dominance when compared with sites in partially fragmented and continuous forest. We emphasize the importance of standardized camera trapping approaches for obtaining baselines for monitoring forest mammal communities so as to adequately understand the effect of global, regional and local threats and appropriately inform conservation actions.
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Lazăr, Anamaria, Ana Maria Benedek, and Ioan Sîrbu. "Small Mammals in Forests of Romania: Habitat Type Use and Additive Diversity Partitioning." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 18, 2021): 1107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081107.
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Small mammals are key components of forest ecosystems, playing vital roles for numerous groups of forest organisms: they exert bottom-up and top-down regulatory effects on vertebrate and invertebrate populations, respectively; they are fungus- and seed-dispersers and bioturbators. Therefore, preserving or restoring the diversity of small mammal communities may help maintain the functions of these ecosystems. In Romania, a country with low-intensity forest management and a high percentage of natural forests compared to other European countries, an overview of forest small mammal diversity and habitat type use is lacking, and our study aimed to fill this gap. We also aimed to partition the total small mammal diversity of Romanian forests into the alpha (plot-level), beta, and delta (among forest types) diversities, as well as further partition beta diversity into its spatial (among plots) and temporal (among years) components. We surveyed small mammals by live trapping in eight types of forest across Romania. We found that small mammal abundance was significantly higher in lowland than in mountain forests, but species richness was similar, being associated with the diversity of tree canopy, with the highest values in mixed forests. In contrast, small mammal heterogeneity was related to overall habitat heterogeneity. As predicted, community composition was most distinct in poplar plantations, where forest specialists coexist with open habitat species. Most of the diversity was represented by alpha diversity. Because of strong fluctuations in population density of dominant rodents, the temporal component of beta heterogeneity was larger than the spatial component, but species richness also presented an important temporal turnover. Our results show the importance of the time dimension in the design of the surveys aiming at estimating the diversity of small mammal communities, both at the local and regional scales.
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Hannibal, Wellington. "Mammals of medium and large size from a fragmented seasonal forest landscape in Mato Grosso do Sul state, central-western Brazil." Check List 10, no. 6 (December 9, 2014): 1430. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/10.6.1430.
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The southern cone of Mato Grosso do Sul state is poorly known in terms of mammal community composition. This information is very important to propose an environmental management plan. The present study provides information on the composition of medium and large size mammals in the municipality of Batayporã, in the Ivinhema river basin, southwestern Brazil. The mammal community was sampled during 19 field sampling occasions by the identification of vestiges, such as burrows, feces, vocalization and tracks, as well as through direct observations. I recorded 24 mammal species distributed in eight taxonomic orders. Thirteen species were frequently recorded, six species were rarely recorded, and six species are considered threatened in Brazil or in global level. The area presents almost half of the medium and large-sized mammal fauna from Mato Grosso do Sul state, but fragmentation and sugarcane plantations may represent a threat to the local biodiversity conservation.
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Wright, Jonathan. "Mammal mia!" New Scientist 193, no. 2593 (March 2007): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(07)60532-6.
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Brent, Lauren J. N. "Mammal societies." Animal Behaviour 131 (September 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.07.008.
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Wong, Kate. "Mammal Melee." Scientific American 282, no. 1 (January 2000): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0100-25a.
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Lacey, Eileen A. "Mammal Societies." Journal of Mammalogy 98, no. 4 (June 27, 2017): 1215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyx078.
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Kuan, Debora. "American Mammal." Baffler 26 (July 2014): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/bflr_a_00288.
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Gebrezgiher, Genet Berhe, Rhodes H. Makundi, Yonas Meheretu, Loth S. Mulungu, and Abdul A. S. Katakweba. "A Decade-Long Change in the Elevational Distribution of Non-Volant Small Mammals on Mount Meru, Tanzania." Diversity 14, no. 6 (June 6, 2022): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060454.
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Understanding species distribution across elevational gradients is crucial for developing conservation strategies for montane biotic systems. A survey of small mammals was conducted on Mount Meru at six elevations, ranging between 1500 m and 3650 m. A total of 803 small mammal individuals, including 2 shrew species and 13 rodent species, were documented. Of these, Crocidura newmarki and Lophuromys verhageni were endemic on Mount Meru. Species richness was highest at mid–elevations, which is in line with the global pattern for small mammals. Prior to our study, the most complete data on small mammals on Mount Meru was collected in 2009. Our study provides an opportunity to show how small mammal elevational distribution has changed, over the last decade. We found six species (Arvicanthis niloticus, Mastomys natalensis, Lemniscomys striatus, Dasymys incomtus, Cricetomys ansorgei, and Montemys delectorum), which were not documented in 2009, but did not find Otomys tropicalis. Interestingly, the community composition at higher elevations in 2021 resembles that at lower elevations in 2009, suggesting that small mammal species have moved their range upward over time. Climate change could be a factor associated with the distributional shift found.
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Cao, Chan, Ling-Ying Shuai, Xiao-Ping Xin, Zhi-Tao Liu, Yan-Ling Song, and Zhi-Gao Zeng. "Effects of cattle grazing on small mammal communities in the Hulunber meadow steppe." PeerJ 4 (August 23, 2016): e2349. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2349.
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Small mammals play important roles in many ecosystems, and understanding their response to disturbances such as cattle grazing is fundamental for developing sustainable land use strategies. However, how small mammals respond to cattle grazing remains controversial. A potential cause is that most of previous studies adopt rather simple experimental designs based solely on the presence/absence of grazing, and are thus unable to detect any complex relationships between diversity and grazing intensity. In this study, we conducted manipulated experiments in the Hulunber meadow steppe to survey small mammal community structures under four levels of grazing intensities. We found dramatic changes in species composition in native small mammal communities when grazing intensity reached intermediate levels (0.46 animal unit/ha). As grazing intensity increased,Spermophilus dauricusgradually became the single dominant species. Species richness and diversity of small mammals in ungrazed and lightly grazed (0.23 animal unit/ha) area were much higher than in intermediately and heavily grazed area. We did not detect a humped relationship between small mammal diversity and disturbance levels predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis (IDH). Our study highlighted the necessity of conducting manipulated experiments under multiple grazing intensities.
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Campbell, Tyler A., Nicole L. Constantine, William M. Baughman, Timothy B. Harrington, Brian R. Chapman, and Karl V. Miller. "Small Mammal Distributions Relative to Corridor Edges Within Intensively Managed Southern Pine Plantations." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 29, no. 3 (August 1, 2005): 148–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/29.3.148.
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Abstract We characterized small mammal communities in three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands in the Lower Coastal Plain of South Carolina during June 1998–Aug. 2000 to investigate influence of corridor edges on small mammal distribution. We live-trapped small mammals in three regenerating stands following clearcutting. Harvested stands were bisected by 100-m-wide, 20–23-year-old pine corridors. During 47,040 trap nights, we recorded 907 captures of 661 individual small mammals. Species captured included southern short-tailed shrews (Blarina carolinensis), cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus), cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus), eastern harvest mice (Reithrodontomys humulis), marsh rice rats (Oryzomys palustris), and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli). We did not observe an edge effect (i.e., preference or avoidance) in small mammal captures at the corridor edge. Rodent captures were greatest in harvested stands, declined near the edge of mature pine corridors, and were lowest within corridors. Shrew captures were generally greatest in mature pine corridors and least in the interior of harvested stands. Retention of mature pine corridors of only 100 m may maintain some small mammals (i.e., shrews) that would not occur if stands were completely harvested. South. J. Appl. For. 29(3):148–151.
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Christensen, Dain L., Kristen C. Harmon, Nathaniel H. Wehr, and Melissa R. Price. "Mammal-exclusion fencing improves the nesting success of an endangered native Hawaiian waterbird." PeerJ 9 (March 1, 2021): e10722. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10722.
Full textAbstract:
Invasive predator control is often critical to improving the nesting success of endangered birds, but methods of control vary in cost and effectiveness. Poison-baiting or trapping and removal are relatively low-cost, but may have secondary impacts on non-target species, and may not completely exclude mammals from nesting areas. Mammal-exclusion fencing has a substantial up-front cost, but due to cost savings over the lifetime of the structure and the complete exclusion of mammalian predators, this option is increasingly being utilized to protect threatened species such as ground-nesting seabirds. However, non-mammalian predators are not excluded by these fences and may continue to impact nesting success, particularly in cases where the fence is designed for the protection of waterbirds, open to an estuary or wetland on one side. Thus, there remains a research gap regarding the potential gains in waterbird nesting success from the implementation of mammal-exclusion fencing in estuarine systems. In this study, we compared the nesting success of endangered Hawaiian Stilts (Ae‘o; Himantopus mexicanus knudseni) within a mammal-exclusion fence to that of breeding pairs in a nearby wetland where trapping was the sole means for removing invasive mammals. We predicted success would be greater for breeding pairs inside the exclusion fence and the hatchlings inside the enclosure would spend more time in the nesting area than hatchlings at the unfenced site. During a single breeding season following construction of a mammal-exclusion fence, we used motion-activated game cameras to monitor nests at two sites, one site with mammal-exclusion fencing and one site without. Clutch sizes and hatch rates were significantly greater at the fenced site than the unfenced site, but time spent by chicks in the nesting area did not differ between sites. These results add to the mounting body of evidence that demonstrates the effectiveness of mammal-exclusion fencing in protecting endangered birds and suggests it can aid endangered Hawaiian waterbirds toward recovery. These results also suggest that the single greatest predatory threat to the Hawaiian Stilt may be invasive mammals, despite a host of known non-mammalian predators including birds, crabs, turtles, and bullfrogs, as the complete exclusion of mammals resulted in significant gains in nesting success. As additional fences are built, future studies are necessary to compare nesting success among multiple sites and across multiple seasons to determine potential gains in fledging success and recruitment.
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Lemckert, F., T. Brassil, R. Kavanagh, and B. Law. "Trapping small mammals for research and management: how many die and why?" Australian Mammalogy 28, no. 2 (2006): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am06028.
Full textAbstract:
Trapping programs are an essential part of mammal conservation and management, but trapping carries a risk of death for the study animals. Little information is available on mortality levels and its potential to influence studies. We examined the mortality levels recorded during 68 wildlife surveys within New South Wales, recording mortality rates associated with Elliott aluminium box and wire cage trapping for terrestrial mammals and harp traps for bats. We noted 232 deaths from 13623 small ground mammal captures in box traps, one death from 459 mammal captures in wire cage traps, and 44 deaths from 12,274 bat captures in harp traps. Mortality ranged from 0-13.3%, 0-0.6% and 0-9.1% of captures for box, cage and harp traps, respectively. No deaths were reported for 47% of surveys. Antechinus spp. comprised almost 95% of all trap deaths. Thirteen surveys provided detailed information for small ground mammal trapping, recording 111 deaths from 3651 small mammal captures. Box trap mortality in these surveys ranged from 0-7.5%, deaths being attributed to cold temperatures (generally winter) and multiple captures of individuals. Harp trap mortality stemmed from overheating, overcrowding and predation. Post-capture handling also contributed to mortality. No specific level of trap death can be ?expected? during a study as circumstances vary, but all efforts should be made to minimise the risk of deaths. This study found that mortality above 4% is unusual, resulting mainly from one-off ?extreme? mortality events. Minimising unnecessary recaptures and avoiding weather extremes should reduce mortality of small mammals during trapping studies, but will not prevent all deaths.
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Jr., Kirkland G. L. "Small mammal communities in temperate North American forests." Australian Mammalogy 8, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am85013.
Full textAbstract:
Small mammal communities in temperate North American forests typically are dominated by three families: Soricidae, Sciuridae, and Cricetidae. Omnivores and insectivores predominate in such communities, with herbivores and granivores representing minor trophic elements. Small mammal diversity often is greater than generally ack nowledged, especially in forests having mixtures of boreal and austral elements. With the exception of shrews of the genus Sorex , coexistence of congeners is uncommon among small mammals in temperate North American forests.
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Mamayu Utami, Ikha Jayanti, Tri Retnaningsih Soeprobowati, and Denny Nugroho Sugianto. "An Overview of Marine Mammals in Eastern Indonesia 2016: Implications for Marine Mammals Research and Conservation." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 04017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187304017.
Full textAbstract:
Eastern Indonesia is known as the center of marine biodiversity of the world as well as habitat and marine mammal migration path. Not all marine mammal events in eastern Indonesia are well documented. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of marine mammals in eastern Indonesia in 2016. Data collection done through observation, indepth interview with the community and experts. The results of this study were 8 (eight) occurrences of marine mammals which were in Mollucas, North Mollucas and West Papua Provinces with the highest incidence in August. That marine mammals were Duyung (Dugong dugon), Sperm Whale (Physetermacrocephalus), Risso’s Dolphin (Grampus griseus), and 2 types of unidentified Whales. The marine mammals exist were deliberately netted by people, stranded, trapped in fishing nets or deliberately commercialized. This marine mammals stranded occurence indicate the requirement of strategies development for handling these protected marine ‘biota’ to store their population.