Relevant bibliographies by topics / Malaria – Drug therapy

Academic literature on the topic 'Malaria – Drug therapy'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Malaria – Drug therapy"

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Kondrashin, A. V., E. V. Stepanova, L. F. Morozova, V. P. Sergiev, M. S. Maksimova, N. A. Turbabina, N. S. Malysheva, et al. "Artemether and imatinib combination therapy against malaria infection." Infekcionnye bolezni 19, no. 1 (2021): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1729-9225-2021-1-139-143.

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Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the first and second line of treatment for uncomplicated malaria caused by P. falciparum, as well as for chloroquine-resistant P. vivax malaria. Despite the large number of antimalarial drugs, there is no any ideal drug, since each individual combination of drugs or monotherapy have their own limitations, ranging from their triple (activity) in relation to certain forms of the development of Plasmodium in the human body, side effects, toxicity and resistance. During the course of the study carried out, the most promising compound-candidate was selected – imatinib, which is currently used as targeted therapy for a number of oncological diseases. The objective of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of the combined use of imatinib and artemether in vivo studies on the human malarial model – the rodent malaria parasites Plasmodium berghei. Dut to the optimally selected treatment scheme, it was possible to reduce the dosage of imatinib twice – to 0,25 mg/kg, and that of artemether three times – to 33 mg/kg. The use of this scheme made it possible to considerably reduce the toxic effect of these drugs due to the potentiation of antimalarial effect. Key words: malaria, drug resistance, telomerase inhibitors, imatinib, chemotherapy of malaria
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Datta, Pratyay Pratim, Anju Prasad, Chaitali Pattanayak, Ashok Singh Chouhan, and Parbaty Panda. "Pattern of drug prescription for the treatment of falciparum malaria in a medical college in Eastern India." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v7i4.14614.

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Background: Drug prescription pattern for the treatment of falciparum malaria differs widely from place to place; but there is also some intra organizational variation of prescription pattern of anti-malarial drugs for the treatment of falciparum malaria.Aims and Objectives: The present study was planned to study the drug utilization pattern for the treatment of falciparum malaria in a tertiary care teaching hospital in eastern India.Materials and Methods: It was a hospital based study conducted in the department of medicine among the patients admitted with confirmed diagnosis of falciparum malaria. Drugs prescribed, average number of drugs per prescription, percentage of drugs prescribed in generic name, percentage of prescription with co-prescription of antibiotics, percentage of prescription having at least an injection prescribed, percentage of drugs prescribed from essential drug list or formulary and average drug cost per prescription are the parameters studied in this study.Results: Average number of drugs per prescription in the present study was 3.96. Artesunate and Mefloquine were the most common anti-malarial drugs prescribed among study subjects. 22.9% patients received oral Chloroquine as anti-malarial drug. 43.3% prescriptions had antibiotics co-prescribed. Only 16.9% drugs were prescribed in generic name. 85.4% of the prescribed drugs were from essential drug list. Average drug cost per patient was Rs. 282/- with minimum of Rs. 55/- and maximum of Rs. 1750/-.Conclusion: Though Artesunate combination therapy is getting popularized gradually but a sizable proportion of patients (22.9%) were prescribed with oral Chloroquine therapy. Generic prescription of drugs should be encouraged among the physicians. Multi-centric study regarding drug prescription can give a broader picture in changing scenario.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.7(4) 2016 80-83
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Kulkarni, A. V., L. Kasturi, A. Amin, and V. Mashankar. "Therapy and drug resistance in malaria." Indian Journal of Pediatrics 67, no. 1 (January 2000): 33–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02802634.

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Alven, Sibusiso, and Blessing Aderibigbe. "Combination Therapy Strategies for the Treatment of Malaria." Molecules 24, no. 19 (October 7, 2019): 3601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193601.

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Malaria is a vector- and blood-borne infection that is responsible for a large number of deaths around the world. Most of the currently used antimalarial therapeutics suffer from drug resistance. The other limitations associated with the currently used antimalarial drugs are poor drug bioavailability, drug toxicity, and poor water solubility. Combination therapy is one of the best approaches that is currently used to treat malaria, whereby two or more therapeutic agents are combined. Different combination therapy strategies are used to overcome the aforementioned limitations. This review article reports two strategies of combination therapy; the incorporation of two or more antimalarials into polymer-based carriers and hybrid compounds designed by hybridization of two antimalarial pharmacophores.
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Trasia, Reqgi First. "Use of Combination Therapy in Malaria Treatment and Prevention in Indonesia." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2021): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.36490/journal-jps.com.v4i1.61.

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Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. Treatment of malaria often encounters obstacles. Resistance to various malaria drugs in some areas causes an increase in morbidity and mortality due to malaria. Rational use of malaria drugs that are still effective and available is important. Therefore, this article will review the use of combination therapy in the treatment of malaria in Indonesia. The purpose of using combination therapy is to increase the efficacy of treatment and slow down the occurrence of resistance to each component in the drug. From this article, it can be concluded that artemisinin-based combinations using artemisinin derivatives are still effective for use as combination therapy against malaria. This combination can be a fixed combination or co-administered. The drugs that can be combined are 4-aminoquinoline, antifolate, 4-quinoline-methanol, artemisinin and its derivatives, antibiotics, and atovaquone-proguanil. It is hoped that the combination of these drugs can still be used for a long period of time, remain safe, effective and affordable by the community.
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Dijanic, Christopher, Jillian Nickerson, Sunita Shakya, Amanda Dijanic, and Marilyn Fabbri. "Relapsing Malaria: A Case Report of Primaquine Resistance." Case Reports in Infectious Diseases 2018 (2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9720823.

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Primaquine (an 8-aminoquinoline malarial therapy) is the only FDA-approved therapy to treat the hypnozoite stage of P. vivax. We think of relapse occurring because of parasitic resistance or poor compliance secondary to drug toxicities. However, in patients with repeated treatment failure, we must consider CYP-450 mutations affecting drug metabolism as an important cause of relapse. A 47-year-old man who travelled to a jungle in Venezuela was diagnosed with P. falciparum and P. vivax in July 2015. He was treated with seven rounds of primaquine-based therapy in the following year, all resulted in relapse without further exposure to endemic areas. On his eighth presentation, he was found to have CYP-4502D6 mutation that affected the metabolism and activation of primaquine. Thereafter, he was treated without relapse. Primaquine efficacy depends on many factors. Understanding the mechanism responsible for malaria relapse is paramount for successful treatment and reduction in morbidity and mortality. This case illustrates the importance of considering cytochrome mutations that affect drug efficacy in cases of relapsing malaria.
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Kain, Kevin C. "Chemotherapy of Drug-Resistant Malaria." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 7, no. 1 (1996): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1996/139612.

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OBJECTIVE: To review the impact of drug-resistant malaria on current management of plasmodial infections.DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search of the English-language medical literature from 1985 to 1995; bibliographies of selected papers; international malaria advisory experts.DATA SYNTHESIS: Combinations of artemisinin derivatives and mefloquine or atovaquone plus proguanil appear to be the most active drug regimens against multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria from Southeast Asia. The optimal therapy for chloroquine-resistantPlasmodium vivaxis unknown, but recent data indicate that halofantrine or chloroquine plus high doses of primaquine are efficacious.CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of drug-resistant malaria continues to increase at a rate that exceeds new drug development. Ultimately the control of malaria will require more creative approaches than just the development of additional inhibitory drugs. These might include the identification of biochemical pathways unique to the parasite (such as drug efflux and heme polymerization), making it possible to design new classes of antimalarial agents that are selectively toxic to the parasite; methods to block parasite development in the mosquito vector; and multistage vaccines against asexual and sexual stages to block both the pathophysiology and the transmission of disease.
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Orwa, Titus Okello, Rachel Waema Mbogo, and Livingstone Serwadda Luboobi. "Multiple-Strain Malaria Infection and Its Impacts on Plasmodium falciparum Resistance to Antimalarial Therapy: A Mathematical Modelling Perspective." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2019 (June 11, 2019): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9783986.

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The emergence of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs has contributed significantly to global human mortality and morbidity due to malaria infection. The impacts of multiple-strain malarial parasite infection have further generated a lot of scientific interest. In this paper, we demonstrate, using the epidemiological model, the effects of parasite resistance and competition between the strains on the dynamics and control of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. The analysed model has a trivial equilibrium point which is locally asymptotically stable when the parasite’s effective reproduction number is less than unity. Using contour plots, we observed that the efficacy of antimalarial drugs used, the rate of development of resistance, and the rate of infection by merozoites are the most important parameters in the multiple-strain P. falciparum infection and control model. Although the drug-resistant strain is shown to be less fit, the presence of both strains in the human host has a huge impact on the cost and success of antimalarial treatment. To reduce the emergence of resistant strains, it is vital that only effective antimalarial drugs are administered to patients in hospitals, especially in malaria-endemic regions. Our results emphasize the call for regular and strict surveillance on the use and distribution of antimalarial drugs in health facilities in malaria-endemic countries.
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Spencer, Lilian M., Andreyna Peña-Quintero, Nieves Canudas, Inexis Bujosa, and Neudo Urdaneta. "Antimalarial effect of two photo-excitable compounds in a murine model with Plasmodium berghei (Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae)." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 880. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33420.

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Malaria represents a major health problem worldwide, affecting around 198 million people in 2016 according to WHO database. For decades, anti-malarial drug therapy has been used in the battle against this disease and its uncontrolled usage in endemic areas has developed the appearance of the drug resistance. Thus, it has emerged the necessity of finding new treatments that could be used as an alternative cure to malaria infection. The aim of this work was the evaluation of two photo-excitable compounds: Compound 1, which is (2E)-3-(4-dimethylamino-phenyl)-1-(4-imidazol-1-yl-phenyl)prop-2-en-1-one) and Compound 2, (1E,4E)-1-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadiene-3-one) as possible anti-malaria drugs with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain in BALB/c mice as murine model. Cytotoxicity effect was evaluated by a cell proliferation by colorimetry assay (MTS); and the drug incorporation into the parasite was assessed in vitro with Indirect Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA) to determine the localization of the drugs into the parasitized red blood cells (RBCs). Finally, the curative effect of compounds no-radiation (fundamental state) and ration drugs were evaluated by oral drug administration of this drugs in BALB/c mice and chloroquine was used as positive control. This curative effect was determined daily by the parasitemia percentage. The results showed that both compounds were cytotoxic in fundamental state. Furthermore, cytotoxic effect was increased after radiation into the Solar Simulator, and compound 2 was more cytotoxic than compound 1. Curative assays showed that both compounds in fundamental state were non effective as anti-malarial drug. However, in the curative assays in the mice treated with compound 2, when this was ration showed a survival rate of 33 % and a parasitemia percentage decrease in compare to compound 1. Although the compounds did not show a similar or better anti-malarial effect than Chloroquine, Compound 2 presented certain anti-malarial effect after solar radiation. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 880-891. Epub 2018 June 01.
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Chahar, Madhvi, Anup Anvikar, and Neena Valecha. "Development and Evaluation of a Novel HNB Based Isothermal Amplification Assay for Fast Detection of Pyrimethamine Resistance (S108N) in Plasmodium falciparum." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 9 (May 10, 2019): 1635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16091635.

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Sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine (SP) have been used as long-acting partner antimalarial drugs in artemisinin combination therapy (ACT) for falciparum malaria. The emergence and increasing spread of SP resistance in malaria-endemic areas have become a challenge for the control of malaria. Therefore, regular monitoring of the mutation status of partner drugs is important for the better management of drug policy. There are limitations with traditional molecular methods and there is an urgent need for an easy method for diagnosis of drug resistance. In this study we have introduced and developed a novel single nucleotide polymorphism loop-mediated isothermal amplification (SNP–LAMP) approach based on a hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) indicator for the easier and quicker detection of pyrimethamine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. To implement this novel approach, many sets of LAMP primers were designed and tested. Finally, one set of forward inner primer M1 (FIPM1) of LAMP primer was selected that specifically distinguishes pyrimethamine-resistant P. falciparum malaria. The LAMP reactions were optimized at 60–66 °C for 45 min. High sensitivity (7 parasites/µL) was observed with 10−4 fold dilutions (<2 ng DNA) of genomic DNA. Moreover, this approach has the potential to be applied even in laboratories unfamiliar with PCR or other molecular methods, and in future, this can be helpful for the better management of anti-malarial policy.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Malaria – Drug therapy"

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Ashley, Elizabeth. "New directions inartemisinin-based combination therapy : chemotherapeutic studies of multi-drug resistant falciparum malaria." Thesis, Open University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446295.

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Abrahams, Meryl Arlene. "Bioassay-guided fractionation of Artemisia afra for in vitro antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26263.

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With the increase in recent years in the prevalence of malaria, and in drug resistance of Plasmodium falciparum, there has been much interest in natural plant products for new antimalarials with novel modes of action against Plasmodium. Artemisinin or Qinghaosu is one such antimalarial isolated from a Chinese herb, Anemisia annua (Asteraceae) and it is currently undergoing phase I and II clinical trials. The Southern African species, Artemisia afra (African wormwood, wildeals, lengana) is commonly used by local traditional healers for symptoms of malaria, in particular fever. Thus it seemed appropriate to investigate this species for antimalarial activity. Crude petroleum ether soxhlet extracts of Anemisia afra had demonstrated antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum, FCR-3, cultured in vitro. The IC₅₀ values ranged from 5-13μg/ml. The extract from leaves and flowers was then screened against D10 (chloroquine-sensitive) and FAC8 (chloroquineresistant) P. falciparum, in vitro, with IC₅₀ values of 1.03μg/ml and l.5μg/ml respectively. This extract was fractionated by column chromatography using silica gel-60 and the fractions obtained were screened for antimalarial activity. The most active fraction had an IC₅₀ of 0.5μg/ml against D10 and FAC8. Using TLC and HPLC-UV analysis with pure artemisinin as a standard, no artemisinin could be detected in this fraction. This result was confirmed by thermospray LC-MS analyses. Purification of this fraction yielded ultimately a single pure compound; a clear colourless oil identified by MS and NMR analyses as hydroxydavanone. The compound was screened against a variety of P. falciparum strains with varying degrees of sensitivity and resistance to both chloroquine and mefloquine. Their sensitivity against artemisinin was also established. IC₅₀ values obtained for the isolated pure compound against P. falciparum ranged from 0.87 to 2.54μg/ml. The IC₅₀ values obtained for general cytotoxicity of the crude extract and isolated pure compound against RAT-I fibroblast cells were 34.78 ± 8.23 and 6.29 ± 0.95 μg/ml (n=4) respectively. Thus the crude extract and isolated pure compound exhibited a greater antimalarial than cytotoxic effect. Hence, there are implications for A. afra to be used as a phytomedicine for the treatment of malaria. In vivo studies are recommended for hydroxydavanone in order to fully assess its potential for clinical use.
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Wright, Colin W. "Recent developments in research on terrestrial plants used for the treatment of malaria." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4541.

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New antimalarial drugs are urgently needed to combat emerging multidrug resistant strains of malaria parasites. This Highlight focuses on plant-derived natural products that are of interest as potential leads towards new antimalarial drugs including synthetic analogues of natural compounds, with the exception of artemisinin derivatives, which are not included due to limited space. Since effective antimalarial treatment is often unavailable or unaffordable to many of those who need it, there is increasing interest in the development of locally produced herbal medicines; recent progress in this area will also be reviewed in this Highlight.
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Momodu, Rametu Omamegbe. "Knowledge and practices of patent medicine vendors in the use of artemisinin based combination therapy in the treatment of malaria in an urban community in Lagos." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2704_1271017667.

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Malaria is a health, social and economic burden in Nigeria and consistently ranks amongst the four most common causes of childhood deaths. Treatment of malaria is usually started at home
care is only sought from the health facility when the treatment is ineffective (McCombie, 1996). Patent medicine vendors (PMVs) have been identified as a widely patronized source for drugs used in the home treatment of malaria (Breiger et al, 2001
Goodman, et al, 2007
Salako et al, 2001). Inadequate or poor knowledge and practices in the use of anti-malaria drugs (AMDs) increases morbidity and mortality, undermines therapeutic efficacy, and promotes the emergence and spread of drugresistant malaria. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe and quantify the knowledge and self-reported practices of PMVs in the use of antimalarials, particularly artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), in a poor urban community in Lagos state, Nigeria.

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Tanner, Delia Caroline. "Over-expression, purification and biochemical characterization of DOXP reductoisomerase and the rational design of novel anti-malarial drugs." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003990.

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Malaria poses the greatest threat of all parasites to human life. Current vaccines and efficacious drugs are available however their use is limited due to toxicity, emergence of drug resistance, and cost. The discovery of an alternative pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis, the non-mevalonate pathway, within the malarial parasite has resulted in development of novel anti-malarial drugs. 1-Deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate (DOXP) reductoisomerase, the second enzyme in this pathway, is responsible for the synthesis of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) in an intramolecular rearrangement step followed by a reduction process involving NADPH as a hydrogen donor and divalent cations as co-factors. Fosmidomycin and FR900098 have been identified as inhibitors of DOXP reductoisomerase. However, they lack clinical efficacy. In this investigation recombinant DOXP reductoisomerase from Escherichia coli (EcDXR) and Plasmodium falciparum (pfDXR) were biochemically characterized as potential targets for inhibition. (His)6-EcDXR was successfully purified using nickel-chelate affinity chromatography with a specific activity of 1.77 μmoles/min/mg and Km value 282 μM. Utilizing multiple sequence alignment, previous structural data predictions and homology modeling approaches, critical active site amino acid residues were identified and their role in the catalytic activity investigated utilizing site-directed mutagenesis techniques. We have shown evidence that suggests that Trp212 and Met214 interact to maintain the active site architecture and hydrophobic interactions necessary for substrate binding, cofactor binding and enzyme activity. Replacement of Trp212 with Tyr, Phe, and Leu reduced specific activity relative to EcDXR. EcDXR(W212F) and EcDXR(W212Y) had an increased Km relative to EcDXR indicative of loss in affinity toward DOXP, whereas EcDXR(W212L) had a lower Km of ~8 μM indicative of increased affinity for DOXP. The W212L substitution possibly removed contacts necessary for full catalytic activity, but could be considered a non-disruptive substitution in that it maintained active site architecture sufficient for DOXP reductoisomerase activity. EcDXR(M214I) had 36-fold reduced enzyme activity relative to EcDXR, while its Km (~8 μM) was found to be lower than that of EcDXR. This suggested that the M214I substitution had maintained (perhaps improved) substrate and active site architecture, but may have perturbed interactions with NADPH. Rational drug design strategies and docking methods have been utilized in the development of furan derivatives as DOXP reductoisomerase inhibitors, and the synthesis of phosphorylated derivatives (5) and (6) has been achieved. Future inhibitor studies using these novel potential DOXP reductoisomerase inhibitors may lead to the development of effective anti-malarial drug candidates.
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Khan, Tasmiyah. "Development of a novel, quantitative assay for determining the rate of activity of antimalarial drugs." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001618.

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Malaria, caused by an intracellular Plasmodium parasite, remains a devastating disease, having claimed approximately 655 000 lives worldwide in 2010. The Medicines for Malaria Venture suggests a "single-dose radical cure" as the ideal malaria treatment since rapid clearance of blood-stage parasites and symptom relief improves patient compliance and limits drug resistance. Thus, novel antimalarials should be rapid-acting and assessing their rate of activity is critical to drug discovery. Traditional evaluation of this rate by morphological assessments is flawed by highly subjective, operator-specific interpretations, mainly due to heterogeneous parasite morphology under routine culture conditions. This study aimed to develop an alternative, quantitative assay. Energy is vital for the growth and maintenance of all living organisms. Commercially available kits allow rapid quantification of the cell's energy currency, ATP. Therefore, quantification of parasite ATP shows potential for diagnosing abnormal parasite metabolism and the kinetics of drug action. In this study, a rapid protocol for detecting ATP in Plasmodium falciparum parasites using a luminescence-based kit was developed and optimised. Furthermore, luciferase-expressing transgenic parasites, in which luciferase activity is detected using a similar kit, were acquired. The utility of both methods for evaluating the rate of drug-induced stress was explored using antimalarials with varying modes of action and, presumably, rates of activity. Results showed that parasite ATP remained unchanged, increased or decreased during drug exposure. Morphological examinations by light microscopy and a Recovery assay, aided interpretation of the drug-induced changes in parasite ATP. These investigations suggested that unchanged parasite ATP levels reflect poor drug action, increased ATP levels indicate a stress response and partially compromised viability, while significantly reduced ATP reflects severely compromised viability. Concerning the Luciferase assay, parasite luciferase activity decreased during drug exposure, even in the presence of proteasome inhibitors. Changes in parasite ATP and luciferase activity occurred at rates which suggested that chloroquine is slow-acting, mefloquine has a moderate rate of activity and artemisinin is rapid-acting. These findings are compatible with the expected rates of activity of these established antimalarials. Hence, measurement of parasite ATP and/or luciferase activity may support assessments of parasite health and the kinetics of antimalarial action during drug discovery
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Pillay, Chanelle Monique. "Characterisation of Plasmodium falciparum proteins expressed on infected red blood cell surfaces as potential drug targets for severe malaria therapy." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53040.

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The most severe form of malaria in humans is caused by the intracellular parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The African continent bears the greatest burden of malaria with 90% of all malaria deaths occurring in sub-Saharan Africa where the high risk populations include pregnant woman and children under the age of five. Fatal cases of malaria are often a result of the progression of the disease to a life threatening syndrome where intravenous quinine or artesunate are administered as an emergency treatment, however a 15-20% mortality rate is still observed among treated individuals. Pathogenesis of severe malaria is associated with the mature or late trophozoite stage of the parasite s intra-erythrocyte life cycle. At this stage the intracellular parasite expresses parasite derived proteins on the surface of the red blood cell (RBCs) that bind to host endothelial receptors. This cytoadhesion ultimately allows the parasite to multiply unhindered by the host resulting in high parasitaemia levels which is associated with the extent of the symptoms associated with severe malaria. There is currently no effective vaccine available for malaria and available antimalarial drugs are often compromised by rapidly developing drug resistance. Therefore there is an urgent need to identify novel drug targets for the treatment of severe malaria and to explore therapeutic agents that can be used as adjuncts to the currently available anti-malarial drugs. Statins, also known as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, have been identified as a potential adjunctive therapy for severe malaria due to their pleiotropic effects which include anti-cytoadhesive activity. The aim of this study was to characterise cytoadhesive related parasite proteins that are expressed on the surface of parasitised RBCs and then to assess the effects of a classic statin, lovastatin, on these parasite proteins. This was done in order to provide improved insight and extend existing knowledge on the potential role statins may have in treating severe malaria. The P. falciparum 3D7 strain was efficiently synchronised and cultured according to standard culturing procedures and selective harvesting provided a 90% enrichment of narrowly synchronised cultures at the late trophozoite stage (35 -40 hours post invasion). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to successfully illustrate parasite induced morphological changes to the surface of parasitised RBCs which included parasitic knob structures, a characteristic feature of severe malaria. Isolation of membranes of equivalent RBCs and parasitised RBCs that were untreated and treated with 10 ?M of lovastatin was optimised and surface proteins were fractionated using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Bands of interest that were visually apparent on Stain Free imaged gels and Coomassie brilliant blue stained gels were excised and in-gel trypsinised followed by peptide sequencing by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Advanced proteomic software was then used to successfully confirm the identity of key RBC structural membrane proteins as well as several parasite surface proteins, such as P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 3 (PfEMP3), P. falciparum knob associated histidine rich protein (PfKAHRP), P. falciparum mature infected erythrocyte surface antigen (PfMESA) and P. falciparum cytoadhesion linked asexual gene (PfCLAG) proteins. These cytoadhesive related proteins were identified on the membranes of parasitised RBCs that were treated with lovastatin thus suggesting that although lovastatin has the ability to retard cytoadhesion it is apparently not through the inhibition of expression of parasite derived adhesion proteins. The study also highlighted the need for stringent controls when using label-free proteomics to assess differential protein expression. The effects of lovastatin on protein abundance were inconclusive due to the low abundance of these proteins. This study demonstrated the potential of combining pharmacological studies with advanced proteomic techniques where the effects of physiological relevant concentrations of a drug were successfully assessed at the parasite protein expression level.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
Pharmacology
MSc
Unrestricted
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Ursing, Johan. "Plasmodium Falciparum response to chloroquine and artemisinin based combination therapy (Act) in Guinea Bissau." Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2009. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2009/978-91-7409-695-8/.

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Afolayan, Anthonia Folake. "Isolation and characterization of antiplasmodial metabolites from South African marine alga." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003063.

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Malaria is one of the three most deadly diseases in Africa. Although there are available treatments, their efficacy has been greatly reduced over the past two decades due to the development of resistance to currently available drugs. This has necessitated the search for new and effective antimalarial agents. This project approached the search for new antimalarial compounds in two ways: (i) by screening natural products isolated from marine algae against the Plasmodium parasite and (ii) by modification of selected isolated active compounds to target 1-deoxY-đ-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR), an enzyme found in the nonmevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway of Plasmodium Jalciparum. It was envisaged that such a compound would exhibit dual action on the Plasmodium parasite. Extracts obtained from 22 marine algae were prefractionated by solvent partitioning and were screened for anti plasmodial activity against the chloroquine sensitive (CQS) P. Jalciparum D 10 strain. Overall, 50% of the algae screened produced at least one crude fraction with activity against P. Jalciparum. Extracts of the algae Sargassum heterophyllum, Plocamium cornutum, Amphiroa ephedrea and Pterosiphonia cloiophylla gave the most promising results. Fractionation of S. heterophyllum afforded three tetraprenyltoluquinols (3.1, 3.2 and 3.5) and an all-trans-fucoxanthin (3.6). Three new compounds (4.5, 4.6 and 4.7) and two known halogenated monoterpenes (4.1 and 4.4) were isolated from P. cornutum. Each of the isolated compounds from both S. heterophyllum and P. cornutum showed antiplasmodial activity with IC₅₀ values ranging from 2.0 - 15.3 μM for S. heterophyllum and 13 - 230 μM for P. cornutum. Attempts to synthetically modify halogenated monoterpene 4.4 by dihydroxylation and phosphorylation in order to inhibit the DXR enzyme was unsuccessful. However, the hemiterpene analogue (5.42) of the halogenated monoterpenes was successfully phosphorylated and dihydroxylated to give compound 5.45 which showed promising activity against DXR. The result obtained indicated that the proposed phosphorylation and dihydroxylation of the halogenated monoterpene 4.4 would result in the synthesis of a potent DXR inhibitor and therefore a potential antimalarial agent with dual mode of action on the Plasmodium parasite.
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Schilke, Jessica L. "Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACTs) Drug Resistance Trends in Plasmodium falciparum Isolates in Southeast Asia." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002858.

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Books on the topic "Malaria – Drug therapy"

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A, Flanigan Devin, ed. Malaria research trends. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2007.

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London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Public Health Forum. Malaria: Waiting for the vaccine. Chichester: Wiley, 1991.

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World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the treatment of malaria. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.

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Sherman, Irwin W. Malaria vaccines: The continuing quest. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2016.

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The fever trail: The hunt for the cure for malaria. London: Macmillan, 2001.

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Honigsbaum, Mark. The fever trail: In search of the cure for malaria. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002.

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Merlin, Willcox, Bodeker Gerard, and Rasanavo Philippe, eds. Traditional medicinal plants and malaria. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

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Microbiology, American Society for, ed. Magic bullets to conquer malaria: From quinine to qinghaosu. Washington, DC: ASM Press, 2010.

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1941-, Eaton John Wallace, Meshnick Steven R, and Brewer George J. 1930-, eds. Malaria and the red cell 2: Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Malaria and the Red Cell, held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, October 24, 1988. New York: A.R. Liss, 1989.

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Arrow, Kenneth Joseph, Hellen Gelband, and Claire Panosian. Saving lives, buying time: Economics of malaria drugs in an age of resistance. Edited by Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on the Economics of Antimalarial Drugs and NetLibrary Inc. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Malaria – Drug therapy"

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Vial, Henri J., Diana Penarete, Sharon Wein, Sergio Caldarelli, Laurent Fraisse, and Suzanne Peyrottes. "Lipids as Drug Targets for Malaria Therapy." In Apicomplexan Parasites, 137–62. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527633883.ch8.

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Kumar, Pawan, Chitra Latka, and Bhupesh Taneja. "Current Antifungal Therapy and Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Dermatophytes." In Drug Resistance in Bacteria, Fungi, Malaria, and Cancer, 371–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48683-3_17.

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Mishra, Mitali, Vikash Kumar Mishra, Varsha Kashaw, and Sushil Kumar Kashaw. "Molecular Approaches for Malaria Therapy." In Plasmodium Species and Drug Resistance [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98396.

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Malaria is a potentially fatal blood disease spread by mosquitos. Malaria is preventable, but it is more prevalent in developing countries where prevention is difficult and prophylaxis is often inaccessible. Malaria remains one of the world’s most serious public health problems, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The development of resistance is a current problem that poses a danger to the environment. Resistance is a current problem that could jeopardise the use of well-established and cost-effective antimalarials. The World Health Organisation recommends an artemisinin-based drug combination (ACT) to avoid or postpone the development of resistance. This book’s chapter discusses current medicines as well as potential and rational possibilities for finding new drugs to treat malady. There were also WHO recommendations for both complicated and non-complicated malaria. Other preventive measures such as ITN and IPT are listed in the manuscript in addition to routine care. While a brief overview of the vaccine tested so far has been included, there is currently no vaccine available to treat malaria.
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Imrat, Ajeet Kumar Verma, and Pooja Rani Mina. "Recent Advances in Antimalarial Drug Discovery: Challenges and Opportunities." In Plasmodium Species and Drug Resistance [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97401.

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Malaria is a global health problem that needs attention from drug discovery scientists to investigate novel compounds with high drug efficacy, safety and low cost to encounter the malaria parasites that are resistant to existing drug molecules. Antimalarial drug development follows several approaches, ranging from modifications of existing agents to the design of novel agents that act against novel targets. Most of market and clinical drugs act on blood schizonticide are in current therapy for malaria reduction. This chapter will intend to highlight the currently available drugs including various novel agents. In addition, emphasis has been given on the prospective pharmacophores that are likely to emerge as effective clinical candidates in the treatment of malaria. Besides all aspects, some alternative approaches will also be highlight.
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Rudrapal, Mithun, Dipak Chetia, and Soumya Bhattacharya. "Development of Phytomedicines as Novel Antimalarial Lead Molecules: Progress towards Successful Antimalarial Drug Discovery." In Drug Repurposing - Advances, Scopes and Opportunities in Drug Discovery [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.108729.

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Among numerous life-threatening infectious diseases (HIV/AIDS, TB, NTDs and EIDs), malaria continues to be the deadliest parasitic disease caused by Plasmodium protozoa transmitted by an infective female Anopheles mosquito. Plasmodium falciparum, the potentially fatal malaria parasite, is believed to be responsible for most of the morbidities and mortalities associated with malaria infections. Artemisinin-based Combination Therapies (ACTs) are currently considered to be the frontline therapy against malaria caused by P. falciparum. Despite significant progresses in antimalarial drug discovery, the control and prevention of malaria is still a challenging task. It is primarily because of the reduced clinical efficacy of existing antimalarial therapies including ACTs due to the widespread emergence of drug-resistant strains of malaria parasites, especially P. falciparum. It is, therefore, necessary to discover and develop novel drug candidates and/or alternative therapies for the treatment as well as prevention of resistant malaria. In this chapter, the potential of phytomedicines as natural sources of novel antimalarial lead molecules/ drugs with recent advances in phytomedicine-based antimalarial drug discovery has been reviewed.
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Kofi Turkson, Bernard, Alfred Ofori Agyemang, Desmond Nkrumah, Reinhard Isaac Nketia, Michael Frimpong Baidoo, and Merlin Lincoln Kwao Mensah. "Treatment of Malaria Infection and Drug Resistance." In Plasmodium Species and Drug Resistance [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98373.

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Malaria is a public health challenge that requires prompt treatment for those infected to make a full recovery. Treatment of malaria infection is to be started as soon as a diagnosis is confirmed. Antimalarial medications are administered to prevent and also to treat malaria. The type of medication used and the duration of therapy is dependent on the type of malaria-causing plasmodium species, the severity of the symptoms, geographical area where malaria infection occurred and the medication used to prevent malaria and whether there is pregnancy. Treatment of malaria from public health perspective is to reduce transmission of the infection to others, by reducing the infectious reservoir and to prevent the emergence and spread of resistance to antimalarial medicines. Medications used in the treatment of malaria infection come from the following five groups of chemical compounds: quinolines and aryl amino alcohols, antifolate, artemisinin derivatives, hydroxynaphthoquinones and antibacterial agents. The treatment of malaria is not initiated until the diagnosis has been established through laboratory testing. Artemisinin-based Combination Therapy (ACTs) has been used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria. ACTs are also to enhance treatment and protect against the development of drug resistance. IV artesunate is used in the treatment of severe malaria, regardless of infecting species.
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Saini, Sheetal, Rajinder Kumar, and Rajeev K. Tyagi. "Stable Artesunate Resistance in A Humanized Mouse Model of Plasmodium falciparum." In Plasmodium Species and Drug Resistance. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.100381.

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Plasmodium falciparum, the most devastating human malaria parasite, confers higher morbidity and mortality. Although efforts have been made to develop an effective malaria vaccine, stage- and species-specific short-lived immunity crippled these efforts. Hence, antimalarial drug treatment becomes a mainstay for the treatment of malaria infection in the wake of the unavailability of an effective vaccine. Further, there has been a wide array of antimalarial drugs effective against various developmental stages of P. falciparum due to their different structures, modes of action, and pharmacodynamics as well as pharmacokinetics. The development of resistance against almost all frontline drugs by P. falciparum indicates the need for combination therapy (artemisinin-based combination therapy; ACT) to treat patients with P. falciparum. A higher pool of parasitemia under discontinuous in vivo artemisinin drug pressure in a developed humanized mouse allows the selection of artesunate resistant (ART-R) P. falciparum. Intravenously administered artesunate, using either single flash doses or a 2-day regimen, to the P. falciparum-infected human blood chimeric NOD/SCID.IL-2Rγ−/− immunocompromised (NSG) mice, with progressive dose increments upon parasite recovery, was the strategy deployed to select resistant parasites. Parasite susceptibility to artemisinins and other antimalarial compounds was characterized in vitro and in vivo. P. falciparum has shown to evolve extreme artemisinin resistance as well as co-resistance to antimalarial drugs. Overall, the present information shall be very useful in devising newer therapeutic strategies to treat human malaria infection.
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Goel, Richa. "Current Antimalarial Treatments: Focus on Artemisia annua Dry Leaf." In Malaria - Recent Advances, and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106736.

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Since a lot of drugs that were used for the treatment of malaria has shown resistance to the Plasmodium species. Even the ACT (Artemisia combination therapy) is not effective in certain cases. There is a need to look for some alternatives, which are effective in the clinical treatment of malaria and affordable for the general population. A therapy called Artemisia annua dry leaf antimalarial therapy (ALT) has been shown to be effective against artemisinin-resistant malarial infections and its treatment is resilient to resistance development in animal model systems. This proves to be an effective alternative to presently available antimalarials. This review defines the characteristics of different species of malaria-causing parasites, their vectors, endemicity, and features of the disease development, followed by properties of currently used (approved) antimalarials. The choices and methodologies of administration of antimalarials to adult, child, pregnant, and lactating women patients with acute and complicated malaria are described, followed by strategies to combat drug-resistant malaria, especially artemisinin resistance. A special emphasis on the origin, empirical basis, evidence on clinical efficacy, and cost aspects of ALT is given, along with the focus on the possibilities of repurposing ALT as a treatment for a variety of autoimmune, metabolic, and cancerous diseases.
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"Erythropoietin – A Possible Adjunctive Therapy for Cerebral Malaria." In Frontiers in Drug Discovery: Erythropoietic Stimulating Agents, edited by Casper Hempel and Jørgen A.L. Kurtzhals, 232–54. BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/9781608057474113010016.

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"Malaria (Plasmodium Falciparum, Plasmodium Vivax)." In The APRN and PA’s Complete Guide to Prescribing Drug Therapy. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/9780826179340.0241.

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Conference papers on the topic "Malaria – Drug therapy"

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Azeez, Abolaji, Olubukola Yetunde Azeez, and Matthew Ayegboyin. "Breeding Drug Abusers: Patent Medicine Vendors Experiences in Semi-Urban Areas of Ibadan, Nigeria." In 28th iSTEAMS Multidisciplinary Research Conference AIUWA The Gambia. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v28n2p12.

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Indiscriminate drug use consistently constitutes a public health threat in developing countries including Nigeria. Therefore, the study explored PMVs’ experiences to understand the socio-economic factors accountable for the demand and dispensation of multiple drugs to clients. The study was exploratory and qualitative. Through respondents determined survey (RDS), four patent medicine vendors and one pharmacist were recruited into the study for in-depth interviews. The PMVs had at least 7 years’ experience and were aware of the restrictions guiding drugs they could sell. Although PMVs were prohibited from clerking clients lowincome households would constantly request for the multiple drugs especially to treat malaria and body pains. The clients reportedly wanted faster relief and cheaper therapy -as low as 100 naira i.e. 0.28$. Also, such choices were made to treat under-five children however, the PMVs reportedly exercised caution on this. Consequent to that, the PMVs advised their clients to consult a physician. The PMVs believed their services and products were less expensive. Also, the vendors relied on experience, accommodation of local languages, follow up and referral to gain more patronage. The public should be exposed to the danger of consuming multiple drugs to promote a positive attitude towards the proper use of drugs. Keyword: Indiscriminate drug use, treatment, Patent Medicine Vendors, Nigeria
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Reports on the topic "Malaria – Drug therapy"

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Rada, Gabriel. What are the effects of using drugs packaged in unit doses to treat malaria? SUPPORT, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/170305.

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Millions of people contract malaria each year. The WHO currently promotes artemisinin-based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated malaria, but this may be more difficult for patients to correctly adhere to than other treatments. Packaging a course of treatment in units of a single dose may be a more effective way of ensuring that patients take the correct dosage, and thus of increasing treatment success. In this approach, drugs to be taken together are packaged adjacent to each other, sometimes with colours or other markers to show that the drugs should be taken together.
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