Journal articles on the topic 'Mall, The (Washington, D.C.) – History'

Introduction: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Thromboprophylaxis is a safe and effective way to decrease VTE in other high-risk populations. Recently, a clinical prediction model was developed to identify patients with newly diagnosed MM starting chemotherapy at highest risk of VTE. The model, IMPEDE VTE, found the following clinical risk factors for VTE: immunomodulatory drugs, body mass index, recent pathologic fracture of the femur or hip, erythropoietin stimulating drugs, dexamethasone, doxorubicin, Asian ethnicity/race, history of VTE, tunneled line or central venous catheter, and existing use of aspirin or anticoagulation. External validation of the model has yielded a c-statistic for VTE risk prediction of 0.64 to 0.65. Laboratory parameters can predict VTE in some patients with cancer. Accordingly so, the addition of laboratory parameters to IMPEDE VTE has the ability to improve model performance. Thus, we sought to determine the association between soluble P-selectin and D-dimer with the development of VTE in patients with newly diagnosed MM starting chemotherapy. Methods: We identified 545 patients from the Washington University in St. Louis MM banking protocol, with available plasma from time of diagnosis (2007-2019). Thirty-eight cases of VTE were identified within 6 months following treatment initiation. An additional 137 patients were randomly selected as controls. D-dimer and soluble P-selectin ELISA assays were performed on the banked plasma by Eve Technologies, who was blinded to case vs. control status. Both assays were performed in duplicate and results averaged. All additional variables were collected through manual chart abstraction. IMPEDE VTE scores were calculated as we previously described (Sanfilippo et al.). The association of D-dimer and soluble P-selectin with VTE risk was assessed using Cox regression, adjusting for IMPEDE VTE score. Results: The median age of all 545 patients was 65 (range 32-79), 54% were male, and 85% were white. All patients received novel chemotherapy agents for first-line MM therapy and 66% underwent autologous stem cell transplant. Of the 38 cases with VTE, 20 patients had deep vein thrombosis, 17 had pulmonary emboli, and 1 patient had concurrent events. The median time from chemotherapy initiation to VTE was 51 days (range 4-193). The median IMPEDE VTE score was 5 (range -1 to 12). Each unit increase in IMPEDE VTE score was associated with a 21% increase in risk for VTE (HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.04-1.40; p = 0.01). Median D-dimer was 11,795 ng/mL (range 280-144,832). Each 1000 ng/mL unit increase in D-dimer was associated with a 2% increase risk for VTE after controlling for IMPEDE VTE score (aHR 1.02; 95% CI 1.01-1.04; p < 0.001). Patients in the highest quartile of D-dimer levels, above the 75th percentile, had a 2-fold increase in risk of VTE after adjusting for IMPEDE VTE score (aHR 2.04; 95% CI 1.03-4.02; p = 0.04). Median soluble P-selectin was 189 ng/ml (range 23-638). There was no association between soluble P-selectin level and VTE risk in patients with MM. Conclusions and Relevance: D-dimer is predictive of VTE in patients with MM starting chemotherapy. The combination of D-dimer and the IMPEDE VTE score can improve identification of patients at high risk of VTE and therefore allow for selection of primary thromboprophylaxis among patients with MM. Disclosures Sanfilippo: Bayer HealthCare Pharamceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; AstraZeneca: Other: Travel Support for Investigator Meeting; Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Covington & Burling LLP: Consultancy; Luther & Associates: Consultancy; Health Services Advisory Group: Consultancy; Amgen: Other: Trasfer of Value (food) during discussion of research.

Abstract Abstract 4143 Introduction: The use of vitamins and dietary supplements is a common health practice in many parts of the world, in part because of the belief that they will prevent diseases, including cancer. However, results of epidemiologic studies regarding their efficacy in reducing the risk of any cancer, particularly hematologic malignancies, are inconsistent and are mostly limited to case-control studies. Materials: Participants were male and female members of the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Between 2000 and 2002, 64,839 men and women, aged 50 to 76 years, who lived in the region of Washington State covered by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry, were recruited. Participants were excluded if they had any cancer prior to baseline other than non-melanoma skin cancer and were censored at the time of diagnosis of a non-hematologic malignancy during follow-up; after exclusions, there were 64,839 participants available for study. Incident cases of hematologic malignancies were identified through December 2008 by linkage to the SEER registry. Participants answered questions on the frequency (days/week), duration (years), and dose per day of their supplemental use of vitamins, including A, B3, B6, B12, C, D, E, multivitamin compounds, and folic acid; minerals, including calcium, selenium, iron, magnesium, chrome, and zinc during the 10 years before baseline. For the non-vitamin, non-mineral “specialty” supplements, garlic, ginseng, and fish oil, only frequency and duration were ascertained. Use of vitamin and mineral supplements was categorized into non-users and tertiles of use, such that the highest category was greater than could be achieved only by use of a common multivitamin (Centrum Silver). 10-year average use of specialty supplements was categorized into: non-user; low use, <4 days/week or <3 years; and high use, ≥4 days/week and ≥3 years. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazards ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of the use of dietary supplements with the risk of total hematologic malignancies. Models were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity (white/hispanic/other), education, smoking, self-rated health, physical activity, history of anemia in the year before baseline, and family history of leukemia or lymphoma. Results: A total of 577 case of hematological malignancies were identified including MDS [n=54], AML [n=36], myeloproliferative disorders [n=46], CLL/SLL [n=88] and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas [n=235], Hodgkin lymphomas [n=22], plasma cell disorders [n=66], mature NK/T cell neoplasms [n=17], and other entities [n=13]). None of the vitamin 10-year average intakes were associated with decreased risk of incident hematologic malignancies There was no evidence that high use of vitamins A (HR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.58–1.08; p-trend=0.28), B12 (HR=0.98, 95%CI: 0.73–1.31; p-trend=0.26), C (HR=0.97, 95% CI: 0.77–1.22; p-trend=0.99), D (HR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.62–1.31; p-trend=0.45), or folic acid (HR=1.00, 95% CI: 0.73–1.39; p-trend=0.19) was associated with the risk of blood cancer. Among specialty supplements, only high 10-year average use of garlic was significantly associated with a reduced risk of development of blood cancers (HR=0.64,95% CI: 0.42–0.98); however the association was not linear (p-trend=0.14). Conclusions: We observed no reduction in the risk of incident hematologic malignancies with dietary supplement and vitamin use with the exception of garlic when used at a high amount (≥4 days/week for ≥ 3 years). Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Approximately 600 elms on the National Mall in Washington D. C. were surveyed for 6 years for symptoms of bacterial leaf scorch caused by Xylella fastidiosa. The mean disease incidence over the course of the study was 30% and increased by approximately 10% over 6 years. Twenty-eight percent of the affected trees had symptoms in more than 25% of their crowns. Symptom severity fluctuated from year to year. Of the trees first detected with symptoms in 1986 only 18% had a higher symptom rating after 6 years, while 51 % had fewer or no symptoms. Trees 20-30 cm dbh were the most affected, while those in the 1-10 cm class were the least affected. Affected trees occurred throughout the planting.

During the 1930s the neighborhood shopping center emerged as an important phenomenon in the development of retail facilities in the United States. Prior to that decade, the type was limited to a modest number of examples built as components of planned residential subdivisions for the well-to-do. By the eve of World War II, the neighborhood shopping center was seen as an advantageous means of meeting the routine needs of people in outlying urban areas generally. During the 1930s, the neighborhood center also became one of the first common building forms to experience a basic reconfiguration to accommodate patterns of widespread automobile usage. Washington, D. C., was the initial and by far the most intensive proving ground for this work at its formative stage. The results were influential nationwide in the shopping center's transformation from a novelty to a ubiquitous feature of the American landscape.

The aim of the Ukrainian Bureau in Washington was propaganda of Ukrainian question among US government and American publicity in general. Functioning of the Bureau is not represented non in Ukrainian neither in foreign historiographies, so that’s why the main goal of presented paper is to investigate its activity. The research is based on personal papers of Ukrainian diaspora representatives (O. Granovskyi, E. Skotzko, E. Onatskyi) and articles from American and Ukrainian newspapers. The second mass immigration of Ukrainians to the US (1914‒1930s) has often been called the «military» immigration and what it lacked in numbers, it made up in quality. Most immigrants were educated, some with college degrees. The founder of the Ukrainian Bureau Eugene Skotzko was born near Western Ukrainian town of Zoloczhiv and immigrated to the United States in late 1920s after graduating from Lviv Polytechnic University. In New York he began to collaborate with OUN member O. Senyk-Hrabivskyi who gave E. Skotzko task to create informational bureau for propaganda of Ukrainian case. On March 23 1939 the Bureau was founded in Washington D. C. E. Skotzko was an editor of its Informational Bulletins. The Bureau biggest problem was lack of financial support. It was the main reason why it stopped functioning in May 1940. During 14 months of functioning Ukrainian Bureau in Washington posted dozens of informational bulletins and send it to hundreds of addressees; E. Skotzko, as a director, personally wrote to American governmental institutions and foreign diplomats informing about Ukrainian problem in Europe. Ukrainian Bureau activity is an inspiring example for those who care for informational policy of modern Ukraine.Keywords: Ukrainian small encyclopedia, Yevhen Onatsky, journalism, worldview, Ukrainian state. Keywords: Ukrainian Bureau in Washington, Eugene Skotzko, public opinion, history of journalism, diaspora.

A Review of: Fidel, R., Davies, R. K., Douglass, M. H., Holder, J. K., Hopkins, C. J., Kushner, E. J.,…. Toney, C. D. (1999). A visit to the information mall: Web searching behavior of high school students. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(1), 24-37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(1999)50:13.0.CO;2-W Abstract Objective – The research study aimed to discover high school students’ information searching behaviour on the Web and suggest Web changes that would benefit student learning. This study was conducted in 1999, seven years after the Internet was publicly available and on the cusp of Web 2.0. Design – Field study with class observations, students thinking aloud at their terminals, and interviews with the students after their searching. The study’s duration was three class searching sessions. Setting – West Seattle High School in Seattle, Washington. This school had a diverse population of students, with 50% students of color and many of these students first generation to finish high school. Due to a grant from Microsoft, West Seattle had operational four computer labs. Subjects – Eleventh and twelfth graders in a horticulture class. There were eight student participants, six males and two females. Five of these students were in 12th grade and three were in 11th grade. The teacher for this class, the school librarian, and the principal of West Seattle High School were also interviewed for this project. Methods – Qualitative, case-study method was used with controlled comparison. Team members observed the students while they searched and wrote down descriptions of the students’ searching methods. After the three observation sessions and interviews with the students, team members wrote up a case study for each student. The students’ think-aloud audio, along with all the interviews conducted, were recorded. This type of method can be considered an early version of usability testing and user experience studies, a field that has grown tremendously since 1999. Main Results – While each student observed had a different relationship with the Web and training on how to use it, similar searching strategies emerged from all participants. These strategies included focused searching, swift and flexible searching when results were not immediately found, using a webpage as a landmark to return to while searching, starting a new search, and asking for help when needed. It should be noted that focused searching along with the swift, flexible searching were strategies influenced by student motivation to complete their homework assignment as quickly as possible. The team noted exploration of the Web was kept to a minimum and this was due to the parameters of the assignment. Team members also identified similar frustrations and joys from the students when searching the Web. The study identified three steps that should be taken to help students more effectively navigate the Web. The steps included an increase in formal teaching on Web searching, embedded support in the Web to help students search, and relying on graphics to strengthen a Web experience. Conclusion – Authors noted the possibilities the World Wide Web has to offer, especially in a school context. However, in order to fully maximize those possibilities, the Web needs to take into account user experiences and information seeking behaviour, along with an increase in training on how to use the Web.

Abstract: City planning is intended to create better living environment for its residents. A city is ‘a living laboratory’ that can be learned by people from different nations and cultures or even by the next generation, particularly by the next city planners. The morphology and typology of Washington, D.C. and Canberra, as federal capital cities of the central government, are determined by the early phase of planning, in which the planners interpreted the concept of the power system that each government has and implemented it to the structure of city. This study has an aim to oversee and compare the implementation of governmental power system in USA and Australia to the urban structure of their civic center. Both of them are democratic nations, which apply the concept of “Trias Politica”, and this concept is implemented within the morphological and typological structure of the capital cities. The method to discuss this topic is, firstly, by describe the history of city planning and design of the two cities. Secondly, the difference of the implementation of “Trias Politica” concept to the basic concept of planning and to the elements of morphology and typology of each city is analyzed. Thirdly, the conclusion of previous discussion is configured. The result of this study is a comparison of the implementation of the concept in differentiating power of legislative, executive, and judicative to the city planning which applied Baroque and Beaux-Arts ideas on Washington, D.C. and Canberra.Keywords: Morphology, typology, capital city, civic center, “Trias Politica”Abstrak: Perencanaan kota bertujuan untuk menciptakan lingkungan bermukim yang lebih baik bagi penduduk kota. Kota yang direncanakan dengan baik diharapkan akan dapat berfungsi dengan baik pula. Morfologi dan tipologi Kota Washington, D.C. dan Canberra, yang berfungsi sebagai ibukota pusat pemerintahan, sangat ditentukan oleh bagaimana para perencana dan perancang kota sejak awal menterjemahkan sistem kekuasaan yang dianut oleh pemerintah negara tersebut ke dalam struktur kota. Studi ini bertujuan untuk melihat dan membandingkan bagaimana konsep yang dianut oleh kedua negara, yaitu United State of America dan Australia, di dalam menjalankan kehidupan bernegara yang menerapkan paham demokrasi, yaitu konsep “Trias Politica”, diterapkan pada struktur morfologi dan tipologi ibukota kedua negara. Metoda pembahasan yang digunakan adalah dengan menguraikan sejarah perencanaan dan perancangan kota Washington, D. C. dan Canberra, menganalisis perbedaan penerapan konsep “Trias Politica” pada konsep dasar perancangan dan unsur-unsur morfologi dan tipologi masing-masing kota, serta menarik kesimpulan dari pembahasan tersebut. Hasil dari studi ini berupa perbandingan penerapan konsep pembagian kekuasaan pada paham demokrasi melalui perancangan kota yang menerapkan gagasan Baroque dan Beaux-Arts pada kota Washington, D.C. dan Canberra. Studi ini dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan pembelajaran dan dapat diambil maknanya apabila para perencana dan perancang kota dihadapkan pada permasalahan di dalam merencana dan merancang kota atau mengevaluasi perencanaan dan perancangan yang sudah ada.Kata kunci: Morfologi, tipologi, ibukota, pusat pemerintahan, “Trias Politica”

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ABSTRACT: Part and counterpart of a trilobite collected from Upper Ordovician strata near Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, provided additional information on the legs of trilobites. These appendages had only been certainly known for less than a decade. The specimen was described by a local paleontologist in the local natural history journal, but part of the text was repeated in a leading American biological journal, and repeated in full in the Geological magazine. This trilobite was subsequently redescribed by C. D. Walcott in Science, following a speech in which he discussed it before the Biological Society of Washington. The specimen is now in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington.

By examining transcripts of the unpublished minutes of meetings held in January 1967 by the Commission of Fine Arts in Washington, D. C., the author accounts for the government's rejection of Marcel Breuer's design for a Franklin Delano Roosevelt memorial, one of several rejected proposals for a monument still awaiting completion half a century after the death of the president.

In recent years, STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Mathematics) has received wide attention. STEAM complements early childhood learning needs in honing 2nd century skills. This study aims to introduce a loose section in early childhood learning to pre-service teachers and then to explore their perceptions of how to use loose parts in supporting STEAM. The study design uses qualitative phenomenological methods. FGDs (Focus Group Discussions) are used as data collection instruments. The findings point to two main themes that emerged from the discussion: a loose section that supports freedom of creation and problem solving. Freedom clearly supports science, mathematics and arts education while problem solving significantly supports engineering and technology education. Keywords: Early Childhood Educators, Loose-part, STEAM References: Allen, A. (2016). Don’t Fear STEM: You Already Teach It! Exchange, (231), 56–59. Ansberry, B. K., & Morgan, E. (2019). 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Exploring Young Children’s Understanding About the Concept of Volume Through Engineering Design in a STEM Activity: A Case Study. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 16(2), 275–294. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-016-9776-0 Rahardjo, M. M. (2019). Implementasi Pendekatan Saintifik Sebagai Pembentuk Keterampilan Proses Sains Anak Usia Dini. Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Kebudayaan, 9(2), 148–159. https://doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2019.v9.i2.p148-159 Robison, T. (2016). Male Elementary General Music Teachers : A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Music Teacher Education, 26(2), 77–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057083715622019 Rocha Fernandes, G. W., Rodrigues, A. M., & Ferreira, C. A. (2018). Conceptions of the Nature of Science and Technology: a Study with Children and Youths in a Non-Formal Science and Technology Education Setting. Research in Science Education, 48(5), 1071–1106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9599-6 Sawyer, R. K. (2006). 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Seven new species of Helicopsyche (Feropsyche) Johanson 2002 (Helicopsychidae) are described from Mexico (H. curvipalpia new species), Panama (H. blantoni new species, H. chiriquensis new species, H. linguata new species, and H. sanblasensis new species), and Brazil (H. paprockii new species and H. cipoensis new species) based on adult material borrowed from the National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution), Washington, D. C. and the Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Illinois, USA. New records are given for H. sinuata Denning & Blickle from Mexico, and H. incisa Ross and H. woldai Johanson from Panama.

Charles Schuchert, of Yale, was in 1921 the nominee for President of the Geological Society of America for 1922. A campaign to prevent his election was mounted in Washington, D. C., principally by members of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The campaign and its failure have been described by Weiss. Schuchert's own records of that campaign have been discovered recently, and from them we have learned how he discovered the attack on his candidacy, how he felt about the matter, and his opinons of the principals behind the campaign.

Este artículo presenta los resultados digitales de un proyecto desarrollado en 2017 en la Library of Congress (Washington D. C.) cuyo objetivo fue analizar la colección de grabaciones de música folclórica que recopiló Alan Lomax (1915-2002) en España entre junio de 1952 y enero de 1953 y los centenares de documentos resultantes de su viaje. La información completa de esta colección se incorporó a la base de datos Fondo de Música Tradicional IMF-CSIC (http://musicatradicional.eu/lomax), y se generó la aplicación «Alan Lomax’s journey across Spain (1952-53)» (http://arcg.is/2x1K6u0), basada en un mapa interactivo que contiene el itinerario de Lomax. This article presents the digital results of a project conducted at the Library of Congress in Washington DC in 2017. The aim of this project was to analyse the collection of folk music compiled by Alan Lomax (1915-2002) in Spain between June 1952 and January 1953, and the hundreds of documents deriving from his journey. All the data provided by the Lomax collection was incorporated into the Fondo de Música Tradicional IMF-CSIC (http://musicatradicional.eu/lomax), and the application «Alan Lomax’s journey across Spain (1952-53)» (http://arcg.is/2x1K6u0), which display Lomax’s itinerary on an open-access interactive map, was also created.

A systematic list of echinoderms from Malpelo Fauna and Flora Sanctuary (MFFS) was prepared, based on local sampling, literature review and identification of specimens from Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC) and from National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D. C. (USNM). Standard methodology for monitoring the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape was used in December 2006 and March 2007 to sample shallow water echinoderms (1-20 m deep). Malpelo is the richest locality of the Colombian Pacific with 84 species reported (56 % of them deep water organisms), belonging to 22 orders, 42 families and 68 genera, distributed between the surface and a depth of 5000 m. Thirty-six new records for MFFS and Colombian Pacific are reported. In Colombia the shallow water species are widely distributed in the Pacific, while deep forms only occur at Malpelo. The majority of species are mostly related to the Panamanian and Galapagos region showing a possible connectivity. This list increases knowledge on the echinoderm biodiversity from the Malpelo Island in 68 %.

En este testimonio, presentado ante el Comité Judicial de la Cámara de Diputados de los Estados Unidos, Michael J. Glennon se ocupa de la opinión de la Suprema Corte de los Estados Unidos en Los Estados Unidos vs. Alvarez-Machain. Sostiene que, en contra de lo que popularmente se cree, la opinión de la Suprema Corte no sostiene que el secuestro patrocinado por el gobierno esté permitido por la ley internacional; resulta claro que no lo es. Señala que la Suprema Corte simplemente se ocupó de si está o no permitido el llevar a juicio por una ofensa criminal a un reo que fue secuestrado, lo que no está prohibido ni por la ley internacional ni por la ley constitucional de los Estados Unidos. No obstante, exhorta al Congreso a prohibir semejante práctica.

Abstract In 2014, the US Preventive Task Force recommended annual lung cancer screening with low dose CT (LDCT) for adults aged 55 to 80 years old with significant smoking history. Although screening reduces lung cancer mortality, the leading cause of cancer mortality in the US, adherence to screening follow-up remains low. In a human-centered design qualitative study, health services researchers and eight adults over 55 years old from Kaiser Permanente Washington who had recently had an LDCT participated in two co-design sessions. We elicited barriers, facilitators and design principles to develop multilevel interventions that aim to improve adherence to ongoing LDCT. In the initial discussion, participants identified four key areas for improvements to adherence: a) reminders for scheduling and appointments, b) knowledge about tests and follow-up, c) convenience in location and scheduling, and d) financial and non-financial incentives. In a second session, participants referenced patient personas and sketched storyboards, a comic strip-like format showing steps in a journey, to describe different ways to help patients return for LDCTs. Through qualitative analysis, we identified ten elements to consider incorporating in multilevel interventions: versatility (e.g., multiple reminder options), social support (e.g., families, peers), individualization (e.g., tailoring to patient needs), feelings (e.g., fear, relief), knowledge (e.g., harms/benefits, expectations), responsibility (e.g., who is accountable for reminders), continuity (e.g., clear pathway to adherence), consistency (e.g., same messages), cadence (e.g., rhythm of messages), and acknowledgment (e.g., recognition of screening completion). Next steps are to incorporate feedback from clinical stakeholders and develop multilevel interventions for further testing.

-A. James Arnold, Michael Gilkes, The literate imagination: essays on the novels of Wilson Harris. London: Macmillan, 1989. xvi + 180 pp.-Jean Besson, John O. Stewart, Drinkers, drummers, and decent folk: ethnographic narratives of village Trinidad. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1989. xviii + 230 pp.-Hymie Rubinstein, Neil Price, Behind the planter's back. London: MacMillan, 1988. xiv + 274 pp.-Robert Dirks, Joseph M. Murphy, Santería: an African religion in America. Boston: Beacon Press, 1988. xi + 189 pp.-A.J.R. Russell-Wood, Joseph C. Miller, Way of Death: merchant capitalism and the Angolan slave trade, 1720-1830. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988. xxx + 770 pp.-Anne Pérotin-Dumon, Lawrence C. Jennings, French reaction to British slave Emancipation. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988. ix + 228 pp.-Mary Butler, Hilary McD. Beckles, White servitude and black slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. Knoxville: University of Tennesse Press, 1989. xv + 218 pp.-Franklin W, Knight, Douglas Hall, In miserable slavery: Thomas Thistlewod in Jamaica, 1750-1786. London: MacMillan, 1989. xxi + 322 pp.-Ruby Hope King, Harry Goulbourne, Teachers, education and politics in Jamaica 1892-1972. London: Macmillan, 1988. x + 198 pp.-Mary Turner, Francis J. Osbourne S.J., History of the Catholic Church in Jamaica. Chicago: Loyola University Press, 1988. xi + 532 pp.-Christina A. Siracusa, Robert J. Alexander, Biographical dictionary of Latin American and Caribbean political leaders. New York, Westport, London: Greenwood Press, 1988. x + 509 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Brenda F. Berrian ,Bibliography of women writers from the Caribbean (1831-1986). Washington D.C.: Three Continents Press, 1989. 360 pp., Aart Broek (eds)-Romain Paquette, Singaravélou, Pauvreté et développement dans les pays tropicaux, hommage a Guy Lasserre. Bordeaux: Centre d'Etudes de Géographie Tropicale-C.N.R.S./CRET-Institut de Gépgraphie, Université de Bordeaux III, 1989. 585 PP.-Robin Cohen, Simon Jones, Black culture, white youth: the reggae traditions from JA to UK. London: Macmillan, 1988. xxviii + 251 pp.-Bian D. Jacobs, Malcom Cross ,Lost Illusions: Caribbean minorities in Britain and the Netherlands. London: Routledge, 1988. 316 pp., Han Entzinger (eds)

The object of this research is a totem symbol in decorative tradition of the peoples of pre-Columbian America. The subject of this research is the images of jaguar in the art of the Aztecs of Mesoamerica. The images of a human and jaguar are captured on the metal, stone and clay artifacts of pre-Columbian civilizations that are available to the public in Mexico City National Museum of Anthropology, Peruvian Museum of the Nation in Lima, Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D. C. The research methodology is based on compilation of the results of fundamental research of the leading scholars of North American School of Anthropology. The article conduct a general systematization and brief analytics of scientific records on the specificity of Mesoamerican decorative tradition of totem symbols throughout an extensive period of time: 1500 BC &ndash; 400 AD (Olmec Civilization), III century BC &ndash; VII century AD (Teotihuacan Civilization), 900 BC &ndash; 200 AD (Chav&iacute;n Civilization), 750 BC &ndash; 100 AD (Paracas Civilization), 2300 &ndash; 1200 BC (Kotosh Civilization), 1250 &ndash; 1470 AD (Chim&uacute; Civilization). The presented materials substantiate the thesis that jaguar as a totem symbol carried out the functions of unification and identification of ethnoses of Mesoamerica, reflecting relevant sociocultural trends at various stages of anthropogenesis. The novelty of this work consists in scientific systematization of the facts that the nuances of fusion of the images of human and jaguar in art objects of Aztec culture reflect a harmonious or turbulent frame of mind in pre-Columbian era.

RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. 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E., Between the sacred and the worldly: the institutional and cultural practice of recogimiento in Colonial Lima, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2001.Dictionnaire de théologie catholique, 1937, s.v. “Restitution”.Durkheim, É., Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse, Paris, Presses universitaires de France, 1960 [1912].Duviols, P. La lutte contre les religions autochtones dans le Pérou colonial: l’extirpation de l’idolâtrie entre 1532 et 1660, Lima, IFEA, 1971.Espinoza, Augusto, “De Guerras y de Dagas: crédito y parentesco en una familia limeña del siglo XVII”, Histórica, XXXVII.1 (2013), pp. 7-56.Estenssoro Fuchs, J.-C., Del paganismo a la santidad: la incorporación de los Indios del Perú al catolicismo, 1532-1750, Lima, IFEA, 2003.Fontaine, L., L’économie morale: pauvreté, crédit et confiance dans l’Europe préindustrielle, Paris, Gallimard, 2008.Froeschlé-Chopard, M.-H., La Religion populaire en Provence orientale au XVIIIe siècle, Paris, Beauchesne, 1980.Glave, L. M., De rosa y espinas: economía, sociedad y mentalidades andinas, siglo XVII. Lima, IEP, BCRP, 1998.Godelier, M., L’énigme du don, Paris, Fayard, 1997.Goffman, E., Encounters: two studies in the sociology of interaction, MansfieldCentre, Martino publishing, 2013.Grosse, C., “La ‘religion populaire’. L’invention d’un nouvel horizon de l’altérité religieuse à l’époque moderne», en Prescendi, F. y Volokhine, Y (eds.), Dans le laboratoire de l’historien des religions. Mélanges offerts à Philippe Borgeaud, Genève, Labor et fides, 2011, pp. 104-122.Grosse, C., “Le ‘tournant culturel’ de l’histoire ‘religieuse’ et ‘ecclésiastique’», Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses, 26 (2013), pp. 75-94.Hall, S., “Cultural studies and its Theoretical Legacy”, en Grossberg, L., Nelson, C. y Treichler, P. 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RESUMENEste artículo propone un recorrido a través de la figura del pensador de la Baja Edad Media a la Ilustración. Publicada en 1621, la Anatomía de la melancolía de Robert Burton dibuja la imagen del filósofo nuevo, opuesto a los desvergonzados filosofastros que daban título a la comedia de 1615. Demócrito Júnior supone la confirmación de la nueva figura intelectual que ha dejado atrás al clerc de la Baja Edad Media: el humanista del Renacimiento que, gracias a la rehabilitación llevadaa cabo por Marsilio Ficino del mal de la bilis negra, confiesa con orgullo su carácter melancólico, propio del genio fuera de lo común. Su sucesor, el philosophe del siglo XVIII ya no necesita acudir a la afección atrabiliaria para postularse como el guía que ha de conducir y domesticar al pueblo.PALABRAS CLAVE: melancolía, filosofastros, época moderna, philosophe, pueblo.ABSTRACTThis article proposes a journey through the figure of the thinker from the late Middle Ages to the Enlightenment. Published in 1621, Robert Burton’s Anatomy of Melancholy depicts the image of the new philosopher as opposed to those shameless philosophasters, to which the title of his 1615 comedy refers. Democritus Junior embodies the confirmation of the new intellectual figure that has abandoned the clerc of the late Middle Ages: that Renaissance humanist who, thanks to Marsilio Ficino’s rehabilitation of the malady of the black bile, proudly confesses his melancholiccharacter, typical of extraordinary geniuses. His successor, the 18th century philosophe, no longer needs to resort to bad-tempered humour in order to present himself as the guide destined to direct and domesticate common people.KEY WORDS: melancholy, philosophasters, early modern period, philosophe, common people.BIBLIOGRAFÍAAgamben, G., Stanze. 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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>* </span><span>A previous versions of this article was published in C. James Newlan’s journal, T</span><span>HE </span><span>S</span><span>OCIAL </span><span>C</span><span>RITIC</span><span>, </span><span>as Ellis Washington, </span><span>Excluding the Exclusionary Rule</span><span>, 3 T</span><span>HE </span><span>S</span><span>OC</span><span>. C</span><span>RITIC </span><span>(1998), and in E</span><span>LLIS </span><span>W</span><span>ASHINGTON</span><span>, T</span><span>HE </span><span>I</span><span>NSEPARABILITY OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND </span><span>M</span><span>ORALITY</span><span>: T</span><span>HE </span><span>C</span><span>ONSTITUTION</span><span>, N</span><span>ATURAL </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND THE </span><span>R</span><span>ULE OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW </span><span>16-28 (2002) [</span><span>hereinafter </span><span>W</span><span>ASHINGTON</span><span>, I</span><span>NSEPARABILITY OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND </span><span>M</span><span>ORALITY</span><span>]. For a comprehensive legal and historical analysis regarding the integration of the rule of law, jurispru- dence, and society in modern times, </span><span>see generally </span><span>Ellis Washington, </span><span>Reply to Judge Richard A. Posner on the Inseparability of Law and Morality</span><span>, 3 R</span><span>UTGERS </span><span>J. L. &amp; R</span><span>ELIG</span><span>. 1 (2001-2002); </span><span>The Nuremberg Trials: The Death of the Rule of Law </span><span>(In International Law), 49 L</span><span>OY</span><span>. L. R</span><span>EV</span><span>. 471-518 (2003). </span></p><p><span>** </span><span>Ellis Washington, DePauw University; B.A. 1983, University of Michigan; M.M. 1986, John Marshall Law School; J.D. 1994. The author an editor at the U</span><span>NIVERSITY OF </span><span>M</span><span>ICHIGAN </span><span>L</span><span>AW </span><span>R</span><span>EVIEW </span><span>and a law clerk for the Rutherford Institute. He was a faculty member at Davenport University and member of the Board of Visitors at Ave Maria School of Law. Currently, Mr. Washington is a freelance writer and lecturer at high schools, universities, and law schools throughout America specializing in the history of law, legal and political philosophy, jurisprudence, constitutional law, critical race theory, and legal feminist theory. He also teaches composition at Lansing Community College. In addition to numerous articles, he has published three books: T</span><span>HE </span><span>D</span><span>EVIL IS IN THE </span><span>D</span><span>ETAILS</span><span>: E</span><span>SSAYS ON </span><span>L</span><span>AW</span><span>, R</span><span>ACE</span><span>, P</span><span>OLITICS AND </span><span>R</span><span>ELIGION </span><span>(1999); B</span><span>EYOND </span><span>T</span><span>HE </span><span>V</span><span>EIL</span><span>: E</span><span>SSAYS IN THE </span><span>D</span><span>IALECTICAL </span><span>S</span><span>TYLE OF </span><span>S</span><span>OCRATES </span><span>(2000, 2004); T</span><span>HE </span><span>I</span><span>NSEPRABILITY OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND </span><span>M</span><span>ORALITY</span><span>: T</span><span>HE </span><span>C</span><span>ONSTITUTION</span><span>, N</span><span>ATURAL </span><span>L</span><span>AW AND THE </span><span>R</span><span>ULE OF </span><span>L</span><span>AW </span><span>(2002). His article, </span><span>The Nuremberg Trials: The Death of the Rule of Law (In International Law)</span><span>, 49 L</span><span>OY</span><span>. L. R</span><span>EV</span><span>. 471-518 (2003), has received both national and international recognition and has been accepted into many prestigious archives and collections including–Chambers Library of the Supreme Court of the United States, State Museum of Auschwitz-Birkenau, The Simon Wiesenthal Center, The U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, The Elie Wiesel Foundation for Humanity. </span></p><p><span>*Exceeding gratitude to my friend, attorney Che Ali Karega (a.k.a. “Machiavelli”) for his antagonism, advice, ideas, source materials, and inspiration. To Arthur LaBrew, musicologist and historian, founder Michigan Music Research Center (Detroit), for his prescient comments and attention to detail on earlier drafts of the Article. To C. James Newlan, publisher of the Journal, T</span><span>HE </span><span>S</span><span>OCIAL </span><span>C</span><span>RITIC</span><span>, for being my friend, my first publisher, an intellectual, a visionary, and the first person to believe that I had ideas worthy to be published and read. </span></p></div></div></div>

<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Today when online satellite images are just a click away, access to geographic information showing the latest images of the globe has dramatically expanded, and historico-geographic research based on such information is flourishing. However, in the study of Chinese history, historical research employing GIS or similar technologies is still in its infancy, since “historical” geographic information with a high degree of precision are lacking. From within the ambit of Chinese geographic information, this report specifically highlights aerial surveys effected during the Republic of China era. To start, we review the history of domestic aerial surveys during R. O. C. period. Then, focusing on Nanjing as an example, we proceed to introduce maps that were actually created based on aerial surveys.</p><p>Chinese aerial surveys date back to around 1930. At the Nationalist Party’s General Assembly in 1929, partisans proposed for the need for aerial surveys. In 1930, the “Aerial Photography and Survey Research Team” was formed within the General Land Survey Department at General Staff Headquarters (National Army of the Republic of China). Consequently, foreign technicians were invited to provide relevant education/training. In June 1931, China’s pioneer initiative in aerial photography took place in Zhejiang province. The aim of aerial surveys in those early days was to create maps for military purposes. Between 1932 and 1939, topographic maps of fortifications located in areas such as the Jiangnan district were prepared. Further, starting from around the same period until the Sino-Japanese War, land registry maps based on aerial surveys were also produced. After the Sino-Japanese War ended, the above-mentioned directorate handed over responsibility for aerial surveys to the Naval General Staff. However, in 1949 the Chinese Communist Party confiscated the maps theretofore produced.</p><p>Although the aerial photographs and the geographic information produced therefrom during the R. O. C. era were seized by the People’s Republic of China, in actuality, some had previously been transferred to Taiwan. The topographic maps of the Nanjing metropolitan area (一萬分一南京城廂附近圖), based on aerial surveys and drawn in 1932, are currently archived at Academia Historica in Taipei. Comprising a total of 16 sheets, these maps were drawn on a scale of 1:10,000 by the General Land Survey Department.</p><p>Similarly, other maps (各省分幅地形圖) produced by the General Land Survey Department, comprising a total of 56 sheets and partly detailing Nanjing, are now in the possession of Academia Sinica in Taipei. There was no information about photographing or making in these maps. But almost the same maps were archived at Library of Congress in Washington D. C. According to those maps at LC, based on aerial photographs taken and surveys conducted in 1933, these topographic maps (1:10,000 scale) were completed in 1936.</p><p>The examples introduced above are topographic maps based on aerial photography. However, starting in 1937, land registry maps were also created. Detailing the outskirts of Nanjing (1:1,000 scale) and comprising a total of 121 sheets, they are now archived at Academia Historica. While the land registry maps were produced in 1937, supplementary surveys were effected following the Sino-Japanese War in 1947.</p><p>Since the geographic information based on aerial surveys during the R. O. C. era in China were precise, they can serve as a source of manifold information. This report only delved into information developed by the Government of the R. O. C., but it is becoming evident that U. S. Armed Forces and Japan also produced geographic information of their own based on aerial surveys. If the comprehensive panorama captured by all three protagonists can be illuminated, further advances in Chinese historico-geographic studies employing geographic information will be forthcoming.</p>

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Robert Ousterhout, the author of a magnificent book “Eastern Medieval Architecture. The Building Traditions of Bizantium and Neighboring Lands”, published by Oxford University Press in 2019, the remarkable scholar and generous friend, was so kind to mention in his C. V. on the sight of Penn University (Philadelphia, USA) that he had been the Visiting professor of the Moscow architectural Institute (State Academy), as well as simulteniously of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, but he did not say that he had been awarded the degree of professor honoris causa by the academic council of MARHI. Unfortunately, his life in muscovite hostel, nevertheless we tried to do our best to provide the best possible accommodation in a “suit” with two rooms with a bathroom, had been radically different from the wonderful dwelling chosen for the visiting teaching stuff from MARHI in the University of Illinois. And Robert called our hostel “Gulag”. He had been joking probably. It is impossible to overestimate the role of professor Robert Ousterhaut in the studies of the history of Byzantine art. At the present day he is the leader in the world studies of the architecture of Byzantium, the real heir of the great Rihard Krauthaimer and Slobodan Curcic, whom he had left behind in his works. His books are known very well in Russia. R. Ousterhaut graduated in the history of art and architecture at the University of Oregon, the Institute of European Studies in Vienna, Universities of Cincinati and Illinois. Не worked at the department of history of art at the University of Oregon, department of history of architecture at the University of Illinois, had the chair of the history of architecture and preservation at the University of Illinois, which is considered, as we know, one of the twenty best American universities. He always worked hard and with success. When I had finished reading my course of the history of Russian architecture at Illinois, he said: “Yes, next term the students are to be treated well…” Now he is professor emeritus of the history of art in the famous Penn University. He taught the courses of the “History of architecture from Prehistory to 1400” and “Eastern medieval architecture” as well as led remarkable seminars devoted to the different problem of the history of architecture of the Eastern Meditarenian, including the art of Constantinopole, Cappadoce, meaning and identity in medieval art. His remarkable 4-years field work at Cappadoce, which he described in several books, and his efforts of the preservation of the architectural monuments of Constantinopole are very valuable, Among his books one certainly must cite Holy Apostels: Lost Monument and Forgotten Project, (Washingtone, D. C., 2020); Visualizing Community: Art Material Culture, and Settlement in Byzantine Cappadocia, Dumbarton Oaks Studies 46 (Washington, D. C., 2017); Carie Camii (Istambul, 2011); Architecture of the Sacred: Space, Ritual, and Experience from Classical Greece to Byzantium (Cambridge University Press, 2012), ed. with Bonna D. Wescoat; Palmyra 1885: The Wolfe Expedition and the Photographs of John Henry Haynes, with B. Anderson (Istanbul: Cornucopia, 2016) John Henry Haynes: Archaeologist and Photographer in the Ottoman Empire 1881–1900 (2nd revised edition, Istanbul: Cornucopia, 2016). Several of his books were reprinted. He edited Approaches to Architecture and Its Decoration: Festschrift for Slobodan Ćurčić (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2012), with M. Johnson and A. Papalexandrou. His outstanding book Мaster Builders of Byzantium (2nd paperback edition, University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications, 2008) was translated into Russian and Turkish. In this work Robert Ousterhaut for the first time in English speaking tradition is regarding the architecture of Bazantium from the point of view of building art and technology. On the base of the analysis of primary written sources, contemporary archeology data, and careful study of existing monuments the author concludes that the Byzantine architecture was not only exploiting the traditions, but was trying to find new ways of the development of typology and construction techniques, which led to transformation of artistique features. Professor R. Ousterhaut discusses the choice of building materials, structure from foundations to vaults, theoretical problems which solved the master masons of Byzantium. In his recent book Eastern Medieval Architecture: The Building Traditions of Byzantium and Neighboring Lands, (Oxford University Press, 2019) Robert Ousterhaut is going further. He writes in the introduction: “I succeded my mentor at the University of Illinois… I had the privilege and challenge of teaching “Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture” to generations of the architecture students inspired my 1999 book, Master Builders of Byzantium. The work of Robert Ousterhaut, published 2019, is the new and full interpretation of the architectural heritage of Byzantine Commonwealth. The author devoted the first part of his book to Late Antiquity (3–7 centuries), beginning with the relations of Domus Ecclesiastae and Church Basilica, then speaking of Konstantinopole and Jerusalem of the times of St. Constantine the Great, liturgy, inspiration, commemoration and pilgrimage, adoration of relics as ritual factors which influenced the formation of sacred space, methods and materials, chosen by the Bizantine builders with their interaction of the mentality of the East and West. Special attention is given to dwelling, urban planning and fortification Naturally a chapter is devoted to Hagia Sophia and the building programs of Emperor Justinian. The second part speaks of the transition to what is called Middle Byzantine architecture both in the capital and at the edges of the Empire. The third part tells the story of the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries and includes the rise of the monasteries, once more secular and urban architecture, the craft of church builders. Churches of Greece and Macedonia, Anatolia, Armenia and Georgia, as well as of the West of Byzantium – Venice, Southern Italy and Sicily. The chapter is devoted to Slavonic Balkans – Bulgaria and Serbia and Kievan Rus. The last fourth part of the book describes the times of the Latin Empire, difficult for Byzantium, to the novelty of the architecture of Palewologos and the development of Byzantine ideas in the Balkans and especially in the building programs of the great powers of the epoch Ottoman Empire and Russia. There is a lot more to say about the book of professor Robert Ousterhaut, but we have to leave this to the next issue of this magazine, and better give the space to the words of the author – his text on the architecture of Kievan Rus.