Academic literature on the topic 'Malaria Prevention Philippines'

The feasibility and effectiveness of community participation in the planning and delivery of health care services among the Hanunuo Mangyans in the Philippine highlands is described. The Hanunuo are swidden cultivators and one of seven indigenous ethnic minorities in the forested interior of Mindoro island. Previous Mangyan studies have shown that they have poor health, are generally malnourished and continually susceptible to communicable diseases. The need to develop viable strategies to counter their health problems is pressing since Mindoro suffers from insufficient health care facilities and personnel, and health services are rarely available to Mangyans. Baseline surveys on the health and nutritional status of the Hanunuo population in the project site indicated that the following illnesses are most prevalent: upper respiratory tract infection, skin diseases, parasitism, anaemia and malaria. The more significant health problems of the Hanunuo include poor environmental sanitation, lack of medical personnel and drugs, inadequate knowledge of curative and preventive care, lack of adequate prenatal care, poor nutritional status and lack of health education. Also described are the participation of the community in project planning and decision making, the training workshops and resource manual for the community volunteers, the coverage areas and assigned tasks of the health workers, and the organisation of village health committees.

The epidemiology of vector mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria and dengue defines the interface between mosquito to human, and that between human to mosquito, as well as multiple economic, social, cultural, political and behavioral factors that expose humans to the mosquito bite, resulting in infection. Environmental factors such as suitable mosquito breeding sites, tropical climate and topography, increase mosquito density and man biting behavior resulting in infection and transmission. Different interventions to kill vector mosquitoes (adulticides and larvicides), prevent the mosquito bite (insecticide treated nets, curtains, repellents), diagnosis (rapid tests) and treatment (ACTs for malaria), have been implemented, and have been shown to reduce morbidity and mortality particularly for malaria. But can disease control be realized and sustained? Can disease elimination and prevention of re-introduction be achieved? A better understanding of the epidemiology and control of vector-borne diseases clearly shows that the responsibility is not with key affected populations and the health sector only, but with all those sectors and stakeholders that impact on the disease, be it at the local and national levels. This is the basis of creating and implementing intersectoral collaborations (ISCs) for vector-borne diseases. The article was able to draw together and analyzed multi-country experiences on ISCs for malaria and dengue. The ISC structure, goals, inputs and outputs as well as outcomes of existing models were described. Gaps in planning and implementation were noted, and recommendations were added. The resulting data can be used to develop an enhanced ISC framework for more effective implementation and success. The Philippines had quite a number of malaria control initiatives built on partnerships with bilateral agencies- USAID, USNAMRU, WHO, JICA, AusAID, NGOs, private corporations, religious organizations, military, and that have contributed in disease control.1 Notable are the Palawan and Agusan del Sur experiences. In 1999, the Palawan provincial government and Pilipinas Shell Foundation, as its corporate social responsibility, established Kilusan Ligtas Malaria to control malaria in the island.2,3 The program’s multi-sectoral and social mobilization strategies that have been adopted by Global Fund have resulted in impressive decline of malaria cases and deaths, even to this time. High social capital may ensure the sustainability of these strategies.4,5 In 1995, Agusan del Sur, another malarious province, implemented the project “Implementation and Evaluation of a Self-Sustaining Community-Based Malaria Control Program in the Philippines” through the Australian International Development and Assistance Bureau. Initially a collaborative project of RITM and DOH-Malaria Control Services, it was gradually devolved to the Province of Agusan del Sur, which created its Provincial Technical Advisory Committee, Provincial Management Team and Community Trust Fund to implement and sustain malaria control.6 Last year, Agusan del Sur was declared malaria-free. How to be successful may not be elusive and enhanced Intersectoral Collaborations may be the winning formula in the fight against malaria and other vector-borne diseases.REFERENCES 1. Tongol-Rivera P. Milestones in the history of malaria research and control in the Philippines. In: Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P, eds. Malaria in Asia. Asian Parasitology Series Monograph The Federation of Asian Parasitologists. 2005; 6:135-166. 2. Angluben RU, Trudeau MR, Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P. Kilusan Ligtas Malaria: Advancing Social Mobilization towards Sustainable Malaria Control in the province of Palawan, the Philippines. Trop Med Health. 2008; 36(1):45-9. 3. Matsumoto-Takahashi ELA, Tongol-Rivera P, Villacorte EA, Angluben RU, Jimba M, Kano S. Bottom-up approach to strengthen community-based malaria control strategy from community health workers’ perceptions of their past, present, and future: a qualitative study in Palawan, Philippines. 2018. Trop Med Health. 2018; 46(1):24. 4. Tongol-Rivera P, Kano S, Saniel O, Solon JA, Villacorte E. Social Capital and Malaria Control in Palawan, the Philippines. 2010 (unpublished). 5. Valdecanas OC, Tuazon RR, Barcelona DR. Understanding Social Mobilization. In: The Philippine Experience, How Social Mobilization Works. UNICEF, the Philippines. 1996; pp. 9-19. 6. Linao RT. Finding and Funding Means: Beyond the Elimination of Malaria in Agusan del Sur. Foundation for the Development of Agusanons, Inc. 2014. Pilarita T. Rivera, MD, PhD Associate Editor Department of Parasitology College of Public Health University of the Philippines Manila REFERENCES 1. Tongol-Rivera P. Milestones in the history of malaria research and control in the Philippines. In: Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P, eds. Malaria in Asia. Asian Parasitology Series Monograph The Federation of Asian Parasitologists. 2005; 6:135-166.2. Angluben RU, Trudeau MR, Kano S, Tongol-Rivera P. Kilusan Ligtas Malaria: Advancing Social Mobilization towards Sustainable Malaria Control in the province of Palawan, the Philippines. Trop Med Health. 2008; 36(1):45-9.3. Matsumoto-Takahashi ELA, Tongol-Rivera P, Villacorte EA, Angluben RU, Jimba M, Kano S. Bottom-up approach to strengthen community-based malaria control strategy from community health workers’ perceptions of their past, present, and future: a qualitative study in Palawan, Philippines. 2018. Trop Med Health. 2018; 46(1):24.4. Tongol-Rivera P, Kano S, Saniel O, Solon JA, Villacorte E. Social Capital and Malaria Control in Palawan, the Philippines. 2010 (unpublished).5. Valdecanas OC, Tuazon RR, Barcelona DR. Understanding Social Mobilization. In: The Philippine Experience, How Social Mobilization Works. UNICEF, the Philippines. 1996; pp. 9-19. 6. Linao RT. Finding and Funding Means: Beyond the Elimination of Malaria in Agusan del Sur. Foundation for the Development of Agusanons, Inc. 2014.

Background: Insecticide-based vector control interventions, insecticide-treated nets and indoor residual spraying have been documented to reduce malaria incidence propelling the Philippines towards malaria elimination. These gains should however be sustained by the prevention, retardation and management of insecticide resistance that may cause revulsion in disease and mortality. It is therefore imperative to track development of resistance and monitor their frequencies and distribution. Methods: Three methods were explored to monitor resistance in malaria vectors: dose response assays, use of knockdown time and the WHO standard bioassay method using diagnostic concentrations. Results: Local discriminating dose of 0.01% was established on Anopheles flavirostris for both alphacypermethrin and deltamethrin. Use of knockdown time showed differences in susceptibilities across strains. Results from WHO standard bioassay method across different provincial sites generally showed susceptibility of An. flavirostris strains to pyrethroids (permethrin, deltamethrin, cyfluthrin, lambdacyhalothrin and etofenprox), organophosphates (malathion and fenitrothion), carbamates (propoxur and bendiocarb) and the organochlorine compound (DDT). However, resistance was detected in several strains of An. flavirostris and An. maculatus s.l. to some of the pyrethroids tested. Conclusion: Continuous monitoring of insecticide resistance captures trends that signals for change in vector control options. It is highly recommended that behavioral changes of target vectors be also observed to decipher if the real cause of resistance is physiological rather than avoidance.

AUSTRALIA – Less frequent dosing in hemophilia B patients shows improved pharmacokinetic profile. AUSTRALIA – Novogen identifies highly active drug candidates against prostate cancer. SINGAPORE – Gold nanoprobes used to unlock genetic profiles. SINGAPORE – Clinical checks to detect relapses for patients with peripheral T-cell lymphoma just as effective as imaging. SINGAPORE – QT Vascular initiates chocolate cases in Singapore. THE PHILIPPINES – Trial set for world's first leprosy vaccine. THE PHILIPPINES – Nickel-eating Philippine plant may have wide uses. EUROPE – New study to investigate dabigatran etexilate for prevention of recurrent stroke in high-risk patients. EUROPE – Researchers use DNA to build tool that may literally shine light on cancer. UNITED STATES – Scientists slow brain tumor growth in mice. UNITED STATES – Researchers pinpoint new role for enzyme in DNA repair, kidney cancer. UNITED STATES – Progress on multiple sclerosis treatment with embryonic stem cells. UNITED STATES – Researchers develop vaccine candidate using genetically engineered malaria parasite.

This chapter traces how Switzerland has historically attracted such a huge share of foreign wealth. The coverage of kleptocrats' wealth in Switzerland and the various efforts to recover it is roughly divided into three sections. The first deals with the examples of Marcos of the Philippines, Abacha of Nigeria, and Montesinos of Peru over the period 1986–2005. The second part considers some failures, with coverage of “Baby Doc” Duvalier (Haiti), and Benazir Bhutto and Ali Asif Zardari (Pakistan). The third section analyzes the Arab Spring cases, with a brief mention of others involving incumbents in Uzbekistan and Malaysia, to assess the effects of preventive and remedial policy reforms introduced in response to earlier scandals.

Malaysia offers a unique lens to evaluate the changing dynamics of radicalization and extremism in Southeast Asia, as the threat of both home-grown and external extremism grows. The country’s geographic location, bordering multiple active centers of violent extremism (the southern Philippines, southern Thailand, and Indonesia), makes it particularly vulnerable to further threats from violent extremism and terrorism, as regional and local violent extremist organizations (VEOs) exploit Malaysian geohistorical contexts and growing grievances related to social and political instability. Threats and risks of violent extremism are especially pronounced and manifest with severe consequences in the Malaysian state of Sabah. This policy note advances a granular review of the dynamics underlying radicalization risk in Sabah, Malaysia, in order to extrapolate an analysis of emerging areas of threat and risk of violent extremism facing Southeast Asia. It offers an opportunity to better understand current and future threats and risks of violent extremism facing Southeast Asia and identifies important trends and recommendations for policymakers and practitioners in mitigating the spread of violent extremism and radicalization to violence in Sabah. The policy note also considers how building local preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE) capacity can mitigate Malaysia’s role as a staging area, transit hub, and conduit for the transportation of weapons, operatives, finances, and supporters to other regional and global terrorist organizations.