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Kręcichwost, Marcel. "The analysis of male nursing students and professionally active male nurses’ opinions on the presence of men in the nursing profession." Medical Science Pulse 8, no. 4 (December 23, 2014): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0003.3176.
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Background: Since the 19th century nursing has been dominated by female nurses. Although the evolution of men into nursing profession has increased recently, the presence of male nurses still surprises patients. Despite the stereotype, more and more men replenish the nursing staf. Aim of the study: The main goal of the conducted research is to get to know male nursing students and male nurses’ opinions on the topic of the profession chosen by them, as well as to discover the level of satisfaction they derive from their work.Materials and methods: The research is based on the diagnostic poll method carried out according to the authorial questionnaire which consisted of 20 one-choice questions and one which required indicating three answers. He anonymous survey was directed to male nurses and male nursing students. 60 people took part in the research: 42 male nurses and 18 male students of nursing. Results: 47 respondents feel satisfaction derived from their work. 45% of respondents would choose nursing again if they could decide about their career one more time. 66.7% of the examined male nurses are pleased with their earnings, but 46.2 % of them work in a few places. The questionnaire in 53.3 % showed that they had chosen the profession of the male nurse, because they wanted to work in medical profession, and in the 25% they acknowledged that nursing was a perfect profession for them.Conclusions: During the research a low percentage of male nurses was observed in health care teams. Therefore, it should suggest a bigger promotion of this profession among men. The analysis of the results showed, moreover, that there is a need to continue examinations concerning the issue, in the aim of identifying possible problems and increasing the awareness of the society and potential students.Keywords: male nurse, student, man, nursing
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Parashar, Sangeeta. "Marginalized by race and place." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 34, no. 11/12 (October 7, 2014): 747–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2014-0003.
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Purpose – Given South Africa's apartheid history, studies have primarily focused on racial discrimination in employment outcomes, with lesser attention paid to gender and context. The purpose of this paper is to fill an important gap by examining the combined effect of macro- and micro-level factors on occupational sex segregation in post-apartheid South Africa. Intersections by race are also explored. Design/methodology/approach – A multilevel multinomial logistic regression is used to examine the influence of various supply and demand variables on women's placement in white- and blue-collar male-dominated occupations. Data from the 2001 Census and other published sources are used, with women nested in magisterial districts. Findings – Demand-side results indicate that service sector specialization augments differentiation by increasing women's opportunities in both white-collar male- and female-dominated occupations. Contrary to expectations, urban residence does not influence women's, particularly African women's, placement in any male-type positions, although Whites (white-collar) and Coloureds (blue-collar) fare better. Supply side human capital models are supported in general with African women receiving higher returns from education relative to others, although theories of “maternal incompatibility” are partially disproved. Finally, among all racial groups, African women are least likely to be employed in any male-dominated occupations, highlighting their marginalization and sustained discrimination in the labour market. Practical implications – An analysis of women's placement in white- and blue-collar male-dominated occupations by race provides practical information to design equitable work policies by gender and race. Social implications – Sex-typing of occupations has deleterious consequences such as lower security, wage differentials, and fewer prospects for promotion, that in turn increase labour market rigidity, reduce economic efficiency, and bar women from reaching their full potential. Originality/value – Very few empirical studies have examined occupational sex segregation (using detailed three-digit data) in developing countries, including South Africa. Methodologically, the paper uses multilevel techniques to correctly estimate ways in which context influences individual outcomes. Finally, it contributes to the literature on intersectionality by examining how gender and race sustain systems of inequality.
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Crisp, Beth R. "Expected to be mother: Women’s experiences of taking on leadership roles in the academy." Greenwich Social Work Review 1, no. 2 (December 17, 2020): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21100/gswr.v1i2.1116.
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For women academics, the gendered university places expectations not experienced by their male colleagues. In particular, scholarly literature includes many instances of expectations that female scholars, particularly those in management roles, will take on a motherly role within the academy. These occur even in female-dominated professions such as social work. This paper identifies four groups within the university who expect women academics to adopt a mothering role: students, staff and colleagues, senior management, and in some instances women themselves. This paper draws together this literature in the hope that it brings into public some of the often covert expectations experienced by many female academics, and argues that gender equity cannot be achieved while expectations of mothering remain unrecognised.
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Simon, Linda, and Kira Clarke. "Apprenticeships should work for women too!" Education + Training 58, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 578–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2016-0022.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the issues affecting successful employment outcomes for young women in male-dominated careers, focusing on those generally accessed via a traditional Australian apprenticeship model. Current patterns of participation in trades-based fields of education and training reinforce the highly gender segregated nature of the Australian Labour Force. Women are particularly under-represented in the large industries of construction, mining and utilities, where female employees account for only around 12, 15 and 23 per cent of employees, respectively, an issue of concern both in terms of increased economic participation of women and girls, and gender equality more broadly. The foundations for transition from education and training to employment are established during school. It is during these formative years that young men and women have notions of what is possible for them, and what is not possible, reinforced. Unfortunately, gendered stereotypes and perceptions around certain career options for young women are still reinforced within schools and create barriers to widening young women’s participation in a range of careers, particularly in fields traditionally dominated by males. The paper discusses strategies supporting initial apprenticeship opportunities for young women, and supportive structures to help women and girls build careers in these industries. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws from a mixed method study, involving a national electronic survey of educators, industry and community groups, and a range of semi-structured interviews. Whilst the major study focused primarily on career exploration in relation to young women taking on careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics and non-traditional industries, this paper focuses on one aspect of this study, young women taking up an apprenticeship in a male-dominated career. The research around career exploration was undertaken in 2014, and this paper has placed it in the current context of falling apprenticeships and increasing pressures to increase the number of women and girls employed in a wider range of careers. Findings – The findings of this particular study consider the barriers to young women taking on apprenticeships and identify strategies that hopefully will produce more successful pathways. This paper can be seen as adding to the public discourse to address the Australian Government’s stated reform objective in vocational education and training (VET), that trade apprenticeships are appropriately valued and used as career pathways. Originality/value – This paper can be seen as adding to the public discourse to address the Australian Government’s stated VET reform objective, that trade apprenticeships are appropriately valued and used as career pathways.
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Rohde, Martin. "Ukrainian Popular Science in Habsburg Galicia, 1900-14." East/West: Journal of Ukrainian Studies 7, no. 2 (October 26, 2020): 139–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21226/ewjus615.
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This paper historicizes the idea of “popular science” in the Ukrainian academic discourse in relation to contemporary approaches to “national science” (as “science proper”) and places special emphasis on the introduction of regular scientific lectures to public audiences in early twentieth century Habsburg Galicia. The Shevchenko Scientific Society was the central Ukrainian association of scholars and scientists at the time. Male-dominated, and increasingly dedicated to “Ukrainoznavstvo” (“Ukrainian studies”), the Shevchenko Scientific Society paid little attention to the popularization of scientific research. The Petro Mohyla Society for Ukrainian Scientific Lectures emerged in reaction to the Shevchenko Society. Its goal was to expand public awareness of the scientific work, and its members proceeded to organize regular public lectures all over Galicia between 1909 and 1914. This paper analyzes such popularization of science, propagated by the Petro Mohyla Society, and examines the lecture audiences with regard to their location, gender, and respective interests.
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Windels, Kasey, and Karen L. Mallia. "How being female impacts learning and career growth in advertising creative departments." Employee Relations 37, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 122–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-02-2014-0011.
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Purpose – In the male-dominant creative industries, do men and women have access to the same resources for career learning and development? The purpose of this paper is to examine women’s perspectives of their career trajectories in advertising creative departments. Design/methodology/approach – Situated learning theory views learning as produced through interaction with and increasing participation in a community of practice. Interviews were conducted with 19 female creatives to examine two research questions: first, how do women develop identities as creative practitioners within the male dominated advertising creative department? and second, how are women’s learning trajectories influenced by their gender? Findings – Gendered expectations affected the type of work women were supposed to produce, their ability to sell work, and the types of assignments they received. Women lacked legitimacy and experienced difficulties developing an identity as a master practitioner. They instead emphasized parts of their identity unrelated to the profession. Research limitations/implications – Women were unable to develop identities as full members of the community of practice. The identity formed in conjunction with work was that of a person with lesser talents, fewer opportunities, and less valued contributions, causing them to exit the field or seek positive identity from places other than work. Originality/value – This study was the first study that the authors are aware of to examine empirically the relationship between situated learning theory and gender. It provided evidence from women’s perspectives that gender restricted access to material for forming a positive work-identity, which impeded learning as women realized and accepted they were on a different trajectory than similarly-situated males.
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de Boise, Sam. "Cheer up emo kid: rethinking the ‘crisis of masculinity’ in emo." Popular Music 33, no. 2 (April 8, 2014): 225–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143014000300.
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Abstract‘Emo’, an abbreviation of the word ‘emotional’, is a term both used to describe music which places public emphasis on introspective displays of emotion and a pejorative phrase applied to fans of a diverse range of music. It is overwhelmingly male-dominated in terms of production and it has been suggested that the development of emo can be explained with reference to a ‘crisis in masculinity’. This implies that explicit, male emotional expression is historically incompatible with the performance of Western ‘masculinity’. This article first briefly explores how emo emerged and how it has been linked to the idea of a crisis. It then moves on to conduct a lyrical, discursive analysis around three themes: emotional expression and relationships; overt chauvinism; and ‘beta male misogyny’. Through these concepts I suggest that, rather than indicating a crisis or ‘softening’ of masculinity, there are actually a number of historical continuities with masculinities as a means of sustaining gendered inequalities.
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Afanasyeva, Olga, Maria Goncharova, and Valentina Shiyan. "The Condition and Trends of Crimes Committed in Public Places." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 6 (December 26, 2019): 895–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(6).895-908.
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The success of prevention greatly depends on its proper support by research. In the present situation with crime counteraction, it is impossible to achieve substantial results without using the advances of research. Criminological research of different types of crimes makes it possible to focus on their specific features. The authors of the article analyze the current situation with crimes committed in public places and their trends. It is noted that a third of all crimes in official statistics was committed in public places; their structure is dominated by theft, plunder and illegal drug trade. The general reduction of the level of crime in public places, characteristic for 2016, was accompanied by a growth in the number of crimes in the sphere of illegal trade in arms, drugs, and the number of thefts. The authors pay special attention to street crimes (summarize criminological approaches to the concept of «street crime», show its dynamics, structure, consequences, influence on the situation with public order and public safety, socio-psychological state of the society and the assessment of the work of the police). The results of researching crimes in public places at the regional level are presented. Using the analysis of statistical data from State Information and Analytical Center of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, the authors state that the Central Federal District is one of the most problematic from the criminal viewpoint in the country. A high coefficient of crimes in public places is observed in the Siberian, Far East, Ural Federal Districts. Key modern trends of crimes in public places include: a dominant share of crimes against property; unlawful use of modern information and communication technologies for criminal purposes; links with transnational organized crime; a steady trend for a younger age of persons who commit crimes of this type. The results of the conducted research make it possible to determine new criminal challenges, identify priorities of preventive work, use and develop measures aimed at improving the counteraction not only to crimes in public places, but to crimes in general.
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Power, Nicole, and Moss Norman. "Re-Inscribing Gender Relations through Employment-Related Geographical Mobility: The Case of Newfoundland Youth in Resource Extraction." Canadian Journal of Sociology 44, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 283–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs29599.
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Despite the popular representation of the masculine hero migrant (Ni Laoire, 2001), rural youth scholars have found that young men are more likely to stay on in their communities, while young women tend to be more mobile, leaving for education and better employment opportunities elsewhere (Corbett, 2007b; Lowe, 2015). Taking a spatialized approach (Farrugia, Smyth & Harrison, 2014), we contribute to and extend the rural youth studies scholarship on gender, mobilities and place by considering the case of young Newfoundlanders’ geographical mobilities in relation to male-dominated resource extraction industries. We draw on findings from two SSHRC-funded research projects, the Rural Youth and Recovery project, a subcomponent of the Community-University Research for Recovery Alliance (CURRA) and the Youth, Apprenticeship and Mobility project, a subcomponent of the On the Move Partnershi We argue that the spatial coding of gender relations in rural Newfoundland makes certain kinds of mobilities more intelligible and possible for young men, while constraining women’s. In other words, gender relations of rural places are “stretched out” (Farrugia et al., 2014) across space through the mobility practices of young men and women in relation to work in skilled trades and resource extraction industries. These “stretched out” gender relations are reproduced by the organisation of a sector that relies on a mobile workforce free from care and domestic work and familiar with manual work.
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Retno M, Laura Andri. "Membaca Perempuan Dalam Kumpulan Cerpen Perempuan yang Menunggu Karya Dorothea Rosa Herliany." Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.12.1.101-114.
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Positioning yourself as a woman by feeling all her existence and helplessness will make us able to read the text in a literary work of women. Literary works which written by female authors usually present messages and ideas contrary to the patriarchal system. If the reader simply places himself as a "reader" then he will not be able to capture the message and the idea. Instead they only concerned with the public's understanding and perception in general which is still dominated by patriarchal culture. Through the feminist’s approach "read as a woman" in the essay collection Perempuan yang Menunggu (The Waiting Women) by Dorothea Rosa's, "women readers" will find concrete images of the condition of women in accordance with reality. They will read, interpret and understand the body of women as well as their own body and identity. Ultimately, women are able to free themselves from the frame constraints that limit their creativity and overhaul the existing patriarchal systems
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Bellini, Maria Irene, Yitka Graham, Catherine Hayes, Roxanna Zakeri, Rowan Parks, and Vassilios Papalois. "A woman’s place is in theatre: women’s perceptions and experiences of working in surgery from the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland women in surgery working group." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e024349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024349.
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ObjectiveSurgery remains an inherently male-dominated profession. The aim of this study was to survey women working within the discipline, to understand their current perceptions, providing insight into their practical day-to-day lives, supporting an action-oriented change.Design and settingThe link to a confidential, online survey was distributed through the Association of Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (ASGBI) social media platforms on Facebook and Twitter over a 2-week period in October 2017.ParticipantsWomen working in surgical specialties and actively responding to the link shared through the ASGBI social media platforms. No patients were involved in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresData were analysed through a mixed-methods approach. The quantitative data were analysed through descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis was undertaken using a constant comparative analysis of the participants’ comments, to identify salient patterns (themes).ResultsA total of 81 female participants replied (42% response rate based on the Facebook group members), with 88% (n=71) perceiving surgery as a male-dominated field. Over half had experienced discrimination (59%, n=47), while 22% (n=18) perceived a ‘glass ceiling’ in surgical training. Orthopaedics was reported as the most sexist surgical specialty by 53% (n=43). Accounts of gendered language in the workplace were reported by 59% (n=47), with 32% (n=25) of surveys participants having used it. Overall, a lack of formal mentorship, inflexibility towards part-time careers, gender stereotypes and poor work–life balance were the main perceived barriers for women in surgical careers.ConclusionThese findings highlight the implicit nature of the perceived discrimination that women report in their surgical careers. The ASGBI acknowledges these perceptual issues and relative implications as the first of many steps to create an action-oriented change by allowing all staff, regardless of gender, to reflect on their own behaviour, perceptions and the culture in which they work.
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Yang, Yang, Nitesh V. Chawla, and Brian Uzzi. "A network’s gender composition and communication pattern predict women’s leadership success." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 6 (January 22, 2019): 2033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1721438116.
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Many leaders today do not rise through the ranks but are recruited directly out of graduate programs into leadership positions. We use a quasi-experiment and instrumental-variable regression to understand the link between students’ graduate school social networks and placement into leadership positions of varying levels of authority. Our data measure students’ personal characteristics and academic performance, as well as their social network information drawn from 4.5 million email correspondences among hundreds of students who were placed directly into leadership positions. After controlling for students’ personal characteristics, work experience, and academic performance, we find that students’ social networks strongly predict placement into leadership positions. For males, the higher a male student’s centrality in the school-wide network, the higher his leadership-job placement will be. Men with network centrality in the top quartile have an expected job placement level that is 1.5 times greater than men in the bottom quartile of centrality. While centrality also predicts women’s placement, high-placing women students have one thing more: an inner circle of predominantly female contacts who are connected to many nonoverlapping third-party contacts. Women with a network centrality in the top quartile and a female-dominated inner circle have an expected job placement level that is 2.5 times greater than women with low centrality and a male-dominated inner circle. Women who have networks that resemble those of high-placing men are low-placing, despite having leadership qualifications comparable to high-placing women.
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Zeng, Jinyan. "Documentary Film, Gender, and Activism in China: A Conversation with Ai Xiaoming." Film Quarterly 74, no. 1 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/fq.2020.74.1.45.
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FQ board member and contributor Chris Berry translates a conversation between the independent female filmmakers Ai Xiaoming and Zeng Jinyan. Although of different generations, Xiaoming and Zeng are both outliers in China's male-dominated film industry. The most prominent women filmmaker among the first generation of independent documentarians, Ai Xiaoming has lived under virtual house arrest since Xi Jinping's rise to power in 2012. Zeng Jinyan came to public attention in 2006, when she documented the disappearance of her husband, civil rights activist Hu Jia, in a protest blog; she later completed a PhD on the work of Ai Xiaoming while in exile in Hong Kong. Both women have recently reentered public life, Ai Xiaoming writing about her experiences of the novel coronavirus lockdown in her hometown of Wuhan and Zeng releasing a new film, Hanjiao yu eryu (Outcry and Whisper), focusing on the special pressures placed on women who dare to speak out in public in China.
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Popa, Cătălin Nicolae. "The significant past and insignificant archaeologists. Who informs the public about their ‘national’ past? The case of Romania." Archaeological Dialogues 23, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1380203816000064.
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AbstractThis paper addresses the role of archaeologists in informing the public about a fundamental component of contemporary Romanian identity: the Dacian heritage. I start by exploring how the Dacians and Romanians came to be connected, a process that resulted from a combination of nationalistic zeal on behalf of archaeologists and the nationalist propaganda of the Ceauşescu regime during the 1970s and 1980s. I then move to the present-day situation, where I argue that archaeologists have reduced themselves to having a minor role in the public sphere, while discussions about the Dacians are dominated by two main players: pseudoarchaeologists and re-enactors. This state of affairs delegitimizes Romanian archaeology and places self-declared specialists and enthusiasts in the position of experts. Some of the Dacian narratives produced in this environment are infused with strong nationalist messages and have the potential to fuel extreme right-wing and even xenophobic movements. Consequently, in the final part of the paper, I recommend that Romanian archaeologists should challenge the representations and interpretations of pseudoarchaeologists and re-enactors. Moreover, academics should make it a priority to re-engage with the public and disseminate their work to a broad audience in a convincing manner.
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RASHEED, ASMAA. "Gender relations within the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS)." Journal Ishraqat Tanmawya 27 (June 2021): 234–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.51424/ishq.27.9.
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In June 2014, fighters belonging to an extremist group calling itself (ISIS) and nicknamed (ISIS) invaded the city of Mosul, the second largest Iraqi governorate, and announced the establishment of the Islamic Islamic Caliphate, which lasted until 2017. ISIS's control spread values related to the isolation of women and a hierarchical vision of the relationship between the sexes that works to reinforce and consecrate male domination and places women in a lower position. Several mechanisms have been adopted with the aim of returning women to the private sphere and keeping them at home, including the imposition of legal dress and preventing women from going out except with a mahram, and the rule of hisbah and penalties. The current study aims to provide an understanding of the laws and ideology governing gender relations within societies that ISIS has controlled for more than two years. It addresses three main issues, including the harassment of women, the attempt to control their bodies, and the monitoring and punishment mechanisms that were practiced on women. And the roles of women in societies dominated by the organization, and the issue of marriage. The study relied on testimonies and interviews conducted with a number of women who lived through ISIS rule in Mosul, Salah al-Din and Fallujah. In addition to reports issued by international organizations and documents published on the Internet and news circulated, which gave the information obtained more reliability. Key words: Iraq, ISIS, women, isolation, punishment, roles, marriage
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Alconchel, José Luis Girón. "Nebrija y las gramáticas del español en el siglo de oro." Historiographia Linguistica 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1995): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.22.1-2.02alc.
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Summary This article is intended as a contribution to the history of Spanish grammar of the 16th and 17th centures. It has two parts. In the first the author places grammar studies within the framework of Spanish linguistics of the Renaissance; in the second, he delineates their evolution with reference to Latin grammar and the teaching Spanish as a foreign language. It is well known that nationalism and the intention to establish the literary foundations of the language are the most important agents of grammatical studies during the Renaissance; yet, attention must also be paid to the rupture of medieval Latin-Romance bilingualism, to the new intellectual paradigm in which rhetorics substitutes for syllogism, and to the influence of Erasmus. The grammar of the troubadours and Latin grammar – medieval and humanist – evoke an interest in developing grammars of Romance languages; it made the appearance of Nebrija possible. In his grammar of Spanish we may stress its capacity to be a grammar for foreigners and the value of this document for the history of Spanish. Spanish grammar writing of the 16th century is dominated by Nebrija; is strong presence is evident with the critical reception Villalon and Valdes give to his work. In the 17th century the work of Sanctius initiates a rationalism which favours pedagogical methodology and linguistic nationalism. Jimenez Paton, Correas and Caramuel are the most important authors of that period. With an exemplary linguistic realism Correas applies Sanctius’ theory of the elipsis to Spanish, and he recognizes the singularity of Spanish grammar in contrast to that of Latin. The grammars written for foreigners in the 17th century are at the height of inductive methodology.
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Raithel, Jarod D., Melissa J. Reynolds-Hogland, Patrick C. Carr, and Lise M. Aubry. "Why Does the Regulated Harvest of Black Bears Affect the Rate of Human-Bear Conflicts in New Jersey?" Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.415535.
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Humanity has a miserable track record in conserving large carnivores: from Paleolithic hunters skinning the enormous cave lion 15,000 years ago to the contemporary loss of the marsupial Tasmanian tiger. Today, several iconic members of the order Carnivora are on the brink of extinction (Amur leopards, Asiatic cheetahs), and over 75% of the world's 31 large carnivore species have experienced alarming population declines, often directly from human persecution. Yet, several species of large predators have dramatically rebounded (European gray wolf, American black bear) in the most unlikely of places: heavily human-dominated landscapes. For example, the black bear population in northwestern New Jersey (NJ), the state with the highest human densities in the United States, has exponentially increased over sixfold in just 15 years. During this period of unprecedented suburban sprawl in NJ there have been over 26,500 reported human-bear interactions including seven attacks on humans and one human fatality. Given accelerating anthropogenic landscape transformation, there simply are not enough large tracts of wildlands remaining to alone support expanding bear populations. Thus, American black bear conservation in the Anthropocene may ultimately depend upon society's tolerance for this large carnivore in areas where people live, work, and recreate. In an effort to curb bear population growth and reduce conflicts, the first regulated NJ black bear harvest in over three decades was held in 2003 resulting in an acrimonious public debate. How can objective population ecology help us make informed decisions about management actions that elicit such strong emotional responses among different stakeholder groups?
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ÖZTÜRK, Zeynep Tuğçe, and Nurgün KOÇ. "THE PROBLEM OF REPRESENTATION OF TURKISH WOMEN IN POLITICS (1980S TO THE PRESENT)." IEDSR Association 6, no. 15 (September 20, 2021): 372–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.46872/pj.382.
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In Turkish modernization, important steps were taken under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk so that women could reach the level of contemporary civilized peoples. For this purpose, women who have lagged behind the society in education, training and social life, especially gender equality, have been granted political rights before some European countries. Turkish women, who obtained the right to vote and be elected in 1934, were included in the political life, and they went to the polls for the first time in the elections held in 1935. For many years, the place of women in political life has decreased due to many reasons such as the fact that political parties do not allow quotas for female deputies, democracy cannot be fully ensured within political parties, sexism, politics are seen as men’s work, women’s education problem, while the women’s movements have increased in the period from the 1980s to the present. Its power has increased due to reasons such as quota implementation based on changes in electoral systems. Although the number of women in politics has not reached a sufficient level even today, as the sexist approach in society and the obstacles placed in front of women are overcome, the effectiveness and success of Turkish women in political life will increase. Although it is difficult for women to take part in the male-dominated structure in politics, it is seen that women are not willing enough and they struggle less. It is possible to say that women have made important strides in the political arena in the Turkish society led by a female prime minister, Professor Tansu Çiller.
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Abbas, Abbas. "Description of the American Community of John Steinbeck’s Adventure in Novel Travels with Charley in Search of America 1960s." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i2.738.
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This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.
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Hiner, Susan. "Feminized Commodities, Female Communities." French Historical Studies 43, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 223–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-8018483.
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Abstract This article uncovers the backstory of two of the most important fashion-plate illustrators of nineteenth-century France, Héloïse and Anaïs Colin, in relation to their artistic and commercial production. By exploring how the sisters' commercial art is linked to their early “self-portrait,” produced in the studio of their artist father, in which female community is foregrounded, the article argues that their fashion plates express at once a personal response to their exclusion from the male-dominated world of fine arts and a pragmatic trajectory toward professionalization for women in the fashion sector. While largely conventional, some of their plates elicit readings reaching beyond an explicit commercial aim and suggest disruptions of the seamless norms of bourgeois femininity. Likewise, critical analysis of these plates expands to a consideration of the layered work practices of other women in the growing fashion industry of the period. Cet article offre un portrait de deux des plus importants illustrateurs de mode français du dix-neuvième siècle, Héloïse et Anaïs Colin, replacé dans le contexte plus large de leur production artistique et commerciale. Comme point de départ, il prend l'autoportrait de jeunesse des deux sœurs, peint dans l'atelier de leur père, un tableau qui met en valeur leur idée de communauté féminine tout en préfigurant aussi leur art commercial. Leurs gravures de mode expriment à la fois leur réponse personnelle à leur exclusion du monde masculin des beaux-arts, tout en reflétant aussi leur parcours, alors représentatif de la professionnalisation des femmes dans le domaine de la mode. Bien que conventionnelles pour la plupart, certaines des gravures suscitent une interprétation qui dépasse le cadre de la question commerciale et aborde celle de la transgression de la norme de la féminité bourgeoise. Plus loin, l'analyse critique de ces gravures touche plus largement aux pratiques complexes du travail réalisé par d'autres femmes dans l'industrie croissante de la mode.
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Sobiraj, Sonja, Sabine Korek, and Thomas Rigotti. "Instrumentality and Expressiveness at Work." Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O 58, no. 3 (July 2014): 111–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1026/0932-4089/a000148.
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Men’s professional work roles require different attributes according to the gender-typicality of their occupation (female- versus male-dominated). We predicted that levels of men’s strain and job satisfaction would be predicted by levels of self-ascribed instrumental and expressive attributes. Therefore, we tested for positive effects of instrumentality for men in general, and instrumentality in interaction with expressiveness for men in female-dominated occupations in particular. Data were based on a survey of 213 men working in female-dominated occupations and 99 men working in male-dominated occupations. We found instrumentality to be negatively related to men’s strain and positively related to their job satisfaction. We also found expressiveness of men in female-dominated occupations to be related to reduced strain when instrumentality was low. This suggests it is important for men to be able to identify highly with either instrumentality or expressiveness when regulating role demands in female-dominated occupations.
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Frelich, Lee E., and Peter B. Reich. "Perspectives on development of definitions and values related to old-growth forests." Environmental Reviews 11, S1 (September 1, 2003): S9—S22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a03-011.
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Old-growth forests are those that meet some threshold(s) determined by a scientific and political process. The main issue is what criteria to use to determine these thresholds; they must be practical enough to allow managers to delimit and manage old-growth stands in the field. People value forests with old and (or) big trees and primary forests that have a continuous heritage of natural disturbance and regeneration, even though the latter may include all stages of stand development and succession. We advocate uniting these two and using "primary forest", also called "natural heritage forest", as the criterion for delimiting old growth in regions where primary forest still exists. This criterion recognizes that the stage of development with big, old trees is part of a cycle of development, and it is necessary to have all the parts to continue to produce new examples of the older stages. The best available second-growth stands can be used in regions where primary forests are not available. Alternatively, threshold criteria for delimiting old growth can be based on tree size and age, but arbitrary criteria based on human size and age scales should be avoided in favour of criteria that specify stands dominated by trees relatively large and old for the species and site. Such criteria allow for old growth to occur across a variety of levels of site productivity, with trees of widely varying stature and with varying life-history characteristics, such as longevity, shade tolerance, and successional status. In any case, managers and scientists should work together to make sure that definitions work in the field but also include the ecological processes necessary to maintain the unique biological resources of old growth. The biological resources present in old growth may help to restore the second-growth landscape and allow reconstitution of forests in new places after global warming. Old-growth forests provide a baseline for comparison of effects of logging and natural disturbance, with respect to resilience to climatic change and disturbance, maintenance of species richness, and natural genetic structure of tree populations, which respond to different selective regimes in old growth and harvested forests. The species in old-growth remnants, their interactions and the resilience of the system after disturbance are as important or perhaps more so than the age and size of the trees at a given point in time. Key words: dwarf forest, Minnesota, old-growth processes, tree height.
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Larsson, Gerry, and Aida Alvinius. "Comparison within gender and between female and male leaders in female-dominated, male-dominated and mixed-gender work environments." Journal of Gender Studies 29, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 739–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09589236.2019.1638233.
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Bergman, Bodil, Sven G. Carlsson, and Irma Wright. "Women's Work Experiences and Health in a Male-Dominated Industry." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 38, no. 7 (July 1996): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-199607000-00008.
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Boiarintseva, Galina, and Julia Richardson. "Work-life balance and male lawyers: a socially constructed and dynamic process." Personnel Review 48, no. 4 (June 4, 2019): 866–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-02-2017-0038.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to theorize men’s experiences of work-life balance in male-dominated, high-performance industries.Design/methodology/approachThis study provides an in-depth qualitative study comprising interviews and informal conversations with male lawyers in Canada.FindingsThis study highlights the socially constructed nature of male lawyers’ experiences of work-life balance and the recursive impact of industry, professional and societal expectations and norms.Research limitations/implicationsA relatively small sample size, suggesting the need for further study with a larger and more diverse sample. The study was conducted in Canada – other national contexts may furnish different results.Practical implicationsThis study identifies the need for greater awareness of how institutional, professional and societal expectations and norms impact on men’s experiences of work-life balance in male-dominated, high-performance industries.Social implicationsThis paper indicates that greater attention needs to be paid to work-life balance among men in male-dominated, high-performance industries.Originality/valueThis paper explores men’s experiences of work-life balance in a male-dominated industry within an interpretivist paradigm.
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Raj, Anita, Nicole E. Johns, and Rupa Jose. "Gender Parity at Work and Its Association With Workplace Sexual Harassment." Workplace Health & Safety 68, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 279–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2165079919900793.
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Background: Gender parity in the workplace—and increased representation of women at work—may reduce workplace sexual harassment, but research on this is unclear. This study assessed the associations between gender parity at work and workplace sexual harassment. Methods: We analyzed data from an online sexual harassment survey conducted with a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults in 2018 ( N = 2,009; response rate 29%); current analyses were restricted to employed participants (women n = 610, men n = 690). Data on occupation and industry were each categorized as female-dominant (61%–100% female), male-dominant (0%–39% female), or at parity (40%–60% female). We used sex-stratified logistic regression models to assess associations between gender parity in industry and occupation and workplace sexual harassment. Findings: Our study of employed adults in the U.S. found that 42% women and 15% men had experienced workplace sexual harassment. Logistic regression analyses indicated that women employed in female-dominated industries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.33, 0.81]) and men employed in male-dominated occupations (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI = [0.33, 0.91]) were less likely to have experienced workplace sexual harassment. Women in male-dominated occupations were more likely to report harassment or assault by a supervisor (AOR = 2.41, 95% CI = [1.00, 5.80]), and men in male-dominated occupations were less likely to report harassment or assault by a supervisor (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI = [0.08, 0.89]). Conclusion/Application to Practice: Women in female-dominated industries and men in male-dominated occupations, relative to those with workplace gender parity, are at lower risk for harassment. Women in male-dominated occupations are at greater risk for harassment from supervisors. Gender parity at work is not sufficient on its own to address workplace sexual harassment; normative changes are needed.
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Carrim, Nasima M. H. "The In-Betweeners: Racio-ethnic and Masculine Identity Work of Indian Male Managers in the South African Private Sector." Journal of Men’s Studies 27, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060826518778239.
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This article examines the extent to which minority Indian male managers engage in identity work in their efforts to gain career ascendancy in the private sector in South Africa. Indian male managers occupying diverse management posts at middle management and senior management levels in various sectors were interviewed. Results indicate that Indian men worked and reworked their managerial and cultural identities to form coherent identities which they were comfortable enacting in corporate South Africa. Race hierarchy in some workplaces placed Indian males at a disadvantage related to promotional opportunities. There is no simple solution to the problem as race hierarchy still dominates corporate South Africa, and Western norms still prevail.
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Rusu, Mihaela, and Gheorghe Duțică. "THE SYMBOLISM OF THE MOUNTAIN IN THE EUROPEAN AND ROMANIAN SYMPHONIC CREATION." SWS Journal of SOCIAL SCIENCES AND ART 1, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/ssa2019/issue1.01.
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Background: This analytical approach aims to accentuate the interconnections between two universes which are apparently in contradiction: ideal and pragmatic, or symbol and sound.
The mountain – viewed as a place of creative inspiration – represents a leitmotif of creation in most of the artistic fields. Thus, literature, visual arts and music give this symbol a historical anchor in the artistic movements of all eras
Methods: In order to exemplify a possible way of interference between the two philosophical areas, we have chosen as a “contact unit” the symbol of the mountain, observing the intuition with which it was represented in Alpen Symphony by Richard Strauss and the tone poem The Mountain by Csíky Boldizsár.
In the compositional context of the twentieth century, Richard Strauss made a remarkable creation with a strong philosophical idea as a model of descriptive Programmatism.
In his work, the composer suggests the ascension of a traveler in a mountain climb that encounters, in his journey, places either protected by nature or dangerous The whole journey is dominated by majestic symbols of life, nature, and, and resembles an initiatic journey through which the hero is challenged to push himself to the limits and evolve. Equally, this is an allegory of life.
On the summit, The Glacier, or The Storm are just some symphonic scenes with complex symbolic connotations that will be analyzed in this research through the connection with the componistic technique of the creator.
In a mysterious universe, the tone poem The Mountain by Csíky Boldizsár depicts the monumental landscape of the Transylvanian lands, the symbols of greatness, boundlessness and eternity. The intention of the composer is to raise a monument dedicated to the invincible human will, a force that drives explorers of unknown seas and lands, researchers of all mysteries, poets, psychologists, artists, to the eternal unknown.
In music, the composer uses an abstract language, anchored in modernity, using a whole arsenal of complex mixtures of chords, bartokian modes, non-imitative polyphony, mobile clusters, elements that serve the expression.
Results, Conclusions: Finally, this research aims to demonstrate, as a synthesis, how the tonal and modal languages manage to illustrate the connotations extracted from the symbol of the mountain.
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Simpson, Ruth. "Masculinity at Work." Work, Employment and Society 18, no. 2 (June 2004): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09500172004042773.
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This article presents the findings of a research project on the implications of men’s non-traditional career choices for their experiences within the organization and for gender identity. The research is based on 40 in-depth interviews with male workers from four occupational groups: librarians, cabin crew, nurses and primary school teachers. Results suggest a typology of male workers in female dominated occupations: seekers (who actively seek the career), finders (who find the occupation in the process of making general career decisions) and settlers (who settle into the career after periods of time in mainly male dominated occupations). Men benefit from their minority status through assumptions of enhanced leadership (the assumed authority effect), by being given differential treatment (the special consideration effect) and being associated with a more careerist attitude to work (the career effect). At the same time, they feel comfortable working with women (the zone of comfort effect). Despite this comfort, men adopt a variety of strategies to re-establish a masculinity that has been undermined by the ‘feminine‘ nature of their work. These include re-labelling, status enhancement and distancing from the feminine. The dynamics of maintaining and reproducing masculinities within the non-traditional work setting are discussed in the light of recent theorizing around gender, masculinity and work.
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Damaske, Sarah, Elaine Howard Ecklund, Anne E. Lincoln, and Virginia J. White. "Male Scientists’ Competing Devotions to Work and Family: Changing Norms in a Male-Dominated Profession." Work and Occupations 41, no. 4 (August 7, 2014): 477–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888414539171.
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Using in-depth interviews with 74 men across different ranks in biology and physics at prestigious U.S. universities, the authors ask to what extent changing norms of fatherhood and a flexible workplace affect men working in a highly male-dominated profession and what variation exists in family forms. The authors conceptualize four typologies of men: those forgoing children, egalitarian partners, neotraditional dual earners, and traditional breadwinners. Findings suggest male scientists hold strong work devotions, yet a growing number seek egalitarian relationships, which they frame as reducing their devotion to work. The majority of men find the all-consuming nature of academic science conflicts with changing fatherhood norms.
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Dozier, Raine. "Female Masculinity at Work." Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, no. 2 (January 19, 2017): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361684316682956.
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In this study, the author interviewed 49 self-identified masculine women in the United States to examine how they negotiate stigma in the workplace. Masculine women often negotiate dual stigmas due to both their gender nonconformity and perceived sexual orientation. Participants used a variety of strategies to cope with their stigmatized identity including modifying clothing; incorporating feminine behaviors to counteract masculine appearance; working in high-demand, undesirable jobs; working in male-dominated settings; and opting out of formal work organizations. While some participants experienced mistreatment in male-dominated settings, many reported positive outcomes including strong relationships with male coworkers, opportunities for advancement, and a general comfort in the work environment. Participants challenge Goffman’s notion of sexual orientation as a concealable status, showing that sexual orientation minority women who are gender nonconforming employ strategies similar to members of other visibly stigmatized groups. Findings from this study suggest that researchers addressing sexual orientation minorities should include gender expression as a variable that can influence individual experiences and outcomes. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index .
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Felipe A. Alicante, Kriztianpery, Aaron Will G. Calbang, Ej Angelo R. Gamboa, Daniel V. Garcia, Thed Lorhen B. Hermoso, Krisha Denise L. Bautista, Alexandra Aaron G. Fauni, Maria Mikaela V. Herrera, and Evelyn S. Marinas. "BEHIND A MASCULINE SPACE: THE EXPERIENCES OF WOMEN IN MALE-DOMINATED ENVIRONMENTS IN THE STATE OF QATAR." International Journal of Advanced Research 8, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 979–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12245.
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Background: The experiences of women, especially those in male-dominated environments in Qatar, may either be positive or negative. It is an arising topic in the 21st century to hopefully remediate gendered barriers and acknowledge womens struggles in the workplace. Method: This research utilizes a qualitative approach specifically, it uses the phenomenological approach to deeply understand the participants experiences, which are Filipina workers who are working in male-dominated environments. The phenomenology aims to answer the central question: What are the experiences of Filipina migrant workers in a male-dominated profession?. The researchers used 25 semi-structured interview questions to obtain the data needed, transcribing, and analyzing the studys themes. Findings: Findings show that we can categorize the lived experiences of Filipina workers in male-dominated environments into four main themes: Cultural Adaptation, Foreign Circumstances, Work Difficulties, and Professional Adjustments. Women in male-dominated environments face various challenges however, these challenges are vital in helping women adapt to their work environment and succeed. Conclusion:Women have been eradicating gender norms and are fighting to normalize treating men and women as equals in the workforce, despite these gendered barriers. Recommendation:The paper recommends interviewing female migrant workers with diverse nationalities and focusing on females specific work and working status in different male-dominated institutions.
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K. Lee, Nicole, Ann Roche, Vinita Duraisingam, Jane A. Fischer, and Jacqui Cameron. "Effective interventions for mental health in male-dominated workplaces." Mental Health Review Journal 19, no. 4 (December 2, 2014): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mhrj-09-2014-0034.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify mental health interventions within male-dominated industries. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review was undertaken, examining mental health interventions within male-dominated industries. Major electronic databases, grey literature and reference lists for English language studies published January 1990-June 2012 were searched. Independent extraction of the studies was completed by two reviewers using predefined data fields including study quality measures. Findings – Five studies met inclusion criteria. The available evidence suggests that effective interventions to address anxiety and depression in male-dominated industries include: improving mental health literacy and knowledge, increasing social support, improving access to treatment, providing education for managers and addressing workload issues. Practical implications – Working conditions and the workplace can have a significant impact on a worker's mental health. Work-related factors including working conditions, job demands and social support in the workplace are particularly important for the mental health workers. Indeed, poor work conditions have been associated with poorer mental health outcomes in particular anxiety and depression, however, little work has been conducted on mental health interventions in the workplace and further the impact on male-dominated industries. Originality/value – Overall, the body of evidence supporting effective interventions for mental health problems among workers in male-dominated industries is limited. Nonetheless, the evidence does suggest that mental health interventions in male-dominated industries is logistically feasible and can have some positive impact on the mental health of workers, particularly for high prevalence low severity disorders such as anxiety and depression.
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Alves, Sianne, and Jane English. "Female students’ preparedness for a male-dominated workplace." Journal of Engineering, Design and Technology 16, no. 4 (August 6, 2018): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jedt-03-2018-0039.
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Purpose To provide relevant, appropriate education to the female student population, their perceptions as women and preparedness to work in male-dominated spaces, such as the construction workplace, is essential. The aim of this study, by the Professional Communication Studies and the HIV/AIDS Inclusivity and Change Unit, was to explore whether the students have been appropriately prepared. Design/methodology/approach A qualitative methodology comprising six semi-structured focus groups was conducted with student cohorts in 2016 and 2017. The focus groups were drawn from different courses in 2016 and 2017 and comprised a total of 17 female students between the ages of 20 and 23 years old. Themes were developed by using NVivo for “literal” (Mason, 1996, p. 56) coding prior to manually coding the data using an interpretive lens. Eight dominant themes emerged from the data, which are discussed in the findings. Findings Responses were that the students perceived that their gender is advantageous to their entering the profession, as there is legislative support but that the challenge remains that they need to prove their worth more than their male counterparts. The curriculum fails to prepare and/or sensitise students to respond to gender-based challenges, some of which they have already experienced during vacation work. Research limitations/implications The sample is drawn from one institution. Whilst the university has a diverse student body, it is not confirmed that the sample groups were reflective of the broad base of women employed in the construction field in South Africa. Social implications The findings were aligned with those from developed countries. Whilst some challenges specific to developing countries were cited, they were not considered to be insurmountable. Originality/value Gender research is an important topic for countries which, like South Africa, have legislated that employment of women in construction be increased but do not underscore gender in curriculum development of construction courses in universities.
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Sutton, Halley. "Thrive in male-dominated field by putting tough past experiences to work." Campus Security Report 12, no. 10 (January 20, 2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casr.30127.
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Jagacinski, Carolyn M. "Engineering Careers: Women in a Male-Dominated Field." Psychology of Women Quarterly 11, no. 1 (March 1987): 97–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1987.tb00777.x.
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A national survey was conducted to compare the background and career characteristics of men and women engineers differing in the number of years since they completed their BS degrees (0–5, 6–10, 11–15, and 16–20 years). The parents of women engineers were more likely to have college degrees and to be employed in professional positions than were the parents of men engineers. Women engineers were less likely to be married and were more likely to be childless than were the men. Both men and women were influenced by courses and work-related factors in their decisions to pursue engineering, but men made their career decisions sooner than women. Although men and women reported comparable levels of technical responsibility in their present jobs, gender differences favoring men were found for supervisory responsibility and salary among those with more than five years of experience, with the gap between men and women increasing with experience. Men with 16–20 years of experience and all four degree cohorts of women endorsed the opinion that there are better opportunities for men than women in engineering.
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Leadbeater, Bonnie, Megan E. Ames, and Alejandra Contreras. "Male-Dominated Occupations and Substance Use Disorders in Young Adulthood." American Journal of Men's Health 14, no. 2 (March 2020): 155798832090810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988320908105.
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This article examined associations between male-dominated occupations and substance use disorders in young adulthood, accounting for adolescent experiences of work intensity (more than 15 hr a week at 16 to 17 years of age) and substance use (i.e., smoking, heavy drinking, cannabis, and illicit drug use). The moderating effects of biological sex and coming from a family with a low socioeconomic status (SES) were also assessed. Data were from a 10-year prospective study of community-based youth aged 12–18 in 2003 (T1; N = 662; 48% male; Mage = 15.5, SD = 1.9). Their occupations at ages 22–29 were categorized so that higher scores indicated more male-dominated occupations. Young adults in male-dominated occupations (more than 75% males) had lower education, worked in less prestigious occupations, and earned higher hourly wages than those in the other gendered-occupation groups. Work intensity in high school was associated with substance use at ages 18–25 and substance use was also associated with alcohol- and cannabis-use disorder symptoms and illicit drug use in young adulthood (ages 22–29). Adding to these effects, employment in a male-dominated occupation was associated with more cannabis-use disorder symptoms for the low, but not the high SES group. Public health messages need greater focus on preventing substance use disorders among individuals employed in male-dominated jobs in young adulthood. Efforts to promote self-assessment of problematic substance use and motivation to change may be particularly important for young workers.
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Britton, Dana M. "Cat Fights and Gang Fights: Preference for Work in a Male-Dominated Organization." Sociological Quarterly 40, no. 3 (August 1999): 455–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1999.tb01729.x.
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Thunman, Elin. "Managing stress." Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management: An International Journal 10, no. 2 (June 8, 2015): 134–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrom-11-2013-1184.
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Purpose – Given the parallel processes of stress development and organisational changes towards increased managerialism, the purpose of this paper is to understand the way in which employees’ stress is perceived and managed in female- and male-dominated sectors, characterised by new management-oriented steering methods. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on a thematic analysis of interviews with managers and employees at one Swedish female-dominated work setting and one male-dominated work setting. The paper offers an analysis of how managerial approaches to stress mediate the ways in which employees may come to govern their own subjectivity through stress-management practices. Drawing upon Foucault’s and Rose’s work on governmentality and freedom, these practices are understood as implicated in the everyday exercise of power over the self. Findings – The main finding is that a logic emphasising proactivity was more prevalent at the female-dominated workplace, while a logic emphasising trust was most prevalent at the male-dominated workplace. Both logics perceive self-management and self-realisation as ways to manage stress, but in the proactive regime, self-management and self-realisation tend to turn into new modes of exploitation. Approaches to stress management in the proactive regime in fact seem to further diminish levels of discretion and control, which, according to previous research, are typically already low in female-dominated work. Practical implications – Based on these findings, the study argues for the importance of combining a self-managerial approach with trust in order to avoid turning the individualisation of work into a source of stress at female-dominated workplaces. Originality/value – The paper contributes to a more complex understanding of women’s work stress by highlighting its interconnection with a proactive stress management regime.
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Agota Giedrė Raišienė, Jolita Gečienė, and Renata Korsakienė. "Challenges of Women Leaders in Female and Male Dominated Occupations." International Journal of Business and Society 21, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 1277–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ijbs.3349.2020.
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The article presents the results of research revealing the challenges faced by women leaders during their career in public administration and business organisations and highlighting the peculiarities of women's experience in female and male dominated occupation areas. The study has shown that that stereotypes still do not disappear despite legislative institutionalization of gender equality in professional career. In most cases, women face constraints such as widespread stereotypes in society, negative attitudes of colleagues and behaviour related to that, doubts of women-leaders themselves about their opportunities, and conflict between family and work roles.
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Jacobs, Jerry A. "Detours on the Road to Equality: Women, Work and Higher Education." Contexts 2, no. 1 (February 2003): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ctx.2003.2.1.32.
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Women are earning college degrees in increasing numbers, but entering male-dominated occupations at a decreasing pace. These two developments are linked. Work barriers may be leading women to take a detour to college.
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Hasse, Cathrine, and Stine Trentemøller. "Cultural work place patterns in Academia." Science & Technology Studies 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 6–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55267.
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In Science and Technology Studies (STS) the emergence of scientific knowledge has been studied from a wealth of creative angles. One aspect which has been left relatively unexplored is how universities as work places in- and exclude their members, and how these processes are related to culture. In this article we shall discuss how a focus on cultural clusters of meaning-making practices in scientific work places at universities in different European countries open up for understanding cultural differences in what male and female scientists are interested in and how they wish their knowledge to be acquired and acknowledged. We argue that different work place cultures in- and exclude members in accordance with their different acknowledgements of creative acts, risk-taking, ‘useful science’ and competition. Moreover, these patterns seem to be connected with a gendered quest for knowledge.
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Milner, Allison, Anne Kavanagh, Tania King, and Dianne Currier. "The Influence of Masculine Norms and Occupational Factors on Mental Health: Evidence From the Baseline of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health." American Journal of Men's Health 12, no. 4 (January 16, 2018): 696–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1557988317752607.
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Men employed in male-dominated occupations are at elevated risk of work-related fatalities, injuries, and suicide. Prior research has focused on associations between psychosocial and physical exposures at work and health outcomes. However, masculine norms may also contribute to mental health. We used data from the baseline survey of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Male Health to examine whether: (a) men in male-dominated jobs report greater adherence to masculine norms; (b) being in a male-dominated occupation is associated with poorer mental health; and (c) being in a male-dominated occupation modifies the association between masculine norms and mental health. Masculine norms were measured using the Conformity to Masculine Norms Inventory (CMNI-22). Mental health was assessed using the SF-12. Results of regression analysis (adjusted for covariates) suggest a linear relationship between the extent to which an occupation is male-dominated and endorsement of values on the CMNI-22. Many CMNI-22 subscales were related to poorer mental health. However, the need for self-reliance was identified as the strongest predictor of poorer mental health. The mental health scale did not appear to be patterned by occupational gender composition and we did not find an interaction between the gender ratio of an occupation and the CNMI-22 scale. These findings highlight the need to address harmful aspects of masculinity as a potential cause of mental health problems. More longitudinal research is needed on the social domains in which gender and health are experienced, such as in the workplace.
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TORKELSON, EVA, TUIJA MUHONEN, and JOSÉ MARIA PEIRÓ. "Constructions of work stress and coping in a female- and a male-dominated department." Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 48, no. 3 (June 2007): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2007.00561.x.
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Watts, Jacqueline H. "Impression management: a form of emotion work for women in a male-dominated profession." International Journal of Work Organisation and Emotion 2, no. 3 (2008): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwoe.2008.019424.
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Kim, Hye Kyoung, and Young Hyung Kim. "Work-life conflict of married and childless single female workers." International Journal of Manpower 38, no. 8 (November 6, 2017): 1157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-06-2015-0089.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is threefold: to examine differences in the level of work-life conflict (WLC) experienced by married female workers and childless single female workers, to investigate the difference in the level of commitment to the organization between married female workers and childless single female workers, and to explore the relationship between WLC and organizational commitment and the moderating role of mentoring support in the relationship between WLC and the female workers’ organizational commitment in a highly male-dominated culture. Design/methodology/approach Four hypotheses developed based on a review of the literature were tested using t-tests, a linear regression analysis, and hierarchical moderated regressions. Findings First, no significant differences were found in the level of WLC and the organizational commitment of married and childless single female workers. Second, WLC was negatively related to organizational commitment. Finally, the results showed that mentoring support mitigated the negative effect of WLC on organizational commitment. Originality/value The significance of this study includes its investigation of the perceptual differences in WLC and organizational commitment between married and childless single female workers in a highly male-dominated culture. In addition, this study helps readers better understand childless single female workers’ WLC in a highly male-dominant culture.
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Struthers, Karen, and Glenda Strachan. "Attracting women into male-dominated trades: Views of young women in Australia." International Journal for Research in Vocational Education and Training 6, no. 1 (April 25, 2019): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13152/ijrvet.6.1.1.
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Context: The persistent low female participation in male-dominated trades is not attracting a high level of public attention and policy action. There are determined, yet adhoc actions by advocates in response to evidence that economic benefits will be derived for industry and women through increased female participation in the male-dominated trades. Occupational segregation of the trades remains resistant to change.
Methods: To better understand the barriers limiting female participation in the male-dominated trades from the perspective of young women, this PhD study features interviews with female secondary students, complemented by interviews with industry stakeholders and a quantitative analysis of VET and trade participation data. The three primary research questions are: 1) What is the extent of gender segregation in vocational education and training (VET) and typically male-dominated trades in Australia, and how does this compare internationally? 2) Why do very few female students choose male-dominated trades as their job pathway? 3) What can be done, particularly in the education and training sectors, to increase female interest in, and take-up of, the male-dominated trades?
Findings: The results of this research showed that the composition of trade-qualified females in male-dominated trades is persistently low at 2-3%. The views of young women affirmed the evidence showing system-wide barriers limit female interest in these trades. Most influential is that gender stereotypes of work are set by Year 10 and that female enrolment in Maths (a pre-requisite for male-dominated careers) is low; these trades are seen as “jobs for the boys who don’t do academic,” and the fear of intimidation and harassment deters young women. Low enrolment of female students in male-dominated trade courses indicates that this entrenched occupational segregation of the trades will remain resistant to change for some time to come.
Conclusion: The findings indicate that ad hoc responses to overcome gender segregation of the trades is not effective. Influenced by systems theory and a social ecological model (SEM) of change, the researchers promote the need for sustained, nation-wide awareness and action involving VET and school sectors, industry, government and trade unions to attract more women into male-dominated trades.
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Josephson, Malin, Gunilla Pernold, Gunnel Ahlberg-Hultén, Annika Härenstam, Töres Theorell, Eva Vingård, Måns Waldenström, Ewa Wigaeus Hjelm, and MUSIC-Norrtälje Study Group. "Differences in the Association Between Psychosocial Work Conditions and Physical Work Load in Female- and Male-Dominated Occupations." AIHAJ 60, no. 5 (September 1999): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1202/0002-8894(1999)060<0673:ditabp>2.0.co;2.
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Josephson, Malin, Gunilla Pernold, Gunnel Ahlberg-Hultén, Annika Härenstam, Töres Theorell, Eva Vingård, Måns Waldenström, Ewa Wigaeus Hjelm, and MUSIC-Norrtälje Study Group. "Differences in the Association Between Psychosocial Work Conditions and Physical Work Load in Female- and Male-Dominated Occupations." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 60, no. 5 (September 1999): 673–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028899908984490.
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Yavorsky, Jill E. "Uneven Patterns of Inequality: An Audit Analysis of Hiring-Related Practices by Gendered and Classed Contexts." Social Forces 98, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 461–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sf/soy123.
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Abstract Despite women’s uneven entrances into male-dominated occupations, limited scholarship has examined whether and how employers in different occupational classes unevenly discriminate against women during early hiring practices. This article argues that intersecting gendered and classed features of occupations simultaneously shape hiring-related practices and generate uneven patterns of inequality. Using data derived from comparative white-collar (N = 3,044 résumés) and working-class (N = 3,258 résumés) correspondence audits and content-coded analyses of more than 3,000 job advertisements, the author analyzes early hiring practices among employers across two gendered occupational dimensions: (1) sex composition (male- or female-dominated jobs) and (2) gender stereotyping (masculinized or feminized jobs, based on the attributes that employers emphasize in job advertisements). Broadly, findings suggest a polarization of early sorting mechanisms in which discrimination against female applicants is concentrated in male-dominated and masculinized working-class jobs, whereas discrimination against male applicants at early job-access points is more widespread, occurring in female-dominated and feminized jobs in both white-collar and working-class contexts. Interestingly, discrimination further compounds for male and female applicants—depending on the classed context—when these occupational dimensions align in the same gendered direction (e.g., male-dominated jobs that also have masculinized job advertisements). These findings have implications for the study of gender and work inequality and indicate the importance of a multidimensional approach to hiring-related inequality.