Academic literature on the topic 'Malattia d'Alzheimer'

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Journal articles on the topic "Malattia d'Alzheimer"

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Alvaro, Rosaria, Marlene Z. Cohen, Giovanni Piras, Carlo Talucci, and Ercole Vellone. "Il vissuto esperienziale riferito alla qualità di vita nei caregiver di persone con malattia d'Alzheimer che vivono nel Lazio ed in Sardegna: uno studio fenomenologico comparativo." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 3 (September 2013): 126–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2013-003009.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Malattia d'Alzheimer"

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DA, RE FULVIO. "An MRI-based analysis of the longitudinal progression of atrophy in amnestic and non-amnestic phenotypes of Alzheimer’s disease." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/261941.

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Recenti studi sulla progressione della malattia d’Alzheimer(AD)suggeriscono che la patologia possa essere trasmessa da un’area all’altra del cervello tramite diffusione locale o lungo le fibre assonali.Tuttavia,quest’ipotesi necessita di maggiori conferme ed è ancora meno chiaro se questi modelli possano essere applicabili alle varianti non amnesiche di AD(naAD),un gruppo di fenotipi AD caratterizzati da relativo risparmio all’esordio della memoria episodica e deficit cognitivi dominio-specifici.Pochi studi ad oggi hanno infatti analizzato la progressione longitudinale della malattia in naAD, tutti al massimo con due sole di queste varianti. Inizialmente abbiamo confrontato 240 RMN pesate in T1 da 129 pazienti AD con RMN di controlli sani per stabilire l’atrofia in 120 regioni di interesse(ROI); poi abbiamo calcolato modelli di progressione di malattia separatamente per ogni fenotipo: AD amnesici(aAD),variante logopenica di afasia primaria progressiva(lvPPA),atrofia corticale posteriore(PCA)e variante frontale di AD(fvAD).Tutti i pazienti avevano evidenza di patologia AD tramite dati autoptici o da liquor cefalorachidiano(CSF).I risultati dalla coorte di aAD sono stati utilizzati per determinare i parametri per l’algoritmo di assegnazione delle fasi,basato sull’associazione con lo staging di patologia di Braak. Per ogni variante AD,4 fasi di atrofia regionale sono state definite sulla base della frequenza decrescente di atrofia tra i soggetti.Abbiamo osservato pattern unici di atrofia cumulativa per ogni fenotipo.Le ROI di fase 1 nel nostro modello rappresentano l’origine anatomica di ogni fenotipo,inclusi: il lobo temporale mesiale(MTL)per il gruppo aAD(risparmiato negli altri gruppi),il lobo temporale sinistro nella lvPPA,la corteccia parieto-occipitale nella PCA,quella temporo-parietale per la CBS e le aree fronto-temporali per la fvAD.Successivamente abbiamo assegnato una fase ad ogni RMN dei pazienti in base alla somiglianza dei pattern di atrofia regionale con l’atrofia predetta per il fenotipo corrispondente ad ogni fase.Le fasi ROI erano correlate con parametri patologici disponibili,mentre le fasi RMN erano correlate con misure demografiche e cliniche. Dopodiché abbiamo deciso di studiare le modifiche nel tempo della sostanza grigia(GM)in una coorte di pazienti in parte sovrapposta a quella usata per lo studio trasversale,ad esclusione di CBS: 17 aAD,25 lvPPA,20 PCA e 12 fvAD,con 37 controlli abbinati.Abbiamo analizzato il volume della GM e le sue modifiche longitudinali nelle ROI di fase 1 dallo studio trasversale per naAD e l’MTL per aAD.Abbiamo anche studiato l’atrofia longitudinale al di fuori di queste aree tramite un’analisi accessoria all’intero cervello e abbiamo comparato i fenotipi tra loro. Abbiamo osservato pattern regionali unici di atrofia iniziale e diffusione longitudinale nella neocorteccia con tassi differenti in lvPPA,PCA e fvAD,che correlavano con i deficit cognitivi.La progressione di atrofia nel tempo ha coinvolto aree sia prossimali sia distanti dal sito d’esordio della malattia,suggerendo quindi più meccanismi di diffusione della patologia coinvolti; per quanto riguarda il secondo,in particolare,una misura di connettività strutturale prediceva la severità di atrofia longitudinale,corroborando quindi l’ipotesi delle vie lunghe.Nell’MTL,i pazienti naAD mostravano al basale meno atrofia dei pazienti aAD,ma i tassi longitudinali non erano diversi tra gruppi; il relativo risparmio dell’MTL in naAD potrebbe quindi essere dovuto a un esordio più tardivo della degenerazione nell’MTL rispetto all’aAD,considerando che l’età più avanzata era associata con atrofia in quest’area,indipendentemente dal gruppo. Il presente studio ha corroborato probabili aree di malattia precoce in naAD e mostrato che ogni fenotipo ha un diverso pattern di progressione di atrofia lungo la corteccia,fornendo anche dati importanti sulla trasmissione della patologia.
Recent studies of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) spread suggest that pathology may be transmitted from one brain area to another either via local diffusion or long-way transport via white matter pathways. However, this hypothesis requires more confirmations, and it’s even more unclear whether such models are applicable in non-amnestic AD (naAD), a group of AD phenotypes characterized by relative spared episodic memory at onset and domain-specific cognitive impairments. Few studies to date have in fact addressed the longitudinal spread of disease in naAD, and all of them considering no more than two variants. At first we compared 240 T1-weighted anatomical MRIs from 129 AD patients with elderly controls’ scans to assess atrophy in each of 120 regions-of-interest (ROIs); then we computed disease progression models separately for each phenotype: typical amnestic AD (aAD), logopenic variant primary progressive aphasia (lvPPA), posterior cortical atrophy (PCA), corticobasal syndrome (CBS), and frontal-variant AD (fvAD). All patients had autopsy or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evidence of AD pathology. Results from the amnestic cohort were used to determine appropriate parameters for the phase assignment algorithm, based on association with Braak pathology staging. For each AD variant, 4 phases of regional atrophy were defined based on decreasing frequency of atrophy across participants. We observed a unique distribution of accumulating atrophy for each phenotype. Phase 1 ROIs in our model represent the anatomical origin for each phenotype, including: medial temporal lobe (MTL) for the aAD group (spared in the other phenotypes), left lateral temporal lobe for lvPPA, occipito-parietal cortex for PCA, temporo-parietal cortex for CBS, and fronto-temporal cortex for fvAD. We subsequently assigned a phase to each patient MRI scan based on the similarity of regional atrophy patterns with atrophy predicted for the corresponding phenotype at each phase. ROI phases were strongly correlated with available pathological factors, while MRI phase was significantly correlated with demographic and clinical measures. Then we decided to investigate grey matter (GM) change over time in MRIs within a cohort of patients partly overlapping with the sample used for the cross-sectional study, with the exception of CBS patients (insufficient longitudinal data): 17 aAD, 25 lvPPA, 20 PCA, and 12 fvAD patients, compared to 37 matched controls. We analyzed GM volume and its longitudinal change in phase 1 ROIs from the cross-sectional study for naAD variants, and in MTL for aAD. We also investigated longitudinal atrophy outside these areas through an accessory whole-brain analysis, and we compared phenotypes between each other. We observed unique regional patterns of initial atrophy and longitudinal neocortical disease spread with different rates in lvPPA, PCA, and fvAD, which correlated with cognitive impairments. Atrophy spread over time included both proximal and distant regions from the hypothesized focus of disease onset, thus suggesting that multiple mechanisms of disease progression may have been involved; for what concerns the second mechanism, in particular, a measurement of structural connectivity predicted the severity of longitudinal atrophy, thus corroborating the hypothesis of long-distance fiber pathways. In MTL regions, naAD patients had less severe atrophy than aAD patients at baseline, but longitudinal rates did not differ between groups; MTL sparing in naAD may be due to later onset of MTL degeneration than in aAD, considering that older age was associated with atrophy in this area, independent of group. The current study corroborated probable areas of early disease for naAD and showed that each phenotype has a different pattern of atrophy progression across the cortex, providing also important data about pathology transmission.
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Cejudo, Bolívar Juan Carlos. "Creación, validación, normalización y perfiles cognitivos de una Batería Neuropsicológica Básica para el uso clínico en demencia, versión D (BNB-D)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402229.

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Introducción: La exploración neuropsicológica es esencial en el ámbito de las demencias y útil para realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con otros trastornos. Existe una creciente necesidad en la evaluación de la cognición en pacientes ancianos con datos normativos ajustados por edad y escolaridad. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la creación, validación y normalización de una nueva herramienta que permita la evaluación cognitiva en sujetos con riesgo de padecer demencia, llamada BNB-D. Método: Se ha administrado la BNB-D a 1680 sujetos control y 5800 pacientes entre 50 y 93 años de edad. Este estudio proporciona las propiedades psicométricas de esta nueva herramienta en la evaluación cognitiva. Resultados: La validez concurrente entre la BNB-D y el MMSE fue r=62 (Sig. P= 0,001), con el ADAS-Cog r= 0,814 (Sig. P= 0,001), con la R-BANS r= 0,846 (Sig. P= 0,001) y con el Test Barcelona r= 0,805 (Sig. P= 0,001). La consistencia interna mostró una Alfa de Cronbach de 0.687. El índice Kappa utilizado para determinar la fiabilidad inter-evaluador fue de K=0.92. La fiabilidad test-retest fue r= 0,91 (Sig. P= 0,001) por el Índice de Correlación Intraclase (ICC). El análisis de regresión lineal mostró un claro efecto de la edad y la escolaridad en la BNB-D (F del ANOVA de los modelos de regresión lineal con valores de significación de P inferiores a 0,05). Conclusiones: La BNB-D cumple los principios básicos de la psicometría clásica: validez y fiabilidad. Se normaliza la prueba con una amplia muestra, evitando los problemas de la conversión de puntuaciones directas mediante regresión lineal múltiple y se describen los principales perfiles cognitivos en demencias.
Background: Neuropsychological assessment is crucial in the field of dementia and useful for the differential diagnosis with other pathologies. There is an increasing need for standardized assessment of cognition in older patients with normative data adjusted for age and scholarship. The aim of this paper is to present the creation, validation and normalization of a new tool that allows for an evaluation of the cognitive status in subjects at risk of dementia called BNB-D. Methods: We tested BNB-D in 1680 control subjects and 5800 patients between 50 and 93 years of age. This paper reports the psychometric properties of this new tool in cognitive assessment. The effect on BNB-D by age and educational level was established using lineal regression model. Results: The concurrent validity between the BNB-D and MMSE was r= 0,62 (Sig. P= 0,001), with ADAS-Cog was r= 0,814 (Sig. P= 0,001), with R-BANS was r= 0,846 (Sig. P= 0,001) and with Barcelona Test was r= 0,805 (Sig. P= 0,001). Internal consistency showed a Cronbach Alpha of 0.687. The Kappa index used to determine Inter-rater reliability was of K=0.92. Test-retest reliability was r= 0,91 (Sig. P= 0,001) for Intraclass Correlation Index (ICC). Regression analysis showed clear effect on BNB-D by age and educational level (ANOVA F of regression models with P values less than 0,05). Conclusions: The BNB-D fulfills the basic principles of classic psychometrics of construct criterion, validity and reliability. Normalization is due with extended control avoiding the multiple regression direct scores conversion problems and it is described the principal cognitive profiles in dementia.
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Bufill, Soler Enric. "Cambios heterocrónicos en la evolución cerebral humana y su implicación en la enfermedad de alzheimer y otras enfermedades neurodegenerativas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399143.

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La malatia d'Alzheimer és freqüent en els éssers humans i extremadament infreqüent en altres mamífers. Per tant, alguns dels canvis que van tenir lloc durant l'evolució cerebral humana podrien tenir relació amb aquesta malaltia. Durant l'evolució cerebral humana s'han produït canvis heterocrònics, consistents en la retenció de caràctes juvenils en l'edat adulta, com una elevada plasticitat sinàptica, en algunes árees cerebrals (neotènia neuronal). Les lesions pròpies de la malaltia d'Alzheimer coincideixen amb les àrees en que s'ha produït una neotènia neuronal. Aquestes àrees es caracteritzen per un elevat turn-over sinàptic. Les proteïnes que formen part de la via de senyalització de la reelina intervenen en la plasticitat sinàptica. Hem trobat tres gens que participen en aquesta via que presenten polimorfismes de nucleòtid únic que poden augmentar o disminuir significativament el risc de presentar Alzheimer o deteriorament cognitiu lleu. Aquests genotips són RELN (rs 528528 i rs 2299356), PLK2 (rs 15009 i rs 702723) i CAMK2A (rs 3756577 i rs 3822606). Tres dels genotips trobats són a la regió promotora del gen. Això suggereix que en la malaltia d'Alzheimer podrien intervenir canvis epigenètics que alterin l'expressió de determinats gens relacionats amb la plasticitat sinàptica.
La enfermedad de Alzheimer es frecuente en los seres humanos y extremadamente infrecuente en otros mamíferos. Por lo tanto, algunos de los cambios ocurridos durante la evolución cerebral humana podrían tener relación con esta enfermedad. Durante la evolución cerebral humana se han producido cambios heterocrónicos, consistentes en la retención de caracteres juveniles en la edad adulta, como una elevada plasticidad sináptica, en algunas áreas cerebrales (neotenia neuronal). Las lesiones propias de la enfermedad de Alzheimer coinciden con las áreas en que se ha producido una neotenia neuronal. Dichas áreas se caracterizan por un elevado turn-over sináptico. Las proteínas que forman parte de la vía de señalización de la reelina intervienen en la plasticidad sináptica. Hemos encontrado tres genes que participan en dicha vía que presentan polimorfismos de nucleótido único que pueden aumentar o disminuir significativamente el riesgo de presentar Alzheimer o deterioro cognitivo leve. Dichos genotipos son RELN (rs 528528 y rs 2299356), PLK2 (rs 15009 y rs 702723) y CAMK2A (rs 3756577 y rs 3822606). Tres de los genotipos encontrados están en la región promotora del gen, lo que sugiere que en la enfermedad de Alzheimer podrían intervenir cambios epigenéticos que alteren la expresión de determinados genes relacionados con la plasticidad sináptica.
Alzheimer's disease is very common in the humans and extremely rare in other mammals. Therefore, some of the changes that have occurred during human brain evolution may be related with this disease. During the human brain evolution heterocronic changes have occurred, consisting in the retention of juvenile characters in adulthood, as a high synaptic plasticity in some brain areas (neuronal neoteniy). The characteristic lesions of Alzheimer's disease coincide with the areas in which there has been a neuronal neoteny. These areas are characterized by a high synaptic turn-over . The proteins that form part of the reelin signaling pathway are involved in the synaptic plasticity.We found three genes that participate in the reelin signaling pathway that present single nucleotide polymorphisms that may increase or decrease significantly the risk of presenting Alzheimer or mild cognitive impairment. These genotypes are RELN (*rs 528528 and *rs 2299356), PLK2 (*rs 15009 and *rs 702723) and CAMK2To (*rs 3756577 and *rs 3822606). Three of the genotypes are found in the promoter region of the gene, which suggests that in Alzheimer's disease could intervene epigenetic changes that alter the expression of certain genes related with the synaptic plasticity.
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Alcolea, Rodríguez Daniel A. "Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for the study of the pathophysiological pathways in Alzheimer’s disease." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/377443.

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Esta tesis profundiza en el conocimiento de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas y, concretamente, en la enfermedad de Alzheimer tanto en sus fases sintomáticas como en la etapa preclínica (antes de que se manifiesten los síntomas). Esto es posible a través del estudio de biomarcadores en líquido cefalorraquídeo, que reflejan in vivo los cambios que tienen lugar en el cerebro desde fases muy iniciales de la enfermedad y que son el hilo argumental de esta tesis doctoral. A modo de introducción, el capítulo 1 define el marco y el contexto general de esta tesis resumiendo el conocimiento acerca de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y los biomarcadores. En el capítulo 2 estudiamos la viabilidad de la punción lumbar, la incidencia de complicaciones relacionadas con esta técnica y los factores que se asocian con ellas con el fin de determinar el impacto de este procedimiento para el estudio de biomarcadores de líquido cefalorraquídeo en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. En el capítulo 3, se analizan las diferencias patofisiológicas entre la enfermedad de Alzheimer esporádica y familiar. El estudio de biomarcadores en líquido cefalorraquídeo nos permite identificar in vivo algunas características que complementan la información sobre el procesamiento de la proteína precursora de amiloide obtenida en el estudio neuropatológico. En el capítulo 4 profundizamos en las diferencias en biomarcadores en líquido cefalorraquídeo entre distintas enfermedades neurodegenerativas que cursan con demencia en sus fases sintomáticas, y estudiamos la relación entre biomarcadores involucrados en distintos procesos fisiopatológicos. La extensión de este estudio a las fases preclínicas conforman el capítulo 5. Para ello, analizamos el mismo conjunto de biomarcadores en una extensa cohorte de participantes sin déficits cognitivos. El capítulo 6 analiza la relación entre uno estos biomarcadores, YKL-40, y el grosor cortical medido por resonancia magnética en las fases predemencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Finalente, en el capítulo 7 se pone en perspectiva todo lo expuesto para argumentar las conclusiones finales y formular las futuras líneas de investigación derivadas de estos proyectos. En resumen, en esta tesis doctoral utilizamos los biomarcadores en líquido cefalorraquídeo para estudiar la enfermedad de Alzheimer des de un punto de vista traslacional en todas sus fases (clínica y preclínica), y para establecer relaciones entre diferentes procesos fisiopatológicos. Este tipo de abordaje es esencial para obtener herramientas de diagnóstico más precisas, profundizar en el conocimiento de los procesos que tienen lugar en fases iniciales de la enfermedad y, potencialmente, identificar nuevas dianas terapéuticas.
This thesis deepens in the knowledge of key aspects of neurodegenerative diseases, and more precisely in AD, both in symptomatic and preclinical stages. This is achieved through the study of CSF biomarkers that reflect in vivo the changes that take place in the brain very early in the disease process, and that are the central line of the thesis. As an introduction, Chapter 1 sets the framework and general context for this thesis by summarizing the current knowledge on the field of AD and biomarkers. In chapter 2, we assessed the feasibility of lumbar puncture, the incidence of complications and their associated factors so as to determine the impact of this procedure in the study of CSF biomarkers of AD. Chapter 3 analyzes the pathophysiological differences between sporadic and autosomal dominant AD. CSF biomarkers allowed us to identify in vivo some characteristics in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein that complement the information found in neuropathological studies. In chapter 4, we study the differences in CSF biomarkers between neurodegenerative diseases that cause dementia in their symptomatic stages. We chose markers related to different pathophysiological processes and studied their relationship. We extended this study to preclinical stages in chapter 5. For this aim, we analyzed the same set of biomarkers in a large cohort of cognitively normal participants. Chapter 6 studies the relationship between one of these biomarkers, YKL-40, and cortical thickness measured by MRI in predementia stages of AD. Lastly, in chapter 7 we provide a general discussion and formulate the concluding remarks and future perspectives. In summary, in this thesis we use CSF biomarkers to study AD from a translational perspective in both clinical and preclinical stages and to identify relationships between distinct pathophysiological pathways. This kind of approach is essential to stablish new accurate diagnostic tools, to learn about the processes in the early stages of the disease, and, potentially, to discover new therapeutic targets.
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Books on the topic "Malattia d'Alzheimer"

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Caprio, Lorenzo De. La morte della mente ed i limiti della ragione: Dilemmi etici nella malattia d'Alzheimer. Napoli: Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1998.

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