Journal articles: 'Malaysian weedy rice'

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Ruzmi, Rabiatuladawiyah, Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, Mohamad Zuhair Zainal Abidin, and Nilda Roma-Burgos. "Evolution of imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice in Malaysia: the current status." Weed Science 69, no. 5 (April 20, 2021): 598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.33.

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AbstractWeedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea or O. sativa complex) has become a severe threat to Malaysian rice (Oryza sativa L.) granaries after the direct-seeding method of rice cultivation was introduced in the late 1980s. Since then, researchers have studied the biology and ecology of weedy rice and espoused the evolutionary theory of the origin of Malaysian weedy rice. This review paper aimed to synthesize the body of knowledge about weedy rice and the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weedy rice in Malaysia. The imidazolinone (IMI) herbicide component of the Clearfield® Production System (CPS) rice package is among the most effective tools for weedy rice control. However, dependence solely on this technology and farmers’ ignorance about the appropriate use of IMI herbicides with the CPS rice package have resulted in the evolution of IMI-resistant (IMI-R) weedy rice. This has reduced the efficacy of IMI herbicides on weedy rice, ultimately nullifying the benefit of CPS rice in affected fields. At present, it is assumed that IMI-R weedy rice populations are widely distributed across the rice granaries in Malaysia. Therefore, it is important that integrated management measures be adopted comprehensively by Malaysian rice growers to curb the spread of IMI-R weedy rice problem in Malaysia, especially in fields planted with CPS rice. This review focuses on the biology of Malaysian weedy rice, the history of the establishment of weedy rice in Malaysian rice fields, the impact of HR rice technology on the evolution of IMI-R weedy rice in Malaysia, the distribution of resistant weedy rice populations across Peninsular Malaysia rice granaries, the weedy rice resistance mechanisms, and weedy rice management. The synthesis of all this information is helpful to researchers, policy makers, the private agricultural industry, advisers to farmers, and proactive farmers themselves with the goal of working toward sustainable rice production.

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Cui, Yongxia, Beng Kah Song, Lin-Feng Li, Ya-Ling Li, Zhongyun Huang, Ana L. Caicedo, Yulin Jia, and Kenneth M. Olsen. "Little White Lies: Pericarp Color Provides Insights into the Origins and Evolution of Southeast Asian Weedy Rice." G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 4105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/g3.116.035881.

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Abstract Weedy rice is a conspecific form of cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) that infests rice fields and results in severe crop losses. Weed strains in different world regions appear to have originated multiple times from different domesticated and/or wild rice progenitors. In the case of Malaysian weedy rice, a multiple-origin model has been proposed based on neutral markers and analyses of domestication genes for hull color and seed shattering. Here, we examined variation in pericarp (bran) color and its molecular basis to address how this trait evolved in Malaysian weeds and its possible role in weed adaptation. Functional alleles of the Rc gene confer proanthocyanidin pigmentation of the pericarp, a trait found in most wild and weedy Oryzas and associated with seed dormancy; nonfunctional rc alleles were strongly favored during rice domestication, and most cultivated varieties have nonpigmented pericarps. Phenotypic characterizations of 52 Malaysian weeds revealed that most strains are characterized by the pigmented pericarp; however, some weeds have white pericarps, suggesting close relationships to cultivated rice. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the Rc haplotypes present in Malaysian weeds likely have at least three distinct origins: wild O. rufipogon, white-pericarp cultivated rice, and red-pericarp cultivated rice. These diverse origins contribute to high Rc nucleotide diversity in the Malaysian weeds. Comparison of Rc allelic distributions with other rice domestication genes suggests that functional Rc alleles may confer particular fitness benefits in weedy rice populations, for example, by conferring seed dormancy. This may promote functional Rc introgression from local wild Oryza populations.

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Sudianto, Edi, Ting-Xiang Neik, Sheh May Tam, Tse-Seng Chuah, Akmal Adilah Idris, Kenneth M. Olsen, and Beng-Kah Song. "Morphology of Malaysian Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa): Diversity, Origin and Implications for Weed Management." Weed Science 64, no. 3 (September 2016): 501–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00168.1.

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Weedy rice is one of the most dominant and competitive weed species found throughout rice planting areas worldwide. In Malaysia, a combination of agricultural practices such as direct seeding and shared use of machinery has contributed to the rapid proliferation of weedy rice across paddy fields in recent decades. Here, we report on the morphological characterization of weedy rice populations and inferred origin(s) of different morphotypes present in Peninsular Malaysia. Eight weedy rice morphotypes were distinguished based on a combination of traits such as awn presence/absence and hull color, from 193 accessions collected in 17 locations. Results showed a high proportion of awnless accessions (strawhull-, intermediate strawhull-, and brownhull-colored morphotypes, together composing 65% of sampled accessions), with awned accessions represented by strawhull, brownhull, and blackhull forms. Clustering and PCA analyses revealed four major clusters: (1) O. rufipogon and the majority of awned, blackhull, and brownhull—suggestive of a type of weedy rice originating from wild Oryza populations; (2) elite indica cultivar rice and the majority of strawhull weeds—supporting a previous proposal that weedy rice from Malaysia mainly evolved from indirect selection on cultivars for easy-shattering feral forms; (3) the majority of brownhull; and (4) a mixture of other weedy morphotypes—potentially reflecting multiple origins and subsequent admixture. The combination of key morphological descriptors will be useful for advising farmers appropriately in strategies for controlling the spread of weedy rice, including periodic manual weeding to reduce buildup of the seed bank in the fields.

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MASILAMANY, DILIPKUMAR, ERWAN SHAH SHARI, NG LEE CHUEN, CHUAH TSE SENG, and BHAGIRATH SINGH CHAUNAN. "PRE AND POST CONTROL OF WEEDY RICE AND SELECTED RICE WEEDS WITH PREMIX OF IMAZAPIC AND IMAZAPYR AT DIFFERENT RATIOS." Malaysian Applied Biology 50, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v50i3.2012.

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Field experiments were conducted in the rice fields of the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute in 2018 and 2019, to determine the efficacy of two commercial premix herbicides consisting of imazapic and imazapyr at 70:30 (formulation 1) and 30:70 (formulation 2) applied singly or in sequence for control of weedy rice and other rice weeds. Formulation 1 was applied as PRE at the 0 to 1-leaf stage of weedy rice while formulation 2 was applied as POST at the 3 to 4-leaf stage of weedy rice. Formulation 1 applied PRE at 150 g ai ha-1 with or without sequential application of formulation 2 applied POST at 75 or 150 g ai ha-1 provided complete inhibition of weedy rice. The same rate of formulation 1 applied PRE highly reduced weed density and dry weight of Monochoria vaginalis (99%) and Fimbristylis quinquangularis (93%) as compared to weedy check plots. Formulation 2 applied POST at 150 g ai ha-1 providing lower weed density and dry weight reduction of weedy rice (59 to 65%), M. vaginalis (80 to 81%), and F. quinquangularis (56 to 64%) as compared to those observed in formulation 1 applied PRE at 150 g ai ha-1. These results suggest that although formulations 1 and 2 share the same active ingredients, excellent control of weedy rice and rice weeds could only be achieved with PRE application of formulation 1 at 150 g ai ha-1.

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Motmainna, Mst, Abdul Shukor B Juraimi, Md Kamal Uddin, Norhayu Binti Asib, AKM Mominul Islam, and Mahmudul Hasan. "Allelopathic potential of Malaysian invasive weed species to control weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev)." Allelopathy Journal 53, no. 1 (May 2021): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26651/allelo.j/2021-53-1-1327.

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In laboratory bioassay, we studied the effects of methanolic extracts of 30-Malaysian invasive weed species (9 families) on the seeds survival rate and seedlings growth of Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea Roshev). Five concentrations [6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100 (g L-1)] of methanolic extracts were used and control was distilled water. The Weedy rice seeds survival rate and seedlings growth (radicle and hypocotyl length) of 7-day-old seedlings were reduced by the increasing concentrations of extracts than control. Probit analysis and the concentrations required for 50% inhibition (EC50) showed that radicle growth was more suppressed than seeds survival rate and hypocotyl growth. Among the tested weed species, Parthenium hysterophorus L., Cleome rutidosperma DC. and Borrreria alata (Aubl.) DC. proved strongly allelopathic and thus, could be used to develop eco-friendly herbicides.

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Ishak, M. S., Z. Iberahim, and K. Mardiana-Jansar. "Comparative response of Malaysian weedy rice (Oryza sativa) initial growth towards the allelopathic potential of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit and Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Underw." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 880, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/880/1/012040.

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Abstract The infestation of weedy rice has becoming a threat which leads to competition between weedy rice and commercial rice for nutrient uptake. Weedy rice management is more dependent on the herbicides application that can contribute to various environmental problems. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of two invasive plants namely L. leucocephala and D. linearis in controlling the growth of weedy rice. The allelopathic potential was evaluated through laboratory bioassay namely the dish pack method, sandwich method and plant box method to determine the allelopathic potential on the seedling growth of two weedy rice variants collected in Peninsular Malaysia (designated as WRE and WRN) and MR220 CL2 rice variety. Highest concentration of L. leucocephala leaf litter (50 mg) inhibited the radicle elongation of MR220 CL2, WRN and WRE by 49 %, 51 % and 83 % compared to control, respectively. Through the dish pack method, the volatile compound from D. linearis leaf were found to disrupt the radicle growth of MR220 CL2, WRN and WRE by 21 %, 29 % and 25 % of the control at the nearest distance (41 mm) of the bioassay plants with the D. linearis leaf. Compared with D. linearis, the root exudate from L. leucocephala exhibited higher inhibitory effect towards the bioassay species. Overall, the findings from this study showed that the allelopathic potential of L. leucocephala was more preferable to be investigated further for sustainable weedy rice management in the future by infusing the biological approach.

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Song, Beng-Kah, Tse-Seng Chuah, Sheh May Tam, and Kenneth M. Olsen. "Malaysian weedy rice shows its true stripes: wildOryzaand elite rice cultivars shape agricultural weed evolution in Southeast Asia." Molecular Ecology 23, no. 20 (October 2014): 5003–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12922.

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Sudo, Maggie Pui San, Rupini Yesudasan, Ting Xiang Neik, Dilipkumar Masilamany, Jayasyaliny Jayaraj, Su-Sin Teo, Sadequr Rahman, and Beng-Kah Song. "The details are in the genome-wide SNPs: Fine scale evolution of the Malaysian weedy rice." Plant Science 310 (September 2021): 110985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110985.

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A.K, Engku, Norida M, Omar D, Asib N, Yusof S, and Halimatunsadiah A. B. "The Practice of Imidazolinone-Resistant Rice Production in the Irrigated Rice Fields of Kg Sungai Leman." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 11, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2021.111.120.128.

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Rice is an important crop and a staple food in Malaysia. Herbicides are used extensively to control weeds, which represent a major constraint to yield production. Although the introduction of Imidazolinone-resistant Rice with its management system (IRPS) has greatly improved both yields and weed control, the system is designed to be used for only a short term before transitioning to local varieties. Thus, a survey was conducted among 115 farmers to obtain information on their general knowledge on weed control and IRPS. The results showed that the majority of the farmers use herbicides to control all types of weed presented, with a small minority still using manual control. The majority of farmers using IRPS were applying the herbicide imidazolinone when soil condition were right, and only once per season, which is the recommendation. Most of the farmers still utilized imidazolinone to control weedy rice but would not use it on other weeds. However, many of the farmers perceived imidazolinone as becoming more ineffective and expensive and were willing to change to other herbicides if there was a viable alternative. Although herbicide is the main method employed in controlling weeds when using IRPS, farmers still regard imidazolinone as an ineffective herbicide. The reason IRPS is still in use is due to the high yields provided. This study shows a better understanding of knowledge on weeds and IRPS among farmers. Nonetheless, the IRPS will become a redundant system due to the ineffectiveness of imidazolinone and a new system should be introduced to replace it.

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Zulrushdi, Amalia Qistina, Nur Ardiyana Rejab, and Muhamad Shakirin Mispan. "Seed Dormancy Status of Tropical Weedy Rice Population in Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 51, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1697–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2022-5106-08.

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Seed dormancy is a trait that promotes the survival of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the rice seed bank. Weedy rice displays different level of dormancy depending on several factors including genetic control. Determining seed dormancy status of weedy rice is crucial to understand adaptive mechanism of the weed in the rice agroecosystem especially in the tropic regions. To investigate the degree of seed dormancy of weedy rice, 66 weedy rice seed samples were collected from Selangor rice fields. The degree of seed dormancy was determined by standard germination test at 7, 14, 21, 42, 49, 56, 63, and 284 days after imbibition. The dormancy status of weedy rice after >200d in room temperature storage was compared. A total of 92.4% of weedy rice samples displayed a high degree of dormancy upon maturation. The germination rates of sampled weedy rice are divergent, indicating weedy rice in the tropical regions has variation in the degree of seed dormancy. The cumulative germination rate was gradually increased over time and reached total dormancy loss at 284 days after the initial imbibition. The germination rate of weedy rice after >280 days in dry storage displayed a bimodal distribution pattern, with 25.8% and 18.2% of sampled weedy rice showed a strong and weak seed dormancy, respectively. This study showed that weedy rice seeds in Malaysia displayed a high degree of seed dormancy and can retain their viability more than 200d once imbibed. This trait can enhance the survivability of weedy rice in the tropical rice agroecosystems.

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Chauhan, Bhagirath S., and David E. Johnson. "Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa) I. Grain Characteristics and Growth Response to Competition of Weedy Rice Variants from Five Asian Countries." Weed Science 58, no. 4 (December 2010): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-09-00071.1.

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Weedy rice is a serious weed of cultivated rice in most of the rice-growing areas of the tropics and yet, despite its importance as a weed, limited information is available on its biology in Asia. A study was conducted to determine the seed characteristics and growth response to competition of weedy rice variants from five Asian countries (India [IWR], Malaysia [MWR], Philippines [PWR], Thailand [TWR], and Vietnam [VWR]) when grown alone or with either 4 or 12 cultivated rice (‘IR72’) plants. Seed characteristics including weight, length, width, and presence and length of awn differed between weedy rice variants. PWR had the heaviest seed (25 mg seed−1). Growth of weedy rice plants differed among variants and, generally, VWR grew the fastest. IR72 interference greatly reduced tiller and leaf numbers, leaf area, and shoot biomass of all weedy rice variants. At 8 wk after sowing, for example, shoot biomass of weedy rice variants in competition with 12 IR72 plants was 13 to 30% of that where plants were grown alone. TWR plants were shorter than those of other variants at all levels of crop interference. These results show that there are considerable differences among Asian weedy rice variants and yet, competition from the rice crop greatly suppresses weedy rice growth. This suggests that measures to ensure a competitive crop should be an important component of control strategies.

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Hakim, Md Abdul, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, S. M. Rezaul Karim, Md Sirajul Islam Khan, Mohammad Sohidul Islam, M. Kaium Choudhury, Walid Soufan, et al. "Effectiveness of Herbicide to Control Rice Weeds in Diverse Saline Environments." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 14, 2021): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042053.

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To mitigate environmental pollution and food contamination caused by inappropriate and excessive herbicide usage, most potent herbicides should be screened to control rice weeds. A research trial was executed for assessing the comparative efficacy of different herbicides to control rice field weeds and to evaluate the toxicity on rice under normal (distilled water) as well as different salinity levels (4 and 8 dS m−1). The study was designed to select the most potent herbicide and its appropriate dose for weed control of rice crop in coastal areas. Fourteen herbicidal treatments were included weed free crop, Pretilachlor (0.25, 0.50, 0.375 and 0.75 kg a.i. ha−1), Propanil + Thiobencarb (0.6 + 1.2, 0.9 + 1.8, 1.2 + 2.4 and 1.8 + 3.6 kg a.i. ha−1), Bensulfuron + MCPA (0.03 + 0.05, 0.045 + 0.075, 0.06 + 0.1 and 0.09 + 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1) and weedy check (control). The results revealed that all tested herbicides in higher than recommended doses for non-saline rice fields were effective in controlling Cyperus iria, Echinochloa colona (salt-tolerant) and Jussiaea linifolia but showed in light injury in rice plants grown in non-saline soils. These higher doses of herbicides recorded severe crop injury under saline conditions indicating their differential efficacy from normal non-saline conditions. Treatments including Pretilachlor (0.375kg a.i. ha−1), Propanil + Thiobencarb (0.9 + 1.8 kg ai/ha), Bensulfuron + MCPA (0.06 + 0.1 kg a.i. ha−1) and Pretilachlor (0.50 kg a.i. ha−1) remained superior in terms of weed control and grain yield production under all salinitylevels at TanjungKarang, Malaysia. It is concluded that herbicides respond differently under saline conditions and optimization of their doses potentially prevent herbicidal injury in rice plants.

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Sulaiman, Nursyazyla, Nik Norasma Che’Ya, Muhammad Huzaifah Mohd Roslim, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Nisfariza Mohd Noor, and Wan Fazilah Fazlil Ilahi. "The Application of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Imagery (HRSI) for Weed Detection Analysis in Rice Fields: A Review." Applied Sciences 12, no. 5 (March 1, 2022): 2570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12052570.

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Weeds are found on every cropland across the world. Weeds compete for light, water, and nutrients with attractive plants, introduce illnesses or viruses, and attract harmful insects and pests, resulting in yield loss. New weed detection technologies have been developed in recent years to increase weed detection speed and accuracy, resolving the contradiction between the goals of enhancing soil health and achieving sufficient weed control for profitable farming. In recent years, a variety of platforms, such as satellites, airplanes, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and close-range platforms, have become more commonly available for gathering hyperspectral images with varying spatial, temporal, and spectral resolutions. Plants must be divided into crops and weeds based on their species for successful weed detection. Therefore, hyperspectral image categorization also has become popular since the development of hyperspectral image technology. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) hyperspectral imaging techniques have recently emerged as a valuable tool in agricultural remote sensing, with tremendous promise for weed detection and species separation. Hence, this paper will review the weeds problem in rice fields in Malaysia and focus on the application of hyperspectral remote sensing imagery (HRSI) for weed detection with algorithms and modelling employed for weeds discrimination analysis.

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Ishak, Muhamad Safwan, Noraziyah Abd Aziz Shamsudin, Ismail Sahid, and Khairiatul Mardiana Jansar. "Morphological Variations of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa ssp.) In Selected Rice Fields of Peninsular Malaysia." Malaysian Applied Biology 51, no. 5 (December 26, 2022): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55230/mabjournal.v51i5.2358.

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Weedy rice or locally known as ‘padi angin’ has been infesting rice granary areas in Malaysia for the last 20 years. The outbreak of weedy rice in the country started during the late 1980s in Projek Barat Laut Selangor (PBLS) due to the adoption of direct-seeding practices. Weedy rice can be characterized by its early maturing and easy-shattering traits. The objective of this study was to determine the morphological variations of weedy rice in selected granary areas located in Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 110 weedy rice accessions were collected from nine locations in three granary areas in Peninsular Malaysia (the Western, Eastern, & Northern regions). The collected weedy rice accessions were planted under greenhouse conditions to study their morphological features. Results of the present study indicated that 73.6% of weedy rice accessions were awnless while the remaining 26.4% produced awn. Selected traits such as plant height, flag leaf length, culm length, number of tillers, number of panicles, and panicle length were included in the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The weedy rice accessions were grouped into three different clusters mainly Cluster 1: cultivated rice and awnless populations, Cluster 2: brown and red pericarp awnless populations, and Cluster 3: awned populations. The findings of this study may be used as guidance for farmers and researchers for designing sustainable weedy rice management in the future.

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Dilipkumar, Masilamany, Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, Hairazi Rahim, Tse Seng Chuah, and Nilda Roma Burgos. "Survey on weedy rice (Oryza spp.) management practice and adoption of Clearfield® rice technology in Peninsular Malaysia." Weed Science 69, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2021.16.

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AbstractA total of 452 rice farmers from three main granary areas of Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA), Kemubu Agricultural Development Authority (KADA), and Integrated Agricultural Development Area Barat Laut Selangor (IADA BLS) were surveyed in 2019. The goal was to determine farmers’ knowledge of and management practices for weedy rice (Oryza spp.) as well as the adoption level of Clearfield® rice technology (CRT) in Malaysia. Most farmers (74%) were adept at recognizing weedy rice. The majority of farmers (77%) perceived transplanting and water seeding rice systems as the best options to manage weedy rice, while only 10% of the farmers adopted CRT. The low level of adoption of this technology was due to several constraints, including the high cost of the CRT package and occurrence of imidazolinone (IMI)-resistant weedy rice in their farms. Farmers from MADA and IADA BLS reported the occurrence of IMI weedy rice in their farms for more than nine planting seasons, whereas those from KADA reported having resistant weedy rice for five to six planting seasons. The main factor contributing to the evolution of IMI-resistant weedy rice was ignorance about the technology and deliberate disregard of stewardship guidelines. The survey revealed that there is a need to increase awareness about CRT through training and educational programs for proper adoption of this technology.

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Tong, Pei Sin, and Tuck Meng Lim. "Weed composition and maize yield in a former tin-mining area: A case study in Malim Nawar, Malaysia." Open Agriculture 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 478–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0117.

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Abstract Weed species composition has been assessed for major crops such as rice, rubber, and oil palm but not for cash crops in Malaysia. In this study, we determine the associations between maize yields and weed species, weed density, mean temperature, and mean rainfall. Annual field surveys of weeds were conducted in maize (Zea mays L.) in a former tin-mining land in Malim Nawar, Perak, Malaysia, during June of 2017, 2018, and 2020 to determine the effects of weeds on maize yields. The field surveys in 2017, 2018, and 2020 involved 120 quadrats (0.5 m × 0.5 m) with 40 replicates. Fifteen species were observed, representing 14 genera and 9 families and consisted of 9 broadleaves, 3 grasses, and 1 sedge. Phytosociological characteristics, namely, frequency, relative frequency, density, relative density, abundance, and relative abundance, were used to analyze weed species composition at the study site. The species with the highest mean density and relative abundance were Cyperus sp., followed by Amaranthus viridis, Eleusine indica, Hedyotis corymbosa, and Phyllanthus amarus. These five species accounted for 65% of the total relative abundance. Individual broadleaf, sedge, and grass weed types were compared between paired years using a two-proportion z-test. The variation in number of individuals in each group was significant between 2017 and 2018, 2018 and 2020, and 2017 and 2020. The relationship between maize yield and mean rainfall, mean temperature, and weed species was analyzed using a general linear model, none of which affected maize yields. The results of this study provide a foundation for practical weed management in maize fields in Malaysia, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security.

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Chauhan, Bhagirath Singh. "Weedy rice (Oryza sativa) II. Response of Weedy Rice to Seed Burial and Flooding Depth." Weed Science 60, no. 3 (September 2012): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-11-00213.1.

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Weedy rice is a serious problem of cultivated rice in most of the rice-growing areas in Asia, causing increased production costs and yield losses in rice. A study was conducted to determine the response of weedy rice accessions from India (IWR), Malaysia (MWR), Thailand (TWR), and Vietnam (VWR) to seed burial and flooding depths. The greatest emergence for each weedy rice accession (97% for IWR, 82% for MWR, 97% for TWR, and 94% for VWR) was observed in seeds placed on the soil surface. Seedling emergence decreased with increase in burial depth. For the IWR accession, 0.5% of the seedlings emerged from 8-cm depth, whereas for the other three weedy rice accessions, no seedlings emerged from this depth. When seeds were sown on the soil surface, flooding depth ranging from 0 to 8 cm had no or very little effect on seedling emergence of different weedy rice accessions. On the other hand, flooding decreased seedling emergence in all weedy rice accessions when seeds were sown at 1 cm deep into the soil. Compared with seedling emergence, flooding had a more pronounced effect on seedling biomass for all weedy rice accessions. A flooding depth of 2 cm reduced seedling biomass by an amount greater than 85% of each weedy rice accession. The results of this study suggest that emergence and growth of weedy rice could be suppressed by deep tillage that buries seeds below their maximum depth of emergence (i.e., > 8 cm for the accessions studied) and by flooding fields as early as possible. The information gained from this study may help design cultural management strategies for weedy rice in Asia.

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Rahaman, Ferdoushi, Abdul Shukor Juraimi, Mohd Y. Rafii, Md Kamal Uddin, Lutful Hassan, Abul Kashem Chowdhury, and H. M. Khairul Bashar. "Allelopathic Effect of Selected Rice (Oryza sativa) Varieties against Barnyard Grass (Echinochloa cruss-gulli)." Plants 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2021): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102017.

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Rice has been subjected to a great deal of stress during its brief existence, but it nevertheless ranked first among cereal crops in terms of demand and productivity. Weeds are characterized as one of the major biotic stresses by many researchers. This research aims to determine the most potential allelopathic rice variety among selected rice accessions. For obtaining preeminent varieties, seventeen rice genotypes were collected from Bangladesh and Malaysia. Two prevalent procedures, relay seeding and the sandwich technique were employed to screen the seventeen rice (donor) accessions against barnyard grass (tested plant). In both approaches, only the BR17 variety demonstrated substantial inhibition of germination percentage, root length, and dry matter of barnyard grass. The rice variety BR17 exclusively took the zenith position, and it inhibited the development of barnyard grass by more than 40–41% on an average. BR17 is originated from KN-1B-361-1-8-6-10 (Indonesia) and developed by the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur, Bangladesh in 1985, having a high yielding capacity of more than 6 t/ha. Our study suggested that the usage of the allelopathy-weed inverse relationship to treat the weed problem can be a fantastic choice in the twenty-first century.

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Yean, Ru-Ann, Masilamany Dilipkumar, Sadequr Rahman, and Beng-Kah Song. "A Two-in-One Strategy: Target and Nontarget Site Mechanisms Both Play Important Role in IMI-Resistant Weedy Rice." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030982.

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The introduction of Clearfield technology allows the use of imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides to control weedy rice. Imidazolinone herbicides stop the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme from synthesizing branched-chain amino acids, resulting in the death of the plant. Since the launch of Clearfield technology in Malaysia in 2010, many farmers have replaced traditional cultivars with Clearfield (CL) rice lines (MR220-CL1 and MR220-CL2). This technology was initially effective; however, in recent years, local farmers have reported the reduced efficacy of IMI herbicides in controlling the spread of weedy rice. Under IMI herbicide treatment, in previous weedy rice studies, the target-site resistance (TSR) mechanism of the ALS gene has been suggested as a key factor conferring herbicide resistance. In our study, a combination of ALS gene sequencing, enzyme colorimetric assay, and a genome-wide association study (GWAS) highlighted that a non-target-site resistance (NTSR) can be an alternative molecular mechanism in IMI-resistant weedy rice. This is supported by a series of evidence, including a weak correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the ALS exonic region and ALS enzyme activity. Our findings suggest that the adaptability of weedy rice in Clearfield rice fields can be more complicated than previously found in other rice strains.

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Ruslan, Rashidah, Siti Khairunniza-Bejo, Mahirah Jahari, and Mohd Firdaus Ibrahim. "Weedy Rice Classification Using Image Processing and a Machine Learning Approach." Agriculture 12, no. 5 (April 29, 2022): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12050645.

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Weedy rice infestation has become a major problem in all rice-growing countries, especially in Malaysia. Challenges remain in finding a rapid technique to identify the weedy rice seeds that tend to pose similar taxonomic and physiological features as the cultivated rice seeds. This study presents image processing and machine learning techniques to classify weedy rice seed variants and cultivated rice seeds. A machine vision unit was set up for image acquisition using an area scan camera for the Red, Green and Blue (RGB) and monochrome images of five cultivated rice varieties and a weedy rice seed variant. Sixty-seven features from the RGB and monochrome images of the seed kernels were extracted from three primary parameters, namely morphology, colour and texture, and were used as the input for machine learning. Seven machine learning classifiers were used, and the classification performance was evaluated. Analyses of the best model were based on the overall performance measures, such as the sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and the average correct classification of the classifiers that best described the unbalanced dataset. Results showed that the best optimum model was developed by the RGB image using the logistic regression (LR) model that achieved 85.3% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 97.9% accuracy and 92.4% average correct classification utilising all the 67 features. In conclusion, this study has proved that the features extracted from the RGB images have higher sensitivity and accuracy in identifying the weedy rice seeds than the monochrome images by using image processing and a machine learning technique with the selected colour, morphological and textural features.

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Hakim, M. A., A. S. Juraimi, N. B. Khalid, F. Aslani, M. A. Alam, S. M. R. Karim, A. K. M. Mosharof Hossain, and M. S. Islam. "Evaluation of bioherbicide for controlling weedy rice and enhancing the yield of rice in Malaysia." Journal of Environmental Biology 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2018): 677–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/39/5/mrn-368.

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Ruslan, R., S. Khairunniza-Bejo, I. H. Rukunudin, M. Jahari, and M. Ibrahim. "Development of a machine vision system for rice seed inspection system." Supplementary 6 4, S6 (December 31, 2020): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s6).049.

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Rice seed production in Malaysia is greatly dependent on the purity of the cultivated paddy seed produced through the government certified paddy seed program. The seeds to be marketed by the seed processors must undergo quality control protocol where the seed lots are sampled from the seed farms and seed processing plants for purity analysis by the enforcing agency at the Seed Testing Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture (DoA). The current inspection conducted by the laboratory is based on a manual process, which is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, a prototype (Patent ID: PI2018500018) of a machine vision-based rice seed inspection system (RiSe-IViS) was developed to explore the possibility of replacing the existing manual method in distinguishing the weedy rice and cultivated rice seeds under the Standard Jabatan Pertanian Malaysia (SJPM) standard protocol with a modern, effective and efficient technique using an image processing approach. The developed RiSe-IViS prototype consists of two parts i) hardware configuration and ii) software development. This paper discussed the criteria to be established, challenges and limitation encountered in developing the hardware prototype involving the image acquisition setup, lighting configuration and seed plate design. The importance of each criterion to ensure its reproducibility are also discussed. A software programme was developed to assist the user for image acquisition and analysis. The image processing steps undertaken in the programme are also discussed. The RiSe-IViS is expected to classify major rice seed varieties available in Malaysia against the weedy rice variants with superior accuracy.

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Mohd Hanafiah, Noraikim, Acga Cheng, Phaik-Eem Lim, Gomathy Sethuraman, Nurul Amalina Mohd Zain, Niranjan Baisakh, and Muhamad Shakirin Mispan. "Novel PCR-Based Multiplex Assays for Detecting Major Quality and Biotic Stress in Commercial and Weedy Rice." Life 12, no. 10 (October 4, 2022): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12101542.

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While previous research has demonstrated that multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can be a cost-effective approach to detect various genes in crops, the availability of multiplex assays to simultaneously screen both grain quality and biotic stress resistance traits in rice (Oryza sativa) is limited. In this work, we report six novel multiplex assays that use a universal protocol to detect major rice grain quality (amylose content and fragrance) and biotic stress (blast, sheath blight, and bacterial leaf blight) traits with amplified products consisting of up to four primer pairs that can be analyzed using a standard agarose-based gel electrophoresis system. Recent studies have suggested that weedy rice has novel sources of disease resistance. However, an intensive screening of weedy biotypes has not been reported in Malaysia. Accordingly, we employed one of the developed multiplex assays to screen reported genes or quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with blast, sheath blight, and bacterial leaf blight diseases in 100 weedy rice biotypes collected from five local fields, with phenotyping performed to validate the genotyping results. In conclusion, our universal multiplex protocol is effective for the large-scale genotyping of rice genetic resources, and it can be employed in routine molecular laboratories with limited resources.

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Anwar, M. P., A. S. Juraimi, B. Samedani, A. Puteh, and A. Man. "Critical Period of Weed Control in Aerobic Rice." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/603043.

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Critical period of weed control is the foundation of integrated weed management and, hence, can be considered the first step to design weed control strategy. To determine critical period of weed control of aerobic rice, field trials were conducted during 2010/2011 at Universiti Putra Malaysia. A quantitative series of treatments comprising two components, (a) increasing duration of weed interference and (b) increasing length of weed-free period, were imposed. Critical period was determined through Logistic and Gompertz equations. Critical period varied between seasons; in main season, it started earlier and lasted longer, as compared to off-season. The onset of the critical period was found relatively stable between seasons, while the end was more variable. Critical period was determined as 7–49 days after seeding in off-season and 7–53 days in main season to achieve 95% of weed-free yield, and 23–40 days in off-season and 21–43 days in main season to achieve 90% of weed-free yield. Since 5% yield loss level is not practical from economic view point, a 10% yield loss may be considered excellent from economic view point. Therefore, aerobic rice should be kept weed-free during 21–43 days for better yield and higher economic return.

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Ruzmi, Rabiatuladawiyah, Muhammad S. Ahmad-Hamdani, and Baki B. Bakar. "Prevalence of herbicide-resistant weed species in Malaysian rice fields: A review." Weed Biology and Management 17, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12112.

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Bakar, Baki Bin, Maclin Dayot, Amru Nasrulhaq Boyce, and Abdul Munir Jaafar. "Allometric Response and Growth Patterns of Three Accessions of Weedy Rice and A Cultivated Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. MR84) in Malaysia." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 44, no. 2 (1999): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.44.115.

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Mahmod, Intan Filzah, Mohd Zuwairi Saiman, Zulqarnain Mohamed, Muhammad Nazri Ishak, and Muhamad Shakirin Mispan. "Morphological variation, distribution and relationship of weedy rice ( Oryza sativa L.) in Peninsular Malaysia." Weed Biology and Management 21, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/wbm.12223.

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BZOUR, M. I., F. M. ZUKI, and M. S. MISPAN. "EVALUATION OF THE EMERGENCE OF IMIDAZOLINONE RESISTANT WEEDY RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) IN MALAYSIA." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 18, no. 5 (2020): 7189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1805_71897199.

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Norazua, Zakaria, Ahmad-Hamdani Muhammad Saiful, and Juraimi Abdul Shukor. "Patterns of resistance to AHAS inhibitors in Limnocharis flava from Malaysia." Plant Protection Science 54, No. 1 (November 24, 2017): 48–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/131/2016-pps.

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Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau is among the most problematic rice weeds in Malaysia and is also reported to have developed multiple resistance to AHAS inhibitor bensulfuron-methyl and synthetic auxin 2,4-D. In this study, resistance across different AHAS inhibitors was characterised in a L. flava population infesting rice fields in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. Dose-response experiments were conducted to determine the level of resistance to sulfonylureas, imidazolinone, triazolopyrimidine, and pyrimidinyl-thiobenzoate. Cross-resistance across different AHAS inhibitors was observed in the resistant L. flava population, exhibiting a high level of resistance to bensulfuron-methyl, while exhibiting a moderate level of resistance to metsulfuron-methyl and a low level of resistance to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and pyribenzoxim. However, all resistant L. flava individuals were still sensitive to imazethapyr, penoxsulam, and bispyribac-sodium. Based on the results, it is likely that resistance to AHAS inhibitors in L. flava is conferred by target-site resistance mechanisms.

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K., Mardiana-Jansar, Bajrai F.S.M., Muhamad Safwan Ishak, and Ismail B.S. "Effect of OnDutyTM Herbicide on Weed Populations and Rice Yields in Selected Rice Fields, Melaka, Malaysia." Sains Malaysiana 48, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 2355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2019-4811-07.

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De Datta, S. K. "Technology Development and the Spread of Direct-Seeded Flooded Rice in Southeast Asia." Experimental Agriculture 22, no. 4 (October 1986): 417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700014666.

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SUMMARYIncreased labour costs and area under irrigation, the development of modern early-maturing varieties and improved fertilizer and weed management techniques have encouraged many farmers in the Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand to switch from transplanted to direct-seeded flooded rice culture. This paper summarizes the development and spread of the technology for direct-seeded flooded rice in southeast Asia and the contribution made by research at IRRI and by national programmes. It covers research on crop establishment, varietal requirements, fertilizer management, weed control and economics and examines the advantages and disadvantages of direct-seeding compared with transplanting.

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KARIM, REZAUL S. M., AZMI B. MAN, and ISMAIL B. SAHID. "Weed problems and their management in rice fields of Malaysia: An overview." Weed Biology and Management 4, no. 4 (December 2004): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2004.00136.x.

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Pane, Hamdan, Mashhor Mansor, and Hiroaki Watanabe. "Yield Component Analysis of Direct Seeded Rice Under Several Densities of Red Sprangletop (Leptochloa chinensis(L.) Nees (in Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Weed Science and Technology 41, no. 3 (1996): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3719/weed.41.216.

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., M. Begum, A. S. Juraimi ., M. Azmi ., A. Rajan ., and S. R. Syed Omar . "Weed Vegetation of Direct Seeded Ricefields in Muda Rice Granary Areas of Peninsular Malaysia." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 8, no. 4 (March 15, 2005): 537–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2005.537.541.

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Zhang, Chun, Qin Yu, Heping Han, Chaojie Yu, Alex Nyporko, Xingshan Tian, Hugh Beckie, and Stephen Powles. "A naturally evolved mutation (Ser59Gly) in glutamine synthetase confers glufosinate resistance in plants." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 7 (January 13, 2022): 2251–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac008.

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Abstract Glufosinate is an important and widely used non-selective herbicide active on a wide range of plant species. Evolution of resistance to glufosinate in weedy plant species (including the global weed Eleusine indica) is underway. Here, we established the molecular basis of target site glufosinate resistance in Eleusine indica. Full-length E. indica glutamine synthetase (GS) iso-genes (EiGS1-1, 1-2, 1-3, and EiGS2) were cloned, and expression of EiGS1-1 and EiGS1-2 was higher than that of EiGS2. A novel point mutation resulting in a Ser59Gly substitution in EiGS1-1 was identified in glufosinate-resistant plants. Rice calli and seedlings transformed with the mutant EiGS1-1 gene were resistant to glufosinate. Purified mutant EiGS1-1 expressed in yeast was more tolerant to glufosinate than the wild-type variant. These transgenic results correlate with a more glufosinate-resistant GS in the crude tissue extract of resistant versus susceptible E. indica plants. Structural modelling of the mutant EiGS1-1 revealed that Ser59 is not directly involved in glufosinate binding but is in contact with some important binding residues (e.g. Glu297) and especially with Asp56 that forms an intratoroidal contact interface. Importantly, the same Ser59Gly mutation was also found in geographically isolated glufosinate-resistant populations from Malaysia and China, suggesting parallel evolution of this resistance mutation.

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Hakim, M. A., A. S. Juraimi, M. R. Ismail, M. M. Hanafi, and A. Selamat. "Distribution of Weed Population in the Costal Rice Growing Area of Kedah in Peninsular Malaysia." Journal of Agronomy 9, no. 1 (December 15, 2009): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ja.2010.9.16.

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Mohidem, N. A., S. Jaafar, R. Rosle, N. N. Che’Ya, J. Arif Shah, W. F. Fazlil Ilahi, W. N. Z. Zainol, Z. Berahim, M. H. Omar, and M. R. Ismail. "Application of multispectral UAV for paddy growth monitoring in Jitra, Kedah, Malaysia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1038, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012053.

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Abstract Rice is the staple food for most people in Southeast Asia, mainly Malaysia. Unfortunately, Malaysia does not reach a 100% self-sufficiency level on rice production due to inefficiency of rice farm management, pest and disease outbreak, poorly irrigation system, and climate change. Each spectral band of electromagnetic signature in the rice crops can be identified to analyse the crop condition based on the reflectance value. Therefore, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) can capture different spectral band images of the rice field depending on the sensors used. This study aims to produce a paddy growth map based on the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI) value and validate the paddy growth map using the soil plant analysis development (SPAD) data. This study was carried out at the paddy field planted with PadiU Putra rice variety in Muda Agricultural Development Authority (MADA), Jitra in Kedah. Three reading samples for each point at the paddy field within 1 m radius were recorded. Then, the samples from each point were scanned using SPAD chlorophyll meter. The image data were collected using multispectral and RGB cameras at the altitude of 60 m, and a calibrated reflectance panel was used to calibrate the image. Ground control point (GCP) was placed at the four corners of the study plot, and it was being used as a georeferencing point for aerial imagery mapping. Those images were undergone orthomosaic process to produce a single overlapped image. NDVI was used to measure the healthy level of rice crops. NDVI map had shown the distribution of NDVI value across the study plot, which includes the healthy and less healthy vegetative area. SPAD value has no significant relationship with the aerial imagery of NDVI value. The NDVI map allows the farmers to monitor the paddy growth status and effectively improve their rice farm management. In the future, advanced classification methods based on the reflectance of weed, water, and soil can be prioritized and separated into different classes, whereby the NDVI map can be plotted on the paddy crops.

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Naher, Laila, Siti Noor Fatin, Md Abdul Halim Sheikh, Lateef Adebola Azeez, Shaiquzzaman Siddiquee, Norhafizah Md Zain, and Sarker Mohammad Rezaul Karim. "Cellulase Enzyme Production from Filamentous Fungi Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus awamori in Submerged Fermentation with Rice Straw." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 10 (October 16, 2021): 868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7100868.

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Fungi are a diverse group of microorganisms that play many roles in human livelihoods. However, the isolation of potential fungal species is the key factor to their utilization in different sectors, including the enzyme industry. Hence, in this study, we used two different fungal repositories—soil and weed leaves—to isolate filamentous fungi and evaluate their potential to produce the cellulase enzyme. The fungal strains were isolated using dichloran rose bengal agar (DRBA) and potato dextrose agar (PDA). For cellulase enzyme production, a rice straw submerged fermentation process was used. The enzyme production was carried out at the different incubation times of 3, 5, and 7 days of culture in submerged conditions with rice straw. Fungal identification studies by morphological and molecular methods showed that the soil colonies matched with Trichoderma reesei, and the weed leaf colonies matched with Aspergillus awamori. These species were coded as T. reesei UMK04 and A. awamori UMK02, respectively. This is the first report of A. awamori UMK02 isolation in Malaysian agriculture. The results of cellulase production using the two fungi incorporated with rice straw submerged fermentation showed that T. reesei produced a higher amount of cellulase at Day 5 (27.04 U/mg of dry weight) as compared with A. awamori (15.19 U/mg of dry weight), and the concentration was significantly different (p < 0.05). Our results imply that T. reesei can be utilized for cellulase production using rice straw.

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Baki, B. B., and Shakirin M.M. "Spatio-temporal Distribution Pattern of New Biotypes of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Selangor North-West Project, Malaysia." Korean Journal of Weed Science 30, no. 2 (June 30, 2010): 68–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5660/kjws.2010.30.2.068.

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Ruzmi, Rabiatuladawiyah, Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, and Norida Mazlan. "Ser-653-Asn substitution in the acetohydroxyacid synthase gene confers resistance in weedy rice to imidazolinone herbicides in Malaysia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): e0227397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227397.

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Ruzmi, Rabiatuladawiyah, Muhammad Saiful Ahmad-Hamdani, and Norida Mazlan. "Correction: Ser-653-Asn substitution in the acetohydroxyacid synthase gene confers resistance in weedy rice to imidazolinone herbicides in Malaysia." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 22, 2020): e0244686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244686.

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Sharma, Amrit, Shaurav Sharma, Pankaj Kumar Yadav, and Bibek Sodari. "Direct Seeded Rice and its Prospects in Nepal: A Review." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 12 (December 26, 2021): 2355–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i12.2355-2364.4383.

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Direct Seeded Rice (DSR) is an alternative cultivation technique to the conventional Transplanted Rice (TPR). In this method, seeds are directly sown to the field without the necessity of nursery raising and transplanting. DSR can generally be divided into dry-DSR (sowing dry seeds in dry soil), wet-DSR (sowing pre-germinated seeds in moist soil) and water-seeding (sowing dry or pre-germinated seeds in standing water). This helps in saving water alongside the labour and results in early harvest due to quick crop establishment. DSR is proved to be sustainable and eco-friendly since it emits less methane than in TPR. However, there are few constraints associated with DSR such as weed infestation, crop lodging and nutrient loss. If these major issues are fixed, DSR can result in greater economic returns as compared to TPR. In absence of puddling, the soil structure can be maintained which leads to greater yields of succeeding crops. This technique has been successfully practiced in many countries like Srilanka, Malaysia and USA. In developing nations like Nepal, irrigation and labour constraints can be tackled by adopting direct-seeding for rice cultivation.

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Latif, M. A., M. Y. Rafii, M. S. Mazid, M. E. Ali, F. Ahmed, M. Y. Omar, and S. G. Tan. "Genetic Dissection of Sympatric Populations of Brown Planthopper,Nilaparvata lugens(Stål), Using DALP-PCR Molecular Markers." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/586831.

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Direct amplified length polymorphism (DALP) combines the advantages of a high-resolution fingerprint method and also characterizing the genetic polymorphisms. This molecular method was also found to be useful in brown planthopper,Nilaparvata lugensspecies complex for the analysis of genetic polymorphisms. A total of 11 populations ofNilaparvataspp. were collected from 6 locations from Malaysia. Two sympatric populations of brown planthopper,N. lugens, one from rice and the other from a weed grass (Leersia hexandra), were collected from each of five locations.N. bakeriwas used as an out group. Three oligonucleotide primer pairs, DALP231/DALPR′5, DALP234/DALPR′5, and DALP235/DALPR′5 were applied in this study. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram based on genetic distances for the 11 populations ofNilaparvataspp. revealed that populations belonging to the same species and the same host type clustered together irrespective of their geographical localities of capture. The populations ofN. lugensformed into two distinct clusters, one was insects with high esterase activities usually captured from rice and the other was with low esterase activities usually captured fromL. hexandra. N. bakeri, an out group, was the most isolated group. Analyses of principal components, molecular variance, and robustness also supported greatly to the findings of cluster analysis.

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Balmas, V., P. Corda, A. Marcello, and A. Bottalico. "Fusarium nygamai Associated with Fusarium Foot Rot of Rice in Sardinia." Plant Disease 84, no. 7 (July 2000): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.7.807b.

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Fusarium nygamai Burgess & Trimboli was first described in 1986 in Australia (1) and subsequently reported in Africa, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Puerto Rico, and the United States. F. nygamai has been reported on sorghum, millet, bean, cotton, and in soil where it exists as a colonizer of living plants or plant debris. F. nygamai was also reported as a pathogen of the witch-weed Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. To our knowledge, no reports are available on its pathogenicity on crops of economic importance. In a survey of species of Fusarium causing seedling blight and foot rot of rice (Oryza sativa L.) carried out in Sardinia (Oristano, S. Lucia), F. nygamai was isolated in association with other Fusarium species—F. moniliforme, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. compactum, and F. equiseti. Infected seedlings exhibited a reddish brown cortical discoloration, which was more intense in older plants. The identification of F. nygamai was based on monoconidial cultures grown on carnation leaf-piece agar (CLA) (2). The shape of macroconidia, the formation of microconidia in short chains and false heads, and the presence of chlamydospores were used as the criteria for identification. Two pathogenicity tests comparing one isolate of F. nygamai with one isolate of F. moniliforme were conducted on rice cv. Arborio sown in artificially infested soil in a greenhouse at 22 to 25°C. The inoculum was prepared by growing both Fusarium species in cornmeal sand (1:30 wt/wt) at 25°C for 3 weeks. This inoculum was added to soil at 20 g per 500 ml of soil. Pre- and post-emergence damping-off was assessed. Both F. nygamai and F. moniliforme reduced the emergence of seedlings (33 to 59% and 25 to 50%, respectively, compared to uninoculated control). After 25 days, the seedlings in infested soil exhibited a browning of the basal leaf sheaths, which progressed to a leaf and stem necrosis. Foot rot symptoms caused by F. nygamai and F. moniliforme were similar, but seedlings infected by F. nygamai exhibited a more intense browning on the stem base and a significant reduction of plant height at the end of the experiment. Either F. nygamai or F. moniliforme were consistently isolated from symptomatic tissue from the respective treatments. References: (1) L. W. Burgess and D. Trimboli. Mycologia 78:223,1986. (2) N. L. Fisher et al. Phytopathology 72:151,1982.

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DILIPKUMAR, M., N. R. BURGOS, T. S. CHUAH, and S. ISMAIL. "Cross-Resistance to Imazapic and Imazapyr in a Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa) Biotype Found in Malaysia." Planta Daninha 36 (July 10, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582018360100058.

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ABSTRACT: The Clearfield® rice production system is an effective management tool for weedy rice and other weeds in the direct-seeded rice culture. However, if farmers cultivating the Clearfield® rice disregard stewardship recommendations, the industry could face a problem of herbicide-resistant weedy rice which would occur through the selection of outcrosses. This study aimed to confirm imidazolinone-resistant weedy rice in Malaysia. The resistant weedy rice (R-WR) was found to be 67 fold more resistant to OnDuty® (premix of imazapic and imazapyr) than the susceptible weedy rice (S-WR) based on the GR50 values (rate that causes 50% inhibition of shoot growth). The Clearfield® rice cultivar was 32-fold more tolerant to OnDuty® than the S-WR. Furthermore, the R-WR was 54 and 89 fold more resistant to imazapic and imazapyr applied separately than the S-WR, respectively. The Clearfield® rice was 140- and 40-fold more tolerant to imazapic and imazapyr, respectively than the S-WR. The R-WR biotype was susceptible to non-selective herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate, as well as the selective graminicide quizalofop. Oxadiazon controlled the R-WR biotype, but pretilachlor was ineffective. The present study documented the first case of weedy rice that was cross-resistant to imazapic and imazapyr in Malaysian Clearfield® rice field.

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"Salinity effects on germination and growth of Malaysian weedy rice biotypes and cultivated rice." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 9, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12692/ijb/9.3.122-128.

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47

Othman, Sariam, Zainudin P. M. D. Hussain, Chan Chee Sheng, Azmi Man, Rosniyana Ahmad, and Badrulhadza Amzah. "Padi Aerob Untuk Mengatasi Masalah Kekurangan Air." Jurnal Teknologi 70, no. 6 (September 19, 2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jt.v70.3541.

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Irrigated lowland rice is the most important rice ecosystem in Malaysia. The present and future food security in rice for the country depends largely on the irrigated lowland rice production system which consumes a large amount of water. Signs of declining water availability due to increased demand of water for domestic and industrial uses besides irregularity of rainfall and climate change threatens the sustainability of irrigated rice production. This scenario may change the way rice is produced in the future. Aerobic rice is a potential water saving rice production system and will be the best option of producing rice in water scarce environment. The availability of aerobic rice varieties that can withstand aerobic condition, responds to irrigation and fertilizers, competitive against weeds and deliver a high yield is crucial to make aerobic rice cultivation successful. Since weeds are major constraints to aerobic rice, it must be effectively controlled through integrated weed management. Appropriate nutrient and other crop management practices will ensure successful aerobic rice production system.

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Saddler, G. S. "Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 146 (July 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401457.

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Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza sativa, Oryza spp. ; Brachiaria mutica, Cenchrus ciliaris, Cyperus difformis, C. rotundus, Cynodon dactylon, Echinochloa crus-galli, Leersia hexandra, L. oryzoides, Leptochloa chinensis, Panicum maximum, Paspalum scrobiculatum, Zizania aquatica, Zizania latifolia, Z. palustris and Zoysia japonica (Poaceae); by artificial inoculation: Leptochloa filiformis and L. panacea (Poaceae). DISEASE: Bacterial blight of rice and kresek disease. Symptoms appear on leaves of young plants, after planting out, as pale green to grey-green, water-soaked streaks near the leaf tip and margins. These lesions coalesce and become yellowish-white with wavy edges. The whole leaf may eventually be affected, becoming whitish or greyish and then dying. Leaf sheaths and culms of more susceptible cultivars may be attacked. Systemic infection, known as kresek, results in wilting, desiccation of leaves and death, particularly of young transplanted plants. Kresek is associated with tropical storms which spread the pathogen and also wound rice plants. High temperature (c. 30°C) and humidity favour the disease. The bacterium invades rice plants through hydathodes on leaves, root-growth cracks and wounds. When inside the plant, the bacterium enters the vascular system, in which it spreads. Bacteria eventually ooze out of water pores on hydathodes. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo. NORTH AMERICA: USA (Louisiana, Texas). CENTRAL AMERICA: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama. SOUTH AMERICA: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela. ASIA: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Taiwan, Yunnan, Zhejiang), India (Andaman & Nicobar Is, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Indian Punjab, Jammu-Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Japan (Honshu, Kyushu), North Korea, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland). EUROPE: Russian Federation, Ukraine. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. The pathogen can be found in the parenchyma, but rarely in the vascular tissues, of husk, embryo and endosperm. It is spread locally by wind and rain and also by flood and irrigation waters from volunteer rice plants, straw and weed hosts. Overwintering may occur on volunteers, or in the rhizospheres of weed hosts, in stored infected straw and in seed. Survival and transmission from soil or plant debris is considered unlikely.

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Saddler, G. S. "Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 146 (July 1, 2000). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056401458.

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Abstract A description is provided for Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oryza sativa, Oryza spp. ; Leersia spp., Leptochloa filiformis, Paspalum orbiculare, Zizania aquatica, Z. palustris and Zoysia japonica (Poaceae). DISEASE: Bacterial leaf streak of rice. The bacterium enters leaves through stomata and wounds (particularly those from insect attack) and multiplies in the sub-stomatal cavity and intercellular spaces in the parenchyma. Eventually, parenchyma is replaced by bacterial masses. Narrow, dark greenish, water-soaked streaks of various lengths appear between the veins. Minute amber droplets of bacterial exudate are commonly found on these lesions. Later the lesions extend and coalesce, giving large brownish patches. There are no records of symptoms on infected seeds. In the late stages symptoms are difficult to distinguish from bacterial leaf blight, lesion margins remaining linear rather than wavy as for the latter. Infection is favoured in rainy conditions or during periods of high humidity. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: AFRICA: Madagascar, Nigeria, Senegal. ASIA: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hunan, Taiwan, Zhejiang), India (Bihar, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatra), Laos, Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. AUSTRALASIA: Australia (Northern Territory). EUROPE: Russian Federation. TRANSMISSION: Seedborne. There is some evidence of survival on crop debris and in association with weeds. The pathogen spreads within a crop in surface moisture, irrigation water, rain, etc. There is some evidence that the disease cycle can be broken by sowing summer seed in the winter season as it is thought the pathogen cannot become established during the cool, dry, winter weather (RAO, 1987).

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Punithalingam, E. "Phoma sorghina. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]." IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, no. 83 (July 1, 1985). http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/dfb/20056400825.

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Abstract A description is provided for Phoma sorghina. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Gramineae and all kinds of plants. Also isolated from soil, air and various animal sources. DISEASE: A minor leaf spot of cereals and grasses. The visible symptoms vary considerably; on sorghum leaves spots are usually irregular or rounded, yellowish-brown or grey with definite reddish-purple margins or indefinite in outline, reaching 1 cm or more in width. Pycnidia develop within spots on leaves, glumes and seeds. Also the fungus has been implicated with pre- and post-emergence death of seedlings of Macroptilium and Sylosanthes species (54, 1779) crown rot of bananas (61, 3556), leaf spot of Agave americana and stem rot of Euphorbia tirucalli (63, 3383), brown stem canker of Leucosperum cordifolium (56, 253). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: A ubiquitous fungus occurring in tropical and subtropical regions. Africa (Botswana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe); Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, Burma, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia (Irian Jaya), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, USSR); Australasia and Oceania (Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands); Europe (Germany, Portugal, Italy, UK); North America (Canada, USA); Central America and West Indies (Antigua, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by contaminated seed; the fungus has been found on or isolated from several seed samples (1, 289; 33, 599; 47, 2153; 54, 1779; 60, 367; 61, 4102). In Taiwan P. sorghina has been found to be transmitted from seed to seedlings (62, 4281). The fungus has also been claimed to persist on trash and weed hosts and remain viable up to 1 yr but lose its viability after 2 yr storage on dry infected leaves (Koch & Rumbold, 1921).

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Journal articles on the topic 'Malaysian weedy rice'

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