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Corneliusson, Lovisa, and Maja Törner. "Kvinnor som vårdar : En kvalitativ studie om normer och maktstruktrurer inom kriminalvården." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-105216.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between the professional role of women in Prison and Probation Service and a qualitative equality perspective, as well as how they are treated by male colleagues and clients. In the annual report from Swedish Prison and Probation Service, it has been stated that the gender distribution is equal, which indicates quantitative equality. This study is based on a qualitative method, where interviews have been conducted with nine women between 25 and 65, who are working in custody or prison. The women have been given a chance to talk about their feelings and thoughts about their professional role in general and how they are being treated or affected by their male colleagues and clients. The result has shown that women are far more affected by the power structures and norms. Several women mention that male colleagues see them as weaker and make judgements about their physical capabilities. They also talk about how they are more caring of their clients, whereas the men are more focused on showing their strength and superiority. Finally, the main conclusion of this study is that there is no qualitative equality because of how the male role sets the overall norm. This, in turn, significantly affects women in their professional role of the Swedish Prison and Probation Service.
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Haipinge, Rauha. "Woman vulnerability to HIV/AIDS : an investigation into women's conceptions and experiences in negotiating sex and safe sex in Okalongo constituency, Omusati Region, Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004337.
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This study emerged from the high prevalence rate of HIV and AIDS infection among women in Sub-Saharan Africa, which has no exception to Namibia. Women have been vulnerable to HIV and AIDS let alone on sex related issues since the epidemic emerged, but not research has been done specifically to Okalongo women. The way in which women vulnerable to HIV and AIDS infection were explored by examined social and cultural identities that affect women’s sexual relations in negotiating sex and safe sex. Qualitative study on a sample of fifteen women was conducted in Okalongo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the conceptions and experiences of women in negotiating sex and safe sex with their husband and partners. Feminist theory guided the methodology and analysis of data. I assumed that gender roles andsexuality are socially constructed, shaped by religion, social, political, and economic influences and modified throughout life. Feminist theory assisted in documentary the ways in which the female’s gender and sexuality in Okalongo is shaped by cultural influences and by institutions that disadvantage female and other oppressed groups by silencing their voices. The feminist further guided the discussion of the contradicting messages about women’s sexuality and their experiences, as women complied, conformed and even colluded with their oppression. To address the issue under study, the primary analysis of data from the focus group discussion and individual interview were utilised. The following themes were the heart of analysis: Women Positionality, Normalisation and Compliance, Women Agency and Male Dominance Power, Women Perceptions of Risk, Sex Education in and out of school among Women.In this study the data suggested that women in Okalongo are more vulnerable to their lack of assertiveness, as they have difficult in developing an authoritative voice, they tend to be humble about their achievements and knowledge and to only assertively when concerned about others. The findings supported the literature that women’s vulnerability is strongly influenced and tied by broader forces present in the society. Women’s vulnerability is real and needs to be tackled for any progress to occur in the fight against AIDS. Until factors that constraints and enabling women agency to negotiate sex and safe sex acknowledged and addressed, women will continue to succumb to the HIV pandemic.
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Cook, R. C. "Corporealities : masculine domination and the development of American male performance art." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252219.
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Tijani, Ishaq. "Male domination, female revolt : race, class, and gender in Kuwaiti women's fiction /." Leiden : Brill, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9789004167797.
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Wanjeri, Michael Maina. "Language and gender : Male domination among the Kikuyu of Kenya, East Africa." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Arts and Education, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-272.
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Language and gender is one of the most intriguing and interesting areas in sociolinguistic study. It investigates how men and women (or boys and girls) use language differently in social contexts.
Extensive study and research has been carried out in this field, particularly in regard to the English language. Eminent linguists such as Ronald Wardhaugh, David Crystal, Ralph Fasold, and Deborah Tannen have studied varying male-female use of the English language. They have also attempted comparison with other languages and cultures. Wardhaugh, for instance, has studied male-female use of language in English, American-Indian languages (such as Gros Ventre), Asian and Oriental languages (Yukaghir, Japanese) among others, and his findings have become the subject of several of his published works.
In their investigations they have found that almost invariably, the way men use language shows them to be socially dominant over women. This persists even in such cases as in the Malagasy language spoken in Madagascar, where men display linguistic characteristics more popularly associated with women and vice versa (Wardhaugh).
This paper seeks to determine whether men use language to dominate women among the Kikuyu ethnic group of Kenya, East Africa, to which I belong. Areas such as terms used to refer to men and women, taboo language and language use in marital situations are examined, among others. I also attempt to find out what influence this has had on English spoken in Kenya.
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Tijani, O. I. "Male domination, female revolt : race, class and gender in Kuwaiti women's fiction." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.662957.
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This thesis investigates various form of women’s resistance to male domination in Kuwaiti society, as represented in Kuwaiti women’s fiction. Two short stories: Hayfā’ Hāshim’s “al-Intiqām al-rahīb” (1953) and Laylā al-‘Uthmān’s “Min milaff imra’s” (1979), and three novels: al-‘Uthmān’s Wasmiyya takhruj min al-bahr (1986), Tayba al-Ibrāhīm’s Mudhakkirāt khādim (1995), and Fawziyya S. al-Sālim’s Muzūn (2000) are closely analysed, drawing from Marxist-feminist literary criticism. I argue that these texts portray their respective heroines, representing pre-oil generations of Kuwaiti women – born before or in the first half of the twentieth century – as resistant and/or revolutionary figures, contrary to the common notion of their stereotypical passivity and submissiveness. In view of the fact that these texts, as well as some others that are not represented here, form a minority among Kuwaiti women’s fiction, they are here considered as ‘feminist revolutionary’ texts. Part One introduces Kuwait and its people, with special reference to the development of Kuwaiti fiction (Chapter One), and the Kuwaiti female literary tradition (Chapter Two). Part Two (Chapters Three through Six) demonstrates how the Kuwaiti patriarchal tradition has affected, and continues to affect, race, class and gender relations in Kuwait, in a way that is discriminatory against and oppressive to women. An example of this is found in the sex-related concept of sharaf or fadīha (social honour or dishonour) – a-common-denominator ideology which each of the texts seeks to reflect and deconstruct. Exploring the agency which each of the authors has constructed for her heroine’s defiance, evasion, or subversion of patriarchal authority, this study asserts that some pre-oil Kuwaiti women have been actively resistant to male domination, and that they have worked for social change.
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Semenovich, Lacie M. "Old beginnings : the re-inscription of masculine domination at the new millennium in Margaret Atwood's Oryx and Crake /." Cleveland, Ohio : Cleveland State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1231430843.
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Thesis (M.A.)--Cleveland State University, 2008.Abstract. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Apr. 14, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 56-63). Available online via the OhioLINK ETD Center. Also available in print.
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Studholme, Sophie Alkhaled. "Women entrepreneurs in Saudi Arabia : bargaining within a patriarchal society." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=201720.
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Saudi Arabia is one of the world’s largest exporters of oil and is known as the hub of Islam. It has been argued that the production of oil has a harmful effect on the economic and political status of women. Therefore, these tribal states are left with atypically strong patriarchal institutions where women are assigned to the domestic sphere. However, the international political pressure on Saudi Arabia to improve the position of women post the events of September the 11th 2001 has led the government to mobilise initiatives encouraging women into the public sphere. In addition, the depletion of oil resources has drawn the government’s attention to lessen its dependency on oil production and concentrate on private sector investment. Part of the government’s strategy has specifically focused on women, who hold much of the wealth in the country, to invest in the entrepreneurial sector in order to diversify the Saudi economy and provide employment to the rapidly increasing population. However, the laws continue to maintain women’s secondary position in society, as they are built on tribal customs and ideologies which treat women as ‘legal minors’ under the guardianship of her closest male relative. Furthermore, women are confined to jobs in the labour market which are deemed ‘suitable to their nature’, and thus, their entrepreneurial investment is constrained by gender-‐discriminating laws and placed within certain industries. Research on Saudi women’s experiences of participating in the labour force are scarce, as is the literature on Saudi female entrepreneurs .This thesis adopts a relational multilevel framework with the lens of ‘patriarchal connectivity’ in investigating the salient micro-‐ domestic, meso-‐societal and macro-‐ state opportunities and boundaries of 13 Saudi female entrepreneurs embedded in the patriarchal context. The research adopts a relational methodological approach, capitalising on qualitative in-‐depth interviews with the female entrepreneurs to explore their entrepreneurial experiences, motivations, and the boundaries and opportunities they face. Furthermore, the study investigates women’s negotiation strategies in overcoming the patriarchal boundaries. The findings highlight the women’s ‘emancipatory’ motivations behind entrepreneurship. They also illustrate the nature of the ‘permeable boundaries’ within and across the patriarchal domestic, societal and state domains, which meant the women were paradoxically confronted by ‘enabling’ opportunities and ‘constraining’ boundaries in each of the domains. However, whilst the women did exercise agency at some permeable boundaries, this agency remained within the confines of a prevailing patriarchal structure.
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Lima, Diego Jorge Maia. "AnÃlise da vulnerabilidade ao HIV/AIDS de homens que fazem sexo com homens segundo prÃticas sexuais." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=11102.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel SuperiorNo contexto epidemiolÃgico da aids, os homens que fazem sexo com homens tem sido uma categoria prioritÃria para aÃÃes de prevenÃÃo, devido à adoÃÃo de prÃticas sexuais desprotegidas, à aquisiÃÃo de comportamentos de risco e ao estigma e à discriminaÃÃo. Assim, uma polÃtica de prevenÃÃo efetiva para este subgrupo deve estar focada na perspectiva da minimizaÃÃo da vulnerabilidade dos grupos, por meio da aÃÃo sobre os diversos aspectos individuais, sociais e programÃticos. O estudo tem como objetivo analisar a vulnerabilidade ao HIV/aids dos homens que fazem sexo com homens a partir das prÃticas sexuais. Estudo quantitativo, transversal e correlacional, realizado em dois locais de sociabilidade gay, localizados na regiÃo central da cidade de Fortaleza, CearÃ. A populaÃÃo compreendeu os homens que fazem sexo com homens que frequentam a cena gay de Fortaleza. A amostra do estudo foi obtida por conveniÃncia e compreendeu 257 indivÃduos. O instrumento utilizado foi submetido à validaÃÃo de face e conteÃdo por 03 juÃzes e consistiu em um formulÃrio estruturado em quatro partes distintas: identificaÃÃo, identidade sexual, histÃrico sexual e prÃticas sexuais. Foram investigadas associaÃÃes entre as variÃveis dependentes e independentes do estudo. Realizou-se anÃlise bivariada usando o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson com um nÃvel de significÃncia menor que 0,05, para investigaÃÃo de associaÃÃo entre as variÃveis. A anÃlise comparativa das mÃdias foi realizada pelo ANOVA e pelo teste t de Student. Os resultados evidenciaram que quanto a caracterizaÃÃo sociodemogrÃfica, a faixa etÃria de 18 a 24 anos apresentou 45,5% (117), mÃdia 27,19 anos, 89,2% (229) eram alfabetizados, com, no mÃnimo, ensino mÃdio completo, solteiros 86,4% (222), catÃlicos 52,9% (136) e 57,6% (148) pardos. Nos dados da identidade sexual, predominou a preferÃncia pelo termo homossexual, com 44,7% (115) e o apoio familiar foi referido por 43,6% (112). A maioria dos respondentes relatou a realizaÃÃo do sexo oral, representando 95,7% (246). Enquanto, 44% (113) responderam ânÃo usoâ o preservativo no sexo oral. Quanto ao sexo anal, quase a totalidade dos sujeitos referiu a prÃtica do sexo anal, que representou 98,4% (253). Revelou-se, que 73,5% (189) dos indivÃduos assumiam o papel ativo e passivo na relaÃÃo e que 71,6% (184) dos entrevistados referiu o uso do preservativo âsempreâ. O envolvimento em relaÃÃo sexual desprotegida apresentou diferenÃa estatisticamente significante quando associado a possuir parceria fixa (p=0,000), utilizaÃÃo do preservativo no sexo oral (p=0,000) e no sexo anal (0,004). Constata-se a influÃncia marcante da vulnerabilidade individual e social na determinaÃÃo das situaÃÃes de suscetibilidades do grupo estudado frente ao HIV/aids, como a alta prevalÃncia de realizaÃÃo de sexo oral desprotegido e a associaÃÃo significativa da prÃtica sexual desprotegida com a parceria fixa. Recomenda-se uma abordagem especÃfica desses fatores para uma melhor compreensÃo da epidemia de aids nesse segmento. Conclui-se que a suscetibilidade do subgrupo de homens que fazem sexo com homens e a compreensÃo de suas particularidades constituem, ainda, um grande desafio a ser enfrentado em todos os espaÃos em que condiÃÃes de risco para aquisiÃÃo do HIV/aids estejam presentes.
In the epidemiological context of AIDS, men who have sex with men has been a priority category for prevention, due to the adoption of unprotected sexual practices, the acquisition of risk behaviors and stigma and discrimination. Thus, a policy of effective prevention for this subgroup should be focused on the perspective of minimizing the vulnerability of groups, through action on the various individual, social and programmatic aspects. The study aims to analyze the vulnerability to HIV / AIDS in men who have sex with men from sexual practices. Cross-sectional and correlational study, conducted at two sites of gay sociability, located in the central region of the city of Fortaleza, Cearà . The study population consisted of men who have sex with men attending gay scene Fortaleza. The study sample was obtained by convenience and included 257 individuals. The instrument used was subjected to face validity and content by 03 judges and consisted of a structured form into four distinct parts: identification , sexual identity and history of sexual practices and sexual practices . Data collection took place during the months of December 2010 to March 2011. Associations between the dependent and independent variables of the study were investigated. We conducted bivariate analysis using the chi- square test with a significance level less than 0.05, to investigate the association between variables. The comparative analysis of means was performed by ANOVA and the Student t test. The results showed that as sociodemographics , age range 18-24 years, had 45.5 % (117), average 27.19 years, 89.2% (229) were literate, with at least completed high school singles, 86.4% (222), Catholic 52.9%(136) and 57.6% (148) browns. The facts of sexual identity, homosexual predominant preference for the term, with 44.7% (115) and family support was reported by 43.6% (112). The majority of respondents reported performing oral sex, accounting for 95.7 % (246). While 44 % (113) answered "do not use " condoms in oral sex . As for anal sex, almost all of the subjects reported practicing anal sex, which represented 98.4 % (253). It was revealed that 73.5% (189) of the subjects assumed the active and passive role in the relationship and that 71.6 %(184) of respondents reported using condoms " always ". Engaging in unprotected sexual intercourse statistically significant difference when associated with having a regular partner (p = 0.000), use of condoms in oral sex (p = 0.000) and anal sex (0.004). Notably, there is a remarkable influence of individual and social vulnerability in the determination of situations susceptibilities of the study group on HIV / AIDS, as the high rate of performing unprotected oral sex and significant association of unprotected sexual act with a regular partner. We recommend a specific approach to these factors for a better understanding of the AIDS epidemic in this segment. It is concluded that the susceptibility of the subgroup of men who have sex with men and the understanding of their specificities, still constitute a major challenge to be faced in all areas where hazardous conditions for the acquisition of HIV / AIDS are present.
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Bhandare, Teesta. "Someone Else's Honor: Women as Repositories of Male Honor and Their Subsequent Vulnerability to Sexual Violence in India." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/546.
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This article seeks to uncover the historical trajectory of the notion of women as repositories of male honor in Indian society and whether there has been a change in the discourse. Through a historically oriented comparative study of two case studies it draws attention to the fact that this perception of women has made them extremely susceptible to sexual attacks from members of opposing communities. At the time of Partition India witnessed large scale religion-based rapes where men of one religion attempted to assert their dominance over another religious community by raping the women of that community. Today the use of rape as a means of power assertion is still prevalent but now it is upper caste men who are seeking to assert their dominance over lower caste communities.This article believes that a combination of legal and social dilemmas is the cause of this discourse that works against the safety of women.
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Axelsson, Lina, and Malin Eriksson. "Bevakningsbranschen, en bransch för alla? -En kvalitativ studie om väktare och ordningsvakters upplevelser och förståelse av kön i en mansdominerad bransch." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-92444.
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The purpose of this essay is to investigate the importance of gender in the security guard occupation and also to investigate what gender-marked notions about the security industry that exist among the respondents. Furthermore, the purpose is to investigate the respondents' experience of the impact that gender has on the working group. Previous research on police officers shows that within the police force there are perceptions of how one should be and act that are related to notions of the biological sex. Furthermore, research shows that the ideal of masculinity is central to the profession, as there are preconceived notions that a police officer needs to have certain masculine qualities. Through six qualitative semi-structured interviews, we examined the respondents' experience of the importance of gender in their work as security guards as well as for the working group. We also examined the respondents' perceptions of the industry. The results show that all respondents have a positive image of the profession, where they are treated with respect regardless of gender. Some respondents describe that each gender has certain characteristics that distinguish them, but that it does not affect how well they can perform their work. Furthermore, it appears that all respondents' see the profession of security guards as a masculine industry. On the other hand, it is not masculine qualities that are described that are necessary in the profession. Rather softer qualities such as empathy are described as necessary.Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken betydelse som väktare och ordningsvakter upplever att kön har i deras arbete och hur det påverkar arbetsgruppen, samt undersöka vilka genusmärkta föreställningar som finns bland respondenterna om branschen i sin helhet. Tidigare forskning om poliser visar att det inom poliskåren finns uppfattningar om hur man bör vara och agera som är kopplade till föreställningar om det biologiska könet. Vidare visar forskningen att maskulinitetsideal är centralt inom yrket, då det finns förutfattade meningar om att en polis behöver ha vissa maskulina egenskaper. Genom sex kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer har vi undersökt respondenternas upplevelse av betydelsen av kön i arbetet som ordningsvakt och väktare, liksom köns inverkan på arbetsgruppen samt undersöka respondenternas föreställningar om branschen. Resultatet visar att samtliga respondenter har en positiv bild av yrket, där man behandlas med respekt oavsett kön. Vissa respondenter beskriver att respektive kön har vissa egenskaper som utmärker dem, men att det inte är något som påverkar hur väl de kan utföra sitt arbete. Vidare framkommer det också att samtliga respondenter sett branschen som maskulint förknippad, men när respondenterna beskriver de egenskaperna som anses som nödvändiga och fördelaktiga i yrket är det snarare mjukare egenskaper som beskrivs exempelvis inkännande och empati som nämns.
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Kim, Gumsun, of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Visual and Performing Arts. "A question of equality : women and women's art under patriarchal society." THESIS_FVPA_XXX_Kim_G.xml, 1995. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/358.
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In the past and present the inter-gender relationship has been based on male domination resulting in the overlooking of the female role and value. Many male-inspired theories helped to establish this hierarchical relationship and to perpetuate the belief that men and women have been created differently and not equally privileged. My research on the status of Korean women verifies these theories by examining how much social and cultural conditions have contributed to the difference between the genders to the disadvantage of women. It also reveals the distortion of patriarchal theories by investigating the principle of Confucianism which led to the depravation of Korean women's opportunities to develop themselves. The present level of achievement for women's equality is the result of these women's struggles. I as a women artist, present my work so that it will help both men and women to raise their awareness and to eliminate the prejudice towards females in society. The early principle of the Yin and Yang, distorted later for political benefits, implied a cooperative relationship of two forces for creation and development. Although these force are different and independent, when used cooperatively, they make a complete picture of stability and harmony. If they remain separate forces there is no resulting completion of creation, but instability and misfortunes. By disclosing this principle of harmony in Shamanism and early Confucianism, I also present the notion that all kinds of misfortunes come out of a broken harmony between creatures, peoples, and genders.Master of Arts (Hons)
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Nerua, Lucas Alberto Essilamo. "GÃnero e EducaÃÃo Escolar: AnÃlise das representaÃÃes de gÃnero nos livros didÃticos do ensino primÃrio em MoÃambique." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16185.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgicoà partindo da importÃncia, funÃÃo e em especÃfico do papel ideolÃgico que a educaÃÃo escolar em particular os manuais didÃticos tiveram no processo de reconstruÃÃo nacional, na formaÃÃo e difusÃo da nova identidade moÃambicana no pÃs-independÃncia (1975), que a presente dissertaÃÃo se propÃe a refletir sobre o papel ideolÃgico da educaÃÃo escolar, em particular dos livros didÃticos do ensino primÃrio, no processo de concepÃÃo, construÃÃo e reproduÃÃo institucional das diferenÃas ou igualdade de gÃnero. Para este proposito, analisamos como os livros didÃticos representam as relaÃÃes de gÃnero entre homem e mulher em seus conteÃdos, bem como verificamos se questionam ou reproduzem os papeis socialmente aceitos pra homens e mulheres. Tomamos como material empÃrico de nossa pesquisa os livros didÃticos dos primeiros 7 anos de escolaridade do ensino primÃrio de gestÃo pÃblica, nomeadamente, o de lÃngua portuguesa (livro de leitura), EducaÃÃo Moral e CÃvica, OfÃcios e MatemÃtica. Afastando-se das concepÃÃes pedagÃgicas sobre o livro didÃtico, o estudo encara por meio dos pressupostos da obra âa dominaÃÃo masculinaâ de Bourdieu, o livro didÃtico em anÃlise enquanto um espaÃo privilegiado de difusÃo de estereÃtipos, diferenÃas de gÃnero entre homem e mulher que tendem a representar o primeiro como provedor e a segunda como subalterna/submissa. Nesta vertente, os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem que a educaÃÃo escolar por meio dos livros didÃticos do ensino primÃrio em MoÃambique tende a reproduzir institucionalmente as diferenÃas de gÃnero ao transcrever relaÃÃes de gÃnero arbitrarias e desiguais como o tipo ideal de padrÃes comportamentais de gÃnero, que mostram o lugar e as atividades que devem ser desempenhadas pelas mulheres e nÃo por homens e vice- versa. O que perpetua nos educandos o arbitrÃrio cultural masculino que passa a ser exposto e tomado como modelo desejÃvel de conduta, ainda que esconda dentro de si mesmo uma descriminaÃÃo da mulher, sua ocultaÃÃo e submissÃo a essa ordem social masculina que à reprime e a confina a doxa da dominaÃÃo patriarcal de gÃnero.
It is from the importance, role and specific ideological role that school education in particular textbooks had in the national reconstruction process, training and dissemination of new Mozambican identity in the post-independence (1975), which this thesis proposes to reflect on the ideological role of education, particularly of textbooks for primary education in the process of designing, building and institutional differences or reproduction of gender equality. For this purpose, we analyze how the textbooks are gender relations between men and women in their content and verify that question or reproduce socially accepted roles for men and women. We took as empirical material of our research textbooks of the first seven years of schooling primary school of public administration in particular the Portuguese language (reading book), Moral and Civic Education, Crafts and Mathematics. Away from the pedagogical conceptions of the textbook, the study sees through the assumptions of the book "male domination" of Bourdieu, the textbook in question as a special area of diffusion of stereotypes, gender differences between man and woman They tend to represent the first as provider and the second as a subaltern / submissive. In this respect, the results of this research suggest that school education through textbooks of primary education in Mozambique tends to institutionally reproduce gender differences when transcribing arbitrary and unequal gender relations as the ideal type of behavioral patterns of gender, showing the place and the activities that should be occupied by women and not by men and vice versa. What perpetuates the students the male cultural arbitrary that happens to be exposed and taken as desirable role model, although that hides within itself a discrimination against women, its concealment and submission to this male social order to repress and confines doxa of patriarchal domination gender.
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Brignol, Sandra Mara Silva. "Estudo Epidemiológico da infecção por HIV entre homens que fazem sexo com homens no Município de Salvador-BA." Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, como requisito parcial para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Saúde Pública, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/11565.
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A epidemia da infecção por HIV na população dos homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) continua a crescer em várias regiões do mundo, em parte devido à existência de homofobia e desrespeito aos direitos Humanos. Diante destas evidências e ausência de dados sobre a epidemia do HIV em Salvador, nós estimamos a prevalência do HIV, descrevemos e identificamos os fatores de vulnerabilidade associados a esta infecção. Analisamos e classificamos as redes sociais dos participantes, redes de parceiros sexuais e potenciais contatos sexuais via rede de afiliação formada indiretamente via frequência a locais para busca de parceiros sexuais. Este estudo de corte transversal faz parte da pesquisa multicêntrica “Comportamento, atitudes, práticas e prevalência de HIV e sífilis entre homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) em 10 cidades brasileiras”, em que analisamos os dados dos 383 HSH que participaram da pesquisa em Salvador. Utilizou-se a metodologia de recrutamento indicada para populações de difícil acesso ou escondidas, a Respondet Driven Sampling (RDS), para a seleção dos participantes. Utilizou-se a Regressão Logística Exata devido à baixa frequência da infecção por HIV e pequeno tamanho da amostra para estimar a associação do HIV e fatores de vulnerabilidade. E sob a perspectiva da Teoria das Redes Sociais Complexas, analisou-se as redes sociais de interesse dos HSH. A prevalência do HIV foi de 6,3%(IC95%=4%-9%), e a análise descritiva mostrou que os HSH estão em situação de vulnerabilidade com proporções expressivas de indivíduos com baixa escolaridade(33%), de classe social mais baixas(75%), desempregados(37%) e com experiências com algum tipo de discriminação (57%). A sífilis na vida teve uma prevalência de 9,7% (IC95%= 7%-13%). 20% dos HSH tiveram mais de oito parceiros sexuais, sexo anal desprotegido com ultimo parceiro casual e fixo foi similar (41%). Não fizeram o teste para sífilis na vida 79%, não tiveram acesso ao gel lubrificante 88% dos HSH. Os fatores que se associaram à infecção pelo HIV foram: não realizar teste de sífilis alguma vez na vida (OR=3,07; IC95%=1,29-7,31), ter mais de oito parceiros sexuais (OR=3,34;IC95%=1,38-8,07), início da vida sexual antes do 15 anos de idade (OR=2,36; IC95%=0,95-5,85) e não contou para alguém que sente atração por homens (OR=2,69; IC95%=0,95-7,58). A rede de relações pessoais dos HSH apresenta características de uma rede livre escala e mundo pequeno, onde os HSH estão muito próximos, alguns deles com alto grau de conexão ocupando áreas centrais e estratégicas na rede. Concluímos que há uma situação de vulnerabilidade social, individual e programática dos HSH que participaram da pesquisa em Salvador e alta prevalência do HIV. Confirmamos a importância da realização do teste de sífilis na vida. Há uma perda de oportunidade para testagem para HIV, pois verificamos uma alta proporção de testes da sífilis que contrastou com uma baixa testagem para HIV. Não contar para alguém que sente atração por homem poder ser reflexo de um alto grau de estigma social. Além disso, encontramos uma alta porcentagem de HSH com experiência com discriminação. As ações de prevenção devem focar os HSH mais conectados nas redes pessoais de relacionamento.
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Benchikh, Mérabha. "Devenir femme politique. La socialisation et la professionnalisation politiques des femmes à l'aune de la domination masculine." Thesis, Besançon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BESA1054.
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Il est d’actualité de parler de l’engagement politique des femmes en France dans un contexte qui se voudrait paritaire. A travers leurs biographies, leurs trajectoires militantes et électives, leurs carrières ainsi que l’exercice de leurs pratiques s’inscrivant dans ce champ particulier : qu’est-ce qui détermine une femme à se professionnaliser en politique ?Ainsi, pourquoi y a-t-il encore trop peu de femmes en France à briguer des mandats électifs alors que ces dernières se montrent sensibilisées aux problèmes que connaît notre société et, ont la volonté d’apporter des modifications à l’évolution sociale, tant par le biais de leurs actions qu’à travers leurs votes pour lesquels elles se mobilisent en nommant des représentants garants d’une politique déterminée. De toute évidence, les femmes sont totalement ancrées dans la politique puisqu’elles en débattent et en font comme n’importe quel-le citoyen-ne. Leur participation aux élections en témoigne. Dans ce cas, pourquoi sont-elles aussi peu intégrées dans le système politique ? Qu’est-ce qui freine alors leur participation publique ?Pour ce faire, notre étude traitera de la socialisation et de la professionnalisation des femmes dans le champ politique si particulier où pouvoir est synonyme de virilité, à travers une comparaison genrée des carrières féminines et masculinesIt is timely to talk about the political involvement of women in France in a context that would be equally represented. Through their biographies, their paths activists and elected office, their careers and the exercise of their practices undertaken in this particular field : what determines a woman to become professional in politics ?Thus, why there are still too few women in France to run for elective office while the latter show themselves aware of the problems facing our society and are willing to make changes to social evolution, both through their actions and through their votes for which they are mobilized by appointing representatives to guarantee a given policy. Clearly, women are totally entrenched in politics as they debate the issue and make it like any other citizen. Their turnout attests. In that case, why are they so poorly integrated into the political system ? What will lock their public participation ?To do, our survey will deal with the women’s socialization and professionalization in the peculiar political universe where the power is synonymous with manliness, through a gendered comparison of the feminine and masculine careers
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Mathias, Augusto. "Comportamento de risco de transmissão do HIV e uso de drogas psicoativas em uma população de homens que fazem sexo com homens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-20102014-143507/.
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Diversos estudos apontam que existe maior vulnerabilidade - em suas três dimensões, individual, social e programática - para aquisição de HIV em homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), e essa vulnerabilidade se potencializa quando avaliada em condições relacionadas ao uso de drogas psicoativas. Esse estudo explorou a relação entre o uso recreativo de droga psicoativa e sexo em população de HSH. Participaram da pesquisa 34 sujeitos selecionados em uma amostra de conveniência, os quais responderam questionário estruturado e semiestruturado sobre o uso de drogas e o comportamento sexual. O tamanho da amostra foi definido com base na técnica qualitativa de esgotamento de discurso. Foi utilizada análise descritiva para as questões quantitativas e análise de conteúdo para as questões qualitativas. Dos participantes, 91% (31) referiram uso drogas psicoativas. O álcool foi relatado por 94% (29) dos indivíduos, sendo o mais frequente entre as drogas licitas. A maconha, entre as drogas ilícitas, foi relatada por 58% (18). O uso intermitente do preservativo apareceu em 91% (31) das respostas. A mediana relatada de parceiros sexuais no mês anterior à pesquisa foi de 1,5 (P25-75:1-4). A análise de conteúdo mostrou uma percepção conservadora sobre a relação entre uso de drogas e sexo. O preservativo foi citado como a forma mais conhecida de prevenção. A utilização de drogas não pareceu ser o fator mais relevante associado às falhas relacionadas ao uso de estratégias de prevenção. O estudo mostrou que outros fatores, como capacidade de negociação com o parceiro, realizar oportunidades baseadas no risco e principalmente o desejo sexual, podem influenciar mais no não uso de preservativo do que as drogas psicoativas. Apesar de ter sido observada uma associação entre o uso de drogas psicoativas e a falha de prevenção no comportamento sexual de risco, fica evidente a necessidade de maior compreensão das variáveis envolvidas nesse processo para tornar mais efetivas as ações programáticas de prevenção de HIV e outras DSTs nessa populaçãoSeveral studies pointed out higher vulnerability for HIV acquisition; in terms of individual, social and programmatic dimensions; in men who have sex with men (MSM). This vulnerability appears to be enhanced when assessed on psychoactive drug use conditions. This study explored the relationship between recreational use of psychoactive drugs and sex in the MSM population. Thirty-four individuals selected by convenience sample participated in the study. They answered structured and semi-structured questionnaires on drug use and sexual behavior. The sample size was defined on qualitative technique, up to the number when data saturation was achieved. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative questions and content analysis for qualitative answers. The results showed that 91% (31) of the group referred psychoactive drug use. The most frequent licit drug used was alcohol 94% (29) and for illicit drug was marijuana 58% (18). The intermittent condom use was reported by 91% of them. The median reported number of sexual partners in the last month in this group was 1.5 (P25-75: 1- 4). The content analysis showed a conservative perception toward drug use and sex relationship. The condom appeared as the best-known prevention form. The use of drugs did not appear to be the most significant factor associated with prevention strategies failures. The study showed that other factors; such as ability to negotiate with the partner, taking risk-based opportunities and, particularly, sex drive; might have higher influence in dismissing condom use than psychoactive drugs use. Despite an association between use of psychoactive drugs and failure to avoid sexual risk behavior was observed, a better understanding of variables involved in this process is needed to make programmatic actions to prevent HIV and other STIs more effective in this population
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Cook, Travis Andrew Ross. "Associations of age of drinking initiation with other vulnerability factors for alcohol involvement among Chinese, Korean and white college students /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF formate. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3266846.
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Shikukutu, Faustinus. "Social and cultural discourses that shape male youths' masculinity and conceptions of risk and vulnerability to HIV and AIDS in Rundu Urban Constituency, Kavango region, Namibia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001672.
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HIV and AIDS still challenges the best efforts of public health and medical establishments and continues to ravage communities around the world. While measures have been put in place to preclude it from further spread, recent studies in the field of HIV and AIDS prevention intimate that for more efficacious intervention to be realized, it is critical to understand and address the social and cultural practices which influence sexual behavior, particularly understanding how issues of masculinity plays a role in the perpetuation of these behavior. Relying on Bourdieu’s theory of social practice, this study explores the inherent enduring nature of habitus and its role in the production and maintenance of masculine and sexual identities that predispose young men to HIV and AIDS. The study was conducted in Rundu Urban Constituency in Kavango Region of Namibia to gain insight into male youth’s masculinity and conceptions of risk and vulnerability to HIV and AIDS. The study design was qualitative and interpretive in nature. Data collection strategies included focus group discussions and individual interviews. Twelve male youth aged 17-20 years in two secondary schools (six in each) were selected to participate in the study. Four focus group discussions and fourteen individual interviews were conducted. Institutional ethical clearance from both regional education office and the schools were obtained before undertaking the study. Participants also signed written consent forms before interviews started. The findings of this study revealed that young men from this community were under constant pressure to conform to dominant masculine norms and values. Key in the case of youth in the study was the need to procreate as a dominant marker of one’s masculine and sexual identity because it represented a primary source of a ‘real’ man’s social identity in this community. This masculine and sexual identity seemed in itself to be constructed along paternal lines and cultural beliefs, which youth preserved by not only complying, but also reproducing. The sexual activities they reported that would secure their position as `real` men were often those that put them at risk and made them vulnerable to the epidemic.
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NERUA, Lucas Alberto Essilamo. "Gênero e educação escolar: análise das representações de gênero nos livros didáticos do ensino primário em Moçambique." www.teses.ufc.br, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/15791.
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NERUA, Lucas Alberto Essilamo. Gênero e educação escolar: análise das representações de gênero nos livros didáticos do ensino primário em Moçambique. 2016. 184f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Sociologia, Fortaleza (CE), 2016.Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-03-29T12:10:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_laenerua.pdf: 2029678 bytes, checksum: bb418ad95c3b7d06fd986bc41e2a5cd3 (MD5)
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It is from the importance, role and specific ideological role that school education in particular textbooks had in the national reconstruction process, training and dissemination of new Mozambican identity in the post-independence (1975), which this thesis proposes to reflect on the ideological role of education, particularly of textbooks for primary education in the process of designing, building and institutional differences or reproduction of gender equality. For this purpose, we analyze how the textbooks are gender relations between men and women in their content and verify that question or reproduce socially accepted roles for men and women. We took as empirical material of our research textbooks of the first seven years of schooling primary school of public administration in particular the Portuguese language (reading book), Moral and Civic Education, Crafts and Mathematics. Away from the pedagogical conceptions of the textbook, the study sees through the assumptions of the book "male domination" of Bourdieu, the textbook in question as a special area of diffusion of stereotypes, gender differences between man and woman They tend to represent the first as provider and the second as a subaltern / submissive. In this respect, the results of this research suggest that school education through textbooks of primary education in Mozambique tends to institutionally reproduce gender differences when transcribing arbitrary and unequal gender relations as the ideal type of behavioral patterns of gender, showing the place and the activities that should be occupied by women and not by men and vice versa. What perpetuates the students the male cultural arbitrary that happens to be exposed and taken as desirable role model, although that hides within itself a discrimination against women, its concealment and submission to this male social order to repress and confines doxa of patriarchal domination gender.
É partindo da importância, função e em específico do papel ideológico que a educação escolar em particular os manuais didáticos tiveram no processo de reconstrução nacional, na formação e difusão da nova identidade moçambicana no pós-independência (1975), que a presente dissertação se propõe a refletir sobre o papel ideológico da educação escolar, em particular dos livros didáticos do ensino primário, no processo de concepção, construção e reprodução institucional das diferenças ou igualdade de gênero. Para este proposito, analisamos como os livros didáticos representam as relações de gênero entre homem e mulher em seus conteúdos, bem como verificamos se questionam ou reproduzem os papeis socialmente aceitos pra homens e mulheres. Tomamos como material empírico de nossa pesquisa os livros didáticos dos primeiros 7 anos de escolaridade do ensino primário de gestão pública, nomeadamente, o de língua portuguesa (livro de leitura), Educação Moral e Cívica, Ofícios e Matemática. Afastando-se das concepções pedagógicas sobre o livro didático, o estudo encara por meio dos pressupostos da obra “a dominação masculina” de Bourdieu, o livro didático em análise enquanto um espaço privilegiado de difusão de estereótipos, diferenças de gênero entre homem e mulher que tendem a representar o primeiro como provedor e a segunda como subalterna/submissa. Nesta vertente, os resultados desta pesquisa sugerem que a educação escolar por meio dos livros didáticos do ensino primário em Moçambique tende a reproduzir institucionalmente as diferenças de gênero ao transcrever relações de gênero arbitrarias e desiguais como o tipo ideal de padrões comportamentais de gênero, que mostram o lugar e as atividades que devem ser desempenhadas pelas mulheres e não por homens e vice- versa. O que perpetua nos educandos o arbitrário cultural masculino que passa a ser exposto e tomado como modelo desejável de conduta, ainda que esconda dentro de si mesmo uma descriminação da mulher, sua ocultação e submissão a essa ordem social masculina que à reprime e a confina a doxa da dominação patriarcal de gênero.
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Qualls, Amy N. Wyss Hilary E. "Misbehaving mothers textuality, motherhood, and legitimacy in early Puritan America /." Auburn, Ala, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1815.
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Gren, Olga. "Gender In Displacement : a phenomenological study of a Syrian refugee experience in Sweden from a gender perspective." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för Asien-, Mellanöstern- och Turkietstudier, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-160322.
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Using a phenomenological approach, this thesis examines the experience of a Syrian refugee in Sweden from a gender perspective. The thesis examines how being a refugee as well as being labelled as one influences everyday lives of Syrian refugees in Sweden. It further describes how gender influences this experience and if the experience is different for male and female refugees. The research is based on qualitative methods of research and is supported with semi-structured interviews with three Syrian women and four Syrian men living in Sweden. Through the research participants’ narratives, I analyse the changes that appeared in their lives. This is done in order to allow deeper understanding of the phenomenon of a refugee experience of a Syrian refugee relocated to Sweden.
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Farghaly, Nadine. "Patriarchy Strikes Back: Power and Perception In Buffy the Vampire Slayer." Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1241804608.
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Bowes, Tanya-Ann. "Discourses around abortion in a low-income community in the Western Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002448.
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Since the introduction of the Choice on Termination of Pregnancy Act in 1996, research concerning abortion has primarily focused on public health issues or on the personal experience of women. The cultural and social context within which women experience a termination of pregnancy and in which services are offered has received less attention. The purpose of this study was to analyse public discourses around abortion in a low-income community in the Western Cape. Focus groups were used to gather data from three women’s and three men’s groups. The findings suggest that the agenda of pro-life discourses in this community is not always to defend the life of the fetus. Rather these discourses serve to protect, preserve and maintain the power of the traditional nuclear family, headed by the husband, over women’s reproduction and sexuality. Religious and moral arguments serve to disguise the gender issues at stake. However, instances also occurred where TOP was supported if the husband participated in the decision-making process. Therefore, his presence normalised abortion. Thus, the prevailing public discourses around abortion in this community either support or negate abortion in order to further the agenda of patriarchy.
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Ozcakal, Akile. "Les représentations sociales d'étudiantes feministes en Turquie vis-à-vis de la domination masculine et de l' égalité des sexes : entre laïcité, tradition et religion." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAG017.
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La recherche que nous menons tend à interroger la domination masculine et l’égalité des sexes en tant que sujets conflictuels au sein de la société turque. Cette domination soumet la femme au père puis au mari, ainsi qu’à tous les hommes de son entourage. Les étudiantes féministes laïques et kémalistes considèrent que cette domination trouve ses origines dans le Coran qui encouragerait la soumission des femmes. Les étudiantes féministes islamiques stipulent que c’est la tradition et les multiples interprétations du Coran qui expliquent la domination masculine. De plus, la laïcité est également en tension chez ces groupes d’étudiantes. Les étudiantes laïques et kémalistes craignent de voir disparaitre le principe de la neutralité inscrit dans la laïcité, au détriment d’une Turquie devenant de plus en plus religieuse. Les étudiantes islamiques, quant à elles, critiquent ouvertement la laïcité qui serait source de discrimination et surtout responsable de l’inégalité entre les sexes. Les deux groupes d’étudiantes féministes ont vécu des expériences qui influencent leurs représentations sociales et leurs comportements, qui seront analysés à travers ce travail de rechercheIn our research, we aim at understanding the reasons of male dominance and gender inequality; a conflictive topic within Turkish society. This dominance imposes the women to obey firstly to their father and then to their husband, as well as all the men around her. Feminist students that also define themselves as secular and “Kemalist” consider that this dominance find their roots in the Quran, which would encourage female submission. As to the Islamic feminist students, they point out that tradition and various interpretations of the Quran may explain this male dominance. Moreover, secularism is also a cause of tension between Kemalist and Islamic students. The Kemalist students are afraid that the principle of neutrality that is a part of secularism will disappear, at the expense of a more religious Turkey. On the other side, Islamic students criticize secularism, as the origin of women segregation and responsible of the inequalities between genders. Indeed, both feminist students groups have distinct experiences that influence their social perceptions and behaviours, which will be analysed through this research work
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Ntanjana, Akho. "Millennium development goals ( MDGs ) and women - the implementation of article 10 ( 3 ) of the protocol on the rights of women in South Africa." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/18621.
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Few would deny that the Republic of South Africa (South Africa) has achieved a lot in its quest to improve the pressing social challenges (such as poverty; illiteracy; HIV/AIDS; crime prevalence; preventable diseases, and high levels unemployment). It must be firmly said that these social ills generally affect everyone – particularly the historically marginalised group in South Africa. However, there are also few who would deny that South African women (including the girl-child), as it is the case elsewhere in Africa suffer disproportionately that their male counterparts. Some have supported the view that gender discrimination is the main source of women’s disempowerment today. For instance, society has accepted consciously or otherwise that women are inferior to men and as such cannot take part both in public and private spheres of life. It is nevertheless not the object of this study to delve into to the complex and often misunderstood causes of women’s marginalisation in South Africa.Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2011.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
nf2012
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
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Füchsl, Andrea Monika [Verfasser], Inga [Akademischer Betreuer] Neumann, Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Reber, and Armin [Akademischer Betreuer] Kurtz. "Effects of chronic psychosocial stress on HPA axis functionality in male C57BL/6 mice and the impact of trait anxiety on the individual stress vulnerability / Andrea Monika Füchsl. Betreuer: Inga Neumann ; Stefan Reber ; Armin Kurtz." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065445253/34.
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Füchsl, Andrea Monika [Verfasser], Inga D. [Akademischer Betreuer] Neumann, Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Reber, and Armin [Akademischer Betreuer] Kurtz. "Effects of chronic psychosocial stress on HPA axis functionality in male C57BL/6 mice and the impact of trait anxiety on the individual stress vulnerability / Andrea Monika Füchsl. Betreuer: Inga Neumann ; Stefan Reber ; Armin Kurtz." Regensburg : Universitätsbibliothek Regensburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065445253/34.
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El, Khoury Sylvana. "Parole, corps et pouvoir dans les romans de ‘Alawiyya Ṣubḥ." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA093.
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L’œuvre de la romancière libanaise ‘Alawiyya Ṣubḥ (née à Beyrouth en 1955) est traversée par un rapport intrinsèque entre le corps épanoui et son exercice de la parole, de même qu’entre le corps réprimé et son embrigadement dans le silence, le tout lié à une peur du féminin dans ses manifestations aussi bien corporelles que langagières. Face à la norme répressive, le langage des personnages, lieu de l’articulation du savoir et du pouvoir, comme leur corps, lieu de l’exercice de la domination masculine, deviennent des lieux de contre-pouvoirs, des « subjectivités » en devenir comme dirait Michel Foucault. Ainsi se pose dans les trois romans de Ṣubḥ : Maryam al-ḥakāyā (2002), Dunyā (2006) et Ismuhu l-ġarām (2009) la question de la représentation des femmes et la possibilité qu’elles ont de prendre ou non la parole et de se faire entendre. Dans le système patriarcal mis en scène dans ces romans, le silence est la norme contre laquelle s’élève la voix de certains personnages, femmes et hommes. Par conséquent, quand elle intervient, leur parole, qui se situe aux confins de l’admissible, du convenable et du soutenable, a tout de suite valeur de transgression. Une fois cette parole advenue, la femme, parce que c’est surtout d’elle qu’il s’agit, récupère sa voix et l’image de son corps, ce dernier étant, en quelque sorte, le premier lieu où se manifeste l’appropriation patriarcale du discours féminin, et sa réappropriation par la femme, le premier et principal signe d’une possible émancipation. Un parler « féminin » est alors célébré, un parler qui n’est pas exclusivement de femmes, mais un parler qui ne prétend pas à l’universel, et qui permet l’émergence d’un discours minoritaire échappant à la vision logocentrique et théocentrique du mondeThe work of the Lebanese novelist 'Alawiyya Ṣubḥ (Beirut, 1955) is traversed by an intrinsic relationship between the unimpeded body and its exercise of speech, likewise between the repressed body and its enslavement in silence, all being linked to a fear of what feminine would be in its corporal and linguistic manifestations. Faced with the repressive norms, the language of the characters being a place where power and knowledge articulate on the one hand and their body, as the place of the exercise of male domination on the other hand, become places of counter power. In other hands, they become places of upcoming "subjectivities", as Michel Foucault would say. In the three novels of Ṣubḥ: Maryam al-ḥakāyā (2002), Dunyā (2006) and Ismuhu l-ġarām (2009), arises the question of the representation of women and the possibility for them to be voiced and heard. In the patriarchal system depicted in these novels, silence is the norm against which the voice of certain women and men rises. Therefore, when their word intervene, lying at the confines of the admissible, the suitable and the sustainable, it has immediately the value of transgression. Once this word has come, the woman, main subject of this word, recovers her voice and the image of her body. The body is the first place where the patriarchal appropriation of feminine discourse manifests itself, and the reappropriation of this discourse by woman becomes the first and principal sign of a possible emancipation. A « feminin » speech is then celebrated, a speech that is not exclusively that of women, yet a speech that does not pretend to the universal, and which allows the emergence of a minority discourse that escapes the logocentric and theocentric visions of the world
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El, Aji Sanaa. "Sexualité préconjugale au Maroc : représentations, verbalisation, pratiques et socialisation genrée." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3044.
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La sexualité préconjugale au Maroc fait face à une triple illégitimité (religieuse, légale et sociale). Toutefois, le cadre normatif restrictif ne signifie pas qu’elle est inexistante. Cette étude tente de décoder les modes de pensée, de vie et de verbalisation de la sexualité préconjugale dans le pays, en dépit de ce cadre normatif restrictif. Elle vise à l’analyser dans ses différents aspects : les représentations, le discours social et médiatique, la verbalisation, le cadre normatif, le monnayage socialisé inscrit en dehors des cadres traditionnels de la professionnalisation du sexe, les nouvelles tendances liées aux transformations technologiques et leur impact sur la sexualité, l’éducation sexuelle, la signification et les impacts du premier rapport sexuel, l’impact de la dynamique démographiques et socioéconomiques sur la sexualité et, enfin, les rapports de genre en matière de parcours sexuels et affectifs. Elle a pour principal objectif de mettre la lumière sur des réalités sociales que les discours et les représentations normatives tentent de minorer. L’objectif n’est donc pas de légitimer des pratiques sexuelles socialement rejetées mais plutôt de les comprendrePremarital sexuality in Morocco faces a triple illegitimacy (religious, legal and social). However, despite being forbidden by norms, it exists in Morocco. This study attempts to decode the ways of thought, living and verbalization of premarital sexuality in the country despite the restrictive normative framework. It aims to analyze it in its different aspects: representations, social and media discourse, verbalization, the normative framework, the socialized money making observed outside the traditional professionalization of sex framework, new trends linkedto technological changes and their impact on sexuality, sex education, the significance and impact of the first sexual intercourse, the influence of demographic and socio-economic dynamics on sexuality and finally sexual and emotional gender relations. Its main objective is to shed light on social realities that discourse and normative representations are trying to play down. The goal is not to legitimize socially rejected sexual practices, but to understand them
تواجه العلاقات الجنسية قبل الزواج في المغرب لا شرعية ثلاثية الابعاد : دينية، قانونية و مجتمعية .لكن هذا الاطار القيمي المقيد لا يعني أنها غير موجودة و لا يترجم غيابها المطلق.تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تفكيك آليات التمثل٬ الممارسة و الخطاب بخصوص العلاقات الجنسية ما قبل الزوجية في المغرب٬ بالنظر للاطار التنظيمي المقيد٬ وإلى تحليلها حسب تمظهر اتها المختلفة : التمثلات٬ الخطاب المجتمعي و الاعلامي٬ التعبير اللفظي٬ الاطار٬ التنظيمي٬ الجنسانية المرتبطة بالمال لكن خارج الاطار التقليدي لا متهان الجنس٬ التوجهات الجديدة المرتبطة بالتحولات التكنولوجية و تأثيراتها الممكنة على الحياة الجنسية٬ التنشئة الجنسية ٬ معاني و تأثيرات الاقة الجنسية الاولى للافراد ٬ تأثير الدينامية الدمغرافية و السوسويوـ اقتصادية على الحياة الجنسية و أخيرا٬ تحليل المسارات الجنسية و العاطفية للافراد في علاقتها بمقاربة النوع الاجتماعي.هدف هذا الدراسة الأساسي هو و ضع الضوء على و اقع اجتماعي تحاول الخطابات و التمثلات الفيمية أن تخفف من حدته.و هي بذلك لا تسعى إلى إضفاألشرعية على الممارسات الجنسية ما قبل الزوجية٬ التي قد تكون مرفوضة مجتمعيا٬ بقدر ما تحاول قراءة هذا الواقع و فهمه
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Silva, Marcos Alves da. "Da superação da monogamia como princípio estruturante do estatuto jurídico da família." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4286.
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A tese propõe novos fundamentos para a abordagem da conjugalidade contemporânea, tendo como eixo de referência a superação da monogamia como princípio estruturante do estatuto jurídico da família. Alguns fios condutores perpassam a tese e norteiam o tratamento do tema: (i) o princípio jurídico da monogamia como mecanismo legitimador da dominação masculina; (ii) a preocupação com a construção de lugares de não-direito e de invisibilidade jurídica de determinadas pessoas, mormente, as concubinas, excluídas da condição de sujeito de direito; (iii) o concubinato, campo privilegiado de estudo, é referido e analisado como estatuto de exclusão; (iv) os fatores decisivos para a reconfiguração da conjugalidade contemporânea: a democracia, o pluralismo cultural e a laicização do Direito; (v) a perspectiva do Direito Civil constitucionalizado é tomada como referência para a problematização da questão central da tese, e os princípios constitucionais da dignidade humana, solidariedade, igualdade, liberdade e democracia prestam-se ao estabelecimento de um banco de provas a que é submetida a assertiva que constitui o enunciado da própria tese: a superação da monogamia como princípio estruturante do estatuto jurídico das famílias contemporâneas. O tratamento dado à matéria é necessariamente interdisciplinar, tendo-se mostrado indispensável a interlocução, ainda que pontual, com historiadores, antropólogos, e sociólogos e mesmo com autores das ciências naturais. O princípio da monogamia consolidado no Ocidente, por força do monopólio da regulação das relações familiares pelo Direito Canônico, especialmente, pelos decretos e cânones tridentinos, e transposto ao domínio jurídico do Estado, a partir das revoluções burguesas experimenta, na reconfiguração da conjugalidade contemporânea, efetivo arrefecimento. Fatores, como a superação da dominação masculina, a laicização do Estado e do Direito, a primazia alcançada pela autonomia privada no campo das situações subjetivas existenciais e coexistenciais, a consagração do princípio do pluralismo das entidades familiares, nítida expressão da democratização da intimidade, são indicados como razões decisivas para a superação da monogamia como princípio jurídico.The thesis proposes new foundations to approach the contemporaneous conjugality, specially referring to the overcoming of monogamy as a structural foundation for the juridical status of the family. Some essential ideas permeate the thesis and guide the discussion of the topic: (i) monogamy as the juridical institute able to legitimize the masculine domination; (ii) attention to the construction of no-Law zones and to the invisibility of some persons, mainly concubines, that are not entitled to the ownership of rights; (iii) the concubinage, an important field of study, is referred and analyzed as a exclusionist status; (iv) the decisive factors for the reconfiguration of contemporaneous conjugality: democracy, cultural pluralism and laicization of Law; (v) a constitutionally based Civil Law perspective is the foundation for the construction of the thesis discussions, and the constitutional principles of human dignity, solidarity, equality, freedom and democracy serve as tests to the main thesis proposal: the overcoming of monogamy as a structural basis for the juridical foundation of contemporaneous family. The perspective adopted in this study is perforce interdisciplinary, and the discussion, even if topical, with historians, anthropologists and sociologists and, also, with some authors from natural sciences, has been essential. The monogamy principle consolidated in the Occident by the Canonic Laws monopoly on the regulation of familiar relations, especially regarding decrees and Tridentine canons, and transported to the State juridical domination by the Bourgeois Revolutions is subjected to an effective loss of strength in the reconfiguration of contemporaneous conjugality. The overcoming of male domination, the laicization of the State and the Law, the primacy achieved by private autonomy regarding the field of existential and co-existential subjective situations, the consecration of the pluralism of familiar entities as a principle, a clear a expression of the democratization of the intimacy, are decisive factors for the overcoming of the monogamy as a juridical principle.
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Palmieri, Joëlle Sylvie. "Genre et société numérique colonialitaire : effets politiques des usages de l'internet par des organisation de femmes ou féministes en contexte de domination masculine et colonialitaire : les cas de l'Afrique du Sud et du Sénégal." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40056/document.
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Partant de la volonté de nous libérer de définitions techniques, technicistes ou produites dans la sociologiede l’appropriation sociale des usages des TIC afin de qualifier les usages de l’Internet par des organisations defemmes ou féministes en Afrique, nous avons privilégié dans cette thèse les travaux théoriques portant sur lepatriarcat et sur la colonialité du pouvoir (ensemble des relations sociales caractérisées par la subalternité –hiérarchisation entre dominants et dominés – produite par l’expansion du capitalisme). Ce parti pris nous apermis de poser un cadre d’analyse opératoire ne plaquant pas des analyses théoriques occidentales, sudaméricainesou asiatiques sur l’Afrique. Il a facilité la façon dont nous avons problématisé la relation entredomination masculine et domination liée à la colonialité de pouvoir, que nous avons nommée colonialitaire,dans un contexte de mondialisation et d’hypermodernité. Les manifestations différenciées de cette relation enAfrique du Sud et au Sénégal nous ont aidé à circonscrire le terrain et le contexte à partir desquels lesorganisations de femmes et féministes locales utilisent ou non l’Internet. La confrontation de leursreprésentations avec le cadre conceptuel est devenue informative et s’est avérée indispensable afin de qualifier lapolitisation de leurs usages. Il nous est ainsi apparu que l’Internet cristallise parmi les technologies del’information et de la communication un moyen par lequel la « société de l’information » est le produit comme laproduction d’une mondialisation hypermoderne où la colonialité du pouvoir et le patriarcat, en tant quesystèmes, s’exercent conjointement. Cette conjonction s’exprime par les biais théorique autant qu’empirique.Notamment nous avons observé que l’épistémologie utilisée dans ce cadre renoue avec des constructionstraditionnalistes, nationalistes, paternalistes et masculinistes des savoirs en écho à ce que permet cet outil :l’accélération de l’appropriation du corps des femmes, la surenchère rhétorique et politique des dominants,l’institutionnalisation des concepts, l’occidentalisation des pensées, les privatisations en tous secteurs, lesconcurrences croisées de l’Occident, l’Extrême et le Moyen-Orient sur les terrains tant économique, politiqueque socioculturel, religieux. Il est alors apparu que les inégalités de genre s’aggravent en même temps que lesidentités sexuelles à tous les niveaux (État, institutions, population) deviennent souterraines et que les rapportsdifférenciés de « race » et de classe se creusent. Fort de ce constat, nos analyses nous ont mené à réaliser que lesfemmes de « la base » se retrouvent en situation d’accentuer la prise en charge immédiate de la gestion del’urgence (augmentation de la pauvreté, des violences, diminution de l’accès aux ressources, à la santé, àl’éducation…), parfois d’accepter leur subalternité tout en la négociant auprès des dominants. Aussi, peu à peuWith our initial intention to be liberated from the definitions — technical, technocratic or thoseemanating from the sociology of the social appropriation of ICT uses — in order to analyze the usage of theInternet in women’s and feminist organizations in Africa, we focused in this thesis on theoretical workrelating to patriarchy and the coloniality of power (totality of social relations characterized by subalternity —hierarchization between the dominants and the dominated — produced by the expansion of capitalism.) Thisposition enabled us to establish a working analytical framework without imposing Western, South Americanor Asian theoretical analyses on Africa. It also facilitated how we expressed the problematic of therelationship between male domination and the domination inherent in the coloniality of power, which wehave called “colonialtairian” in the context of globalization and hypermodernity. The differentiatedmanifestations of this relationship in South Africa and Senegal helped us delineate the field and contextwithin which local women’s or feminist organizations use or don’t use the Internet. Comparing theirrepresentations within the conceptual framework proved edifying and indispensable in determining thepoliticization of their use. It thus became apparent that among the information and communicationtechnologies, the Internet crystallizes one means by which the “Information Society” is both the product andthe production of a hypermodern globalization in which the systems of coloniality of power and patriarchyfunction conjointly. This conjunction is clearly evidenced both theoretically and empirically. Especiallynoteworthy is that the epistemology used in this context reconnects to traditionalistic, nationalistic,paternalistic and male constructions of knowledge echoing what this tool facilitates: a rapid increase of theappropriation of women’s bodies, the dominants’ rhetorical and political grandstanding, theinstitutionalization of concepts, the Westernization of thought, privatization in all sectors and criss-crossingcompetition throughout the West, the Far East and Middle East in economic, political, socio-cultural andreligious areas. It then appeared that gender inequalities worsen at the same time as sexual identities on alllevels (state, institutions, population) are buried away, while differentiated “race” and class relationshipsbecome more pronounced
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Pimenta, Vanda Ambrósia. "Recorrelações de gênero em contos da antologia do conto goiano II." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2012. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3669.
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The purpose of this research is to examine the presence of gender relations in five goianos tales, especially the violence of male characters against female characters and the degree of acceptance or resistance to the phenomenon. The stories analyzed are part of the second volume of the Antologia do conto goiano, organized by Vera Maria Tietzmann Silva and Maria Zaira Turchi (1994). As a result of the literary object, we address the evolution of the gender system from the development of civilization until the twentieth century, showing the emergence and perpetuation of the structure of male domination, even after the maturity of feminist struggles. These struggles, however, are not systematically studied, appearingonly in scattered references. With regard to adhesion and to the resistance, we call attention to the fact that identities are socially and politically constructed, in order to establish dominant and dominated groups, and generated cognition of this division as natural and therefore inevitable. The internalization of constructed identities demand constant work of situated agents and, in the case of generic identities, this is played by the institutions and men, with their violent practices. The continuous effect of these practices is leading to adhesion of dominated to dominant, as in almost all of the stories analyzed. Nevertheless, the characters explored also offer a degree of resistance, adopting defensive attitudes, which, however, does not solve the problem. Neither can transpose radically negative condition, usually faced by females.
O objeto teórico deste estudo são as relações de gênero, que se delinearam nas sociedades a partir da organização das civilizações por meio dos contatos. À proporção que elas se organizavam, distinguiam-se os atributos e papéis de homens e mulheres. O propósito da pesquisa é verificar o modo pelo qual, no interior dessas relações, o homem veio a adquirir primazia sobre a mulher, e, em seguida, examinar a presença das relações de gênero em cinco contos goianos. O foco da análise literária é a violência dos personagens masculinos contra os femininos e o grau de adesão ou de resistência ao fenômeno. Os contos analisados fazem parte do segundo volume da Antologia do conto goiano, organizada por Vera Maria Tietzmann Silva e Maria Zaira Turchi (1994). Em decorrência do objeto literário, abordamos a evolução do sistema de gêneros desde o desenvolvimento das civilizações até o século XX, mostrando o surgimento e a perpetuação da estrutura de dominação masculina, mesmo após o amadurecimento das lutas feministas. Essas lutas, entretanto, não são estudadas sistematicamente, aparecendo apenas em referências esparsas. No concernente à adesão e à resistência, chamamos a atenção para o fato de que as identidades são construídas social e politicamente, de forma a estabelecer grupos de dominantes e dominados, e a gerar o reconhecimento dessa divisão como algo natural e, portanto, inevitável. A interiorização das identidades construídas demanda um trabalho constante de agentes situados, e, no caso das identidades genéricas, este é desempenhado pelas instituições e pelos homens, com suas práticas violentas. O efeito contínuo dessas práticas é que leva à adesão do dominado ao dominante, como acontece na quase totalidade dos contos analisados. Apesar disso, as personagens exploradas oferecem também certo grau de resistência, adotando atitudes defensivas, que, entretanto, não solucionam de vez o problema. Nenhuma delas consegue transpor radicalmente a condição negativa, enfrentada em comum pelo gênero feminino.
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Razakamahefa, Odile Édith. "Les femmes arbitres de volley-ball à Tananarive : place et enjeux de la formation féminine dans le milieu sportif à Madagascar." Thesis, La Réunion, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LARE0016/document.
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Cette recherche en sociologie du genre vise à comprendre la rareté de femmes arbitres à la Fédération Malgache de Volley-Ball (FMVB). Elle a pour problématique l'articulation entre pratiques professionnelles d'arbitrage et normes des identités sexuées de la société malgache. Faute de travaux existant portant sur genre et sport à Madagascar, la démarche procède d'une enquête exploratoire. L'approche institutionnelle et statistique met en évidence un double plafond de verre, bloquant la formation des femmes à l'arbitrage, puis leur promotion de carrière. L'approche qualitative interroge sur ces faits des arbitres femmes (8) et des cadres ou dirigeants sportifs (17 dont 14 hommes) par entretien, des volleyeuses de Tananarive (222) par questionnaire. Toutes les réponses convergent sur les faits mais les interprétations divergent : les arbitres femmes dénoncent des procédés discriminatoires et la domination masculine qu'elles affrontent ; les dirigeants légitiment leur gestion en se prévalant des normes et valeurs patriarcales de la société malgache ; d'autres cadres hommes se dissocient de ces positions et d'autres Fédérations favorisent l'arbitrage féminin, jusqu'à l’international. Les réponses des volleyeuses viennent prouver leur disponibilité pour le sport, expriment en majorité une conception égalitaire de l'arbitrage et un quart déclarent souhaiter devenir arbitre. Bien que la fin des discriminations de la gestion arbitrale à la FMVB semble dépendre de rapports de pouvoir internes, l'enquête montre l'émergence de mobilités de genre dans le milieu sportif malgache, les femmes arbitres y ayant notamment conquis de nouvelles prérogatives publiques et démocratiquesThis research in the field of sociology of gender aims at understanding the rarity of female referees in the Malagasy Federation of Volleyball (MFVB). The issue concerns the link between the professional practice of arbitration and the norms of sexual identities in the Malagasy society. Due to the lack of existing work on gender and sport in Madagascar, our approach proceeds from an exploratory investigation. The institutional and statistical approach reveals the existence of a double glass ceiling, blocking women's arbitration training, and then, their career promotion. Interviews were conducted, in a qualitative approach, with female referees (8), leaders or managers (17 with 14 men), and a questionnaire was filled in by female volleyball players from Antananarivo (222). All answers point towards the facts but the interpretations vary: the female referees denounce discriminatory processes and the male domination they are facing, leaders legitimize their management practice, relying on the patriarchal norms and values of the Malagasy society, while other male managers do not abide by these positions and other federations promote female arbitration on an international scale. The female volleyball players' responses prove that they are available for the sport and generally express an egalitarian conception of arbitration, a quarter of the women even said they would like to become referee. Although the end of discrimination in the arbitral management of the MFVB seems to depend on internal power relations, the survey shows the emergence of gender mobility in the Malagasy sport community, women referees have actually conquered new public and democratic prerogatives
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Schmidt-Sane, Megan M. "Men Managing Uncertainty: The Political Economy of HIV in Urban Uganda." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1586773970545217.
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Calazans, Gabriela Junqueira. "Políticas públicas de saúde e reconhecimento: um estudo sobre prevenção da infecção pelo HIV para homens que fazem sexo com homens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5137/tde-22102018-120508/.
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Esta tese examina políticas de prevenção da infecção pelo HIV voltadas para homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) no Brasil sob a ótica dos conceitos de vulnerabilidade, Cuidado e reconhecimento. Para tanto, propõe-se a estudar políticas públicas de saúde à luz do referencial da vulnerabilidade e dos direitos humanos. Teve como objetivo compreender de que forma processos de (não)reconhecimento, ou desrespeito, no âmbito do cuidado público de saúde, compreendido como conjunto de políticas, serviços e ações voltadas à prevenção do HIV e da aids, contribuem para os processos de vulnerabilização de HSH ao HIV e à aids no contexto da epidemia e das respostas produzidas no Brasil e no estado de São Paulo, em particular. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo, que adota perspectiva interdisciplinar, em composição que integra diferentes técnicas de pesquisa. Houve produção de material empírico original por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com gestores de políticas públicas de prevenção e ativistas dos movimentos de aids e LGBT. A produção e interpretação desse material empírico, orientado pelo quadro teórico acima apresentado, foram cotejadas com documentos das políticas, serviços e ações de saúde, cuidado e prevenção do HIV e da aids voltadas às populações de gays e HSH; observação de caráter etnográfico de eventos presenciais e de atividades no âmbito das redes sociais atinentes à prevenção do HIV e da aids entre gays e outros HSH; conversas informais com informantes-chave; e análise de resultados de outras pesquisas, quantitativas e qualitativas, disponíveis em bases públicas. Caracterizando-se como um estudo de análise de políticas públicas. Foi elaborada uma história narrativa dos diferentes momentos das respostas políticas à epidemia de aids entre gays e outros HSH no Brasil com vistas a compreender e constituir o cenário das políticas públicas de prevenção do HIV voltadas para HSH. Tendo sido identificados os principais paradoxos transformadores das respostas políticas: o paradoxo dos \"grupos de risco\" que reverteu abordagem discriminatória em visibilidade; a maior institucionalização das organizações com atividades em HIV/aids, incorreu em maior despolitização, com reforço ao tecnicismo das ações; a contraposição das políticas de prevenção focadas nos direitos e na visibilidade social à especificidade de uma política de prevenção ancorada e estruturante das políticas de saúde. A partir das narrativas produzidas nas entrevistas, particularmente, daqueles trechos que se referem às tensões e aos conflitos no que tange à prevenção, procedeu-se a duas naturezas de leitura interpretativa: 1) com vistas a caracterizar o cuidado público, identificou-se: como as leituras acerca da doença e da epidemia são usadas para justificar políticas de prevenção; como se dão as diferentes abordagens preventivas, calcadas em distintos conceitos operativos e recursos tecnológicos; e, por fim, como se dão as diferentes modalidades de organização da gestão (recursos financeiros e humanos, as formas de participação e diálogo com a comunidade, continuidade das ações, avaliação, transparência, accountability); e 2) destacou-se, nestes aspectos, aquelas respostas que expressam manifestações de indignação e desrespeito, de forma a mirar sob a perspectiva do reconhecimento e das capacidades e possibilidades de respostas das políticas no diálogo com necessidades, desejos e anseios dos sujeitos gays e HSHThis thesis examines HIV prevention policies aimed at men who have sex with men (MSM) in Brazil from the standpoint of the concepts of vulnerability, care and recognition. Therefore, it is proposed to study public health policies in the light of the vulnerability and human rights framework. The purpose of this study was to understand how the processes of (non) recognition, or disrespect, in the scope of public health care, understood as a set of policies, services and actions aimed at the prevention of HIV and AIDS, contribute to the processes of vulnerability of MSM to HIV and AIDS in the context of the epidemic and the responses produced in Brazil and the state of São Paulo in particular. It is a qualitative study, which adopts an interdisciplinary perspective, in a composition that integrates different research techniques. Original empirical material was produced through semi-structured interviews with managers of public prevention policies and activists of the AIDS and LGBT movements. The production and interpretation of this empirical material, guided by the theoretical framework presented above, were compared with documents of the policies, services and actions of health care and prevention of HIV and AIDS for the populations of gays and MSM; ethnographic observation of face-to-face events and activities within the social networks related to the prevention of HIV and AIDS among gays and other MSM; informal conversations with key informants; and analysis of the results of other quantitative and qualitative researches available in public databases. Characterized as a study of public policy analysis. A narrative history of the different moments of the political responses to the AIDS epidemic among gays and other MSM in Brazil has been elaborated with a view to understanding and setting the scene of the public policies of prevention of HIV directed to MSM. Having identified the main transforming paradoxes of political responses: the paradox of \"risk groups\" that reversed discriminatory approach in visibility; the greater institutionalization of organizations with activities on HIV/AIDS, which incurred in greater depoliticization, with reinforcement to the technicality of actions; the contraposition of prevention policies focused on social rights and visibility to the specificity of an anchored and structuring prevention policy based on health policies. From the narratives produced in the interviews, particularly from those excerpts that refer to tensions and conflicts regarding prevention, two types of interpretive reading were performed: 1) with a view to characterizing public care, it was identified: how the readings about the disease and the epidemic are used to justify prevention policies; as are the different preventive approaches, based on different operational concepts and technological resources; (financial and human resources, forms of participation and dialogue with the community, continuity of actions, evaluation, transparency, accountability); and 2) highlighted in those aspects those responses that express manifestations of indignation and disrespect, in order to look from the perspective of recognition and the capacities and possibilities of responses of the policies in the dialogue with the needs, desires and aspirations of the gay and MSM
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Heitzmann, Daniela. "Pierre Bourdieu." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-220218.
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Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) war ein französischer Ethnologe und Soziologe, der von 1981 bis 2001 einen Lehrstuhl für Soziologie am Collège de France innehatte. Sein zentrales Erkenntnisinteresse richtete Bourdieu auf die Beständigkeit der sozialen Verhältnisse, deren zentralen Mechanismus er im Phänomen der symbolischen Gewalt fand. Bourdieu beschreibt dabei, wie in der sozialen Praxis über Akte des Klassifizierens Herrschafts- und Machtverhältnisse konstituiert und perpetuiert werden. Als Beispiel schlechthin für die symbolische Gewalt benennt Bourdieu die „Männliche Herrschaft“. Die Rezeption dieses Konzepts ist in der deutschsprachigen Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung bis heute jedoch eher zurückhaltend.
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Heitzmann, Daniela. "Pierre Bourdieu." Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 2014. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15384.
Full textAbstract:
Pierre Bourdieu (1930–2002) war ein französischer Ethnologe und Soziologe, der von 1981 bis 2001 einen Lehrstuhl für Soziologie am Collège de France innehatte. Sein zentrales Erkenntnisinteresse richtete Bourdieu auf die Beständigkeit der sozialen Verhältnisse, deren zentralen Mechanismus er im Phänomen der symbolischen Gewalt fand. Bourdieu beschreibt dabei, wie in der sozialen Praxis über Akte des Klassifizierens Herrschafts- und Machtverhältnisse konstituiert und perpetuiert werden. Als Beispiel schlechthin für die symbolische Gewalt benennt Bourdieu die „Männliche Herrschaft“. Die Rezeption dieses Konzepts ist in der deutschsprachigen Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung bis heute jedoch eher zurückhaltend.
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Lin, Lang. "Parents, Patriarchy, and Decision-Making Power: A Study of Gender Relations as Reflected by Co-residence Patterns of Older Parents in the Immigrant Household." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/open_access_dissertations/16/.
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Thach, Thida. "La représentation de la violence faite aux femmes dans 'Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali' de Gil Courtemanche et 'Je m’appelle Bosnia' de Madeleine Gagnon." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31460.
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La violence faite aux femmes est une réalité encore très présente, surtout dans les sociétés patriarcales, même après des décennies de lutte féministe. C’est aussi un thème privilégié en littérature. La présente thèse propose justement une analyse de ce thème à travers deux romans assez récents qui mettent tous deux de l’avant des aspects particuliers de la question : Un dimanche à la piscine à Kigali de Gil Courtemanche et Je m’appelle Bosnia de Madeleine Gagnon. Nous tenterons de cerner les différentes formes de violences à l’œuvre dans les deux narrations : la violence faite aux filles, celle faite aux femmes, et enfin la violence spécifique qu’engendrent les conflits armés avec le viol comme arme de guerre. Nous proposerons une analyse intersectionnelle de ces formes de violences afin de mesurer les représentations et les répercussions des notions de classe et de race eu égard aux toiles de fond différentes des deux romans : le génocide chez Courtemanche, le nettoyage ethnique chez Gagnon. Nous aborderons aussi les narrations sous l’angle de l’agentivité. Dans des sociétés fondamentalement patriarcales, quel pouvoir peuvent espérer avoir les personnages féminins sur leur destin personnel et collectif? Y a-t-il pour ces femmes fictives des stratégies possibles pour atteindre une liberté d’action, si mince soit-elle?
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楊詩恬. "The subversion of male domination in John fowles's the collector and the french lieutenant's woman." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54470296987726327282.
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Hamrouni, Naïma. "Le care invisible : genre, vulnérabilité et domination." Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9059.
Full textAbstract:
Cette thèse en philosophie politique féministe part avant tout d’un constat empirique. Malgré les avancées réalisées depuis les cinquante dernières années au plan de l’égalité des sexes, la division du travail entre les hommes et les femmes, aussi bien sur le marché de l’emploi que dans la famille, perdure toujours dans nos sociétés démocratiques. S’inscrivant dans une perspective résolument féministe, croisant les réflexions contemporaines sur la théorie politique du care et la méthode féministe postmarxiste, cette thèse propose une interprétation plausible de ce clivage.
Dans une première partie, l’analyse de deux enjeux d’actualité en matière d’égalité des sexes, le soutien économique aux proches aidantes (chap. 1) et la reconnaissance du travail des mères et des femmes au foyer (chap. 2), me mène à la conclusion préliminaire suivante : malgré les objectifs visés, ces mesures politiques contribuent à enfermer encore davantage les femmes dans des rôles traditionnels. Dans une deuxième partie, je soutiens que ces mesures, ainsi que les approches féministes qui les sous-tendent, découlent elles-mêmes de processus de domination. L’argument avancé comporte quatre volets. J’aborde dans un premier temps les théories politiques du care. En inscrivant la réflexion sur le care dans une perspective politique, et non plus seulement morale, ces théoriciennes adoptent une définition du care comme « activité de soin » et visent à dissocier genre et care. Je suggère que malgré ces objectifs, elles adhèrent toujours à la logique différentialiste qui renforce le lien entre les femmes et le care lorsqu’il s’agit de proposer des politiques en matière d’égalité des sexes (chap. 3). En fait, cette logique différentialiste est intimement liée à la notion qu’elles se font du genre. Leur approche constructionniste, en démarquant le genre construit du sexe biologique, a pour effet de reconfirmer la différence des sexes (chap. 4). Sous ces approches, l’homme demeurant la norme et les femmes étant définies comme différentes, ces dernières intériorisent l’idée d’une « différence » logée en leurs propres corps (chap. 5). J’attire enfin l’attention sur la conception limitée que les théoriciennes se font du care, qu’elles posent comme l’équivalent des soins aux plus faibles (nourrissons, personnes malades, âgées et handicapées). Cette conception réductrice contribue à invisibiliser la plus grande partie du travail réalisé par les femmes dans leur vie quotidienne en soutien à ceux dont la dépendance ne se présente pas sous la forme la plus « extrême » : le care aux indépendants, c’est-à-dire tous les services (domestiques, de soins, reproductifs, sexuels) dévalués par leur principaux bénéficiaires, alors qu’ils constituent au même moment la condition essentielle à leur « indépendance ». Alors que le care aux indépendants demeure invisible, les femmes sont réassignées aux rôles traditionnels et les plus « puissants » continuent de dominer les institutions et le savoir qui porte sur elles. Rendre visible la part la plus « invisibilisée » du care et replacer notre commune vulnérabilité au cœur de la réflexion politique sur la justice représentent les premiers pas à franchir pour s’acheminer vers une société radicalement démocratique, une société libérée de la domination de genre (chap. 6).The starting point of this thesis in feminist political philosophy is first and foremost a preoccupying empirical record. In spite of all the progress made in the past fifty years in matters of gender equality, the division of labor between men and women, at home as well as in the workplace, still persists in our democratic societies. In line with a decidedly feminist perspective, combining the contemporary reflections on the politics of care and a post-marxist feminist method, this thesis offers a plausible interpretation of this persisting division. In the first part, the analysis of two current gender equality issues, of the financial support to family caregivers (chap. 1) and of the economic recognition of the work done by mothers and housewives (chap. 2), leads me to the following preliminary conclusion: in spite of their goals, these political measures actually contribute to maintain the status quo, indeed, to further confine women to their traditional roles. In a second part, I argue that these measures, as well as the feminist approaches which underlie and support them, are themselves derived from processes of domination. This argument comprises four parts. First, I discuss the political theories of care. In shifting the debate from en ethic to a politic of care, these philosophers both wanted to illustrate the dimension of caring as an activity and to dissociate care from gender. I suggest that in spite of their goals, they still tend to stick to the differentialist logic which strengthens the links between woman and care when they put forward policies on gender equality (chap. 3). This logic of difference is actually closely linked to their notion of gender. Indeed, in distinguishing the socially constructed gender from the biological sex, their constructionist approach has the effect of confirming natural sexual differences (chap. 4). Man still being the norm and woman the «difference» under this view, women come to internalize the idea of a difference located in their own bodies (chap. 5). Finally, I bring to attention the very limited conception of care of these theorists, defined as care for the most vulnerable (infants, the sick, the old and the handicapped persons). This reductive conception actually contributes to invisibilize the largest part of the work done daily by women in support of those whose dependency doesn’t come under the most «extreme» form: the care of independents, that is, all the services (domestic, caring, reproductive and sexual services) devalued by their recipients while they constitute the condition for their «independence». As caring for «independents» remains invisible, women are ascribed to traditional roles and the most «powerful» are free to keep on dominating both institutions and the knowledge produced about it. Making this «invisibilized» part of caring visible, and replacing our common vulnerability at the heart of the political reflection on justice, are the first steps towards a radical democratic society, that is, a society freed from gender domination.
Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Université catholique de Louvain
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Dubosc, Maeva. "Femmes fatales en devenirs : les femmes vampires face à la domination masculine dans "Byzantium" (2012, Neil Jordan)." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13490.
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Ce mémoire est l'occasion d'établir une courte généalogie des femmes vampires au cinéma, en mettant en avant la manière dont la figure de la femme vampire résonne avec celle de la femme fatale, dans la mesure où elle constitue à la fois une vision négative de la femme émancipée, tout en offrant une manière d’échapper au modèle féminin traditionnel. En me demandant si le vampirisme peut être une source de pouvoir émancipatoire pour les femmes, j’analyse attentivement Byzantium (2012) de Neil Jordan. À travers l’étude successive des deux personnages principaux, Clara et Eleanor, je montre comment le film résonne avec la généalogie des femmes vampires établie préalablement, ainsi qu’avec certains enjeux féministes. Surtout, l’accent est mis sur la manière dont les personnages féminins contestent le pouvoir masculin, à travers la performance des stéréotypes, pour Clara, et la prise de contrôle du récit, pour Eleanor. Enfin, je me concentre sur la manière dont, à travers des mouvements de devenirs, ces personnages sortent du cycle fatal de l’oppression masculiniste, qui mène habituellement à l’extinction de la femme vampire en fin de récit, mais qui ici aboutit à une tentative de réconciliation entre les sexes. Mon travail s’appuie sur de larges recherches concernant la figure du vampire, ainsi que sur les études féministes et gender studies relatives aux textes vampiriques. Je m’appuie également sur les réflexions de Judith Butler, les travaux deleuziens sur la notion de « devenir », et les considérations de Derrida sur le don.This master thesis is the opportunity to establish a short genealogy of vampire women on screen, highlighting how the figure of the vampire resonates with that of the femme fatale, since it is both a negative vision of the emancipated woman, while also providing a way to escape the traditional female model. Wondering if vampirism can be a source of emancipatory power for women, I analyze carefully Byzantium (2012, Neil Jordan). Through successive study of the two main characters, Clara and Eleanor, I show how the film resonates with the genealogy of vampire women established previously, as well as some feminist issues. Above all, the emphasis is on how the female characters are challenging male power, through the performance of stereotypes, for Clara, and through the takeover of the narrative, for Eleanor. Finally, I focus on how, through movements of becomings, these characters come out of the fatal cycle of masculinist oppression, which usually leads to the extinction of the female vampire at the end of the story, but here leads to an attempt at reconciliation between the sexes. My work is based on extensive research on the figure of the vampire, and women and gender studies relating to vampiric texts. I also rely on Judith Butler’s work, the deleuzian concept of “becoming”, and considerations on the gift by Derrida.
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Katembo, Alima. "Reducing cases of gender based violence in Mashonaland Central province : Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1361.
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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters in Management Sciences(Peace-building), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015.This study examines gender based violence in a mining community and uses the case study of Trojan Nickel Mine in Mashonaland Central Province of Zimbabwe. Studies have shown that Mashonaland Central has the highest incidence rate of gender based violence in Zimbabwe. Mining communities are more susceptible to incidences of gender based violence because of their cultural heterogeneity which engender and generate conflict. The research examines gender based violence within the confines of several theories and conceptual frameworks such as social-learning theory, sex-role theory and ecological framework. It reveals that no factor can be singled out as the cause of gender based violence, but argues that patriarchy whose norms are embedded through culture contributes the most in constructing attitudes and perceptions which legitimize gender based violence. The study also identifies religious practices and the environment as playing key roles in encouraging gender based violence. The study in the end constructs an intervention model based on the ‘catch them young theory’ where young boys were trained on non-violent strategies of reducing gender based violence. This is against the background that men play an influential role in communities as decision makers and policy makers. This intervention targeted changing the behavior and attitude of boys over women and girls.
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Ndlovu, Wakhumuzi. "Preventing violence against lone women in Pumula community, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/1521.
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Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management Science: Public Management (Peace-building), Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016.The purpose of the study was to assess or investigate the forms, causes and effects of violence towards lone women from Pumula Township, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. In finding these it seeks to prevent violence towards these lone women. It is noted that structural male dominant culture and inequality are the major causes of violence towards lone women in Pumula; this is also similar in Sub-Saharan Africa. Many studies on lone women have been done worldwide and to the best of my knowledge, none that seeks for substantive solutions has been done in Bulawayo. This study was exploratory and qualitative in nature. This was done through a forum, focus group interviews and personal interviews. The data in the forum was collected by an advisory team and the researcher was the facilitator in all interviews. The major method of data collection was the focus group interviews. Also for triangulation purposes, and to complement the focus group interviews, individual interviews were done. Stakeholders’ workshops and lone women workshops were conducted to propose the means that could be used to reduce violence against lone women. Ethical standards were observed during the study. The findings of the study indicate that violence towards lone women is caused by a patriarchal culture and the social norms that make lone women to be stigmatised, ostracised and discriminated against because of their status. The confiscation of their property after the death of their spouses, or divorce, the struggle to shelter and care for their children often causes lone women ill-health and low self-esteem. They also find it difficult to find time for self as they are the breadwinners. It was proposed that the community and the lone women work together to curb violence against lone women and to combat all the injustices that are happening within society. Women empowerment and development can eradicate violence against the lone women.
M
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Turnbull-Jackson, Carolyn Jeannette Anne. "An investigation into the exercise of male power in middle management in Technikons in KwaZulu-Natal, with particular reference to verbal communication." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10321/2676.
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Dissertation submitted in partial compliance with the requirements for the Masters Degree in Technology: Education (Management) at Technikon NatalThis study focused on the exercise of male power in middle management in technikons in KwaZulu-Natal, with particular reference to verbal communication. The glass ceiling, blocking promotions to senior positions, is a reality for women in technikons and the researcher explored the ways in which exploitation and marginalisation occur when sexism and power is wielded by males through verbal communication.
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Bohonos, Jeremy W. "Spiritualism and gender : questions of leadership & masculine identity." 2012. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1666202.
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Access to abstract restricted until May 2015Introduction to spiritualism and historiography -- Finding the limits of gender equality in a progressive movement -- A case study of a male medium -- Intellectual freedom : a license to criticize and an invitation to heterodoxy.
Access to thesis restricted until May 2015
Department of History
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Lavičková, Tereza. "Literární analýza děl M. Viewegha: Román pro ženy a Román pro muže z genderové perspektivy." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-344115.
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This master thesis deals with feminist literary analysis of the works of writer Michal Viewegh, specifically his two prose novels Román pro ženy and Román pro muže using a method called resistant reading with a critical gender analysis and subsequent final comparison. This thesis consists of two parts, from the theoretical - methodological, which outlines the theoretical basis for the next analytical part. The key concepts are in the first part the researches of literary critics on Michal Viewegh, theories of Judith Fetterley, Elaine Showalter and Janice A. Radway. Furthermore, there are the theoretical basis of gender, and how gender stereotypes are constructed. This section is mainly based on the theorists Blanka Knotková - Čapková, Annis Pratt, Claire M. Renzetti and Daniel J. Curran and founder of analytical psychology Carl Gustav Jung. In describing femininity and masculinity are central lines theories of Naomi Wolf, Simone de Beauvoir and Pierre Bourdieu, Michael Kimmel and Robert Bly. The analytical part is the critical uncovering of gender stereotypes and power discourse. The conclusion is made by the final critical comparison of both novels. Key words: resistant reading, literary canon, gender stereotypes, masculinity, femininity, beauty myth, male domination, power
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Lupati, Federica. "From the Margins of the Periphery: Female Voices from Brazil´s and Portugal´s Hip Hop Scene." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/91277.
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This research responds to the need to fill the void in terms of studies and scholarships on female
rappers from Portugal and Brazil. Addressing issues such as racism, patriarchy, male hegemony and
the silencing or underestimation of women’s contributions to the building and evolution of rap both
in Portugal and Brazil, the aim is to offer a space where these issues can be discussed, while also
acknowledging and understanding the works and experience of female performers. In addition to this,
the present work aims at discussing the social, cultural and politcal importance of hip hop as a
marginal, yet global, contemporary practice and its evolution into a mass-mediatic culture. Hip hop’s
contribution to the building of new individual and collective identities, its unapologetic narratives
and revolutionary messages are here understood as tools that contribute to the understanding of the
dynamics that agitate the social and creative realities of today’s post-modern and post-colonial world.
Through a methodological approach that looks at interdisciplinarity as its main feature, this work
borrows its core ideas from fields such as Cultural Studies, Hip Hop Studies, Gender Studies,
Feminist Theory, among many others, as well as from the informal conversations that I have been
recording throughout these years with Portuguese rappers Capicua, Telma TVon, Mynda Guevara,
and Brazilian rappers Samantha Muleka, Rose MC, Keli Rosa and Sharylaine. Despite the fact some
interviews did not make it to this final text, they were all fundamental to it.Esta pesquisa responde à necessidade de preencher o vazio em termos de estudos e investigações sobre rappers femininas desde Portugal e Brasil. Abordando questões como o racismo, o patriarcado, a hegemonia masculina e o silenciamento ou menosprezo das contribuições dadas por mulheres na construção e evolução da cultura hip hop, quer em Portugal, quer no Brasil, o objetivo é de criar aqui um espaço onde estas questões sejam discutidas, ao passo que são compreendidos e reconhecidos os trabalhos e as experiências dessas intérpretes femininas. adicionalmente, a presente investigação visa debater a relevância social, política e cultural da cultura hip hop como prática marginal, e ainda assim global. As contribuições dadas pelo hip hop à construção de novas identidades individuais e coletivas, as suas narrativas não apologéticas e as suas mensagens revolucionárias são aqui interpretados como ferramentas que ajudam a entender as dinâmicas que agitam as realidades sociais e criativas do atual mundo pós-moderno e pós-colonial. Através duma abordagem metodológica que olha para a interdisciplinaridade como a sua principal característica, as ideias centrais a este trabalho inspiramse a campos como os Estudos Culturais, a Sociologia, os Estudos de Hip Hop, os Estudos de Género, a Teoria Feminista, dentro de muitos outros, assim como às conversas informais gravadas ao longo destes anos com as rappers portuguesas Capicua, Telma TVon e Mynda Guevara e as rappers brasileiras Samantha Muleka, Rose MC, Keli Rosa e Sharylaine. Apesar de que algumas gravações não chegaram a ser incluídas neste texto, todas foram fundamentais para a sua construção.
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Mtshiselwa, Pumla. "A critique of sex and power within the womanist liberation theology: human dignity-relationship perspective." Diss., 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26514.
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“The power of sex to dominate and the ability of power to obtain sex in order to
dominate” is at the crux of the researchers’ investigation. The researcher
problematizes the usage of power for the attainment of sexual favours. At the heart of
this research is the question, what is at the root of the exploitation and “sexifying” of
power by either the granter or the recipients of sexual favours. The researcher utilises
various lenses in exploring the research problem. Such lenses include a social lens
which zooms in at the social power possessed by men over women in society and a
theological lens which zooms in on the domination of men over women in scripture.
In an attempt to explore the subject at hand, the author explores the role of patriarchy,
unequal opportunities between men and women and poverty as some of the primary
proponents for those who offer themselves as sex objects to those in power. In most
cases, it is women who are at the suffering end of poverty; it is also women who are
forced to use their bodies for sex, this, therefore, means that women are doubly
oppressed. Part of the socialised “sexual oppression” of women is the notion that
women were created for marriage, work, labour and the pleasure of men.
Anthropologically, men and women are the crown of creation and are worthy of dignity.
It is, therefore, a necessity for women to reclaim their dignity.
The researcher is aware of the complex nature of sex which varies from negative to
positive experiences depending on the individual. In a society that views sex as a
commodity and is permissive in its perception of sex, in a society that has a high rate
of pornography, swinging and swapping. The researcher probes the “humanising” of
sex so that it is not just a physical activity but an intimate act of love and affection. The
principles for the above involves viewing sex as personal and relational; sex as
exclusive and unique; sex as fruitful and productive; sex and selfless and sacrificial
and an acknowledgement of sex as multi-dimensional.
Though the writer comes from a religious background and is the Wesleyan tradition,
though she converses with a faith community in Eersterust as part of her quantitative research; she does not evade confronting the reality of the bible as a document flawed
with patriarchy, clothed in culture and set in a particular context.
The author who is Wesleyan draws from this rich heritage and compares the times of
John Wesley which were characterised by, “Champagne, dice or a neighbour’s
spouse” to the South African context. She utilises the Wesleyan quadrilateral to draw
these parallels.
All these findings led the author to the conclusion that conversations, training, safe
space and capacitating of those in power, those abusing power, those attracted to
power must be held for the restoration of human dignity with particular reference to
women. The church remains a powerful and efficient platform for the above. The
Church can no longer evade her role in rectifying the damage caused by patriarchy as
assumedly condoned by the bible. The church can no longer evader her role in the
restoration of human dignity.Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
M. Th. (Systematic Theology)
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De, Mattos Rudy Frédéric 1974. "The discourse of women writers in the French Revolution: Olympe de Gouges and Constance de Salm." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3468.
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Twentieth-century scholars have extensively studied how Rousseau's domestic discourse impacted the patriarchal ideology in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and contributed to women's exclusion from the public sphere. Joan Landes, Lynn Hunt, and many others, argued that the French Revolution excluded women from the public sphere and confined them to the domestic realm. Joan Landes also argued that the patriarchal discourse was a mere reflection of social reality. In The Other Enlightenment, Carla Hesse argues for the women's presence in the public sphere. One of the goals of this dissertation is to contribute to the debate by analyzing the content of the counter-discourse of selected women authors during the revolutionary era and examine how they challenged and subverted the patriarchal discourse. In the second chapter, I reconstruct the patriarchal discourse. I first examine the official (or legal) discourse in crucial works which remain absent from major modern sources: Jean Domat's Loix civiles dans leur order naturel and Louis de Héricourt's Loix eccleésiastiques de France dans leur order naturel. Then I look at how scientists like Monroe, Roussel, Lignac, Venel, and Robert used discoveries regarding woman's physiology to create a medical discourse that justifies woman's inferiority so as to confine them into the domestic/private sphere. I examine how intellectuals such as Rousseau, Diderot, Montesquieu, Coyer and Laclos, reinforced women's domesticity. In chapter 3, I examine women's participation in the early stage of the Revolution and the overt attempt by some women to claim their place in the public sphere and to challenge and subvert the oppressive patriarchal discourse through their writings. Chapter 4 focuses on Olympe de Gouges's theater and a specific example of subversion of the patriarchal discourse: I compare the father figure in Diderot's La Religieuse and de Gouges's play Le Couvent, ou les Voeux forcés. Finally chapter 5 examines women's involvement in the French Revolution after 1794 and Constance de Salm's attack on patriarchy.