Journal articles on the topic 'Male rape victims'
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Javaid, Aliraza. "Masculinities, sexualities and identities: Understanding HIV positive and HIV negative male rape victims." International Sociology 32, no. 3 (March 18, 2017): 323–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268580917696387.
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This empirical article focuses on how HIV intersects with male rape, and how the virus challenges and weakens male rape victims’ sense of masculinity. Drawing on hegemonic masculinity to elucidate the different ways in which men as victims of rape cope with their disease, the article argues that male victims handle the effects of rape themselves to keep their masculinity intact. Drawing on interviews with HIV positive and non-HIV positive male rape victims ( N = 15), it is argued that male victims of rape not only often struggle to manage their HIV status in a social sphere, but also may suffer contradictions in relation to embodying hegemonic masculinity. In addition to such struggles, male rape victims sometimes attract victim blaming attitudes, such as ‘he asked for it’, indicating that male rape victims are blamed for both contracting HIV and for being raped. HIV positive and non-HIV positive male rape victims question their masculinity while stigma develops through social relations with other people, particularly other men. Male rape myths are present in western society. This article seeks to open up a dialogue surrounding the salient issues associated with male rape, including HIV and male rape myths, while attempting to eliminate such harmful myths. It is important to tackle male rape myths because they can contribute to the underreporting of male rape and can compound male rape victims’ reluctance to seek help for their HIV, emotional and psychological suffering.
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Dhaka, Poonam, Elsche Magdalena Kalola, and Sanmari Steenkamp. "Attitudes toward rape victims among University of Namibia students." Journal for Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (August 21, 2020): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32642/.v8i2.1515.
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A common misunderstanding about rape is that the perpetrator is driven by a sexual desire motivated by the victim’s seductive dressing or behaviour. The damaging impact of rape on the victim not only affects the victim’s emotional, psychological and physical state, but its ripple effects impact the larger systems of families, friends and life partners. The literature on studies of attitudes toward rape shows that there is an overall negative attitude towards rape victims leading to discrimination, stigma and, consequently, under-reporting of rape. The main focus of the present study was to investigate university students’ attitude toward rape victims. Furthermore, the study sought to explore gender differences in acceptance of rape victims. A convenience sampling technique was used to draw a sample of 131 students between the ages of 19-38 years. The sociodemographic questionnaire and Attitudes Towards Rape Victims Scale (ATRVS) were self-administered to collect quantitative data and descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. The results indicate that male students have significantly higher unfavourable attitudes towards rape victims in comparison to females. Most of the rape victims are judged by what they wear and their location. However, both genders showed an acceptance of rape victims, even though a small number of males indicated “mildly disagree” on the scale. To be effective at reducing victimization, results strongly suggest rape awareness programs and interventions targeting society’s attitude and ways of dealing with a victim. Without community involvement and change in societal attitudes toward rape, legal policies will remain ineffective.
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Javaid, Aliraza. "Making the invisible visible: (un)meeting male rape victims’ needs in the third sector." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-08-2016-0248.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore whether the voluntary sector meets male rape victims’ needs in England, UK. The author’s contribution represents an attempt to piece together some of the voluntary sector’s responses to male rape victims in England, UK and examine whether they meet male rape victims’ needs. Design/methodology/approach The author draws on data collected from semi-structured interviews and qualitative questionnaires with male rape counsellors, therapists and voluntary agency caseworkers (n=70). Findings The findings reveal nuanced themes that have been overlooked in the existing literature of male rape: first, male rape victims are not given a choice of their voluntary agency practitioner (regarding gender) to serve them; second, there is no specific training on male rape in voluntary agencies; third, the impact of limited resources and funding in the voluntary sector means that many male rape victims’ needs are unmet; and finally, there is ageism and discrimination in some voluntary agencies, whereby male rape victims are prioritised in terms of their age. Research limitations/implications Methodologically, the author’s sample size was not considerably large (n=70), making it difficult to generalise the findings to all voluntary agency practitioners in a British context. Practical implications At a time of scarce funding and scant resources for the third sector, the impact of limited resources and funding in the voluntary sector could mean that male rape victims may not receive proper care and treatment. Budget cuts in the third sector are problematic, in that voluntary agencies may be unable to get access to robust training programs for male rape or to resources that can help shape and develop the ways in which they serve male rape victims. The needs of male rape victims, therefore, are unlikely to be met at the local, regional and national levels. Social implications Some practitioners are misinformed about male rape and do not have the tools to be able to adequately and efficiently handle male rape victims. Not only can their lack of understanding of male rape worsen male rape victims’ trauma through inappropriate ways of handling them, but also the practitioners may implicitly reinforce male rape myths, such as “male rape is solely a homosexual issue” or “men cannot be raped”. Originality/value Whilst previous contributions have recognised the third sector’s responses to female rape victims, little work has been done to identify their treatment of male rape victims. The author attempts to fill some of this lacuna. In particular, The author draws attention to some of the issues and dilemmas that arise when voluntary agencies provide services for male victims of rape. The author’s concern is that many male rape victims’ needs may be neglected or ignored because of the rise in neoliberalism, as there appears to be a financial meltdown in the voluntary sector.
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Brooksbank, D. J. "Male rape: Support for victims." BMJ 307, no. 6899 (July 31, 1993): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6899.323-a.
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Ellis, Colin Derek. "Male Rape – The Silent Victims." Collegian 9, no. 4 (January 2002): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1322-7696(08)60432-1.
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Brookings, Jeffrey B., Alan W. McEvoy, and Mark Reed. "Sexual Assault Recovery and Male Significant Others." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, no. 5 (May 1994): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500512.
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A questionnaire addressing rape crisis services for male significant others (MSOs) of rape victims (i.e., husbands, fathers, brothers, close male friends) was mailed to the directors of all 700 rape-prevention and -treatment programs in the United States. Completed questionnaires were received from 411 programs, including 162 that were identified specifically as full-service rape crisis centers. Although 97% of the center directors responded that services for MSOs facilitate victim recovery, few centers offered services to males other than referral or short-term crisis counseling. Furthermore, 85% of the directors acknowledged that males were reluctant to use these services. The authors offer strategies for involving men in the recovery process with the assistance of rape crisis centers, including groups for secondary victims and staffing and referral considerations.
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Christiansen, Dorte, Rikke Bak, and Ask Elklit. "Secondary Victims of Rape." Violence and Victims 27, no. 2 (2012): 246–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.2.246.
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Rape is often a very traumatic experience, which affects not only the primary victim (PV) but also his/her significant others. Studies on secondary victims of rape are few and have almost exclusively studied male partners of female rape victims. This study examined the impact of rape on 107 secondary victims, including family members, partners, and friends of male and female rape victims. We found that many respondents found it difficult to support the PV and that their relationship with the PV was often affected by the assault. Furthermore, the sample showed significant levels of traumatization, and it was estimated that approximately one quarter of the respondents suffered from posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD). Degree of traumatization was associated with a more recent assault, higher efforts to support the PV, recurrent thoughts about having been able to prevent the assault, a lack of social support for the respondent, and feeling let down by others. The respondents were generally interested in friend-, family-, and partner-focused interventions, particularly in receiving education about how best to support a rape victim.
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Javaid, Aliraza. "Male Rape Myths: Understanding and Explaining Social Attitudes Surrounding Male Rape." Masculinities & Social Change 4, no. 3 (October 21, 2015): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/mcs.2015.1579.
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<p>This paper provides a critical review of the literature surrounding male rape, aimed at exploring how male rape myths shape society’s responses and attitudes to male victims of rape and integrates the literature from a theory driven perspective. In doing so, this theoretical paper reveals information relating to the barriers to recognition of male rape. These barriers are male rape myths that prevent male rape victims from coming forward and seeking the support that they merit. There has been a lack of research on male rape myths, although some research has documented such myths to be present in practice. These myths could be harmful because they may influence societies’ opinions of male rape victims, so this could affect the treatment and responses toward such victims. To understand and explain such myths so some attempt can be made at eradicating them, this paper will explore common male rape myths that seem to be prevalent in Western society. This paper will examine male rape myths in the areas of media, incarcerated settings, and the wider community, focusing on England and Wales, UK. This is important to do to recognise which myths are harmful and are facilitating the under-reporting of male rape. This paper will help raise awareness of male rape myths and not only attempt to tackle them, but also encourage male rape victims to come forward to report and seek the help that they merit. It will also address the gaps in the literature and areas ripe for research, so further empirical research can be conducted on male rape, highlighting ideas for future research and providing guidance in areas most needed in research on male rape. </p>
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Javaid, Aliraza. "Theorising vulnerability and male sexual victimisation." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 51, no. 3 (August 4, 2017): 454–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865817723955.
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This UK study is about perceptions and constructions of male rape among police officers and agency practitioners. This paper seeks to particularly understand and explain the relationship between vulnerability and male sexual victimisation in the UK. It employs gender and sexualities frameworks to elucidate the connection between vulnerability and male rape, offering primary data (N = 70). The data consist of police officers and voluntary agency practitioners. I aim to make sense of male rape discourse through the participants’ voices since they intimately serve male rape victims/offenders on a one-to-one basis. Because of the lack of male rape research specifically looking at this nuanced area that I seek to explore, this paper will attempt to open up a dialogue regarding male rape not only in an academic context but also in a policy and practice context. This paper also offers suggestions for policy and practice to better deal with male rape victims and to tackle gender inequality and injustice both in a social and criminal justice context. Ultimately, I argue that male rape is often mistakenly considered as a ‘homosexual issue’, so gay and bisexual men who have been raped are regarded as unmasculine or, in other words, not ‘real’ men. Myths and misconceptions of male rape have serious implications for the way societies, the criminal justice system and the voluntary sector view and treat these victims.
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Pittman, Jacqueline Pittman. "Constructing Race and Gender in Modern Rape Law: The Abandoned Category of Black Female Victims." Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, no. 30.1 (2023): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.36641/mjgl.30.1.constructing.
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Despite the successes of the 1960s Anti-Rape Movement, modern state rape statutes continue to prioritize white male perspectives and perceptions of race, ultimately ignoring the intersectional identity of Black women and leaving these victims without legal protection. This Note examines rape law’s history of allocating agency along gendered and racialized lines through statutory construction and other discursive techniques. Such legal constructions both uphold and cultivate the white victim/Black assailant rape dyad primarily by making the Black male the “ultimate” and most feared assailant. Rape law’s adherence to a white baseline sustains stereotypes of Black men as criminals and predators, which ultimately relegates Black women to a category of lesser and undeserving victims. Re-focusing rape reform and feminist movements on Black female experiences, as well as a rhetorical restructuring of rape laws, can improve rape law uniformity and remove white normativity standards. A departure from the current rhetorical and realized white baseline can eliminate rape law’s delineations of femininity that silence women of color.
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Jamel, Joanna. "Researching the Provision of Service to Rape Victims by Specially Trained Police Officers: The Influence of Gender––An Exploratory Study." New Criminal Law Review 13, no. 4 (2010): 688–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2010.13.4.688.
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The current study of the specialist police response to male rape survivors focused on Sexual Offenses Investigative Technique (SOIT) officers to explore whether a differential level of service is influenced by an officer's and/or victim's gender. Data on both police and male and female rape survivors were comparatively analyzed using the qualitative method of thematic analysis. Key issues that emerged included: (1) Rape victims reported a lack of confidence in the judicial system; this was more apparent in male survivors' responses and was one of the factors that informed their decision whether or not to report their victimization. (2) Both male and female rape victims demonstrate a gender preference for female SOIT officers, which reinforces the historical approach within the police force to encourage females to apply for such positions. Tis practice suggests a reliance on gender stereotypes as heuristics to assess the likelihood of the empathy and sensitivity of the SOIT officer's response. (3) Finally, few male rape victims reported their victimization, and those who did frequently experienced a gendered response that was often negative and could delay their recovery process. Recommendations are also made regarding best practice in SOIT officer training.
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Weare, Siobhan. "‘Oh you're a guy, how could you be raped by a woman, that makes no sense’: towards a case for legally recognising and labelling ‘forced-to-penetrate’ cases as rape." International Journal of Law in Context 14, no. 01 (May 18, 2017): 110–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552317000179.
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AbstractThe existing legal definition of rape in England and Wales is gendered, only recognising men as offenders. The law also only recognises as victims of rape those who are penetrated by a penis, either vaginally, anally or orally. This therefore excludes the female perpetrator–male victim paradigm, and more specifically those cases where male victims are ‘forced to penetrate’ female perpetrators. This paper argues that consideration needs to be given to legally recognising and thus labelling forced-to-penetrate cases as rape. Applying a methodology that draws upon the lived experiences of male victims, it is argued that there are significant similarities between compelled-penetration cases and those cases legally recognised as rape, not only because they both involve non-consensual penile penetration, but because there are clear similarities in the aggressive strategies used by perpetrators and the subsequent harms experienced by victims.
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Tetreault, Patricia A., and Mark A. Barnett. "Reactions to Stranger and Acquaintance Rape." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 3 (September 1987): 353–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00909.x.
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The purpose of the present study was to investigate females' and males' reactions to a woman who presumably had been raped by a stranger or an acquaintance. Eighty undergraduates, 40 women and 40 men, read one of two rape descriptions prior to watching a videotape of the woman who (they were led to believe) had been the victim of the rape. Female and male subjects were found to have markedly different reactions to stranger and acquaintance rape and rape victims.
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Gotovac, Sandra, and Shelagh Towson. "Perceptions of Sexual Assault Victims/Survivors: The Influence of Sexual History and Body Weight." Violence and Victims 30, no. 1 (2015): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00168.
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The intersection between a woman’s body weight and sexual history and the victim blaming attitudes of future health care providers was investigated. University undergraduate students (N = 91) enrolled in programs associated with the provision of health care read 1 of 4 patient files of a woman reporting a rape as well as 2 distracter files. Results showed that, for overweight rape victims/survivors, study participants’ antifat attitudes were correlated with victim blaming attitudes. Male participants held the attacker significantly less responsible than did female participants if the victim/survivor had several previous sexual partners. Findings suggest that body weight should be considered as a contributing factor in attitudes toward rape victims/survivors, and the gender of the health care provider can be a factor in the post-assault treatment of overweight rape victims/survivors.
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Javaid, Aliraza. "The invisible, the alien and the marginal: Social and cultural constructions of male rape in voluntary agencies." International Review of Victimology 25, no. 1 (December 3, 2017): 107–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269758017745614.
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Drawing on a Foucauldian approach and on interview data including male rape counsellors, therapists and voluntary agency caseworkers ( N=70), the author attempts to make sense of the different ways in which male rape is constructed in order to better understand how it is considered and responded to in current English society. The qualitative data herein, which were collected through semi-structured interviews and qualitative questionnaires, are theoretically and conceptually informed. The author argues that male rape is socially and culturally constructed in voluntary agencies in England and shaped by discourse, power and knowledge. For example, discourse on male rape is constructed and reconstructed through social and power relations, and through social interactions between voluntary agency practitioners and male rape victims, accompanied by the attendant social structures and social practices. The implication of these arguments is that the voluntary agency practitioners think about and respond to male rape victims in an inconsistent, unpredictable and variable way, meaning that the practitioners are reliant on different discourses and cultural myths about male rape when providing support and services for male rape victims.
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Reitz-Krueger, Cristina L., Sadie J. Mummert, and Sara M. Troupe. "Real men can't get raped: an examination of gendered rape myths and sexual assault among undergraduates." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 9, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-06-2017-0303.
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Purpose While awareness of sexual assaults on college campuses has increased, the majority of efforts to address it are focused on female victims. The relative neglect of male victims may be due in part to problematic rape myths that suggest men cannot be sexually assaulted, especially by women. The purpose of this paper is to compare rates of different types of sexual assault between male and female undergraduates, and explore the relationship between acceptance of traditional rape myths focused on female victims, and rape myths surrounding male victims. Design/methodology/approach Students at a mid-sized university in Pennsylvania (n=526) answered an online questionnaire about their own experiences of sexual assault since coming to college, as well as their endorsement of male and female rape myths. Findings While women experienced more sexual assault overall, men were just as likely to have experienced rape (i.e. forced penetration) or attempted rape. Acceptance of male and female rape myths was significantly correlated and men were more likely than women to endorse both. Participants were also more likely to endorse female than male rape myths. Research limitations/implications By analyzing sexual assaults in terms of distinct behaviors instead of one composite score, the authors can get a more nuanced picture of how men and women experience assault. Practical implications Campus-based efforts to address sexual assault need to be aware that male students also experience assault and that myths surrounding men as victims may impede their ability to access services. Originality/value This paper contributes to our knowledge of a relatively understudied topic: undergraduate male victims of sexual assault.
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Huckle, P. L. "Male Rape Victims Referred to a Forensic Psychiatric Service." Medicine, Science and the Law 35, no. 3 (July 1995): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580249503500302.
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A series of male victims of rape are presented who were identified following referral to a Forensic Psychiatric Service. In addition to being victims they were also offenders in their own right. The 22 male rape victims represent 12.5 per cent of male referrals to the service over a six-month period.
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Thomas, John C., and Jonathan Kopel. "Male Victims of Sexual Assault: A Review of the Literature." Behavioral Sciences 13, no. 4 (April 3, 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs13040304.
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Compared to female rape victims, the literature addressing male rape victims remains a growing area of interest for counselors and scholars. This article aims to review the growing literature on male sexual assault victims. Specifically, the review will examine the literature on male victims of sexual assault in nine sections: (a) an overview of male sexual assault, (b) male rape myths, (c) prevalence, (d) responses to male victimization, (e) populations and perpetrators of male victimization, (f) risk factors, (g) reporting, (h) the impact of sexual assault on men, (i) help-seeking, and (j) implications for counseling. Empirical studies, case reports, and books are included in the review.
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Depraetere, Joke, Christophe Vandeviver, Tom Vander Beken, and Ines Keygnaert. "Big Boys Don’t Cry: A Critical Interpretive Synthesis of Male Sexual Victimization." Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 21, no. 5 (December 16, 2018): 991–1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838018816979.
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Sexual victimization is typically presented as a gender-based problem involving a female victim and a male offender. Science, policy, and society focus on female victims at the expense of male victims. Male sexual victimization is thus understudied compared with female sexual victimization. By performing a critical interpretive synthesis of research papers, policy documents, and gray literature ( N = 67) published in four electronic databases from January 2000 through September 2017, this article establishes the prevalence of male sexual victims and the causes that underlie the underrepresentation of this group in existing research and current policy. The prevalence rates of male sexual victims vary considerably, with up to 65% of men reporting sexual victimization. The underrepresentation of male victims was found to be rooted in prevailing gender roles and accepted sexual scripts in society, together with rape myths and stereotypical rape scripts. The former prescribes men as the dominant and sexually active gender. The latter denies male sexual victimization and frames women as “ideal victims.” Combined, these prevailing societal perceptions of men, male sexuality, and sexual victimization prevent men from self-identifying as victims and inhibit them from seeking help to cope with the adverse consequences of sexual victimization. Addressing the gender differences in sexual victimization requires societal and political changes that challenge prevailing stereotypical perceptions of sexual victims. Such changes could result in improved support services for male sexual victims.
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Coxell, Adrian W., and Michael B. King. "Male victims of rape and sexual abuse." Sexual and Marital Therapy 11, no. 3 (August 1996): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02674659608404443.
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Javaid, Aliraza. "The Unknown Victims: Hegemonic Masculinity, Masculinities, and Male Sexual Victimisation." Sociological Research Online 22, no. 1 (February 2017): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.4155.
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This paper adopts the theoretical framework of hegemonic masculinity to elucidate and make sense of male sexual victimisation. Critically evaluating the empirical data, which comprises of police officers and practitioners in voluntary agencies (N = 70), that this paper offers, I argue that gender expectations, hegemonic masculinities and sexism prevail in societies, state and voluntary agencies. It has been found that, because male rape victims embody subordinate masculinities, they are marginalised as ‘abnormal’ and ‘deviant’. They are, in other words, classified as the ‘other’ for challenging and contradicting hegemonic masculinity, disrupting the gender order of men. Consequently, male sexual victimisation is not taken seriously in services, policy and practice, whilst the victims of this crime type are relegated in the gender hierarchy. As a result, male rape victims suffer a ‘masculinity crisis’ in the context of male rape. This paper attempts to open up a dialogue regarding male rape and male sexual assault, to challenge hegemonic masculinity, and to bring male rape ‘out of the closet’.
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Burczyk, Katherine, and Lionel Standing. "ATTITUDES TOWARDS RAPE VICTIMS: EFFECTS OF VICTIM STATUS, SEX OF VICTIM, AND SEX OF RATER." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 17, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1989.17.1.1.
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Attitudes towards rape victims were investigated as a function of the rater's sex, the rated individual's sex, and victim versus non-victim status. Student subjects (72 male, 72 female) were given a disguised questionnaire, and required to rate a profiled person (John' or `Carol on 12 evaluative traits (both positive and negative) using a 7-point scale, under male profile/female profile and victim/non-victim conditions. The subjects also rated themselves on 60 sex role traits, using the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Finally, they indicated briefly their perception of the major influence controlling the rated individual's life situation. The results showed three main trends: (1) a `sympathy effect' (i.e. more positive rating of the profiled person) occurred for female victims, with both male and female raters; (2) masculine and undifferentiated raters showed a sympathy effect whereas feminine and androgynous subjects did not; (3) victims were attributed an internal locus of causality significantly more often than were non-victims, especially by male raters.
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Katz, Jennifer, Samuel Colbert, and Liane Colangelo. "Effects of Group Status and Victim Sex on Female Bystanders’ Responses to a Potential Party Rape." Violence and Victims 30, no. 2 (2015): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-13-00099.
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This research examined bystander responses to 1 of 4 potential party rape scenarios. Undergraduate women (N = 249) imagined attending a party either alone or with three friends where a sober man led an intoxicated potential victim (either male or female) into a bedroom. After random assignment to conditions, participants reported on intent to help and barriers to helping the potential victim. In contrast to the classic bystander effect, bystanders in groups intended to offer more help than lone bystanders. Bystanders also intended to offer more help to potential female than male victims and experienced more barriers to helping male victims. Two of these barriers (lack of personal responsibility to help and identifying risk) explained the lower intentions to help potential male victims. Potential male victims were more likely than female victims to be perceived as gay, and bystanders reported the least intentions to help presumably gay men at risk.
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Ayala, Erin E., Brandy Kotary, and Maria Hetz. "Blame Attributions of Victims and Perpetrators: Effects of Victim Gender, Perpetrator Gender, and Relationship." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 1 (August 11, 2015): 94–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515599160.
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Although research has been conducted on rape myth acceptance (RMA) and other factors associated with attribution formation, researchers have not yet determined how the combination of such factors simultaneously affects levels of victim blame and perpetrator blame. The current investigation recruited 221 students from an all-women’s college to examine differences in blame attributions across RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender, and the relationship between the two parties (i.e., stranger vs. acquaintance). Results suggested that RMA, victim gender, and perpetrator gender account for a significant amount of variance in blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators. In sum, victim blame with female perpetrators was relatively consistent across levels of RMA, but increased substantially for male perpetrators as individuals endorsed higher levels of RMA. Perpetrator blame, however, was highest with male perpetrators when individuals endorsed low levels of RMA and lowest for male perpetrators when individuals endorsed relatively higher levels of RMA. Findings demonstrate the continued influence of RMA on blame attributions for both victims and perpetrators, and the stigma faced by male victims. More research is needed on the differing attributions of male and female victims and perpetrators, as well as differing attributions based on type of relationship. Such research will lead to a better and more thorough understanding of sexual assault and rape.
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Javaid, Aliraza. "‘Poison ivy’: Queer masculinities, sexualities, homophobia and sexual violence." European Journal of Criminology 15, no. 6 (April 5, 2018): 748–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370818764834.
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This paper critically engages with notions of sexualities and male rape, using the concepts of heteronormativity and the social construction of sexualities to make sense of male sexual victimization. It offers primary data, which were collected via qualitative interviews and qualitative questionnaires involving police officers and practitioners working in voluntary agencies ( N = 70). The theoretical framework of heteronormativity is used to elucidate the data, drawing on issues and notions of sexualities that shape the ways in which state and voluntary agencies perceive, respond to and deal with male victims of rape. The aim of this paper, then, is to explore how notions of sexualities affect British state and voluntary agencies’ understanding of male rape and their views of men as victims of rape. I argue that state and voluntary agencies see male rape solely as a homosexual issue. As a result, heterosexual male rape victims, in particular, fear that societies will see them as homosexuals potentially drawing in homophobic reactions, responses or appraisals from others because rape challenges men’s heterosexual identity and sense of self as a ‘real’ man. Owing to the myth that male rape is a homosexual issue, and owing to heteronormativity, rape between men is seen as ‘consensual’ because anal penetration is considered to be an activity for gay men. Thus, sexist, homophobic and disbelieving attitudes emerge.
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Resick, Patricia A. "Psychological Effects of Victimization: Implications for the Criminal Justice System." Crime & Delinquency 33, no. 4 (October 1987): 468–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128787033004004.
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The purposes of this article are to review research on psychological reactions to criminal victimization, to consider how victims might be affected by participation in the criminal justice system, and to offer some recommendations for the treatment of victims and their families within the criminal justice system. Over the past ten years there have been a series of studies conducted to examine the long-term effects of rape victims. Recently a study was conducted to compare the reactions of robbery victims with rape victims and to compare female and male robbery victims. This article will review the findings from these longitudinal studies with particular attention to victim reactions that may affect or be affected by participation in criminal prosecution.
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Giannini, A. James, William A. Price, and Janet L. Kniepple. "Decreased Interpretation of Nonverbal Cues in Rape Victims." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 16, no. 4 (December 1987): 389–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/v9vp-eege-xdkm-jkj4.
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The ability to receive nonverbal facial cues was tested in twelve female victims of multiple nonserial rapes and matched controls. Subjects attempted to interpret nonverbal messages transmitted by male and female senders who were covertly taped while involved in a gambling task. Rape victims had significantly decreased ability to interpret the nonverbal facial cues of both male and female senders.
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Daly, Kathleen, and Robyn L. Holder. "State Payments to Victims of Violent Crime: Discretion and Bias in Awards for Sexual Offences." British Journal of Criminology 59, no. 5 (March 31, 2019): 1099–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz008.
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Abstract State monetary schemes for victims of violent crime began in the 1960s and operate in 35 countries today, yet knowledge is lacking on who is applying, how decisions are reached, variation in awards and why amounts may differ. Analysing 291 sexual offence cases in Queensland, we ask whether awards differ by victim sex/gender and by societal constructs of ideal, real rape, and credible victims. We found that male child victims received higher awards than female child victims for more serious sexual offences and that awards to females aged 12 and older were affected by elements associated with real rape and credible victims. We call upon researchers and governments to pursue and expand this new area of research.
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Vrij, Aldert, and Agneta Fischer. "The Role of Displays of Emotions and Ethnicity in Judgments of Rape Victims." International Review of Victimology 4, no. 4 (January 1997): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026975809700400402.
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The present experiment investigated the impact of displays of emotions and ethnicity of a rape victim on impression formation of white male and female observers. It was expected that victims would be assessed more favourably when they behaved angrily, rather than sadly, and when they were white rather than black. Moreover, it was expected that female observers would assess victims more positively than male observers. In the present experiment 51 male and 49 female observers watched a videotape of a victim of rape (an actress) during a simulated police interview. The ethnicity of the victim (white vs. black) and the emotion displayed by the victim (sad vs angry) was systematically manipulated. Observers' interpretations of what had happened were investigated by means of a questionnaire. The findings supported hypotheses relating to display of emotions and gender of the participants but failed to support the hypothesis concerning ethnicity.
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Anderson, Michelle J. "Diminishing the Legal Impact of Negative Social Attitudes Toward Acquaintance Rape Victims." New Criminal Law Review 13, no. 4 (2010): 644–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2010.13.4.644.
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Rape law often condemns females who are not chaste and excuses males who act with sexual entitlement. Rape law has been a significant site for the valorization of female chastity and constraint, on the one hand, and male prowess and freedom, on the other. It continues to reflect the sexism of a culture resistant to ceding male control over sexuality. Legal reform of rape law over the past forty years has greatly helped those who experience stranger rape that includes violence extrinsic to the rape itself. However, this generation of reform did not sufficiently help those whose experiences are more common: those raped by acquaintances without extrinsic violence. To tackle this larger problem, the law must undergo another generation of renewal, one that works affirmatively to diminish the legal impact of negative social attitudes toward acquaintance rape victims. Tis article proposes a range of legal reforms to that end.
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Pascale, Melissa, and David Lester. "The Blame Attributed to Rape Victims." Psychological Reports 84, no. 3 (June 1999): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.84.3.880.
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Dewi, Anggita Riana, Yulistiyanti, and Katharina Rustipa. "Women Empowerment in Netflix Series Unbelievable." Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching 6, no. 1 (May 23, 2022): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v6i1.143.
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This research aims to reveal how Unbelievable portrays the differences between male and female detectives handling rape cases, to find out Duvall’s, the female detective, factors, and motivation in helping women victims, and to find out the values of women empowerment in Unbelievable. The research used qualitative method. Reader response, subjective criticism, and women empowerment were the bases theories used in the research. The data are sentences and conversations that show differences in treatment, mindset, factors and motivation, as well as the empowerment of the female main character. There are three results of this study; (1) three differences covering the victim treatment, investigation model, and the mindset between male and female detectives handling rape cases; sensitivity to the mental condition of the victim, clarity of providing investigative information, the efficiency of the investigation system, and assessment of the case and rape victims. (2) Duvall's factors and motivation include self-confidence, empathy, protestant work ethic, and Christian faith. (3) Duvall's success in bringing justice has given strength to victims and other values such as economic independence, freedom to get an education and career paths, balance roles at home and at work, are a reflection of women empowerment.
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McWhorter, Stephanie K., Valerie A. Stander, Lex L. Merrill, Cynthia J. Thomsen, and Joel S. Milner. "Reports of Rape Reperpetration by Newly Enlisted Male Navy Personnel." Violence and Victims 24, no. 2 (April 2009): 204–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.2.204.
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This study examined the frequency and characteristics of repeated attempted and completed rape (ACR) incidents reported by newly enlisted male navy personnel (N = 1,146) who participated in a longitudinal study during the transition from civilian to military life. Overall, 13% (n = 144) reported engaging in sexual behavior that approximates legal definitions of ACR since the age of 14. Among those men, most (71%) reperpetrated ACR incidents (M = 6.36, SD = 9.55). Demographic variables were unrelated to perpetration history. Regardless of time period, respondents reported perpetrating primarily completed rather than attempted rape, perpetrating multiple ACR incidents rather than a single incident, using substances to incapacitate victims more frequently than force, and knowing their victim rather than targeting a stranger in completed rape incidents.
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Javaid, Aliraza. "‘Walking on egg shells’." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 90, no. 3 (November 18, 2016): 228–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x16677357.
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The aim of this present work is to explore police officers’ experiences and views in respect of male rape. I critically examine the role of the police, and their experiences and perceptions of handling male rape cases. This study presents detailed, in-depth, and rich data from the police in England. The findings are generated from the police, male rape counsellors, male rape therapists and voluntary agency workers. The participants were interviewed and filled out qualitative questionnaires, which were kept anonymous. I ensured that those who were interviewed did not also fill out a questionnaire, as each method addresses issues in a different form. To inform the development of the semi-structured interview schedule and the qualitative questionnaires, I drew on Abdullah-Khan (2008) in order to shape the types of questions that I asked. Overall, this study gained a sample size of 70 participants. In this paper, I solely focus on state agencies’ responses and attitudes toward male rape. From the findings, five distinct themes emerged: (1) level of communications between officers and victims; (2) perpetuation of male rape myths and stereotypes by judges and juries; (3) lack of evidence in male rape cases; (4) attrition in male rape cases; and (5) issues of consent in male rape cases. There are serious concerns in terms of how the criminal justice system deals with male rape victims, resulting not only in poor treatment of the victims, but also increasing the attrition rate and decreasing the conviction rate in male rape cases. I attempt to tackle poor police practice herein.
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Gavin, Jeff, and Adrian J. Scott. "Attributions of victim responsibility in revenge pornography." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 11, no. 4 (October 3, 2019): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-03-2019-0408.
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Purpose Revenge pornography is a growing risk among adolescents and young adults. Often stemming from sexting, some victims of revenge pornography report experiencing victim-blame similar to that accompanying the reporting of rape. The purpose of this paper is to explore the assumptions that underlie attributions of victim-blame, with a focus on perpetrator and victim responsibility, as well as gendered assumptions surrounding sexting. Design/methodology/approach A total of 222 UK university students (111 male, 111 females) read one of two versions of a hypothetical revenge pornography scenario, one involving a male victim of a female perpetrator, the other a female victim of a male perpetrator. They then responded to an open-ended question regarding responsibility. Findings Qualitative content analysis of these responses identified three inter-related themes: the victim’s behaviour, mitigating victim responsibility and minimising the behaviour. Social implications The majority of participants in this study attributed at least some responsibility to the victims of revenge pornography depicted in the scenarios. Sex of the victim played a less important role than assumptions around sexting. Originality/value The study suggests that victim-blame is linked to the consent implied by sharing intimate images with a partner, but is also mitigated by the normative nature of this relationship practice. There was some evidence that the experience of male victims of revenge pornography is trivialised. These findings have implications for e-safety and victim support.
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Hirsch, Susan F. "Interpreting Media Representations of a “Night of Madness”: Law and Culture in the Construction of Rape Identities." Law & Social Inquiry 19, no. 04 (1994): 1023–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1994.tb00947.x.
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This article compares U.S. and Kenyan media representations of an incident at a Kenyan boarding school during which many young women were raped and several killed by their male schoolmates. The author's analysis of print media accounts reveals that how the press constructed the identities of “rapists” and “victims” relied on nationally specific stereotypes, myths, and scripts of rape and its relation to differences of culture, race, and rationality. U.S. accounts simultaneously explain the rapes by emphasizing difference and foreground legal constructions of rape identities that meat experiences of rape as essentially similar. The tension over difference and law in the U.S. accounts parallels the highly visible, though largely unproductive, debate among feminists pitting cultural relativism against legal universalism, and such dichotomized approaches preclude the development of politically useful conceptions of rape and rape identities. The analysis suggests that issues raised in the Kenyan press-the relation between sexual practices and rape and the state's role in furthering sexual violence-directed attention to complexities of rape and power elided by the m o w legal models pervasive in U. S . media and scholarly representations of rape. She concludes that fighting rape more effectively entails exposing limited representational practices and also attending to a broader range of understandings of rape and rape identities in various contexts
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Duff, Simon, and Amy Tostevin. "Effects of gender, rape myth acceptance, and perpetrator occupation on perceptions of rape." Journal of Criminal Psychology 5, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-12-2014-0019.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the impact of gender-stereotypical beliefs and associated factors (gender, level of rape myth acceptance (RMA), and occupation) on public attitudes towards rape victims with the aim of establishing whether participant and perpetrator characteristics have effects on individuals’ attitudes towards rape victims. With regards to participants, gender, age, occupation, and the extent to which an individual endorses rape myths were investigated. The authors also considered whether participants’ attitudes were influenced by the occupation of a rapist as described in a vignette looking at occupations deemed to be stereotypically male or female. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 185 individuals participated in the study and were randomly assigned to one of three conditions based on the rapist’s occupation (stereotypically male occupation, gender-neutral occupation or stereotypically female occupation). Participants completed an online survey consisting of a RMA questionnaire, read a short vignette depicting a rape scenario (where they were also informed of the perpetrator’s occupation) and completed a further questionnaire on their attitudes towards rape victims. Results were examined by regression. Findings – The results indicate that both participant occupation and level of RMA significantly contributed to attitudes towards rape victims, however, a statistically significant effect for rapist occupation was not found. Originality/value – Findings are discussed in terms of implications for individuals working within services supporting victims of rape and the potential consequences of holding stereotypical beliefs for rape victims and perpetrators. It is important that research identifies those factors that might bias decision making in the legal system and thus impact upon outcomes for victims and offenders.
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Sidra Samar, Dr. Uzma Ashiq Khan, and Aneeqa Razzaq. "ATTITUDE AND ACCEPTABILITY TOWARD VICTIMS OF SEXUAL ASSAULT." Journal of Arts & Social Sciences 10, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.46662/jass.v10i1.333.
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Abstract
The current research was designed to analyze the attitudes and beliefs of people regarding sexual assault. The study was conducted through a mixed-method approach in two phases. The first phase consisted of 12 interviews, whereas the second phase focused on the survey method involving 100 participants. Male and female students from public and private institutions were purposively selected for both phases. All participants were from various socio-economic backgrounds between the ages of 20 to 65 years. The interviews were taped, typed, and coded. The data gathered through interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Colleen Ward's Scale (Attitudes Toward Rape Victims) was used in phase two to measure the attitude toward rape victims of both sexes. The quantitative data was analyzed using ANOVA. The current study sought to investigate the victims of sexual assault in Pakistani society regarding attitudes, acceptance, and rape myths about them.
Keywords: Myths about rape, Sexual assault, Rape victims, The Attitudes toward Rape Victims Scale
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Alam, Md Tanvir, Ahmad Abbas, Iin Mutmainnah, and Sabrina Afrin Tonny. "Addressing the Legal Void: Ensuring Justice for Adult Male Rape Victims in Bangladesh." International Journal of Legal Information 51, no. 2 (2023): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jli.2023.20.
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AbstractThe objective of this study is to explore and determine the legal constraints related to adult male rape and the consequences as they exist in the Bangladeshi criminal justice system. Primary and secondary data sources for the study were derived from the narratives of adult male rape survivors, blood relatives of rape survivors, police officers, and legal practitioners. A snowball sampling technique was applied. The study reveals that there is an absence of a police-support response to adult male rape victims, which is attributable to the lack of a gender-neutral definition of rape. This legal definition vacuum diverts complainants to a range of other futile options, such as submitting a general diary and/or adjacent complaints and seeking assistance from other law enforcement agencies. Finally, this study demonstrates that the landscape of the Bangladeshi criminal justice system is likely to remain unchanged until its legal foundation is better developed.
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Novakovic, Milan. "Types of rape victimization." Medical review 60, no. 5-6 (2007): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0706277n.
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Introduction: Behavior of rape victims is an enigma associated with the following phenomena: poverty, transition, legal weaknesses, and unintegrated mental health network. The aim of the study was to investigate rape victimization in relation to anomie, stress and postwar transition-related weaknesses in B&H in the period 1996-2005; and perform a personal analysis of rape victims. Material and methods: The experimental group consisted of rape victims receiving psychiatric treatment: non-violent victimization (n=125). It included random female victims with mental diseases: victimization by abuse of power and unclear victimization. The control group consisted of violent victimization victims (n=125, females). This was a multicentric, longitudinal, prospective study. Intercorrelation, univariate and canonical discrimination analyses were performed. Results Rape offenders were of male gender (c2 = 29.970) statistical significance p<0.001), from broken families was (c2 = 0.830), migration (c2 = 0.064), and heredity (c2 = 0.406). Victimization was classified as non-violent, social, unclear and violent. Non-violent victimization occurred in 19.03% (2001) to 24.46% (2004). Abuse of mental patients was recorded in 16.08% (2002) and 22.61% (2000), and abuse of power in 2.12% (2000) and 3.55% (2000), whereas unclear rape occurred in 0.88% (2004) and 1.74% (2002). We have found that patients from the primary group are significantly more anxious and depressed in total score and in individual items. Conclusion: Non-violent victimization was committed by persons with impaired intelligence, acute psychotic crisis, and substance abuse. Social victimization and criminally unclear rapes were of transitional character. Victimization was caused by (post)war anomy, poverty, stress and violence. It is given insufficient significance because of high prevalence and "dark number" of victims. The study emphasizes the role of psychiatry as well as weakness of the system in the deinstitutionalization. .
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Krienert, Jessie L., and Jeffrey A. Walsh. "An Examination of Intimate Partner Sexual Violence: Comparing Marital and Nonmarital Incidents Employing NIBRS Data, 2008–2012." Partner Abuse 9, no. 1 (2018): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1946-6560.9.1.41.
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Marital rape first appeared in a peer-reviewed publication in 1977 (Gelles, 1977), was first prosecuted as a crime in 1978, but took another two decades to be recognized as a crime across the United States. Marital rape is an underreported social problem occurring twice as frequently as media-saturated stranger rape (Russell, 1990). The present study draws on 5 years of National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) data (2008–2012) to provide baseline information on reported male-to-female marital sexual intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to nonmarital sexual IPV. Findings reveal, in part, that husbands as perpetrators, and wives as victims, are significantly older than non-married sexual IPV offenders and victims. Married offenders are more likely to be White, and dating offenders Black. Injuries are significantly more likely if the victim and offender are married, with marital sexual IPV cases more likely to include sexual penetration, including higher incidence of rape, sodomy, and sexual assault with an object.
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Abolade, Falana, and Tolulope Falana. "THE SOCIO-LEGAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS RAPE VICTIMS IN NIGERIA DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC." International Journal of Innovative Research in Social Sciences and Strategic Management Techniques 9, no. 1 (January 9, 2022): 12–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.48028/iiprds/ijirsssmt.v9.i1.02.
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Rape has long been a brutal part of the- human history of forceful sexual intercourse against a person who is weakened, unconscious or powerless of giving valid permission. The documented rise in sexual violence in Nigeria especially people with poor socio-economic legislators and status is not only to attributed to excessive drinking and indecent dressing but men superiority or the support of culture and beliefs that rape is a sign of maleness the fear of stigmatization, extortion from law enforcement, and lastly lack of confidence in the judicial system. However, there is paucity of literature on how socio-legal attribute on rape victims in Nigeria. Hence, this study investigated the effect of socio-legal attitude toward rape victims in Nigeria. The study employed survey research design. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 1000 respondents to obtain information on relevant issues through the aid of Google. Results from the study show that majority of the respondents had a negative attitude towards rape victims. There was an effect on gender differences in the attitude of Nigerians to male rape victims based on gender differences with a p-value < 0.05 (0.000, X2 = 197.307). Therefore, we failed to reject the alternate hypothesis. There was an effect in the attitude of Nigerians to female rape victims based on gender differences with a p-value < 0.05 (0.000, X2 = 18.955). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.In conclusion, there is a need for public health education on rape and as well encouragement of victims to report cases with an assurance of their safety. Specialized women’s right organizations that should provide capacity building support and logistics services to youths and students in higher institutions and more studies should be carried out to identify the perception of gender-based rape among specific regions in the country and assessment of rape myths and factors that make them.
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WHATLEY, MARK A., and RONALD E. RIGGIO. "Gender Differences in Attributions of Blame for Male Rape Victims." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 8, no. 4 (December 1993): 502–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626093008004005.
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Doherty, Kathy, and Irina Anderson. "Making sense of male rape: constructions of gender, sexuality and experience of rape victims." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 14, no. 2 (February 24, 2004): 85–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.765.
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Oduwobi, Oluyomi. "Rape victims and victimisers in Herbstein's Ama, a Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade." Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 54, no. 2 (September 4, 2017): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2309-9070/tvl.v.54i2.1619.
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This paper examines how Manu Herbstein employs his fictionalised neo-slave narrative entitled Ama, a Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade to address the issue of sexual violence against women and to foreground the trans-Atlantic rape identities of victims and victimisers in relation to race, gender, class and religion. An appraisal of Herbstein's representations within the framework of postcolonial theory reveals how Herbstein deviates from the stereotypical norm of narrating the rape of female captives and slaves during the era of the trans-Atlantic slave trade by creating graphic rape images in his narration. This study therefore shows that a postcolonial reading of Herbstein's novel addresses the representations of rape and male sexual aggression in literary discourse and contributes to the arguments on sexual violence against women from the past to the present.
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Card, Claudia. "Addendum to “Rape as a Weapon of War”." Hypatia 12, no. 2 (1997): 216–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1997.tb00027.x.
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Learning about martial sex crimes against men has made me rethink some of my ideas about rape as a weapon of war and how to respond to it. Such crimes can be as racist as they are sexist and, in the case of male victims, may be quite simply racist.
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Sanger, Penggalang Daud Yoop, and Anak Agung Ngurah Wirasila. "URGENSI PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM PIDANA UNTUK MELINDUNGI LAKI-LAKI KORBAN TINDAK PIDANA PERKOSAAN DI INDONESIA." Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 7 (May 29, 2022): 1478. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ks.2022.v10.i07.p02.
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Kejahatan yang melibatkan kekuatan dan kekerasan mengalami pergeseran di mana dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat ditemukan adanya kasus-kasus dan jajak pendapat terkait perkosaan terhadap laki-laki. Akan tetapi, pandangan atas laki-laki menghambat korban perkosaan terhadap laki-laki bersuara. Hukum sebagai pemberi keadilan dan kepastian seharusnya bisa berdiri di atas pandnagan tersebut, sehingga laki-laki korban perkosaan mendapat haknya secara penuh. Berdasarkan hal tersebut permasalahan yang diusung dalam penulisan ini adalah bagaimana pengaturan hukum pidana terkait perkosaan atas laki-laki di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian normatif melalui jenis pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan perbandingan. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa ada kekosongan norma di dalam hukum pidana di Indonesia, karena Pasal 285 KUHP sebagai dasar hukum yang mengatur tentang perkosaan hanya melibatkan perempuan sebagai korbannya, sehingga pembahruan hukum pidana perlu dijadikan urgensi agar laki-laki korban perkosaan mendapatkan perlindungan.
Crimes involving force and violence underwent a shift where in social life there were cases and opinion polls related to the rape of men. However, the stigma against men prevents victims of rape against men from speaking out. The law as a giver of justice and certainty should be able to stand above this stigma, so that male victims of rape get their full rights. Based on this, the problem that is carried out in this article is how to regulate criminal law related to rape of Indonesia. This research used normative research method through the types of statutory approaches, case approaches, and comparisons. The results of this study found that there is a norm vacuum that occurs in Indonesian criminal law, because in the Article 285 of the Criminal Code which regulates rape only involves women as victims, so that criminal law reform needs to be made urgency so that male rape victims get protection.
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Gurda, Vedad, and Amar Lukavačkić. "Pojedina obilježja učinitelja i žrtava ratnih silovanja procesuiranih pred Sudom Bosne i Hercegovine." Historijski pogledi 6, no. 10 (November 15, 2023): 397–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.10.397.
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During the international armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1992 to 1995, numerous crimes were committed, among which crimes of rape are at the top of the scale of brutality. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 women and girls were raped in the aforementioned conflict, of which the largest number of these atrocities were committed by members of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS), the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the RS (MUP RS) and related paramilitary formations against Bosniak (muslim) women. It is to be assumed that an extremely large number of perpetrators were involved in the commission of the crimes in question, but unfortunately, a relatively modest number of suspects were prosecuted before the competent courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the neighboring Republic of Croatia and the Republic of Serbia. Within the framework of this work, the research focus is on the prosecution of war rapes before the War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the beginning of the work of the mentioned court until today (2005-2023). In the indicated period, 70 wartime rape cases involving 109 defendants were processed before this judicial forum. Out of that number, 55 cases were finally concluded, with convictions in 41 cases and acquittals in 14 cases. The subject of the research was some individual characteristics of perpetrators and victims of war rape. The research sample consisted exclusively of cases in which a final conviction was passed (N=41), in which 51 defendants were declared guilty of war rape and 80 victims of this crime were identified. The research established that all the convicts were male. In addition, 72% of those convicted were members of the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS), 16% of the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (RBiH Army) and 12% of the Croatian Defense Council (HVO). All members of the RBiH Army were convicted of war rape which is legally qualified as a war crime against the civilian population, which is a criminal offense that, according to the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CC BiH), does not include the existence of a widespread and systematic attack on the civilian population. On the other hand, the largest number of members of the VRS and four members of the HVO who were prosecuted for wartime rape were convicted of having committed that crime as a crime against humanity, which included a campaign of widespread, massive and systematic criminal activity connected with other crimes (murder , torture, imprisonment, deportation of the population, enforced disappearance, etc.). About half of those legally convicted of war rape before the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina were convicted for crimes committed in eastern Bosnia (Foča 24%, Višegrad 16%, Vlasenica 6% and Rogatica 2%). At the same time, approximately 1/3 of wartime rapes (31%) were committed in a camp, 10% in a public place, and the largest number in a private house or apartment (59%). A significant number of those convicted of these crimes had been convicted before (35%) and were married (78%). Ninety-eight percent (98%) of war rape victims were female and 2% were male. The vast majority of victims (87%) were Bosniaks, while 8% were Serbs and 5% were Croats. However, the fact that almost every fifth victim of war rape (21%) was a minor at the time of committing the crime is particularly striking. The research established that most of the rapes of minors during the international armed conflict in Bosnia and Herzegovina were carried out by members of the Serbian (para)military and police forces in Bosnia nad Herzegovina, as well as a few members of the HVO.
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Davies, Michelle, and Jenefer Hudson. "Judgments Toward Male and Transgendered Victims in a Depicted Stranger Rape." Journal of Homosexuality 58, no. 2 (January 31, 2011): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.540179.
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Gayatri, Putu Ayu, Sagung Putri M. E. Purwani, and I. Gusti Ngurah Nyoman Krisnadi Yudiantara. "FORMULASI KEBIJAKAN PIDANA INDONESIA TERHADAP PELAKU PEMERKOSAAN LAKI-LAKI." Kertha Semaya : Journal Ilmu Hukum 10, no. 7 (June 2, 2022): 1574. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ks.2022.v10.i07.p09.
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Tindak pidana dapat terjadi terhadap siapa saja tidak memandang jenis kelamin seseorang, hal tersebut berlaku pula terhadap tindak pidana pemerkosaan. Pemerkosaan yang selama ini identik dengan perbuatan persetubuhan dengan pemaksaan terhadap perempuan, namun tidak menutup kemungkinan laki-laki juga menjadi korban pemerkosaan. Guna melindungi hak asasi manusia dari ancaman kekerasan seksual, tindak pidana pemerkosaan harus diatur secara umum yakni berlaku korban laki-laki dan perempuan. Adapun permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini yakni bagaimana formulasi kebijakan hukum pemerkosaan terhadap laki-laki yang berlaku saat ini dan formulasi kebijakan hukum pemerkosaan laki-laki di masa mendatang di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini yakni pemerkosaan terhadap laki-laki belum diatur dalam KUHP maupun aturan manapun. Pasal yang sering dijatuhkan dalam tindak pidana kesusilaan terhadap laki-laki yakni pasal 289 KUHP tentang perbuatan cabul. Pemerkosaan terhadap anak laki-laki tidak diatur pula dalam KUHP namun yang diatur adalah perbuatan cabul. Undang-Undang Perlindungan Anak memberikan rumusan larangan terhadap pemerkosaan terhadap anak. Formulasi kebijakan hukum pemerkosaan laki-laki di masa mendatang di Indonesia dapat dilihat pada rumusan KUHP. Pemerkosaan dalam RKUHP tidak memandang gender pelaku atau korban sehingga dalam Rancangan KUHP memberikan perlindungan bagi laki-laki sebagai korban pemerkosaan.
Crime can happen to everyone regardless someone’s gender, including rape crime. Rape has been known as crime that the victim is a woman, but it is possible that men can be victims in rape crime too. In order, to protect human rights from sexual violence, The crime of rape, both men and women who are victims, must be considered. The problems in this study are : what are the legal arrangements regarding the crime of rape that currently apply in Indonesia and how are the formulation of the male rape law policy in the future (ius constituendum) in Indonesia. This research used normative legal research method. The result of this study is that rape of men has not been. The article that is often imposed in criminal acts of decency against men is Article 289 of the Criminal Code of Indonesia concerning obscene acts. Against boys, there is not regulated in Criminal Code of Indonesia, but the regulation about it found in Act Number 23 of 2002 juncto Act Number 35 of 2014 about Child Protection. The future legal policies about male rape legal policies can be seen in the Criminal Code Layout (RKUHP). Rape in Criminal Code Layout (RKUHP)does not look at the gender of the criminals or victims, so Criminal Code Layout (RKUHP) provides protection for men as victims of rape.