Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Male domain'

Our research aims at understanding the roles of seminolipid (sulfogalactosylglycerolipid or SGG) and its associated membrane domains in male reproduction. SGG is a sulfoglycolipid present selectively and abundantly in mammalian male germ cells. Therefore, information on its properties would be relevant towards the development of male fertility biomarkers and spermicide-based contraceptives. We have shown that SGG has direct affinity for zona pellucida (ZP, egg extracellular matrix) and plays a role in the formation of sperm lipid rafts, the ZP-binding platforms on the sperm anterior head plasma membrane (APM), the initial ZP binding site. For a better understanding of mechanisms underlying sperm-ZP interaction, I performed proteomic characterization of APM vesicles (SGG-associated membrane domains with ZP affinity) isolated from sperm before and after capacitation, a process through which sperm gain maximal ZP affinity. Proteomic results revealed that capacitated APM vesicles contained high-molecular-weight protein complexes, with higher ZP affinity and levels of ZP-binding proteins as compared with those of the non-capacitated samples. ZP-binding proteins known to exist in the acrosome (i.e., zonadhesin, proacrosin/acrosin) were found in these APM protein complexes. Immunofluorescence suggested that a fraction of these proteins trafficked from the acrosome to APM during capacitation. These findings provided a new mechanism on how sperm gain full ZP-binding ability during capacitation. Since SGG is a major component of APM, proper SGG levels at this site would be important for male fertility. Levels of sperm SGG are regulated through the synthesis and degradation. In fact, lack of SGG-synthesis enzymes causes a spermatogenesis disruption, resulting in male infertility. However, significance of SGG degradation remains unknown. SGG can be desulfated in vitro by arylsulfatase A (ARSA), an enzyme existing in the acrosomes of sperm/spermatids and lysosomes of Sertoli cells, testicular somatic cells that nurture developing germ cells. Sertoli cells also phagocytose ~50% of germ cells that become apoptotic during spermatogenesis. To understand physiological importance of SGG degradation, the fertility status and SGG levels of Arsa-/- male mice were determined. We found that Arsa-/- males became subfertile when they were older than 5 months, and when they were 8-month-old (~40-year-old men) they produced sperm at 50% wild type rate. Arsa-/- sperm had minimal in vitro fertilizing ability and a number of them showed abnormal morphology. Quantitative mass spectrometry revealed that SGG levels in Sertoli cells of 8-month-old Arsa-/- mice were increased to ~250% of the wild type level; this SGG accumulation may lead to a decrease in Sertoli cell ability to support spermatogenesis. However, SGG levels in sperm of 8-month-old Arsa-/- mice were ~50% of the wild type value, a result that partly explained the decreased fertilizing ability of these sperm. The reduced SGG level of Arsa-/- sperm was likely due to a lack of SGG’s building-block lipid (palmitylpalmitoylglycerol) putatively generated in Arsa-/- Sertoli cells and recycled to the next generation of primary spermatocytes for SGG synthesis. Hence, levels of sperm SGG are a promising bioindex for male fertility. Since Sertoli cells also regulate SGG homeostasis, their functionality should be now included in male fertility/subfertility diagnosis.

Theoretical models based in Evolutionary Psychology posit that male aesthetic preference for a female waist-to-hip ratio of 0.7 reflects evolved psychological mechanisms for identifying high quality males. The current study replicated and extended previous evolutionary psychological waist-to-hip ratio literature by surveying 108 male participants on their aesthetic preference for female waist-to-hip ratios. The results indicated that a female waist-to hip ratio of 0.75 was perceived by males to be maximally attractive. This finding is consistent with past female waist-to hip ratio research (e.g. Singh, 1993). The current study also provided evidence that male preference for female waist-to-hip ratios is domain-specific by documenting that males do not systematically prefer 0.75 concavity in other (non-human female) stimulus categories. The current study also supported the untested assumption that the shape contained within the female waist-to-hip ratio, in addition to the actual ratio itself, contributes to male aesthetic preference. Lastly, the current study also found that male preference for female waist-to-hip ratios is not solely determined by male familiarity (as operationalized in the current study by ratings of typicality) with particular female waist-to-hip ratios. This result is inconsistent with Halberstadt and Rhodes (2000), who proposed that aesthetic preference is determined by averageness, a more general feature of the human cognitive system.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between the extent of stereotyping of mathematics as masculine in nature, and the non-participation of females in mathematics courses. Data from the 1985 B.C. Mathematics Assessment were used to determine the extent of stereotyping of mathematics as a male domain by Grade 7 and 10 students. Future mathematics plans of Grade 10 students were also examined. The data were analyzed using t-tests and Chi square tests of significance in order to determine if a relationship existed. While it was found that males stereotyped mathematics as a male domain significantly more than females at both grade levels, the results indicated that neither males nor females stereotyped mathematics as masculine at either grade level. When the extent of stereotyping of Grade 10 students was compared to their future mathematics plans in Grades 11 and 12, there was no significant difference between the extent of stereotyping of students who planned to take an academic mathematics course in Grade 11 and those who planned to take a non-academic course. When participation or non-participation in Grade 12 courses was examined, there was no significant difference in the extent of stereotyping between those students who planned to take a mathematics course and those who did not.
Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate

In-cell television is now a permanent feature of prisons in England and Wales, and a key part of the experience of modern incarceration. In-cell television was formally introduced in 1998 and its introduction took twelve years to complete across the prison estate. Its introduction was not informed by research and no formal evaluation of in-cell television in prisons has taken place. This thesis, therefore extends the small body of prisoner audience research with an exclusive focus on capturing the experience of the use of in-cell television. The research aimed to examine the impact of in-cell television on social relations in prison life in one closed male adult prison. An ethnographic research strategy was adopted and was directly informed by Layder’s (2005) theory of ‘domains’ and his ‘adaptive’ approach was used to interrogate the data from interviews and from diaries. Data collection was carried out using two methods: semi-structured interviews with nineteen prisoners and nine staff, and nine structured diaries completed by prisoners. The thesis concluded that in-cell television provides a key therapeutic resource in prisons. The study suggests that this resource is widely adopted and utilised by prisoners, staff and the institution to ‘care’ for prisoners in line with self-governance techniques and strategies. Television is exploited by prisoners and staff to enable forms of personal and inter-personal control. The thesis extends what current prison policies state about the provision of in-cell television with regard to formal policies on the incentives and privileges system for prisoners and also the interventions to promote and secure safer custody. The placement of television inside prison cells has resulted in significant shifts in the social, temporal and spatial characteristics of prison life and the types of encounters prisoners experience. Social relations within the prison setting are now routinely extended and stretched beyond the confines of the prison space as a consequence of in-cell television. Television normalises the prison cell and thus legitimates this space to hold prisoners for long periods of time, typically without structured activity. As a consequence, television’s place in the modern prison has also come to represent an unanticipated resource in the package of care for prisoners. The thesis offers a revised perspective on the role of television in prison and significantly contributes to an understanding of emotional responses to incarceration and social relations both inside and outside the prison setting. Principles of governmentality and dimensions of personal and interpersonal control emerge as fundamental to the understanding of in-cell television and the thesis offers new and significant insights into prisoners’ emotionality and their experience of what have been referred to as the ‘pains’ of incarceration (Sykes 1958/1999). This understanding and theorising about prison life was achieved through a theoretical synthesis of Layder’s (2005) domains within concepts such as governance and self-regulation, rationalization of emotions, uses and gratifications of media use, domestication of television and reach.

A corpus of terms for human beings collected from 18th century novels is studied from a broad sociolinguistic perspective. A summary of recent linguistic theories and a survey of 18th century culture and society are provided as background. The basic assumption is that the meaning of words is dependent on human beings and their society and that shifts in meaning are linked to changes in attitudes, culture and social structure. Terms used for men and women therefore mirror the concepts of 'male' and 'female' in a society. Gender differences found in various semantic fields are presented and discussed. Prototypes for certain terms are suggested by means of frame analysis. Sense developments are traced and related to societal changes. Differences in male and female usage are discussed. The findings are analyzed in terms of the following contrasts within the concepts of 'male' and 'female': spirit/matter; power/dependency; active/passive; varied/limited.
digitalisering@umu

La domanialité des biens de l'administration publique à l'épreuve des régimes fonciers traditionnels pose le problème de la situation juridique du domaine au Mali. Il s'agit de donner la photographie des biens de l'administration publique ainsi que leur évolution par rapport aux régimes fonciers coutumiers. Cette étude passe naturellement par un aperçu historique des biens de l'Etat et des collectivités territoriales. Nous aborderons en même temps la situation juridique des biens au sens traditionnel de l'expression. Il sera notamment question de l'étude des biens pendant la période précoloniale, coloniale et postcoloniale. Avant la colonisation,le domaine tel que connu aujourd'hui n'existait pas et le mode de détention des biens était collectif. On ne parlait pas de domaine mais bien plutôt de propriété collective. Aussi, ce ne sont pas les lois qui ont établi les modes de tenure traditionnelle mais plutôt les principes quazi religieux. Les biens qui constituent aujourd'hui le domaine de l'Etat et des collectivités locales appartenaient, non pas aux hommes mais aux divinités. Ils étaient la propriété de la collectivité et étaient gérés le chef de terre ou le Dji tigui (propriétaire de l'eau). Ces derniers étaient les dépositaires d'une partie de la souveraineté divine et en même temps les délégués des puissances supérieures. Plus qu'ils ne les possédaient, la terre et l'eau étaient les propriétaires du chef de terre net du Dji tigui. Leurs obligations étaient dictées par les croyances ancestrales amoindries certes par le temps et les interprétations partisanes. Ces biens n'étaient pas dans le commerce juridique, ils étaient inaliénables. La propriété individuelle existait certes, mais elle n'était pas très repandue. Elle ne concernait ni la terre ni les cours d'eau. Cette propriété individuelle au sens du code civil ne pouvait concerner que certains biens biens mobiliers à l'exception de ceux qui constituaient la fortune mobilière indispensable des collectivités indigènes. A l'entame de la colonisation, l'Etat colonial décidait, non sans opposition, de mettre en place le système expérimenté en Australie du Sud par les anglais à savoir l'Act Torrens. Les indigènes avaient leur propre régime juridique et ne voulaient aucune bouleversements de leurs habitudes millénaires. Mais, dans la perspective de développer l'agriculture et l'industrie dans la nouvelle possession française, il importait d'introduire dans l'arsenal juridique de la colonie le principe de domanialité des biens. Pour ce faire, l'administrationdevait jouer toute sa partition. En conséquence, elle devait avoir les moyens de sa politique par la constitution, en premier lieu, d'un domaine public et privé. Cette constitution de domaine passait forcément par des spoliations de biens appartenant aux collectivités autochtones. A l'accession du pays à l'indépendance, la problématique est restée entière. Les textes coloniaux ont continué à régir le domaine jusqu'à l'adoption d'un code domanial et foncier en 1986. Les droits coutumiers désormais reconnus et magnifiés à la faveur de la valorisation des traditions séculaires contestent la primauté du droit écrit. Ce dernier reconnaît, qu'avant son avènement, les rapports juridiques et économiques entre individus et groupements d'individus étaient bien organisés. C'est d'ailleurs pourquoi le colonisateur n'a pas entendu faire table rase des coutumes précoloniales encore moins les nouvelles autorités. Pour autant, des problèmes de constitution et de gestion ont persisté. De nos jours encore, de nombreuses difficultés demeurent par rapport à la gestion du domaine qu'il soit public ou privé, qu'il appartienne à l'Etat ou aux collectivités territoriales
The state ownership of assets of public administration to the test traditional land tenure raises the question of the legal situation of the area in Mali. This is to give the photograph the property of the government and their evolution in relation to customary land tenure. This study course with a historical overview of state assets and local authorities. We will discuss together the legal status of goods in the traditional sense of the term. The tropics adressed include the study of the property during the precolonial, colonial and postcolonial. Before colonization, the area as known today did not exist and the mode of holding property was collective. They spoke not domain but rather of collective awnership. Also, these are not laws that established the traditional tenure bur rather quasi-religious principles. The goods, which are now the domain of state and local government, belonged not to men but to the gods. They were owned by the community and were managed either by the land chief or dji tigui (owner of the water). Thes were the custodians of a part of God's sovereignty and at the same time delegates from higher powers. More than they possessed them, earth and water were the owners of the land chief and dji tigui. Their bonds were dictated by the ancestral beliefs certainly diminished bye time and biased interpretations. Thes goods were not in the lega trade, they were inalienable. Individualownership was true, but it was not widespresd. It did not concern either the land or waterways. This individual property within the meaning of the french Civil Code could only relate to certain personal property except those who were truly essential property of indigenous community. At the start of colonization, the colonial state decided, not without opposition, to implement the experimenced en South Australia by the English to know the Torrens Act. Indeed, the natives had their own legal system and did not want any disruption in their habits millennia. But, in view of developing agriculture and industry in the french possession, it was important to introduce into the legal arsenal of the colony the principle of state ownership of property. To do this, government should play itd full score. Consequently, it must be adequate means of its policy by establisheing, first, a public and private domain.This domain constitution necessarily spent by the spoliations of property belonging to indigenous communities. At the country attained independence, the problem remained large. The colonial tested continued to govern the field until the adoption of a code Land Law in 1986. Customary rignts recognized and magnified now thanks to the recovery of ancient traditions challenge the rule of written law. The latter recognizes that before his accession, economic and legal relationships between individuals and groups of individuals were well organized. This is why the colonizers did not intend to make a clean sweep of pre-colonial customs let alone the new authorithies. However, problems of formation and management persisted. Even today, many challenges remain in relation to the management domain whether public or private, whether owned by the state or local authorithies

Thesis (Ed.D.)--Teachers College, Columbia University, 1991.
Typescript; issued also on microfilm. Sponsor: James H. Borland. Dissertation Committee: David Nateman. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 268-283).

La domanialité des biens de l'administration publique à l'épreuve des régimes fonciers traditionnels pose le problème de la situation juridique du domaine au Mali. Il s'agit de donner la photographie des biens de l'administration publique ainsi que leur évolution par rapport aux régimes fonciers coutumiers. Cette étude passe naturellement par un aperçu historique des biens de l'Etat et des collectivités territoriales. Nous aborderons en même temps la situation juridique des biens au sens traditionnel de l'expression. Il sera notamment question de l'étude des biens pendant la période précoloniale, coloniale et postcoloniale. Avant la colonisation,le domaine tel que connu aujourd'hui n'existait pas et le mode de détention des biens était collectif. On ne parlait pas de domaine mais bien plutôt de propriété collective. Aussi, ce ne sont pas les lois qui ont établi les modes de tenure traditionnelle mais plutôt les principes quazi religieux. Les biens qui constituent aujourd'hui le domaine de l'Etat et des collectivités locales appartenaient, non pas aux hommes mais aux divinités. Ils étaient la propriété de la collectivité et étaient gérés le chef de terre ou le Dji tigui (propriétaire de l'eau). Ces derniers étaient les dépositaires d'une partie de la souveraineté divine et en même temps les délégués des puissances supérieures. Plus qu'ils ne les possédaient, la terre et l'eau étaient les propriétaires du chef de terre net du Dji tigui. Leurs obligations étaient dictées par les croyances ancestrales amoindries certes par le temps et les interprétations partisanes. Ces biens n'étaient pas dans le commerce juridique, ils étaient inaliénables. La propriété individuelle existait certes, mais elle n'était pas très repandue. Elle ne concernait ni la terre ni les cours d'eau. Cette propriété individuelle au sens du code civil ne pouvait concerner que certains biens biens mobiliers à l'exception de ceux qui constituaient la fortune mobilière indispensable des collectivités indigènes. A l'entame de la colonisation, l'Etat colonial décidait, non sans opposition, de mettre en place le système expérimenté en Australie du Sud par les anglais à savoir l'Act Torrens. Les indigènes avaient leur propre régime juridique et ne voulaient aucune bouleversements de leurs habitudes millénaires. Mais, dans la perspective de développer l'agriculture et l'industrie dans la nouvelle possession française, il importait d'introduire dans l'arsenal juridique de la colonie le principe de domanialité des biens. Pour ce faire, l'administrationdevait jouer toute sa partition. En conséquence, elle devait avoir les moyens de sa politique par la constitution, en premier lieu, d'un domaine public et privé. Cette constitution de domaine passait forcément par des spoliations de biens appartenant aux collectivités autochtones. A l'accession du pays à l'indépendance, la problématique est restée entière. Les textes coloniaux ont continué à régir le domaine jusqu'à l'adoption d'un code domanial et foncier en 1986. Les droits coutumiers désormais reconnus et magnifiés à la faveur de la valorisation des traditions séculaires contestent la primauté du droit écrit. Ce dernier reconnaît, qu'avant son avènement, les rapports juridiques et économiques entre individus et groupements d'individus étaient bien organisés. C'est d'ailleurs pourquoi le colonisateur n'a pas entendu faire table rase des coutumes précoloniales encore moins les nouvelles autorités. Pour autant, des problèmes de constitution et de gestion ont persisté. De nos jours encore, de nombreuses difficultés demeurent par rapport à la gestion du domaine qu'il soit public ou privé, qu'il appartienne à l'Etat ou aux collectivités territoriales.

This corpus-based study examines adjectives and adjectival expressions used to describe characters in British children’s fiction. The focus is on diachronic variation, by comparing Victorian (19th-century) and contemporary (late 20th-century) children’s fiction, and on gender variation, by comparing the descriptions of female and male characters. I adopt a qualitative as well as a quantitative approach, and consider factors such as lexical diversity, adjectival density, collocation patterns, evaluative meaning, syntactic function and distribution across semantic domains. Most findings are related to a dichotomy set up between an idealistic and a realistic portrayal of characters. The study shows that an idealistic portrayal of characters is typical of the Victorian material and a realistic portrayal of characters typical of the contemporary material. Further, gender differences are much more pronounced, and reflect traditional gender role patterns more in the Victorian material than in the contemporary material. For instance, a pleasant appearance is typically described for Victorian female characters and social position for Victorian male characters. Moreover, descriptions of mental properties of Victorian female characters are conspicuously rare. Such gendered patterns are less distinct in the contemporary material, although appearance is still more extensively described for female than male characters. As regards how the qualities are attributed to characters, the descriptions of Victorian female characters were found to be the most formulaic compared to the descriptions of Victorian male, contemporary female and contemporary male characters.

Le Plan Marshall pour la reconstruction de l’Europe après la deuxième Guerre mondiale a été la source d’inspiration de l’aide publique au développement (APD) à l’endroit des pays en développement. Le Niger et le Mali, font partie du bloc de pays de l’Afrique subsaharienne les plus pauvres qui bénéficient de ce système. Par le biais de l’aide, ces pays nourrissaient l’espoir de sortir de l’extrême pauvreté. Mais, après un demi-siècle d’institution de l’APD, coïncidant avec le cinquantenaire de leur accession à l’Indépendance, ces pays végètent plus que jamais dans l’extrême précarité. Les différentes initiatives, à commencer par le programme d’ajustement structurel (PAS) qui visait entre autres la libéralisation des structures de l’Etat et l’ouverture au marché, a été un échec retentissant. Tout de même, il s’est dégagé un paradoxe, ces pays affichent tout au long du processus un taux de croissance sans cesse en hausse. La conséquence est plutôt fâcheuse qu’heureuse, car la pauvreté au lieu de baisser, s’amplifie. Les bailleurs de fonds tablent d’ailleurs, sur cette croissance pour justifier le bien fondé et l’utilité de leurs politiques. Alors, pourquoi le taux de croissance et le développement ne font pas bon ménage dans le cas de l’APD ? En réaction à ce fiasco, les bailleurs de fonds initient la stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté dans la droite ligne de l’atteinte des objectifs du millénaire pour le développement. La place de l’éducation et de la santé est centrale parmi les huit points ciblés. L’objectif de la thèse consiste à voir en quoi ces stratégies se détachent de celles contenues dans le PAS et d’examiner leurs conséquences. D’une part, dans la mise en œuvre de ces politiques sectorielles (éducation et santé), l’aspect quantitatif a été mis en avant au détriment de la qualité. D’autre part, la politisation de l’APD, notamment son instrumentalisation pour des raisons sécuritaires, interroge sa neutralité et sa finalité (sortir les pays bénéficiaires de la misère). Seule une aide responsable, avec des hommes politiques responsables qui ne seront pas complices de ce système de « à prendre ou à laisser », peut contribuer au décollage socio-économique des pays étudiés
The post world war’s II reconstruction plan for Europe known as Marshall’s Plan, was the inspiration in establishing public aid for development which, in turn, was set up to assist developing countries. Niger and Mali are part of the poorest group in South Saharan countries benefiting from this system. As a result of this aid program, these countries had hoped to overcome their extreme poverty but, after half a century of assistance, and co-incidentally, fifty years of political independence, these countries have fallen deeper into a state of extreme poverty. Different initiatives beginning with the structural adjustment program which was to aid in the liberal forms of government and an opening of markets, have been a dismal failure. At the same time, paradoxically, these countries have shown a statistical pattern of continuing steady growth although, in reality, poverty has become more ingrained and widespread instead of decreasing. Those governing these nations (trading capital) use this data in order to justify the maintenance of their political and economic system. Why then are the levels of growth and developments at odds in the case of the PAD (public aid for development)? As a reaction to this failure, the donor nations initiated a strategy of poverty reduction with the direct intention at attaining the millenni objectives for development. The place of education and health are at the heart of eight main points. In the political sections of both areas we are interested in, the quantitative has been privileged to the detriment of the qualitative. The thesis aims at seeing in what these strategies differentiate from these in the SAP (structural adjustment program), and indeed what will the results be in the short or medium term. On the one hand, the political system of the PAD (aid for development), its usefulness for security, strategic and geopolitical reasons, cast a doubt on its neutrality and its professed desire to assist these countries to overcome their poverty. On the other hand, responsible aid giving, coupled with responsible political leaders, who are not part of the take or leave it system, can contribute to developing the social and economic future of these countries

Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a non-destructive electromagnetic investigative tool used in many applications across the fields of engineering and geophysics. The propagation of electromagnetic waves in lossy materials is complex and over the past 20 years, the computational modelling of GPR has developed to improve our understanding of this phenomenon. This research focuses on the development of accurate numerical models of widely-used, high-frequency commercial GPR antennas. High-frequency, highresolution GPR antennas are mainly used in civil engineering for the evaluation of structural features in concrete i. e., the location of rebars, conduits, voids and cracking. These types of target are typically located close to the surface and their responses can be coupled with the direct wave of the antenna. Most numerical simulations of GPR only include a simple excitation model, such as an infinitesimal dipole, which does not represent the actual antenna. By omitting the real antenna from the model, simulations cannot accurately replicate the amplitudes and waveshapes of real GPR responses. Numerical models of a 1.5 GHz Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc. (GSSI) antenna and a 1.2 GHz MALÅ GeoScience (MALÅ) antenna have been developed. The geometry of antennas is often complex with many fine features that must be captured in the numerical models. To visualise this level of detail in 3d, software was developed to link Paraview—an open source visualisation application which uses the Visualisation Toolkit (VTK)—with GprMax3D—electromagnetic simulation software based on the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method. Certain component values from the real antennas that were required for the models could not be readily determined due to commercial sensitivity. Values for these unknown parameters were found by implementing an optimisation technique known as Taguchi’s method. The metric used to initially assess the accuracy of the antenna models was a cross-corellation of the crosstalk responses from the models with the crosstalk responses measured from the real antennas. A 98 % match between modelled and real crosstalk responses was achieved. Further validation of the antenna models was undertaken using a series of laboratory experiments where oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions were created to simulate the electrical properties of real materials. The emulsions provided homogeneous liquids with controllable permittivity and conductivity and enabled different types of targets, typically encountered with GPR, to be tested. The laboratory setup was replicated in simulations which included the antenna models and an excellent agreement was shown between the measured and modelled data. The models reproduced both the amplitude and waveshape of the real responses whilst B-scans showed that the models were also accurately capturing effects, such as masking, present in the real data. It was shown that to achieve this accuracy, the real permittivity and conductivity profiles of materials must be correctly modelled. The validated antenna models were then used to investigate the radiation dynamics of GPR antennas. It was found that the shape and directivity of theoretically predicted far-field radiation patterns differ significantly from real antenna patterns. Being able to understand and visualise in 3d the antenna patterns of real GPR antennas, over realistic materials containing typical targets, is extremely important for antenna design and also from a practical user perspective.

This study revolves around the different underlying metaphorical or metonymical structures of three specific idioms, one English, one Swedish and one German, but with equivalent semantics. The structure of the source and target domains was analysed, as well as the mapping from source to target. The lexical features and the cognitive concepts involved were analysed as well. The method used for this study was an analysis based on cognitive linguistics and conceptual metaphor theory. The result shows a structure of conceptual metaphor within the English and German idioms: making a small entity into a big entity is exaggeration. The Swedish idiom consists of a conceptual metaphor but with a metonymic structure: the part for the whole is exaggeration. The result also suggests a difference in meaning of the definitions of the idioms, indicating that the form of exaggeration varies depending on which idiom is used.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of disability worldwide. Annually, 150 to 200/1,000,000 people become disabled as a result of brain trauma. Axonal degeneration is a critical, early event following TBI of all severities but whether axon degeneration is a driver of TBI remains unclear. Molecular pathways underlying the pathology of TBI have not been defined and there is no efficacious treatment for TBI. Despite this significant societal impact, surprisingly little is known about the molecular mechanisms that actively drive axon degeneration in any context and particularly following TBI. Although severe brain injury may cause immediate disruption of axons (primary axotomy), it is now recognized that the most frequent form of traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is mediated by a cascade of events that ultimately result in secondary axonal disconnection (secondary axotomy) within hours to days. Proposed mechanisms include immediate post-traumatic cytoskeletal destabilization as a direct result of mechanical breakage of microtubules, as well as catastrophic local calcium dysregulation resulting in microtubule depolymerization, impaired axonal transport, unmitigated accumulation of cargoes, local axonal swelling, and finally disconnection. The portion of the axon that is distal to the axotomy site remains initially morphologically intact. However, it undergoes sudden rapid fragmentation along its full distal length ~72 h after the original axotomy, a process termed Wallerian degeneration. Remarkably, mice mutant for the Wallerian degeneration slow (Wlds) protein exhibit ~tenfold (for 2–3 weeks) suppressed Wallerian degeneration. Yet, pharmacological replication of the Wlds mechanism has proven difficult. Further, no one has studied whether Wlds protects from TAI. Lastly, owing to Wlds presumed gain-of-function and its absence in wild-type animals, direct evidence in support of a putative endogenous axon death signaling pathway is lacking, which is critical to identify original treatment targets and the development of viable therapeutic approaches. Novel insight into the pathophysiology of Wallerian degeneration was gained by the discovery that mutant Drosophila flies lacking dSarm (sterile a/Armadillo/Toll-Interleukin receptor homology domain protein) cell-autonomously recapitulated the Wlds phenotype. The pro-degenerative function of the dSarm gene (and its mouse homolog Sarm1) is widespread in mammals as shown by in vitro protection of superior cervical ganglion, dorsal root ganglion, and cortical neuron axons, as well as remarkable in-vivo long-term survival (>2 weeks) of transected sciatic mouse Sarm1 null axons. Although the molecular mechanism of function remains to be clarified, its discovery provides direct evidence that Sarm1 is the first endogenous gene required for Wallerian degeneration, driving a highly conserved genetic axon death program. The central goals of this thesis were to determine (1) whether post-traumatic axonal integrity is preserved in mice lacking Sarm1, and (2) whether loss of Sarm1 is associated with improved functional outcome after TBI. I show that mice lacking the mouse Toll receptor adaptor Sarm1 gene demonstrate multiple improved TBI-associated phenotypes after injury in a closed-head mild TBI model. Sarm1-/- mice developed fewer beta amyloid precursor protein (βAPP) aggregates in axons of the corpus callosum after TBI as compared to Sarm1+/+ mice. Furthermore, mice lacking Sarm1 had reduced plasma concentrations of the phosphorylated axonal neurofilament subunit H, indicating that axonal integrity is maintained after TBI. Strikingly, whereas wild type mice exhibited a number of behavioral deficits after TBI, I observed a strong, early preservation of neurological function in Sarm1-/- animals. Finally, using in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, I found tissue signatures consistent with substantially preserved neuronal energy metabolism in Sarm1-/- mice compared to controls immediately following TBI. My results indicate that the Sarm1-mediated prodegenerative pathway promotes pathogenesis in TBI and suggest that anti-Sarm1 therapeutics are a viable approach for preserving neurological function after TBI.

La République parlementaire s’enracine, à la fin du XIXe siècle, dans l’exaltation des principes de 1789 et le rejet du pouvoir personnel. Dans cet idéal, le pouvoir réglementaire fait figure de hantise. Il n’est admis qu’à condition d’être étroitement subordonné à la loi. Au XXe siècle, cette situation change. Les guerres et les crises économiques, financières ou sociales sont à l’origine d’une mutation profonde des activités de l’Etat, qui bouleversent l’exercice des fonctions de législation et heurtent les idéaux républicains. Cette étude entend démontrer comment, entre 1914 et 1958, l’Exécutif retrouve un pouvoir réglementaire non réductible à l’exécution des lois. Né d’un dérèglement des pratiques, et des violations (souvent assumées) des textes constitutionnels, ce processus d’émancipation se trouve progressivement – sous l’influence de la doctrine universitaire et des sections administratives du Conseil d’Etat – rapatrié sous l’empire du droit. Sur la période considérée, la législation gouvernementale apparaît effectivement nécessaire à la sauvegarde et à la continuité de l’Etat. Elle acquiert alors un fondement autonome et gagne en discrétionnalité. Sous les IIIe et IVe Républiques déjà, l’exécution des lois ne justifie plus l’existence et ne définit plus l’étendue du pouvoir réglementaire. Les innovations – supposées – de la Constitution de 1958 doivent donc être relativisées. Loin d’innover, le dispositif des articles 16, 21, 34, 37, 38, 41 et 92 du texte constitutionnel de la Ve République formalise, et systématise, les acquis du droit constitutionnel antérieur
At the end of the 19th century, the Parliamentary Republic took root by exalting the principles of 1789 French Revolution and rejecting personal power. Following this ideal, the Executive’s power to make regulations is dreaded – only allowed when strictly subordinate to the law supremacy. In the 20th century, the situation has changed. Wars and crises caused an essential transformation of the activities of the State, which disturbed the exercise of legislative functions and republican ideals. This thesis aims to explain how, between 1914 and 1958, the Executive Branch recovered a power to make regulations, that exceeds the mere implementation of legislation. The data show that this emancipation process stemmed from both disruption of practices and constitutional violations, gradually establishing a new law – thanks to the influence of law professors and advisory departments of the Conseil d’Etat. This dynamic relied on the need for Executive regulation to protect the security and the continuity of the State. Progressively, that kind of regulation got an autonomous constitutional basis, and the Executive enjoyed an increased level of discretion to enact it. The result is that, already under the Third and Fourth French Republics, the implementation of legislation no longer defined the source and the scope of the power to make regulations. Finally, these findings allow to challenge the current understanding of the Constitution of the Fifth Republic : the articles 16, 21, 34, 37, 38, 41 and 92 should no longer be considered as “innovations”, but only as a formalisation and a systematisation what previous constitutional law introduced

No
Membership in a protein domain database does not a domain make; a feature we realized when generating a consensus view of protein fold space with our consensus domain dictionary (CDD). This dictionary was used to select representative structures for characterization of the protein dynameome: the Dynameomics initiative. Through this endeavor we rejected a surprising 40% of the 1,695 folds in the CDD as being non-autonomous folding units. Although some of this was due to the challenges of grouping similar fold topologies, the dissonance between the cataloguing and structural qualification of protein domains remains surprising. Another potential factor is previously overlooked intrinsic disorder; predictions suggest that 40% of proteins have either local or global disorder. One thing is clear, filtering a structural database and ensuring a consistent definition for protein domains is crucial, and caution is prescribed when generalizations of globular domains are drawn from unfiltered protein domain datasets.
NIH

archives@tulane.edu
The current study is designed to test whether a stressed-out female role model in a male-dominated domain hinders women’s career aspirations. Role models have been shown to increase women’s career interest in fields where they are underrepresented. This study, however, sought to establish that role model stress in male-dominated domains is threatening to aspirant women’s career achievement. Female pre-medical undergraduates read about either a stressed or non-stressed female physician (the role model) who works in either a male-dominated or gender-equal work environment. There were no significant changes on pre-med career interest over time. However, participants reported that their interest in a career in medicine decreased as a result of listening to an interview with a stressed role model. Unexpectedly, participants listening to a stressed role model performed better on an in-lab task. The male-dominated domain did not induce the same threat effects as it has in past studies, but this independent variable was not without consequence as participants in the gender-equal domain condition performed better on a creative thinking exercise. This study demonstrates that stressed-out role models do impact individuals looking up to them, but it may not be enough to deter new aspirants from their intended career paths.
1
Sally Merritt

This study examines the self-report answers of 27 of the most highly aggressive students from 3 different school sites on lower Vancouver Island through the lens of Johnson and Johnson's (1998) Social Interdependence Theory, in order to understand the impact of competitive, individual and cooperative social conditions on adolescent decision-making about the use of violent and aggressive behaviour in schools. The data analysis in this study is based on a quantitative and qualitative mixed methods approach that is anchored in theories that examine the social conditions of decision-making and subsequent action with respect to moral questions. The study's findings suggest that we should shift our understanding of adolescents who engage in violent and aggressive behaviour, away from deficit-based models that portray such young people as somehow morally delayed and disengaged, or as flawed with respect to character development, and instead pursue an examination of the conditions promote positive moral experience through connectedness and collaboration in our quest to assist non-violent choices.

碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
美術學系
103
This paper investigates the paintings of the author, trying to transform the man-made pollution to reflect upon civilization and nature. 　　In order to transform the man-made pollution into aesthetic forms, the author avoids using the visual facts of the pollution directly and restates it with metaphors and symbols instead, which may separate the artworks from environmental advocacy and advertisement. Transcending ability and attitudes are necessary for the goal. Therefore, the context and creative ideas of the author’s paintings are discussed via re-invoking self spirituality from the perspective of spiritual science, theories related to Romanticism and Surrealism, and review of historical literature and paintings. 　　The painter combined suburban scenery and personal imagination and reconstructed a field between reality and unreality. By emphasizing the misty ambiguous relationship among the man-made items, the natural creatures, and the imagined objects, the painter further shaped and his personal softness quality through horizontal viewing angle, atomization and soft focus, lightness tone, gentle tone, and other forms and techniques.

“Between the Spheres: Male Characters and the Performance of Femininity in Four Victorian Novels, 1849-1886” définit le célibataire domestique, analyse les effets de l’érosion des frontières entre les domaines public et privé et retrace l’évolution du discours public au sujet de la masculinité dans quatre œuvres: Shirley écrit par Charlotte Brontë, Lady Audley’s Secret de Mary Elizabeth Braddon, Daniel Deronda par George Eliot, et The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde de Robert Louis Stevenson. En identifiant le célibataire domestique comme personnage récurrent à la dernière moitié du dixneuvième siècle, cette dissertation démontre comment ce personnage arrive à représenter l’incertitude face aux questions de sexualité, non seulement dans des rôles féminins mais aussi dans les positions de l’homme dans la société et la remise en question du concept de la masculinité. Tout comme il y eu de femmes à l’affût de la liberté au-delà du domaine privé, des hommes aussi cherchèrent leur liberté au sein du domaine domestique par des performances féminines. Le célibataire domestique rapporte sur le concept New Woman de cette période par sa tendance de promouvoir de nouvelles définitions de la masculinité victorienne et les limites entre sexes. Le célibataire domestique passe du domaine public, plutôt masculin, vers le domaine privé, plutôt féminin en participitant dans le discours féminin, tel que les sujets de le domesticité, la chastité, la moralité, le mariage, et l’amour. En s’inspirant de l’analyse des domaines public et privé par Jürgen Habermas, cette dissertation revoit les rôles de ces domaines et leur élasticité dans les quatre œuvres en question ainsi que le sort des célibataires domestiques. L’assignation de sexe à ces domaines mena à la recherche de nouveaux formes de masculinité, produisant une définition de mâle liée au statut de la femme dans le domaine privé. Le célibataire domestique se déplace facilement entre ces domaines sans souffrir d’accusations de tendances effeminées ou d’aliénation sociale, à l’encontre des conséquences qu’ont souffert les personnages femelles pour leur comportement inhabituel. Chaque chapitre de cette dissertation considère les changements dans le discours de la sexualité afin de suivre la migration du célibataire domestique du domaine féminin au milieu du dixneuvième siècle jusqu’un nouveau domaine à la fin de siècle qui estompe la distinction rigide crue être en place tout au long de la période victorienne.
“Between the Spheres: Male Characters and the Performance of Femininity in Four Victorian Novels, 1849-1886” defines the domesticated bachelor, examines the effects of the blurring of the boundaries between the public and private spheres, and traces the evolution of the public discourse on masculinity in Charlotte Brontë’s Shirley, Mary Elizabeth Braddon’s Lady Audley’s Secret, George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda, and Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. By identifying the domestic man as a recurrent figure in the second half of the nineteenth century, this dissertation proves how he comes to represent the uncertainty surrounding issues of gender, not only concerning women’s roles, but also men’s positions in society and the re-defining of masculinity. Just as there were women seeking freedom by moving beyond the domestic sphere, there were men seeking a similar liberty by moving from the public into the private sphere by performing femininity. This bachelor is equally significant to the New Woman of this period based on his tendency to open up for discussion new definitions of Victorian masculinity and gender boundaries. The domesticated man moves from the “masculinized” public sphere into the “feminized” private sphere, by engaging in feminine discourse including issues of domesticity, chastity, morality, marriage, and love. Drawing upon Jürgen Habermas’s analysis of public and private spheres, this dissertation re-examines the roles of the spheres, their fluidity in the four works under consideration, and the fate of the domesticated male characters. The gendering of the spheres resulted in the search for new forms of masculinity; this new definition of maleness was extremely dependent on the status of women in the private sphere. The bachelor moves between the spheres without necessarily suffering consequences such as effeminacy and social estrangement, as opposed to “masculine” female characters that did suffer from social stigma resulting from their uncharacteristic behavior. Each chapter considers changes in the discourse of sexuality to account for a re-positioning of the domesticated man from a feminine sphere of activity into a new sphere which, by the end of the century, blurs the rigid distinction thought to be in place throughout the Victorian period.

Cette recherche porte une attention sur les cultures et le management. L'influence bidirectionnelle qui a cours entre les deux, et aussi les raisons qui font que cette influence peut être source de création et de partage des connaissances dans l'entreprise en contexte africain. Premièrement, il y a la culture locale, dans le cas présent au Mali. Deuxièmement, il y a la culture de la firme, Orange Mali, qui est une filiale appartenant au groupe France Télécom opérant dans les nouvelles technologies de l'information et de la communication, donc la culture française. Enfin, il y a la culture organisationnelle, étant donné que nous sommes en milieu organisationnel. En faisant ressortir les particularités de la culture malienne, pays situé en Afrique Subsaharienne, il sera possible d'étudier d'une part, les similitudes avec la culture française et d'autre part, les divergences et quels en sont les réelles répercussions sur la gestion de l'entreprise. Ainsi, nous avons eu recours à la théorie de la gestion des connaissances basée sur le modèle de Nonaka et Takeuchi (1997) pour expliquer comment la rencontre de ces cultures pouvait être source de création et de partage des connaissances au sein de l'entreprise. Des éléments tels que l'informel, le formel, la socialisation, le dialogue, etc. ont concouru au choix de ce modèle pour asseoir notre analyse. Le choix du terrain s'est fait chez Orange Mali, dans la ville de Bamako qui est la capitale économique, où une série de 10 entretiens et 3 semaines d'observation sur place ont pu alimenter la compréhension de notre sujet. ______________________________________________________________________________

Practical work forms an integral part of physical science. Most schools in Venda have no laboratories for practical work. Teachers use the telling method. Students learn by rote. They learn without understanding science concepts. They cannot apply their knowledge to real life situations. This research investigates the use of equipment from inexpensive material in teaching physical science. Teachers trained to improvise equipment use them in classroom teaching. These help teachers to understand many science concepts and use the process approach in their teaching. The research found that when science is taught through experiments with improvised apparatus, student learning occurs at various domains of science education. The bad effects of lack of facilities for practical work are mostly eliminated. Meaningful learning leads to the understanding of science concepts. Students construct their own knowledge, apply it to any situation and enjoy learning the subject.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
M. Ed. (Didactics)