Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Malaria – Prevention – International cooperation'

Long aspirations of Ukraine to become an equal member of the international community and European integration processes caused the need to bring Ukrainian legal system and legislative framework into line with international standards. According to the indexes of sociological research of many international institutions, Ukraine is one of the most corrupted countries in the world. Taking into account these processes, along with the other problems and tasks facing Ukraine, the corruption prevention is getting top priority.

Cyberterrorism and cybercrime present new challenges for law enforcement and policy makers. Due to its transnational nature, a real and sound response to such a threat requires international cooperation involving participation of all concerned parties in the international community. However, vulnerability emerges from increased reliance on technology, lack of legal measures, and lack of cooperation at the national and international level represents real obstacle toward effective response to these threats. In sum, lack of global consensus in terms of responding to cyberterrorism and cybercrime is the general problem. Terrorists and cyber criminals will exploit vulnerabilities, including technical, legal, political, and cultural. Such a broad range of vulnerabilities can be dealt with by comprehensive cooperation which requires efforts both at the national and international level. "Vulnerability-Comprehensive Cooperation-Freedom Scale" or "Ozeren Scale" identified variables that constructed the scale based on the expert opinions. Also, the study presented typology of cyberterrorism, which involves three general classifications of cyberterrorism; Disruptive and destructive information attacks, Facilitation of technology to support the ideology, and Communication, Fund raising, Recruitment, Propaganda (C-F-R-P). Such a typology is expected to help those who are in a position of decision-making and investigating activities as well as academicians in the area of terrorism. The matrix for international cooperation and vulnerability assessment is expected to be used as a model for global response to cyberterrorism and cybercrime.

Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2006.
Thesis Advisor(s): Douglas Porch. "December 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-94). Also available in print.

International criminality has been a challenging phenomenon for national police forces for years. States have developed international police cooperation relations and extradition instruments in order to fight international criminal activity. This treatise explores the reasons for the rise in transnational organized crime activities in Europe and presents an in-depth explanation concerning the emergence, mandates, and structures of multilateral police collaboration systems such as Interpol, Trevi, Schengen, and Europol. Since the extradition has become an inseparable part of international policing, this study examines the improvements in extradition procedure and emphasizes the importance of extradition. Finally this study compares traditional (European Convention on Extradition of 1957) and new (European Arrest Warrant) extradition systems.

Background International cooperation became a wide-spread way of exchanging experience and ideas between organizations of the non-profit sector all over the world. The exchange of new ideas and experience on the international level can very often contain cases of policy transfer, which beyond all doubts can influence the participants of international cooperation. Aim The aim of the presented Master's thesis consists of the investigation and analysis of international project on violence prevention between Swedish and Ukrainian NGOs, assessing and verifying the representation in the project the particular case of policy transfer. Method In order to collect the empirical data, mixed qualitative methods were used in this thesis, which included the concept of triangulation used for the data collection. Result The conduction of the presented qualitative research gave an opportunity to uncover and examine the different roles played by Ukrainian and Swedish NGOs in the welfare systems of their respective countries. It also became possible to observe an occurrence of a particular form of cooperation between the two NGOs in the international cooperation project, which can be related to a particular type of policy transfer. Conclusions Due to the fact that the project analysed in this study is still ongoing, it is still too early to derive any final conclusion about its achievements and formulate an evaluation concerning the nature of the policy transfer process. So far the author of the presented thesis can see that the project on its current stage has an occurrence of lesson-drawing policy transfer.

A dearth of pre-existing research in the field prompted this thesis on whether traditional econometric analyses of war deterrent alliances are applicable to modern alliances for counter terror purposes. Apparent foundational and contextual differences between the two types of alliances and the costs and benefits member nations derive from each lead the author to theorize that factors contributing to the formation of each alliance are fundamentally similar. Multiple types of statistical models are used to measure variables from the Correlates of War and Polity datasets combined with custom variables in a new dataset concerning major transnational terrorist attacks and the resultant alliances in testing the effect of traditionally contributing formation factors on alliances against terrorism. The results indicate that some contributing factors are similar, extant analysis tools have utility and that further investigation is justified.

This study examines the role that intelligence will continue to play in the ongoing efforts to mitigate the effects of contemporary terrorism. The role of domestic policing agencies is expanding to meet the challenge of transnational organised crime and also the threat to community safety and cohesion that terrorism entails. The September 11 attacks on the twin towers in New York city showcased the darkest elements of humanity whilst the courage personified by the police, firefighters and paramedics who entered the buildings to save others illuminated al that is best, in an event that was broadcast globally into the homes of millions around the world through television via television and the Internet. Whilst shielded to some degree by distance, Australians were hit even harder by the bombings in Bali on the 12th October 2002, during which 88 Australians died and many more were injured. For many Bali was seen as a place to relax, an idyllic paradise whose peace was forever shattered with the detonation of the terrorist bombs. The traditional intelligence community needed to draw upon the existing capabilities of policing agencies to build partnerships with key community groups in an endeavour to prevent such an atrocity from happening in Australia. No longer was an advanced technical intelligence capability and the access to material obtained enough to guarantee security, material needed to be shared with the police in order to prevent an incident, thus creating the potential for national security classified material to be disclosed in subsequent court proceedings. Culture and practices underwent a paradigm shift and the police now have a role in the national intelligence community in Australia, something that continues to present significant challenges requiring new legislation to keep pace with technology and the dynamically evolving threat. Drawing upon Checkland’s (1999, p.178) Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) this research synthesised text based analytical software called Leximancer, to create a conceptual model with minimal inherent biases. It is believed that this is the first time that such an approach to SSM has been undertaken allowing the research to contribute towards the methodological field as well as the chosen study. Access to interview practitioners was granted and the results provided unique insight into the contemporary and future challenges of police counterterrorist intelligence.

The aim of this thesis is to assess the justifications for various extensions of the criminal law introduced to combat terrorism, in particular those extensions that go beyond the existing remit of inchoate offences and extend liability to earlier acts and intentions. Its method is to begin by exploring the principles of criminal law theory that ought to apply to such extensions; to interrogate the definition of terrorism; and then to examine four recent classes of offence in counter-terrorism legislation that extend the criminal law beyond its legitimate boundaries. These offences are collectively referred to in this thesis as 'preventive terrorism offences' to reflect the fact that the primary rationale for their enactment is to prevent terrorism. The thesis concludes by assessing the place of these offences within the government's overall counter-terrorism strategy, focusing in particular on the Prevent leg of the strategy, which aims to reduce extremism and tackle the root causes of terrorism. The preventive terrorism offences display several very troubling features, most notably that they have the potential to criminalise non-wrongful conduct. It is argued that by virtue of their ability to criminalise non-wrongful conduct the offences under examination diminish the legitimacy and moral force of the criminal law. Furthermore, by extending inchoate liability to very remote acts of preparation, possession, encouragement, and association, the criminal law occupies the same operational space as measures under the Prevent strategy that are intended to be reintegrative. This overlap has the potential to render the offences counterproductive to the larger counter-terrorism endeavour by creating the perception that the Prevent strategy is in fact a covert surveillance mechanism to gather intelligence for future prosecutions. This perception leads to further mistrust and alienation of individuals and communities who feel disproportionately targeted by these measures. Thus, the offences not only offend criminal law principles and values, but also have the potential to offend the very preventive justification that is given for their enactment.

Transnational security threats are among the most pressing and complicated problems facing both governmental and non-governmental actors in today's world. Human trafficking is one example of contemporary transnational security threat that is relatively less studied compared to other transnational security threats. Because transnational security threats such as human trafficking exist above and outside the boundaries of state control, it may be supposed that a greater degree of supranationalism in the policy responses to them would yield better results in combatting these modern-day ills. Anti-trafficking efforts from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the European Union are examined to assess the impact of degree of supranationalism present in the respective policy responses to determine if any advantage is gained from aligning supranational policies to transnational problems. This question is not answered conclusively due to a lack of supranationalism present in key areas of EU governance responsible for law enforcement efforts.

The following treatise first frames the role of CBOs in responding to the HIV/Aids crisis in relation to their position in the global health governance system through a literature survey that moves from an analysis of the global structures down to the local. The survey covers the role of international organisations, international NGOs (INGOs), national governments, local NGOs and CBOs and outlines the context in which Masizakhe is working within the global health governance structure. Secondly the research design and methodology are outlined focusing on the longitudinal, case study and participant--‐observation approaches. Hypotheses, conceptualisation, definitions, key variables are described and data collection methods and fieldwork practice extrapolated upon. Following that data capturing, editing and analysis are discussed in conjunction with shortcomings and sources of error. In the fourth chapter the research discusses the history, structure and outlines the research findings by comparing what has changed within the organisation over time, presenting and discussing the results. The outcomes of this research have shown that existing problems in this particular CBO are very difficult to overcome without committed, sustained support from donors, government, community and the organisation’s members. CBOs are often hamstrung by a series of intersecting factors which hamper their ability to problem--‐solve, even when the route to overcoming the problem is clear, particularly when the capacity and will to do so is not always present from both within the organisation and from outside support systems. These challenges then impact on the overall quality of and ability to deliver the services the organisation is structured to deliver. The major challenge for the organisation remains the inconsistent donor cycle and resultant instability thus created within an organisation already working in a highly volatile, unstable situation marked by poverty and disease. Thus the title, The Aids of Aid?, captures the essence of Masizakhe’s struggle with its own syndrome of problems. It summarises a comment made by the project secretary said that: “Sometimes it feels like we are not only fighting for the health of our people – We are fighting for the health of our organisation. We are a sick organisation trying to help sick people. All we need is donors and funding –we can’t live without them, and when they don't give, we get sick” (Stamper, Pers Comm, 2011). The other emergent challenges were a battle internally with ‘founder syndrome’, lack of management transparency and a dysfunctional board.

In 1991 the Treaty enacting the African Economic Community (AEC)1 was signed by the African Heads of State and Government.2 The AEC aims to establish regional free markets that would then be transformed into a continent-wide single market in six subsequent stages enabling the free movement of persons, goods, services, and capital until 2025 at the latest.3 However, to make sure that the free movement of persons in Africa would not also become a "free flow of criminals", the installation of a common market will require intensified police and judicial co-operation, information exchange and external border controls. 1 Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community adopted by the Heads of State and Government of Member States of the Organisation of African Unity in Abuja, Nigeria, 3 June 1991. 2 Art. 6(1) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. 3 Arts. 4(2)(h) and 4(2)(i) Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community. Furthermore, the age of globalisation calls into question the traditional concepts of sovereignty. Nowadays individual states are often unable to supervise their complete territory and battle to guard their borders against unwanted goods, people and ideas. Many facets of globalisation - including fast technological development and social and economic interaction - encourage governments to cooperate in order to try to achieve objectives that, acting on their own, they may not believe they can accomplish. Or to express the same thought in its negative sense: to fight unwanted consequences of this development, acting on their own, the states may not be able to achieve. This means that sooner or later the African States will have to address the problem of how to develop a police and judicial regime in criminal matters in order to fight against organised transnational crime. The question therefore is not whether the African States should engage in police and judicial co-operation, but rather what form it should take. The aim of this master treatise is to define the cornerstones of a possible future adoption of a police and judicial regime for the African Union (AU). There are numerous police and judicial co-operations around the world of various types so to make the task more manageable this treaty looks at the European Union (EU) in some detail and uses it as an example or as a guideline to sketch out a possible development of a police and judicial co-operation within the AU. This is for the reason that the EU has succeeded in creating a sophisticated regime of police and judicial co-operation and thus serves as a model of how co-operation levels can be created, handled, and preserved. The EU also serves as an example of how certain obstacles can make co-operation difficult or even prevent efforts for an effective transnational police and judicial co-operation. However, the current EU is the result of the specific circumstances in which its Member States and organs have responded to the economic and political changes they have been faced with. The AU has to operate amidst a political setting and various other circumstances that are very different. As a result the police and judicial co-operation regime of the AU will be very different from the EU model. This treatise argues that due to the vast number of participating states in the AU and the AU's decision-making practice, the continental level is not an appropriate point of departure for the AU to adopt a police and judicial co-operation regime. Police and judicial co-operation within the AU will at first have to be pursued at a sub-regional level. The co-operation should start at the already subdivided Regional Economic Communities (RECs) established by the AEC. Only in time, if at all, will the sub-regional markets be prepared to merge into a continent-wide integration. This is why at the present time the AU will have to accept a mere supervising and stimulating part in pursuing the ultimate objective of developing a police and judicial co-operation on a continent-wide level. Furthermore, this treatise assesses that the huge number of economic, social, and political challenges impair the AU's action ability with the result that it will not be able to establish a supranational legal body comparable to that of the EU in the near future. Also, the African Heads of State and Government are too interested in keeping their sovereign powers to themselves. This is why in Africa integration is more likely to be achieved with an intergovernmental approach. Therefore, police and judicial co-operation should first be exercised by means of informal meetings of the Interior and Justice Ministers and any resulting acts should be classified as (traditional) public international law. This is not to imply that the AU has no role to play here, for said meetings will have to be coordinated and supervised. In order to do justice to its supervising role it is necessary to empower the organs of the AU. This treatise analyses that for the AU to establish an efficient institutional framework, it is extremely important that the Assembly's monopoly over proposing legislation and establishing new organs is changed. Consensus decisions between fifty-four Member States would in an optimal case be replaced by a system where no organ is in total control. Finally, this treatise emphasises the necessity to push ahead with the development of the regional free markets as envisioned by the AEC. Similar to the development in the EU, this will bring about new challenges in combating new types of transnational crimes. This treatise demonstrates that this challenge might bring the necessary momentum to formally introduce police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters, usually a high policy area, on the agenda of the AU. In conclusion, this treatise shows that co-operation in such a sensitive area as security policy first and foremost needs a sufficient amount of trust between the decision makers of the involved states. To develop this necessary trust and the processes building upon this, this treatise argues that a regular meeting between the Interior and Justice Ministers, either inside or outside the framework of the AU, should be launched. Through these meetings the AU could gradually develop a platform for discussion in the area of criminal law and thereby slowly intensify its information exchange and operational co-operation. The history of the EU has shown that the development of a supranational legal system first and foremost requires mutual trust in each other's respective legal systems. Trust is generated by communication in an informal atmosphere. Therefore, this treatise argues that a colloquial intergovernmental co-operation within the field of criminal law is the correct approach for the AU to develop a police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research study aims to analyze the illicit arms trade in states in transition. While both the study of the illicit arms trade and the study of states in transition per se, are characterized by a variety of concepts and debates within academia, this study attempts to establish a coherent and concise connection between the two. Therefore, the main research question is: How do the capacity gaps of social control, social welfare, border control and legitimacy contribute to the proliferation of the illicit arms trade in states in transition? For the purpose of this study, the researcher uses the theoretical framework based on capacity gaps and functional holes as outlined by Phil Williams (2002). Williams (2002) states that organized crime and transnational organized crime (TOC), which the illicit arms trade is a part of, flourish in states that are weakened by capacity gaps and where the accompanying functional holes open up the way for organized crime and TOC to work with impunity. The seven capacity gaps that Williams (2002) outlines are: social control, social welfare, business regulation, oversight and accountability, border control, legitimacy and electoral norms and patterns. However, this thesis does not focus on all seven capacity gaps; instead, only the capacity gaps of social control, social welfare, border control and legitimacy are analysed. This decision has been based on the literature by Williams (2002), Migdal (1988), Beck and Laeven (2006), who suggest that a state in transition cannot complete its transitional period and become a consolidated democracy if high levels of social control, social welfare, respect for the rule of law and legitimacy are not obtained. Moreover, this research study conducts a comparative analysis of two states in transition, South Africa and Croatia, which have both been experiencing difficulties with TOC and the illicit arms trade, and where both states still have not completed their transitional period, and are thus not consolidated democracies. This research does not imply that the findings of this study are applicable to all states in transition; the focus is rather on how the four capacity gaps and functional holes that this research focused on contribute to the proliferation of the illicit arms trade in South Africa and Croatia. The findings indicate that due to high levels of corruption within the judicial system and police, the citizens of South Africa and Croatia lack trust in the states’ capacity to impose social control, which in turn opens the way for organized criminal groups to work with impunity. Furthermore, the social welfare capacity gap contributes to the rise in levels of organized crime and the illicit arms trade due to the fact that levels of inequality and unemployment force the citizens of South Africa and Croatia to look for alternative survival strategies, usually those that organized criminal groups can provide them with. Moreover, the lack of resources and corruption among custom officials and police staff, serve as opportunities for organized criminal groups to traffic illicit goods over South Africa and Croatia’s borders; thus indicating a functional hole in the states interdictory capacity and an overall gap in the states capacity to control its borders. Lastly, due to the South African and Croatian citizens’ lack of trust in the institutions and the state apparatus in general, the capacity gap of legitimacy is visible. This in turn opens the way for organized criminal groups to use patron-client relationships with the citizens of South Africa and Croatia, in order to build and sustain a level of popular legitimacy that the state is lacking.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsprojek streef daarna om die onwettige handel in wapens as deel van transnasionale georganiseerde misdaad binne state in transisie te analiseer. Alhoewel navorsing in die onwettige handel van wapens, asook die studie van state in transisie gekenmerk word deur vele konsepte en debatte binne die velde; poog hierdie studie om die twee konsepte in ʼn duidelike en presiese manier te verbind. In die lig hiervan is die navorsings vraag: Hoe dra die kapasiteitsgapings van sosiale beheer, sosiale welvaart, grens kontrole en legitimiteit by tot die volhoubaarheid van die onwettige handel in wapens in state in transisie? Vir die doel van hierdie studie het die navorser besluit om gebruik te maak van die teoretiese raamwerk gebaseer op kapasiteitsgapings en funksionele-openinge soos beskryf deur Phil Williams (2002). Wiliams (2002) voer aan dat georganiseerde misdaad en transnasionale misdaad, waarvan die onwettige handel in wapens ʼn deel uitmaak, floreer in state wat verswak is deur kapasitietsgapings; en waar bygaande funksionele-openinge die weg baan vir transnasionale misdaad om te floreer. Die sewe kapasiteitsgapings soos deur Williams (2002) beskryf is: sosiale beheer, sosiale welvaart, besigheid-regulering, oorsig en aanspreeklikheid, grens kontrole, legitimiteit en verkiesings norme en patrone. Hierdie tesis fokus egter nie op al sewe kapasiteitsgapings nie. Daar word slegs gefokus op die kapasiteitsgapings van sosiale beheer, sosiale welvaart, grens kontrole en legitimiteit. Hierdie besluit is gebaseer op literatuur deur William (2002), Joel S. Migdal (1988), Thorsten Beck en Luc Laeven (2006) en dies meer wat voorstel dat ʼn staat in transisie nie die transisie periode kan voltooi en ʼn vaste demokrasie kan raak indien hoe vlakke van sosiale beheer, sosiale welvaart, respek vir wet en orde en legitimiteit nie verkry word nie. Verder maak hierdie navorsing gebruik van ʼn vergelykende analise tussen twee state in transisie: Suid Afrika en Kroasië. Beide hierdie state ervaar probleme met trans-nasionale misdaad en die onwettige handel in wapens. Beide het ook nog nie hul transisie periode voltooi nie en is dus nie vaste of gekonsolideerde demokrasieë nie. Hoewel die navorser nie aanvoer dat die bevindinge van hierdie studie van toepassing is op alle state in transisie nie, probeer die navorser vasstel hoe die vier kapasiteitsgapings en funksionele-openinge bydrae tot die volhoubaarheid van die onwettige handel in wapens in Suid Afrika en Kroasië. Die bevindinge dui daarop dat as gevolg van hoë vlakke van korrupsie binne die regstelsel en polisie, die bevolking van Suid Afrika en Kroasië nie die staat se kapasiteit om sosiale beheer te handhaaf, vertrou nie. Dit maak die gaping oop vir georganiseerde misdaad om sonder teenkant te handel. Verder, die sosiale welvaart gaping, dra by tot die toename in die vlakke van georganiseerde misdaad en die onwettige handel in wapens as gevolg van hoë vlakke van ongelykheid en armoede, wat die bevolking van Suid Afrika en Kroasië dwing tot alternatiewe metodes van oorlewing wat gewoonlik deur georganiseerde misdaad groepe verskaf word. Verder, die gebrek aan toerusting en ook korrupsie binne grensbeheer en polisie lede, verskaf die geleentheid vir georganiseerde misdaad groepe om in onwettige goedere te handel. Dit dui op die funksionele gaping in die staat se beheersmeganismes en oor die algemeen ʼn gaping in die staat se kapasiteit om grense te beheer. Ten laaste, as gevolg van die gebrek aan vertroue van die bevolking in die strukture van die staat Suid Afrika en Kroasië is die kapasitietsgaping van legitimiteit duidelik teenwoordig. Dit open die weg vir georganiseerde misdaad groepe om populêre gesag op te bou, wat daar nie is by die regering van die lande nie.

Notre recherche a consisté à poser la politique internationale du climat comme une politique publique et à montrer quelles étaient les dynamiques et les acteurs étant intervenus dans sa construction. Nous nous sommes en particulier attelé à mettre en exergue l'univers de sens ( "référentiel") à partir duquel les dispositifs de cette politique ont été élaborés, ainsi que la manière dont la dynamique d'opposition des intérêts propre aux négociations internationales s'y articulait.
Doctorat en sciences politiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Defense Decision-Making and Planning)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): David S. Yost. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-64). Also available online.

Топчій, В. В. Теорія та практика запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності в Україні : дис. ... д-ра юрид. наук (д-ра наук) : 12.00.08, 081/ Віталій Васильович Топчій; Ун-т держ. фіскал. служби України; Харків. нац. ун-т внутр. справ. - Київ, 2020. - 499 с.
Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню кримінологічних проблем запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності в Україні. Уперше поставлено й вирішено наукову проблему розроблення цілісного доктринального підходу до формування концепції запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності, що надало можливість обґрунтувати пропозиції, спрямовані на удосконалення законодавства та практики його застосування правоохоронними органами України. З’ясовано сучасний стан наукових досліджень та обґрунтовано доктринальні підходи до визначення сфери інтелектуальної власності. Розкрито зміст детермінант, що сприяють криміналізації цієї сфери суспільних відносин. Охарактеризовано структуру та динаміку розглядуваної категорії злочинів. Запропоновано концептуальне бачення шляхів реалізації правових та організаційних заходів запобігання злочинам у сфері інтелектуальної власності на загальнодержавному, спеціально-кримінологічному та індивідуально-профілактичному рівнях.
The dissertation is devoted to a comprehensive study of criminological problems of prevention of crimes in the sphere of intellectual property in Ukraine. For the first time, the scientific problem of developing a holistic doctrinal approach to the formation of the concept of prevention of crimes in the sphere of intellectual property identified and solved, which has allowed justified proposals aimed at improving the legislation and practice of its application by law enforcement agencies of Ukraine. The current state of scientific research clarified and scientific approaches to defining the sphere of intellectual property have been justified. The content of determinants contributing to the criminalization of this sphere of social relations revealed. The structure and dynamics of the category of crimes under consideration are describe. A conceptual vision of ways to implement legal and organizational measures to prevent crimes in the sphere of intellectual property at the national, special-criminological and individual-preventive levels proposed.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию криминологических проблем предупреждения преступлений в сфере интеллектуальной собственности в Украине. Впервые поставлена и решена научная проблема разработки целостного доктринального подхода к формированию концепции предупреждения преступлений в сфере интеллектуальной собственности, что позволило обосновать предложения, направленные на совершенствование законодательства и практики его применения правоохранительными органами Украины. Выяснено современное состояние научных исследований и обоснованны доктринальные подходы к определению сферы интеллектуальной собственности. Раскрыто содержание детерминант, способствующих криминализации этой сферы общественных отношений. Охарактеризована структура и динамика рассматриваемой категории преступлений. Предложено концептуальное видение путей реализации правовых и организационных мер предупреждения преступлений в сфере интеллектуальной собственности на общегосударственном, специально-криминологической и индивидуально-профилактической уровнях.

M.Sc.
Internationally, the use of Environmental Management Cooperation Agreements (EMCAs) as a policy tool to improve environmental performance has been encouraged since the 1960’s. Through the law reform process that has been underway in South Africa for the past ten years, the National Environmental Management Act (Act No.107 of 1998) has made provision for the signing of EMCAs between the South African Government and industry. Although widely utilised internationally, this approach has been criticized by NGOs internationally as communities have little interaction with the process at stages when the agreements could still be influenced. In South Africa, NGOs are also critical of the approach as they feel that this approach could distract policy makers from preparing a sound environmental management framework that can be enforced and is legally binding on polluters in the country. This study reviews the international experience of this policy approach and argues that certain specific criteria need to be in place in order to negotiate effective agreements. These criteria include: sound environmental policy and management framework; set emission reduction targets; the ability to successfully monitor progress against a predetermined baseline; compliance of industry to existing legal requirements; strong sanction for noncompliance to the agreement; and a sound and achievable agreement. Having identified the requirements for the implementation of successful EMCAs, the policy and legal setting in South Africa is explored, as well as the current environmental performance of industry in the country to determine if the criteria for the introduction of EMCAs exist. The study makes the following findings: the legal framework for environmental management is presently being strengthened; progress on developing norms and standards is being made, however, presently norms and standards are lacking; reduction targets are lacking or represent only long-term targets; based on historical enforcement discretion, there is generally poor environmental performance in South African industry; the monitoring and reporting structures are presently absent which hinders monitoring of success of interventions; and there is generally a lack of community trust in industry. The proposed Chemical and Allied Industry Association (CAIA) EMCA which was to be the blue print for EMCAs in the country is also reviewed to determine if this proposed agreement would provide the basis for sound negotiation and tangible environmentalimprovements. The review indicates that there are several shortcomings in the proposed agreement that would need to be improved should the objectives of improved environmental performance be achieved. In general, the findings of the study indicate that, should the necessary criteria be in place, EMCAs can contribute to achieving performance in excess of the required compliance, and EMCAs have been and are especially useful to achieve international reduction targets. However, the introduction of these agreements into South Africa at this crucial and delicate time in the development and implementation of environmental protection measures could distract and derail the current environmental focus and could be potentially damaging. As the environmental management framework matures in the country and the necessary criteria are realised, it is almost certain that the success that this policy approach has had internationally can be echoed in South Africa, and the country could benefit from the many advantages that the more voluntary approach to environmental management can provide. The current path of policy reform and systems development should however continue without distraction in the short term.

A fundamental driving factor to contemporary international terrorism is the role of religion. Since the 1980s, there have been not only a rise in the number of Islamist terrorist incidents but also of a more globalized and intense dimension. The casualties have risen to unprecedented levels. Africa, and the Horn of Africa, in particular, has experienced its fair share of terrorist activities. For instance, in December 1980 terrorists sympathetic to the PLO bombed the Norfolk Hotel, owned by an Israeli, in Nairobi, Kenya, killing sixteen people and injuring over a hundred. The 7 August 1998 bombings of the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, were more deadly: 240 Kenyans, 11 Tanzanians and 12 Americans died, with over 5,000 Kenyans and 86 Tanzanians injured. There was yet another terrorist attack on another Israeli-owned hotel in Mombassa and an attempt on a passenger plane on the runway at the Mombassa International Airport, Kenya. Both incidents happened in November 2002. Al-Qaeda claimed responsibility for the 1998 and 2002 attacks. With rising terrorism in the Horn of Africa and the reality of the Somali state failure, there is a growing concern that the Somali environment is supporting terrorist activities in the region. The activities of the al-Itihad al-Islamiya (AIAI) and later the Islamic Courts Union (ICU), the Somali Islamist fundamentalist organizations, with their feared international connections and the security implications, are of concern not only to the region but also to global security monitors. There is not much debate regarding the level of collapse of the Somali state and the possible security implications of the territory as a congenial terrorist safe haven. Most experts have presented Somalia as a clear example of a completely failed state. Rotberg (2002:131) describes Somalia as “the model of a collapsed state: a geographical expression only, with borders but with no effective way to exert authority within those borders". Jhazbhay (2003: 77) quoted Ali Mazrui as saying that "the situation in Somalia now is a culture of rules without rulers, a stateless society‟. Menkhaus (2003: 27) has singled out protracted and complete state collapse, protracted armed conflict and lawlessness as aptly representing the Somali situation. “Somalia‟s inability to pull together even the most minimalist fig-leaf of a central administration over the course of twelve years places the country in a class by itself.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
海洋法律研究所
97
In a globalized world, an organized crime has become more frequently if related legislations and policies are not harmonized between states. Among those crimes, corruption and money laundering might be the most serious issues, because they could damage national and global order, economic development, even political stability, regional and international security. In order to combat transnational money laundering crime, it is necessary to cooperate among different nations. Taiwan had joined “The Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering” in 1997 and “Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units” in 1998, so that they could exchange information and enforce domestic function on preventing money laundering, achieving the effectiveness of the crime of money laundering activities by international cooperation. Apart from international cooperation measures, Taiwan accepts the Asia/Pacific Group on Money Laundering’s mutual evaluation system in January 2007, and then to revise the law, like Money Laundering Control Act, Offenses Ordinance Corruption, Management of the Exchange Regulations, and International Financial Services Regulations. All these measures are for the purposes to harmonize with global standard, so that the crime of money laundering could be controlled.

MSc (Biochemistry)
Department of Biochemistry
Malaria is a disease that claims about half a million lives annually, mainly children. There are 5 Plasmodium species that cause malaria; namely, P. falciparum, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi and P. vivax. P. falciparum is the most virulent of them all. The parasite upregulates some heat shock proteins (Hsps) in response to stress it encounters during its life cycle. These Hsps play a major role in proteostasis. The drug resistance of P. falciparum to traditionally used remedies has led to a need for the development of novel drugs. Hsps have been implicated as antimalarial drug targets. Hsps act as molecular chaperones and some make complexes, which are important in facilitating protein folding. As an example, heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) form a functional complex through an adaptor protein, Hsp70-Hsp90 organizing protein (Hop). P. falciparum expresses six Hsp70s that are localized in different subcellular compartments. Amongst them, P. falciparum Hsp70-x (PfHsp70-x), is exported to the erythrocyte where it is implicated in host cell remodeling. PfHsp70-x possesses an ATPase domain, substrate binding domain and a C-terminal subdomain. PfHsp70-x possesses an EEVN motif on its C-terminus which is implicated in interactions with co-chaperones amongst them, Hop. Although some of the chaperone functions of PfHsp70-x have been reported, its interaction with human chaperones has not been investigated. The availability of PfHsp70-x in the infected erythrocyte cytosol presents a possibility that this protein may functionally cooperate with human Hsp90 via human Hop (human Hop). This hypothesis that PfHsp70-x interacts with human chaperones is strengthened by the absence of Hsp90 and Hop of parasite origin in the infected erythrocytes. The main aim of this study was to explore the chaperone activity of PfHsp70-x and its functional co-operation with human Hop. Recombinant PfHsp70-x (full length and EEVN deletion mutant) proteins were expressed in E. coli XL1 Blue cells and purified using nickel affinity chromatography. PfHsp70-x was found to be structurally comprised of mostly alpha helices and demonstrated heat stability based on circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry studies. It was established that the EEVN motif may be important for the ATPase activity of PfHsp70-x. However, it was established that the EEVN motif was not important in regulating the holdase chaperone (protein aggregation suppression) function of PfHsp70-x. Furthermore, PfHsp70-x and its mutant preferentially bound to asparagine-rich peptides. Parasite proteins have high asparagine repeat regions as compared to human proteins. In addition, preference for asparagine-rich proteins iii could signify that PfHsp70-x is biased towards binding proteins of parasitic origin. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis suggested that PfHsp70-x interacts with human Hop with relatively higher affinity compared to its EEVN minus derivative. In conclusion, the removal of the EEVN motif of PfHsp70-x does not affect the chaperone function of PfHsp70-x. However, the EEVN motif is essential for the interaction of PfHsp70-x with human Hop.

Donor country initiatives for the prevention and mitigation of HIV/AIDS are not a matter of simple burden sharing. Instead, they have brought in their wake many of the complexities and unforeseen effects that have long been associated with more general overseas development assistance. In the case of funding directed toward HIV/AIDS, these effects are by no means either secondary or easily calculable. It is widely acknowledged that there is no consensus framework on how these impacts may be defined, no framework/toolkit for the evaluation of impacts and no longitudinally significant data that could provide the substance for those evaluations. The subject of this study focuses not on the health outcomes of funding but on how donor-recipient relations could be better deliberated, negotiated and coordinated. We argue that effective leadership and governance of developing country health systems for HIV/AIDS work requires a reconfiguration of how donor-recipient relations are conceived and contracted, and for this purpose, we propose an adaptation of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Paris Declaration principles of aid effectiveness.

The aim of conducting this research was to obtain a critical understanding of how the South African Police Service (SAPS), law enforcement (LE) and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) understand the concept, policing of Trafficking in Persons (TIP). The study indicates different role players in the policing of TIP. The researcher explored the present and possible future cooperation between SAPS and NGOs in the Cape Town area. The development of policing and legal aspects concerning TIP was explored globally. Research indicates the necessity of a professional partnership approach between SAPS, LE and NGOs, in the policing of TIP. The researcher identified factors that inhibit the effectiveness of policing of TIP. These factors include among others the lack of training in the identification of TIP and lack of trust between role players. Recommendations to this effect and the implementation of the policing of TIP are made to all concerned, especially SAPS management.
Police Practice
M. Tech. (Policing)

The research entailed an exploration of the reasons behind corruption and related offences in selected Gauteng police stations of the South African Police Service (SAPS). Corruption refers to the illegal and unlawful activities performed by police officials when they enrich themselves by taking money and other valuable property from offenders, victims and other people they come into contact with. The participants in this study were purposefully chosen and comprised of two groups. The first group included ex-police officials convicted and sentenced for committing corruption and related offences. The second group were active police officials suspected to have committed corruption and related crimes and some in this group were dismissed by disciplinary tribunals. The research was done at four of the police stations in Gauteng Province. There were 18 participants interviewed and nine were chosen from these police stations, with the remaining nine from two correctional facilities in Gauteng. The participants were asked an open-ended question which aimed at exploring convicted police officials’ reasons for having committed corruption. The interviews were recorded with the participants’ permission. The recorded data were transcribed verbatim and analysed. The five main themes that emerged are the high incidence of corruption involving all levels of police, multiple environmental factors which contribute to corruption, forms of corruption, dynamics resulting from corruption and anti-corruption mechanisms to prevent corruption. The themes were described using “in vivo” quotes from the transcribed data. To learn other trends about corruption, the nature and extent of corruption in the political, economic and the governmental sphere were discussed. In the summary of the research recommendations and conclusions were provided. A model has been identified which consists of preventative and reactive mechanisms, including selection, recruitment, the code of conduct, supportive leadership, supervision, mentoring and coaching, targeted inspections and auditing. Life style audits, disciplinary measures, dismissals and prosecution in these corruption case hearings also form part of the proposed model.
Corrections Management
D.Litt. et Phil. (Criminal Justice)

The occurrence of internal armed conflict in Africa has increased over the last two decades. As such, Africa continues to be viewed by many as a troubled continent. In an attempt to avoid further conflict in Africa, organisations such as the United Nations have implemented comprehensive tools and strategies to prevent further conflicts from occurring. However, the genocide in Rwanda and the on-going unrest in Sudan have shown that there is still a lot of work to be done. In both these cases, the conflicts took place or escalated even with UN presence on ground. This paper will thus examine the UN's legal role in the prevention of internal armed conflict and establish the type of lessons that could be learnt from Rwanda and Sudan.
Public, Constitutional, & International
LL.M.

International police co-operation is a recipe for success in the fight against transnational organised crime. Such cooperation has never been without challenges, especially in the light of disharmonious national laws. SARPCCO has made promising advances towards the elimination of blockages which hamper police cooperation. The joint, bilateral, simultaneous operations which are continuously carried out and the transferring of skills through training are exemplary to the rest of the world. SARPCCO is, however, struggling to make serious inroads into the organised motor vehicle theft because of the problems in returning them to their lawful owners. The objective of this study is to analyse the laws used by the SARPCCO member countries in fighting motor vehicle theft, transnational organised crime, recoveries, repatriation, prosecution and extradition of offenders. The SARPCCO member countries on which the analysis is done are Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland and Zambia.
Jurisprudence
LL. M.

Чупета В. О. Правові засади діяльності Європейського Союзу у сфері протидії транскордонним злочинам : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 262 "Правоохоронна діяльність" / наук. керівник Д. О. Єрмоленко. Зaпорiжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 114 c.
UA : Робота викладена 114 сторінках друкованого тексту. Перелік посилань включає 74 джерела. Створення території без внутрішніх кордонів в Європейському Союзі, запровадження свободи пересування товарів, осіб, послуг та капіталів створило не лише суттєві переваги для розвитку держав-членів, але й послабило перешкоди для розповсюдження по європейському континенту транскордонної злочинності. Технологічні процеси та глобалізація також зробили свій внесок до становлення високоорганізованих кримінальних злочинів та злочинних груп на міжнародному рівні. Боротьба із транскордонними злочинами є одним з основних пріоритетів діяльності Євросоюзу в контексті завдання збереження й розвитку Союзу як простору свободи, безпеки та юстиції. Запобігання можливостям зловживання чотирма фундаментальними свободами Європейського Союзу транскордонною злочинністю вимагає більш широкого, багаторівневого та багатостороннього співробітництва як в практичній, так і в законодавчій сферах. За останнє десятиріччя в ЄС було запроваджено правові засади для ефективного реагування на нові виклики з боку цього інтеграційного об’єднання на рівні Союзу. Об’єктом кваліфікаційної роботи є міжнародно-правові відносини, пов’язані з реалізацією політики ЄС у сфері протидії транскордонним злочинам, що визначаються установчими договорами, актами вторинного законодавства та судовою практикою цього інтеграційного об’єднання. Предметом дослідження є правові засади діяльності Європейського Союзу у сфері протидії транскордонним злочинам. Метою роботи є визначення особливостей правового механізму Євросоюзу стосовно запобігання транскордонним злочинам та притягнення до відповідальності осіб, винних в їх вчиненні.
EN : The work outlines 114 pages of printed text. The list of links includes 74 sources. Creating a territory without internal borders in the European Union, introducing the freedom of movement of goods, persons, services and capital has not only created significant advantages for the development of Member States, but also weakened obstacles to the spread across the European continent of cross-border crime. Technological processes and globalization have also contributed to the emergence of highly organized crime and crime groups at the international level. Combating cross-border crime is one of the main priorities of the EU's activities in the context of the task of preserving and developing the Union as an area of ​​freedom, security and justice. Preventing the abuse of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union by cross-border crime requires broader, multi-level and multilateral cooperation, both in the practical and the legislative spheres. Over the last decade, legal frameworks have been introduced in the EU to respond effectively to the new challenges posed by this integration at Union level. The subject matter of the qualification work is international legal relations related to the implementation of the EU policy in the field of combating cross-border crimes, which are determined by the founding treaties, secondary legislation and court practice of this integration association. The subject of the study is the legal basis of the activities of the European Union in the field of countering cross-border crimes. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of the legal mechanism of the European Union regarding the prevention of cross-border crimes and to prosecute those responsible for their commission.

Every human being deserves to have their rights respected all the times. Not only does the correctional system have the responsibility to rehabilitate offenders before they are released to the community but also to respect their rights throughout the rehabilitation process.. In this research the extent in which human rights affect the process of rehabilitation was outlined. This was achieved by analyzing the provisions of major human rights instruments, both internationally and nationally as well as standards required for the treatment of offenders. In addition various rehabilitation programmes were also discussed. The findings of the research indicated that South Africa has achieved a lot when it comes to the recognition of human rights. From the research it was discovered that indeed offenders' rights have an impact on the rehabilitation process. Based on these and other findings recommendations were made.
Criminal Justice
M. Tech. (Correctional Services Managemnent)