Journal articles on the topic 'Malaria Asia, Southeastern Prevention'
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1
Yang, Li. "Acute Kidney Injury in Asia." Kidney Diseases 2, no. 3 (2016): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000441887.
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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common disorder and is associated with a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. The diversity of the climate and of the socioeconomic and developmental status in Asia has a great influence on the etiology and presentation of AKI in different regions. In view of the International Society of Nephrology's 0by25 initiative, more and more attention has been paid to AKI in Asian countries. Summary: In this review, we summarize the recent achievements with regard to the prevalence and clinical patterns of AKI in Asian countries. Epidemiological studies have revealed the huge medical and economic burden of AKI in Eastern Asian countries, whereas the true epidemiological picture of AKI in the tropical areas is still not well understood. In high-income Asian regions, the presentation of AKI resembles that in other developed countries in Europe and North America. In low-income regions and tropical areas, infections, environmental toxins, and obstetric complications remain the major culprits in most cases of AKI. Preventive opportunities are missed because of failure to recognize the risk factors and early signs of AKI. Patients often present late for treatment or are recognized late by physicians, which leads to more severe kidney injury, multiorgan involvement, and increased mortality. There is significant undertreatment of AKI in many regions, and medical resources for renal replacement therapy are not universally available. Key Messages: More efforts should be made to increase public awareness, establish preventive approaches in communities, educate health-care practitioner entities to achieve better recognition, and form specialist renal teams to improve the treatment of AKI. The choice of renal replacement therapy should fit patients' needs, and peritoneal dialysis can be practiced more frequently in the treatment of AKI patients. Facts from East and West: (1) More than 90% of the patients recruited in AKI studies using KDIGO-equivalent criteria originate from North America, Europe, or Oceania, although these regions represent less than a fifth of the global population. However, the pooled incidence of AKI in hospitalized patients reaches 20% globally with moderate variance between regions. (2) The lower incidence rates observed in Asian countries (except Japan) may be due to a poorer recognition rate, for instance because of less systematically performed serum creatinine tests. (3) AKI patients in South and Southeastern Asia are younger than in East Asia and Western countries and present with fewer comorbidities. (4) Asian countries (and to a certain extent Latin America) face specific challenges that lead to AKI: nephrotoxicity of traditional herbal and less strictly regulated nonprescription medicines, environmental toxins (snake, bee, and wasp venoms), and tropical infectious diseases (malaria and leptospirosis). A higher incidence and less efficient management of natural disasters (particularly earthquakes) are also causes of AKI that Western countries are less likely to encounter. (5) The incidence of obstetric AKI decreased globally together with an improvement in socioeconomic levels particularly in China and India in the last decades. However, antenatal care and abortion management must be improved to reduce AKI in women, particularly in rural areas. (6) Earlier nephrology referral and better access to peritoneal dialysis should improve the outcome of AKI patients.
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Basseri, H. R., A. Raeisi, K. Holakouie, and K. Shanadeh. "Malaria prevention among afghan refugees in a malarious area, southeastern Iran." Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique 103, no. 5 (June 5, 2010): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13149-010-0050-3.
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Mohammad, Ahmad Hazim, Nurul Athirah Naserrudin, Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim, Jenarun Jelip, Azman Atil, Mohd Fazeli Sazali, Adora J. Muyou, et al. "Narrative Review of the Control and Prevention of Knowlesi Malaria." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 8 (August 11, 2022): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7080178.
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Despite the reduction in the number of cases of human malaria throughout the world, the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria is continuing to rise, especially in Southeast Asia. The conventional strategies for the prevention and control of human malaria can provide some protection against knowlesi malaria. Despite the numerous studies on the risk factors and the innovative methods that may be used to prevent and control the vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi, the incidence rate remains high. An integrated approach that includes environmental intervention should be adopted in order to ensure the successful control of zoonotic malaria. A combination of personal-level protection, vector control and environmental control may mitigate the risk of Plasmodium knowlesi transmission from macaques to humans and, ultimately, reduce the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria.
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Gómez-Rivera, Ángel S., Rahuel J. Chan-Chablé, Karla L. Canto-Mis, Pedro C. Mis-Ávila, Fabián Correa-Morales, and Pablo Manrique-Saide. "New Distribution Records of Anopheles darlingi in Quintana Roo, Southeastern Mexico." Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 37, no. 3 (August 18, 2021): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2987/21-7010.1.
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ABSTRACT Anopheles darlingi is considered the main vector of malaria in the Neotropical region, so knowledge of its distribution in the Americas is highly relevant for the design of strategies for prevention and control of the illness. In Mexico, An. darlingi was recorded for the first time in 1943, and currently its distribution covers the states of Campeche, Chiapas, Quintana Roo, and Tabasco. In this study, new distribution data and observations of the abundance of An. darlingi in 14 localities of Quintana Roo, southeastern Mexico, are presented.
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Dessauvagie, Anja Susanne, Hoang-Minh Dang, Thi Anh Thu Nguyen, and Gunter Groen. "Mental Health of University Students in Southeastern Asia: A Systematic Review." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 34, no. 2-3 (November 19, 2021): 172–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10105395211055545.
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Mental health in young people is a public health challenge worldwide, with around one-fifth of university students suffering from a 12-month mental disorder. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) of Southeastern Asia, resources for mental health are limited and counseling services are not regularly established at universities. This review aims to determine the prevalence of mental health problems among university students in six ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) countries (Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam) and to identify the determinants of mental health. A systematic database search (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, PubPsych, and Scopus) for peer-reviewed, English language articles, published 2010-2020, reporting prevalence data based on standardized screening instruments resulted in 335 articles; 108 were eligible for full-text analysis, of which 34 could be included in the review. Median point prevalence was 29.4% for depression, 42.4% for anxiety, 16.4% for stress, and 13.9% for disordered eating. Current suicidality was present in 7% to 8% of students. There was a high rate of psychiatric comorbidity. Despite the high prevalence of mental health problems, the willingness to seek professional help was comparatively low. Implications for mental health promotion and prevention in university settings are discussed.
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Chico, R. Matthew, and Jorge Cano. "Devising a strategy for prevention of malaria in pregnant women in the Asia Pacific." Lancet Infectious Diseases 19, no. 9 (September 2019): 919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30390-1.
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Albayat, Soha Shawqi, Suresh B. Kokku, Hamad Eid Al-Romaihi, Devendra Bansal, Hayat Salahaldin Khogali, and Elmoubasher Farag. "Assessment of cabin crew awareness about malaria in a major airline." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 11, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): e2019049. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2019.049.
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Background
Malaria is a global public health problem across Africa, Asia and Americas. In the recent past, a dramatic increase in global air travel networks and connectivity contributed to increased risk of contracting malaria. Airline cabin crew travelling to malaria high-risk countries are at increased risk of contracting the disease. Awareness plays an important role in prevention of malaria among the crew by having high degree of knowledge of disease and adhering to the protective measures advised. In this study we aimed to evaluate the knowledge about malaria, risk assessment, prevention and prophylaxis of malaria among a major commercial airline crew member.
Methods
This was qualitative cross-sectional study based on structured questionnaire conducted among crew members in a major commercial airline. We have deployed purposive sampling to pick 40 crew members who frequently travel to malaria endemic areas as part of their duty. The questionnaire contained both close and open-ended questions, which was given to the participants via the receptionists at the medical centre of the airline.
Results
Most of the cabin crew members were aware about malaria and its causes, symptoms, prevention and effective treatment. Many of the participants have been taking necessary precautions to ensure that they are safe but not all possible measures.
Conclusions
The baseline data should be further confirmed to assist in giving the appropriate recommendations to help combat the issue of protecting cabin crews from the risks of Malaria.
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Steketee, Richard W., Misun Choi, Anne Linn, Lia Florey, Matthew Murphy, and Rajesh Panjabi. "World Malaria Day 2021: Commemorating 15 Years of Contribution by the United States President’s Malaria Initiative." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 104, no. 6 (June 2, 2021): 1955–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-0432.
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Abstract.World Malaria Day 2021 coincides with the 15th anniversary of the United States President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI) and follows the first anniversary of the declaration of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. From 2006 to the present, the PMI has led to considerable country-managed progress in malaria prevention, care, and treatment in 24 of the highest-burden countries in sub-Saharan Africa and three countries in the Southeast Asia Greater Mekong subregion. Furthermore, it has contributed to a 29% reduction in malaria cases and a 60% reduction in the death rates in sub-Saharan Africa. In this context of progress, substantial heterogeneity persists within and between countries, such that malaria control programs can seek subnational elimination in some populations but others still experience substantial malaria disease and death. During the COVID-19 pandemic, most malaria programs have shown resilience in delivering prevention campaigns, but many experienced important disruptions in their care and treatment of malaria illness. Confronting the COVID-19 pandemic and building on the progress against malaria will require fortitude, including strengthening the quality and ensuring the safety and resiliency of the existing programs, extending services to those currently not reached, and supporting the people and partners closest to those in need.
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Qureshi, Ihtesham, Mohtashim A. Qureshi, Rohit K. Gudepu, and Nimmathota Arlappa. "Prevalence of malaria infection among under five year tribal children residing in malaria endemic forest villages." F1000Research 3 (November 20, 2014): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.5632.1.
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Malaria is a life-threatening protozoal infection and India has the highest malaria burden in South East Asia. The objective of this communication is to assess the prevalence of malaria infection amongst forest dwelling tribal children under the age of five residing in malaria endemic regions of the Andhra Pradesh and Chhattisgarh states of India. A total of 5,801 children attended seven outpatient mobile clinics in 2012. Of them, 2,123 children had a history of fever and were screened for malaria with a Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). About 37% of children had a history of fever. Of them, 34% children were diagnosed with malaria. The majority (66%) of children with a positive RDT had a mixed malaria infection of both Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, followed by single infections of P. falciparum (18.9%) and P. vivax (14.2%). Malaria infection is a major public health concern amongst the tribal children residing in these malaria endemic forest villages. Therefore, region specific sustainable intervention measures need to be initiated for the prevention and control of malaria and malaria related deaths in this region.
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Ferreira-Silva, Marcia Maria, Aline Menezes Carlos, and Glaucia Aparecida Domingos Resende. "Malaria Transfusional Transmission: Epidemiological Review, Screening Protocols and Prevention Mechanisms." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 7 (July 31, 2021): 624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1288.
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Malaria is a neglected tropical disease, whose main form of transmission occurs through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito infected by the parasite Plasmodium sp. Its clinical symptoms range from asymptomatic cases to more severe and fatal conditions. Added to this natural transmission mechanism, many studies report that Malaria is one of the main infectious diseases transmitted by transfusion. There are reports of prevalence among blood donors in the five continents, with the highest number of cases in Africa, Asia and South America, regions of high endemicity. Factors such as the high prevalence rate of asymptomatic malaria carriers, as well as deficient regulation in the screening of blood donors and an ineffective hemovigilance policy make the risk of Transfusion-Transmitted Malaria (TTM) worse, exposing millions of people possible contamination by transfusion, especially in underdeveloped countries. Patients with underlying diseases or immunosuppressed who require polytransfusions are the most susceptible to TTM. After an eventual transfusion of bags contaminated by Plasmodium sp, these patients can develop the most severe form of the disease, presenting high-risk clinical complications that can culminate in fatal outcomes. In view of the facts and aiming at greater transfusion safety, it is observed that stricter regulatory policies aimed at preventing TTM are needed; such policies will be more comprehensive if coordinated by the World Health Organization (WHO) and more effective if they are adequate to the reality of endemic and non-endemic countries. In blood banks, control measures should focus mainly on broad serological coverage with high performance tests, in addition to active hemovigilance programs and encouragement of research and implementation of methods of inactivation of pathogens in blood component bags. Given the above, this study was carried out with the aim of providing knowledge of the current panorama of the prevalence of malaria among blood donors and of documented cases of TTM around the world, as well as demonstrating the disease tracking methodologies in use in different countries, and present possibilities for adopting mechanisms that allow better control of the transfusional transmission of malaria in blood banks.
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Talapko, Škrlec, Alebić, Jukić, and Včev. "Malaria: The Past and the Present." Microorganisms 7, no. 6 (June 21, 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7060179.
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Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species Anopheles. Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality around the world, and early diagnosis and fast-acting treatment prevent unwanted outcomes. It is the most common disease in Africa and some countries of Asia, while in the developed world malaria occurs as imported from endemic areas. The sweet sagewort plant was used as early as the second century BC to treat malaria fever in China. Much later, quinine started being used as an antimalaria drug. A global battle against malaria started in 1955, and Croatia declared 1964 to be the year of eradication of malaria. The World Health Organization carries out a malaria control program on a global scale, focusing on local strengthening of primary health care, early diagnosis of the disease, timely treatment, and disease prevention. Globally, the burden of malaria is lower than ten years ago. However, in the last few years, there has been an increase in the number of malaria cases around the world. It is moving towards targets established by the WHO, but that progress has slowed down.
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Naserrudin, Nurul Athirah, Rozita Hod, Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, Kamruddin Ahmed, and Mohd Rohaizat Hassan. "The Emerging Threat of Plasmodium knowlesi Malaria Infection: A Concept Paper on the Vulnerable Factors in Human." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 7 (April 6, 2022): 4419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074419.
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In South-East Asia (SEA), there has been an increase in the trend of detected and reported cases of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in the last few decades. This higher transmission rate within SEA countries is attributed to the distribution of the Macaque, banded leaf monkeys, and Anopheles mosquito in this region. This study aims to propose a concept that highlights the integration of vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria infection. The relevant literature on the vulnerability factors of P. knowlesi was reviewed. Any theories and models that could be integrated to support the factors were also explored throughout this study. Exposure to P. knowlesi malaria was found to be influenced by sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, social context, belief, and human behaviour factors. However, these factors were commonly discussed separately in existing studies. For better disease prevention and control, all these factors should be explored collectively, to facilitate research aimed at generating a deeper understanding of the vulnerability factors to P. knowlesi malaria from various perspectives, including the genetic, sociodemographic, socioeconomic, environmental, sociocultural beliefs, and human behaviour of the population.
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Doumbia, Seydou, Nafomon Sogoba, Mahamadou Diakite, Mahamoudou Toure, Moussa Keita, Drissa Konaté, Sory I. Diawara, et al. "A Decade of Progress Accelerating Malaria Control in Mali: Evidence from the West Africa International Center of Excellence for Malaria Research." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 107, no. 4_Suppl (October 11, 2022): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.21-1309.
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ABSTRACT. This article highlights over a decade of signature achievements by the West Africa International Centers for Excellence in Malaria Research (WA-ICEMR) and its partners toward guiding malaria prevention and control strategies. Since 2010, the WA-ICEMR has performed longitudinal studies to monitor and assess malaria control interventions with respect to space-time patterns, vector transmission indicators, and drug resistance markers. These activities were facilitated and supported by the Mali National Malaria Control Program. Research activities included large-scale active and passive surveillance and expanded coverage of universal long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets and seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC). The findings revealed substantial declines in malaria occurrence after the scale-up of control interventions in WA-ICEMR study sites. WA-ICEMR studies showed that SMC using sulfadoxine‐pyrimethamine plus amodiaquine was highly effective in preventing malaria among children under 5 years of age. An alternative SMC regimen (dihydroartemisinin plus piperaquine) was shown to be potentially more effective and provided advantages for acceptability and compliance over the standard SMC regimen. Other findings discussed in this article include higher observed multiplicity of infection rates for malaria in historically high-endemic areas, continued antimalarial drug sensitivity to Plasmodium falciparum, high outdoor malaria transmission rates, and increased insecticide resistance over the past decade. The progress achieved by the WA-ICEMR and its partners highlights the critical need for maintaining current malaria control interventions while developing novel strategies to disrupt malaria transmission. Enhanced evaluation of these strategies through research partnerships is particularly needed in the wake of reported artemisinin resistance in Southeast Asia and East Africa.
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Kim, Young Chan, Barbara Dema, Roberto Rodriguez-Garcia, César López-Camacho, Fabiana M. S. Leoratti, Amar Lall, Edmond J. Remarque, Clemens H. M. Kocken, and Arturo Reyes-Sandoval. "Evaluation of Chimpanzee Adenovirus and MVA Expressing TRAP and CSP from Plasmodium cynomolgi to Prevent Malaria Relapse in Nonhuman Primates." Vaccines 8, no. 3 (July 6, 2020): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030363.
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Plasmodium vivax is the world’s most widely distributed human malaria parasite, with over 2.8 billion people at risk in Asia, the Americas, and Africa. The 80–90% new P. vivax malaria infections are due to relapses which suggest that a vaccine with high efficacy against relapses by prevention of hypnozoite formation could lead to a significant reduction in the prevalence of P. vivax infections. Here, we describe the development of new recombinant ChAdOx1 and MVA vectors expressing P. cynomolgi Thrombospondin Related Adhesive Protein (PcTRAP) and the circumsporozoite protein (PcCSP). Both were shown to be immunogenic in mice prior to their assessment in rhesus macaques. We confirmed good vaccine-induced humoral and cellular responses after prime-boost vaccination in rhesus macaques prior to sporozoite challenge. Results indicate that there were no significant differences between mock-control and vaccinated animals after challenge, in terms of protective efficacy measured as the time taken to 1st patency, or as number of relapses. This suggests that under the conditions tested, the vaccination with PcTRAP and PcCSP using ChAdOx1 or MVA vaccine platforms do not protect against pre-erythrocytic malaria or relapses despite good immunogenicity induced by the viral-vectored vaccines.
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Lim, Renly, Rupam Tripura, Thomas J Peto, Ma Sareth, Nou Sanann, Chan Davoeung, Chea Nguon, and Phaik Yeong Cheah. "Drama as a community engagement strategy for malaria in rural Cambodia." Wellcome Open Research 2 (September 29, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12594.1.
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Background: Countries in Southeast Asia are working to eliminate multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria, a major cause of mortality in tropical regions. Malaria is declining but transmission persists in many rural areas and among forest workers and isolated populations. In these remote communities, conventional health services and education are limited. Mobilising and educating these populations require new approaches as many people are illiterate and do not attend village meetings. This article describes a qualitative study to assess the feasibility of a drama project as a community engagement strategy. Methods: A drama project was conducted in twenty villages in Cambodia with three key messages: to use insecticide-treated bednets and repellents, to get early diagnosis and treatment, and to learn about risks of forest-acquired malaria. Qualitative interviews were conducted with the drama team members, village malaria workers, local health staffs and villagers, to explore the feasibility of using drama to engage the community and the associated challenges. Results: 29 people were interviewed, which included 18 semi-structured interviews and one focus group discussion. Analysis of the interviews resulted in development of the following seven themes: i) exposure to malaria and engagement activities, ii) readiness and barriers to participation, iii) understanding and learning about malaria using drama, iv) entertainment value and engagement method preferences, v) challenges to community engagement, vi) future participation and vii) sustainability. The event saw a very positive response, with an encouraging average participation rate of 66%. The project faced several challenges including logistic problems, rescheduling due to raining season, and time- and budget-constraints. Conclusions: Our evaluation demonstrated that the drama project was feasible in promoting awareness and understanding of malaria prevention and control. Audience members perceived drama as entertaining and as the preferred choice of engagement activity. Participatory drama could be considered as part of the community engagement for malaria elimination.
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Lim, Renly, Rupam Tripura, Thomas J Peto, Ma Sareth, Nou Sanann, Chan Davoeung, Chea Nguon, and Phaik Yeong Cheah. "Drama as a community engagement strategy for malaria in rural Cambodia." Wellcome Open Research 2 (May 16, 2018): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.12594.2.
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Background: Countries in Southeast Asia are working to eliminate multidrug-resistant falciparum malaria, a major cause of mortality in tropical regions. Malaria is declining but transmission persists in many rural areas and among forest workers and isolated populations. In these remote communities, conventional health services and education are limited. Mobilising and educating these populations require new approaches as many people are illiterate and do not attend village meetings. This article describes a qualitative study to assess the feasibility of a drama project as a community engagement strategy. Methods: A drama project was conducted in twenty villages in Cambodia with three key messages: to use insecticide-treated bednets and repellents, to get early diagnosis and treatment, and to learn about risks of forest-acquired malaria. Qualitative interviews were conducted with the drama team members, village malaria workers, local health staffs and villagers, to explore the feasibility of using drama to engage the community and the associated challenges. Results: 29 people were interviewed, which included 18 semi-structured interviews and one focus group discussion. Analysis of the interviews resulted in development of the following seven themes: i) exposure to malaria and engagement activities, ii) readiness and barriers to participation, iii) understanding and learning about malaria using drama, iv) entertainment value and engagement method preferences, v) challenges to community engagement, vi) future participation and vii) sustainability. The event saw a very positive response, with an encouraging average participation rate of 66%. The project faced several challenges including logistic problems, rescheduling due to raining season, and time- and budget-constraints. Conclusions: Our evaluation demonstrated that the drama project was feasible in promoting awareness and understanding of malaria prevention and control. Audience members perceived drama as entertaining and as the preferred choice of engagement activity. Participatory drama could be considered as part of the community engagement for malaria elimination.
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Chen, Shuai, Fangyu Ding, Mengmeng Hao, and Dong Jiang. "Mapping the Potential Global Distribution of Red Imported Fire Ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) Based on a Machine Learning Method." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 6, 2020): 10182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310182.
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As one of the most notorious invasive species, the red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) has many adverse impacts on biodiversity, environment, agriculture, and human health. Mapping the potential global distribution of S. invicta becomes increasingly important for the prevention and control of its invasion. By combining the most comprehensive occurrence records with an advanced machine learning method and a variety of geographical, climatic, and human factors, we have produced the potential global distribution maps of S. invicta at a spatial resolution of 5 × 5 km2. The results revealed that the potential distribution areas of S. invicta were primarily concentrated in southeastern North America, large parts of South America, East and Southeast Asia, and Central Africa. The deforested areas in Central Africa and the Indo-China Peninsula were particularly at risk from S. invicta invasion. In addition, this study found that human factors such as nighttime light and urban accessibility made considerable contributions to the boosted regression tree (BRT) model. The results provided valuable insights into the formulation of quarantine policies and prevention measures.
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Gunawan, Carta A., Loly R. D. Siagian, and Edwin Prasetya. "Plasmodium knowlesi infection in East Kalimantan, Indonesia." F1000Research 11 (October 21, 2022): 1204. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.125100.1.
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Plasmodium knowlesi is the fifth species of plasmodium infecting humans and the infection was first discovered in Southeast Asia in 2004. The incidence has been increasingly reported from almost all Southeast Asian countries, including Indonesia. Although the global incidence of malaria has decreased around 50% in the last decade, the increase of knowlesi malaria infection which can cause severe malaria is of concern. During the period of 2018 to 2021, there were seven newfound cases of knowlesi malaria infection in patients treated at hospital in Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. The clinical manifestations and laboratory examinations of these patients are described here. All patients were male and worked in mining and palm oil plantations in the forest in several districts in East, North, and South Kalimantan. The diagnosis was based on microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin blood smear and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Antimalarial treatment was artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) / dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHP) fixed-dose combination via oral administration for three days with the doses were based on body weight. All knowlesi malaria patients in this report were presented as uncomplicated cases with great response to ACT after 2-3 days of administration without any adverse effects. Besides fever, gastrointestinal symptoms were major symptoms. Anemia was rare, leukocyte count was normal, however thrombocytopenia was found in all patients. P. knowlesi infection has been discovered in East Kalimantan Province and recently the incidence might be higher than the reported cases, making it resemble an iceberg phenomenon. Therefore, we should build awareness of the rapid increasing of knowlesi malaria cases and its prevention.
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Aregbeshola, Bolaji Samson, and Samina Mohsin Khan. "Impact of health facilities on malaria control interventions among children under five years of age and pregnant women in Nigeria." South East Asia Journal of Public Health 7, no. 1 (December 31, 2017): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/seajph.v7i1.34677.
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Malaria is still one of the biggest public health problems in Nigeria in spite of numerous control interventions against the disease as well as access to and availability of medicines to address it. The children under five years of age and pregnant women are household members that are most at risk of this disease. The study aims to examine the impact of health facilities on malaria control interventions. Secondary data from Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey 2013 was utilized to investigate the impact of type of health facility visited on malaria control interventions. Variables on malaria control interventions such as malaria prevention in pregnancy, antimalarial drugs and rapid diagnostic testing were analysed. Chi square analysis was used to test for association between variables at 0.05 level of significance. The number of dose of Intermittent Preventive Treatment in Pregnancy (IPTp) taken during pregnancy was associated with private hospital/clinic, government health post and government hospital. The type of antimalarial drug used was associated with the type of health facility visited by children under 5 years. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for children under 5 years of age was associated with government hospital, government health centre, private hospital/clinic, chemist/patent medicine store and other private medical sector. Our study concludes that the type of health facility visited has an impact on malaria control interventions in Nigeria. There is a need for political actors and policy makers to improve the standard of health care facilities across the country in order to engender the provision of adequate health service delivery to the children under 5 years of age and pregnant women.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.7(1) 2017: 35-41
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Wulandari, Retno Dwi. "Kelainan pada Sintesis Hemoglobin: Thalassemia dan Epidemiologi Thalassemia." Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma 5, no. 2 (March 2, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30742/jikw.v5i2.340.
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Hemoglobinopathy includes structural abnormalities and haemoglobin synthesis disorders (thalassemia), is a single gene disorder that was originally found in malaria endemic areas but nowadays can be found all over the world. The birth rate of homozygous or compound heterozygous hemoglobinopathies, including alpha and beta thalassemia is less than 2.4 per 1000 births. Sickle cell anemia is the most prevalent compared to beta major and HbE-beta thalassemia. In Southeast Asia with more than 600 million people, abnormalities in hemoglobin including thalassaemia, HbE and HbCS are the most common and highly prevalent genetic disorders. Indonesia, has several areas that are endemic to malaria, there are many cases of abnormalities in Hb including thalassemia. If the percentage of carriers is associated with the birth rate and the number of Indonesian population and based on the study, it is estimated that the number of thalassemia patients born each year around 2500 children. As the case of thalassemia is increasing from year to year, it is necessary that prevention starts with screening in individuals who have relatives known as a carrier or thalassemia patient.
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Shahandeh, Kh, H. R. Basseri, and Y. Sharifzadeh. "An Application of Cultural Model to Assess and Compare Malaria Prevention Among Afghani Migrant and Baluchi Resident in the Endemic Area, Southeastern Iran." Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health 16, no. 1 (June 18, 2013): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10903-013-9850-4.
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Musdalina, Musdalina. "UPAYA PENINGKATAN PENGETAHUAN DAN SIKAP IBU-IBU DALAM MENGHADAPI STUNTING PADA BALITA DI DUSUN DONDONG TIMUR II, DESA STABAT LAMA BARAT, KECAMATAN WAMPU, KABUPATEN LANGKAT." Jurnal Maternitas Kebidanan 5, no. 2 (October 5, 2020): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.34012/jumkep.v5i2.1228.
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The prevalence of stunting in 2007 in asia is 30,6 % .As much as the stunting 37,2 % in indonesia .In southeastern asia prevalence of toddlers stunting in indonesia very high compared myanmar ( % ) 35 , vietnam ( % ) 23 , malaysia ( % ) 17 , thailand and singapore % ) ( 16 .In indonesia , about 37 % ) ( almost 9 million children under five suffer stunting .Toddlers / baduta ( infants under the age of two years ) experienced stunting will have levels of intelligence is not optimal , took the become more prone to illness and the future can risk to the decreasing levels of productivity .Stunting disease is growing on the baby because it has failed to be nutrient .It got the attention of the all the circles to prevent stunting .But , efforts to prevent not be optimal when mothers do not know stunting .The study is done to 100 respondents who are the women having babies .Of 100 respondents , the mothers tend to have related about lack of knowledge , the symptoms , the impact , the cause and prevention .The research uses 2 mothers method of improving knowledge of integrating card and nutritional counseling. This method is the promotion of health who arranged in a decree of the minister of health of the republic of indonesia in 2007
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Vo, Thanh Sang, Young-Sang Kim, Dai-Nghiep Ngo, and Dai-Hung Ngo. "The Role of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk. Fruits in Downregulation of Mast Cells-Mediated Allergic Responses." BioMed Research International 2019 (June 9, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3505034.
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Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, a flowering plant of Myrtaceae family from southern and southeastern Asia, was known to possess a rich source of structurally diverse and various biological activities. In this study, the inhibitory effect of R. tomentosa fruit extract (RFE) on allergic responses in calcium ionophore A23187-activated RBL-2H3 mast cells was investigated. The result showed that RFE was able to inhibit mast cell degranulation via decreasing β-hexosaminidase release and intracellular Ca2+ elevation at the concentration of 400 μg/ml. Moreover, the suppressive effects of RFE on the production of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were evidenced. In addition, RFE effectively scavenged DPPH radical and suppressed the reactive oxygen species generation in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the pretreatment of RFE caused the downregulation of tyrosine kinase Fyn phospholipid enzyme phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ), extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) phosphorylation. These results indicated that RFE could be a promising inhibitor of allergic responses and may be developed as bioactive ingredient for prevention or treatment of allergic diseases.
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Srivastava Niraj, Saxena Varsha, Gehlot Sangeeta, and Singh B M. "Outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19) in India and Consideration of Preventive Aspects by Ayurveda." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (September 21, 2020): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.3076.
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In December 2019, an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARSCoV-2) infection occurred in Wuhan city, Hubei Province, China (East Asia) furthermore worldwide including India. On 30 January 2020, the first case of the COVID-19 pandemic was reported in India. India has reached more than 1.5 lakh confirmed cases including more than 4000 fatalities by dreadful COVID-19 infection. At present, there is no vaccine for prevention or medicine for treatment. Only preventive measures like frequently hand-wash by soap and water, or hand sanitizers along with social distancing are effective to avoid the exposure of this virus. Ayurveda is the oldest acknowledged organized medicine on the earth. Immunity has an important role in maintaining health and prevention of diseases. In Ayurveda, Rasayana drugs are known for their immunomodulation and rejuvenation properties. On March 31, 2020, Ministry of AYUSH has issued advisory for enhancing immunity through lifestyle modification, dietary management, prophylactic interventions and simple remedies based on the symptoms. After that successful implementation, Government of India has planned to conduct clinical trials on three herbal nootropic and immunomodulatory drugs viz. Ashwagandha, Guduchi and Mulethi and AYUSH-64 (Ayurvedic anti-malaria drug) for their preventive properties against Covid-19 infections. This review article covers summary of the COVID-19 i.e. transmission, clinical presentation, investigation and prevention along with preventive measures in according to Ayurveda that can be adopted for future clinical trial.
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Temitope, Cole, Alice, Abideen, A. Adekanmi, and Uthman,Taiwo Adekanmbi. "Anemia Awareness, Causes, and Prevention among Pregnant Women at Asogbon Phc, Bariga, Lagos State, Nigeria." Journal Healthcare Treatment Development, no. 25 (September 29, 2022): 17–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jhtd25.17.34.
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Anemia has been identified as a serious public health problem in both developed and developing countries, affecting around 2 billion people and accounting for threequarters of a million fatalities per year in Africa and Southeast Asia. Anemia in pregnancy is common, according to research from around the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of awareness, causes, and prevention of anemia in pregnancy among pregnant mothers attending Asogbon PHC Bariga in Lagos State, Nigeria. A well-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The respondents were given a questionnaire. One hundred and nine (109) questionnaires were distributed, collected, and analyzed by respondents. The study's data was examined and processed with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) V21. To assess participant characteristics and offer responses to the study's research questions, descriptive analysis, frequency, average, and percentage were employed. The study discovered that knowledge about anemia signs, vulnerability, food, and prenatal visits was good, but information about causes and perceived effects of anemia was inadequate. According to the findings, the most common known cause of the condition is a poor diet, followed by malaria, worm infestations, and other factors. Despite widespread recognition that poor diet is the leading cause of anemia in pregnancy, there is little information about food sources that can assist in combating the disease. Also, less than half of those who profess knowledge of anemia-fighting foods eat them throughout pregnancy. The study found that the pregnant women were of reproductive age and had completed secondary and higher secondary school. The study revealed that while there was good awareness and prevention of anemia in pregnancy, To obtain a better feto-maternal outcome in pregnancy, there is a need to raise awareness about anemia in pregnancy and implement effective health education programs on anemia prevention.
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Vannier, Edouard, and Peter J. Krause. "Update on Babesiosis." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2009 (2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/984568.
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Human babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne infectious disease caused by intraerythrocytic protozoan species of the genusBabesiawith many clinical features similar to those of malaria. Over the last 50 years, the epidemiology of human babesiosis has changed from a few isolated cases to the establishment of endemic areas in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Episodic cases are reported in Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. The severity of infection ranges from asymptomatic infection to fulminant disease resulting in death, although the majority of healthy adults experience a mild-to-moderate illness. People over the age of 50 years and immunocompromised individuals are at the highest risk of severe disease, including those with malignancy, HIV, lacking a spleen, or receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Asymptomatic carriers present a blood safety risk when they donate blood. Definitive diagnosis of babesial infection generally is made by microscopic identification of the organism on thin blood smear, amplification ofBabesiaDNA using PCR, and detection ofBabesiaantibody in acute and convalescent sera. Specific antimicrobial therapy consists of atovaquone and azithromycin or clindamycin and quinine. Exchange transfusion is used in severe cases. The use of multiple prevention strategies is recommended and consists of personal, residential, and community approaches.
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Satir, Tanzer, and Bhaskar Kura. "Ship Ballast Water Management in Turkish Ports and Waterways." Marine Technology Society Journal 45, no. 2 (March 1, 2011): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.45.2.6.
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AbstractThe introduction of invasive marine species into a new environment by ballast water attached to ship hulls has been identified as one of the four greatest threats to the world’s oceans. The other three are land-based sources of marine pollution, overexploitation of living marine resources, and physical alteration/destruction of marine habitat. Ballast is any material used to add weight to balance an object. One example includes the sandbags carried on conventional hot air balloons, which can be discarded to lighten the balloon’s load, allowing it to ascend. Ballast water is water carried by ships to ensure stability, trim, and structural integrity. Shipping moves over 80% of the world’s commodities and transfers approximately 3‐5 billion tons of ballast water internationally each year. A similar volume may also be transferred domestically within countries and regions each year. Ballast water is absolutely essential to the safe and efficient operation of modern shipping, providing balance and stability to unladen ships. However, it may also pose a serious ecological, economical, and health threat to the marine environment.Turkey is a Eurasian country that stretches across the Anatolian peninsula in western Asia and southeastern Europe. Turkey is surrounded by three seas: the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, and the Aegean Sea. The Turkish straits that separate Europe and Asia are one of the busiest waterways of the world. Turkey has several ports and berthing facilities. The number of ships coming to ports or passing through the straits has been increasing in the last decade. Half of these ships are carrying ballast water. Turkey has not ratified the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’ Ballast Water and Sediments (BWM) as yet but will soon prepare ballast water strategies. This paper discusses two different topics: ship ballast water management strategies and treatment technologies. The authors recommend the best strategies for prevention of ship ballast water pollution in the Turkish straits and ports.
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Manley, Morgan, Tahaniyat Lalani, Kalyani Telu, David Tribble, Drake H. Tilley, Anuradha Ganesan, Anjali Kunz, et al. "741. TravMil Surveillance of Travel-Related Illness in a Prospective Cohort of US Military Beneficiaries, 2010–2018." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (October 2019): S331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz360.809.
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Abstract Background Increasing international travel places larger populations at risk for infections outside of their usual exposure. Deployed military personnel have unique risks for such infections. Our cohort’s rates of travelers’ diarrhea and influenza-like illness have been defined, but the rate of travelers with symptoms apart from a clinical syndrome has not. We present a survey of intra-travel symptoms of all travelers and confirmed diagnoses of ill-returned travelers in a cohort of military and civilian travelers. Methods TravMil is a prospective, multicenter observational study enrolling US military beneficiaries traveling outside the continental United States from 2010–2018; beneficiaries could also enroll after travel if they presented for a possible travel-related illness. Demographic information, intra-travel symptoms, and confirmed diagnoses were recorded. Results 2671 travelers embarked on 3050 trips: 63.1% male; median age 38 years (IQR 27, 57); median trip duration 20 days (IQR 13, 46). Common purposes of travel: military deployment (45.9%), vacation (23.7%), and visiting friends/relatives (10.9%). Ninety-seven travelers (3.2%) enrolled post-travel. Top regions of travel: Africa (31.5%), South and Central America/Caribbean (25.5%), and Southeast and North Asia/Oceania (19.4%). During travel, 56.6% experienced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, 11.9% respiratory symptoms, and 3.0% fever; of those, 10.3% sought medical care. Eighty returned travelers sought medical care (21 prospective enrollees vs. 59 post-travel enrollees): 5 vs. 17 malaria cases, 3 vs. 16 arbovirus infections, and 6 vs. 14 GI syndromes. All malaria cases in prospective enrollees were in military subjects. Post-travel enrollees accounted for 1 acute human immunodeficiency virus and 3 rickettsial infections. Conclusion A majority of our travelers experienced symptoms during travel. Post-travel diagnoses, although uncommon, emphasize needed improvements in the application of known risk mitigation strategies. Our findings can help clinicians optimize their pretravel counseling by focusing education on self-treatment of common travel-related symptoms, prevention of GI, arthropod-borne, and respiratory illness, and emphasizing symptoms that should prompt medical care. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
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NJ, Dr Priyadarisini, Dr Sanjeev Badiger, Dr D. Keerthana, and Dr Subasree NJ. "A cross-sectional study on knowledge and perception about preventive strategies of selected vector-borne diseases among the rural population of coastal Karnataka." International Journal of Medical Research & Review 9, no. 4 (August 11, 2021): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17511/ijmrr.2021.i04.01.
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Background and Objectives: Malaria and other vector-borne diseases (Dengue, Chikungunya andFilariasis) are a major public health problem in WHO’s South-East Asia Region. Due to the growingresistance to pesticides and drugs, there is a need to set up integrated vector managementstrategies. These strategies should involve local communities in managing the environment todecrease the health risks and increase the sustainability of programmes to control these vector-borne diseases. Hence, an important step in disease management is educating the local communityregarding vector-borne diseases and their prevention. Objectives: To assess the Knowledge &perception regarding preventive strategies of selected vector-borne diseases among the studypopulation. Methods: This study was conducted in two selected villages. A cross-sectional studydesign was used with a sample size of 966. A questionnaire method was used to collect the data.Results: Around 46.5% of them had good knowledge regarding preventive strategies of vector-borne diseases. Whereas, Around 42.2% and 40% of the population had average perception andhigh perception respectively. Conclusion: Even though only half of the population had goodknowledge regarding preventive strategies for vector-borne diseases. Most of them had average tohigh perceptions about preventive strategies. Hence to increase their knowledge many camps andhealth education activities should be conducted on vector-borne diseases and should mainlyemphasize community participation to increase their awareness. So that it leads to better practicewhich in turn will lead to a decrease in vector-borne diseases.
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Sherrill, Meredith K., and Leah A. Cohn. "Cytauxzoonosis." Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 17, no. 11 (October 20, 2015): 940–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1098612x15610681.
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Practical relevance: Cytauxzoonosis is a life-threatening hematoprotozoal disease with a rapidly progressive clinical course. Once considered a rare disease only relevant to a small geographic area, it is now recognized in more than about a third of the United States. The geographic range seems likely to increase with expansion of the range of the vector tick. Clinical challenges: Both disease diagnosis and treatment offer challenges. The acute illness is often recognized by characteristic parasitic cellular inclusions, but illness may occur before parasites can be identified, and parasitic inclusions may persist long after illness has resolved. Also, while infection was once considered nearly uniformly fatal, subclinical infections are now recognized. Disease prognosis has improved for many cats through implementation of new therapies, but some pathogens are resistant to these therapies and death from disease is still common. Currently, prevention strategies are limited to ectoparasite control. Global importance: Cytauxzoonosis caused by Cytauxzoon felis is limited to the Americas, and is especially problematic in southeastern and south central USA. However, other Cytauxzoon species have been recognized in Europe and Asia. Audience: This review is aimed at veterinary practitioners and focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of cytauxzoonosis. Disease management is of crucial importance in endemic regions. Furthermore, the expanding geographic range of infection, and the possibility of parasite identification in chronically infected cats with a travel history, make understanding cytauxzoonosis relevant in non-endemic regions as well. Evidence base: The authors draw on evidence from prospective clinical trials, experimental infections, retrospective clinical studies and case reports, as well as their own personal experience with the diagnosis and treatment of cytauxzoonosis.
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Oliver, Jane, Stuart Larsen, Tim P. Stinear, Ary Hoffmann, Simon Crouch, and Katherine B. Gibney. "Reducing mosquito-borne disease transmission to humans: A systematic review of cluster randomised controlled studies that assess interventions other than non-targeted insecticide." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): e0009601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009601.
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Background Mosquito control interventions are widely used to reduce mosquito-borne diseases. It is unclear what combination of interventions are most effective in reducing human disease. A novel intervention study for Buruli ulcer targeting mosquito vectors was proposed for a Buruli ulcer-endemic area of Victoria, Australia. The local community expressed a preference for avoiding widespread residual spraying of pyrethroids. To inform the design of a future cluster randomised control study (cRCT) for Buruli ulcer prevention in Victoria, we conducted a systematic literature review. Aims The aim was to describe cRCT designs which investigated interventions other than non-targeted insecticide for reducing mosquito-borne disease transmission, and comment on the strengths and weaknesses of these study designs. Methods Five medical research databases were searched for eligible literature from the earliest available sources up to 5 July 2019 (Medline, Embase, Web of Science, EBM Reviews, CAB Direct). Reference lists of identified studies were hand searched. Eligible studies were cRCTs using targeted chemical or biological mosquito control interventions, or mosquito breeding source reduction, with the occurrence of mosquito-borne disease as an outcome. Results Eight eligible cRCTs, conducted between 1994–2013 were identified in a variety of settings in the Americas and Asia. Interventions to reduce dengue transmission were mass adult trapping and source reduction. Interventions to reduce malaria transmission were largescale larvicide administration and (topical and spatial) repellent use. Three studies showed the intervention was associated with statistically significant reductions in the disease of interest and entomological indicators. High community engagement with the intervention were common to all three. In two studies, large buffer zones reduced contamination between study arms. Heterogeneity was reduced through increasing study cluster numbers, cluster matching and randomisation. Conclusion High community engagement is vital for a cRCT reducing mosquito-borne disease with a mosquito control intervention. These findings support a mosquito breeding source reduction intervention for Aedes control in a future study of Buruli ulcer prevention if local communities are supportive and very engaged. Regular administration of larvicide to sites unsuited to source reduction may supplement the intervention.
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Ahmed, Ayman, Mustafa Abubakr, Hamza Sami, Isam Mahdi, Nouh S. Mohamed, and Jakob Zinsstag. "The First Molecular Detection of Aedes albopictus in Sudan Associates with Increased Outbreaks of Chikungunya and Dengue." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 11802. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911802.
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As part of our surveys of the invasive malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in four Sudanese states, including North and South Kordofan, Sennar, and White Nile, we collected 166 larvae. Our morphological identification confirmed that 30% of the collected mosquito samples were Anopheles species, namely An. gambiae s.l. and An. stephensi, while the 117 Aedes specimens were Ae. luteocephalus (39%), Ae. aegypti (32%), Ae. vexans (9%), Ae. vittatus (9%), Ae. africanus (6%), Ae. metalicus (3%), and Ae. albopictus (3%). Considering the serious threat of Ae. albopictus emergence for the public health in the area and our limited resources, we prioritized Ae. albopictus samples for further genomic analysis. We extracted the DNA from the three specimens and subsequently sequenced the cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1) gene and confirmed their identity as Aedes albopictus and their potential origin by phylogenetic and haplotype analyses. Aedes albopictus, originating from Southeast Asia, is an invasive key vector of chikungunya and dengue. This is the first report and molecular characterization of Ae. albopictus from Sudan. Our sequences cluster with populations from the Central African Republic and La Réunion. Worryingly, this finding associates with a major increase in chikungunya and dengue outbreaks in rural areas of the study region and might be linked to the mosquito’s spread across the region. The emergence of Ae. albopictus in Sudan is of serious public health concern and urges for the improvement of the vector surveillance and control system through the implementation of an integrated molecular xenosurveillance. The threat of major arboviral diseases in the region underlines the need for the institutionalization of the One Health strategy for the prevention and control of future pandemics.
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Liu, Wen-Hui, Chen Shi, Ying Lu, Lei Luo, and Chun-Quan Ou. "Epidemiological characteristics of imported acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou, China, 2005–2019." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 16, no. 12 (December 6, 2022): e0010940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010940.
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Background The global spread of infectious diseases is currently a prominent threat to public health, with the accelerating pace of globalization and frequent international personnel intercourse. The present study examined the epidemiological characteristics of overseas imported cases of acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou, China. Methods We retrospectively investigated the distribution of diseases, demographic characteristics, and temporal and spatial variations of imported cases of acute infectious diseases in Guangzhou based on the surveillance data of notifiable infectious diseases from 2005 to 2019, provided by Guangzhou center for Disease Control and Prevention. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was applied to examine the trend in the number of imported cases over time. Results A total of 1,025 overseas imported cases of acute infectious diseases were identified during the study period. The top three diseases were dengue (67.12%), malaria (12.39%), and influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (4.10%). Imported cases were predominantly males, with a sex ratio of 2.6: 1 and 75.22% of the cases were those aged 20–49 years. Businessmen, workers, students and unemployed persons accounted for a large proportion of the cases (68.49%) and many of the cases came from Southeast Asia (59.02%). The number of imported cases of acute infectious diseases increased during the study period and hit 318 in 2019. A clear seasonal pattern was observed in the number of imported cases with a peak period between June and November. Imported cases were reported in all of the 11 districts in Guangzhou and the central districts were more seriously affected compared with other districts. Conclusions The burden of dengue imported from overseas was substantial and increasing in Guangzhou, China, with the peak period from June to November. Dengue was the most common imported disease. Most imported cases were males aged 20–49 years and businessmen. Further efforts, such as strengthening surveillance of imported cases, paying close attention to the epidemics in hotspots, and improving the ability to detect the imported cases from overseas, are warranted to control infectious diseases especially in the center of the city with a higher population density highly affected by imported cases.
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Masood, Shaheen, Riffat Farrukh, Qamar Rizvi, Ibrahim Shakoor, Amber Naseer, and Sarwat Sultana. "Outcome and Incidence of Acute Kidney Injury among Hospitalized Children." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 3400–3402. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115113400.
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Background and purpose: Data on the epidemiology of acute kidney injury (ARI) in Asia come primarily from studies conducted in large tertiary hospitals with nephrology departments. Little is known about what happens in primary care settings without nephrology, especially in the paediatric population. The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology, outcome and risk factors of ARF in children admitted in pediatric department. Place and Duration: In the Pediatric Medicine and Nephrology department of Abbasi Shaheed Hospital for one-year duration from August 2020 to August 2021. Methods: We prospectively examined children aged 2 to 14 whose guardians gave the consent for the study and were admitted in the Pediatric ward. We identified children with risk factors for AKI on admission and then tested them for AKI using the 2012 Creatinine-based Modified General Kidney Disease Improvement (KDIGO) criteria to improve overall outcomes. Participants with AKI were followed up to discharge. The subject of interest was the need and access to dialysis and renal recovery on discharge from the hospital. Results: A total of 74.3% (n = 116) out of the 156 patients admitted during the study period were at risk of ARF. Of the 156 registered participants, 51.9% (n = 81) were males with a mean age of 5 years. Although comorbid conditions were rare, sickle cell anaemia and malnutrition were the most common. Most of the children were hypotensive (n = 89; 57.1%), with mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures of 81 mmHg and 42 mmHg, respectively. The mean urine output was 0.79 ml / kg / hr. Thirteen patients (8.33%) had urine dipstick anomalies. Anaemia was common (n = 72, 46.2%) and 32 (20.5%) had severe anaemia. Leucocytosis was detected in 26.3% of patients, and a platelet count below 100,000 / mm3 in 24 (15.4%) patients. In total, 21 of 156 participants had AKI for an incidence of 13.5%. The only patient with an indication for dialysis (uremic encephalopathy and anuria> 24 hours) died without dialysis due to a delay in transfer to a dialysis centre (due to lack of resources). Of the 20 survivors in the AKI group, 15 (71.4%) had complete improvement in kidney function The median hospitalization time was significantly longer in participants with stage 3 AKI. Conclusions: ARF risk factors are very common in children admitted in the hospitals. At least one in 10 children presenting with AKI risk factors will have AKI. AKI is largely caused by community-acquired diseases that can be prevented, such as diarrheal diseases and malaria. Efforts should be made to educate about risk assessment, prevention, early diagnosis and treatment of AKI in children. Keywords: AKI; epidemiology; risk factors and outcome.
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Shoemaker, Holly, Michael Graves, Sharia Ahmed, Holly K. Birich, Scott Benson, John R. Contreras, Colette McAfee, and Daniel T. Leung. "739. Self-Reported Prevalence of Insect Bites During International Travel." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S467—S468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.936.
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Abstract Background Vector borne diseases are responsible for almost one fifth of global infectious disease burden. International travelers are at risk for potentially life-threatening conditions when visiting areas with endemic vector borne disease, but this risk can be mitigated when proper insect precautions are taken. This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of insect precaution use and subsequent insect bites among Utah travelers who have attended pre-travel consultations. Methods A cross-sectional study at the University of Utah and Salt Lake County travel clinics was analyzed. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used to explore factors associated with insect repellant use, and reporting bug bites despite insect repellant use. Results A total of 463 individuals completed the survey and were included in our analytic sample. The majority of respondents (80%) reported using insect repellent, and close to half (45%) reported bug bites. Insect repellent use was positively associated with visiting rural/countryside (OR 2.78, 95% CI 1.50 – 5.15), and traveling to South East Asia (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.40 – 7.26), or Americas regions (OR 3.34, 95% CI 1.45 – 7.92). Being of male gender (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.21 – 0.64) or traveling to high altitude locations (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18 – 0.74) was negatively associated with using insect repellent. Longer trip duration (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 – 1.02) was positively associated with reporting insect bites, while male gender (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.33 – 0.80), older age (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95 – 0.98), and having an advanced degree (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.22 – 0.99) were negatively associated. Estimated Risk Factors of Insect Bites and Insect Repellent Use Characteristics of international travelers were self-reported in a cross-sectional study. Use of insect repellent and reporting bug bites despite repellant use was examined through multivariate logistic regression and used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Due to multicollinearity and data skewness, the following variables were omitted from the insect repellent model: Accommodation: Hotel/other enclosed structure, Location: European, Location: and Western Pacific. Reference categories are Gender: Female, Education: High school diploma/GED or less, Group size: 1 (Traveled alone), Location type: Urban, and Malaria region: No. All other categories are not mutually exclusive and evaluated as separate binary variables. Conclusion We show that gender, age, trip duration, and education level were associated with self-reported bug bites during travel abroad. Given the number of vector-borne diseases affecting health of travelers, our findings will contribute towards strategies to advise travelers for disease prevention. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Umeanaeto, Pauline U., Chukwujindu Odagwe, Ifenna C. Onwuagana, Kindness C. Irikannu, Ginika L. Onwuachusi, Justina C. Akulue, and Stella C. Afulukwe. "Malaria Parasitemia and Anemia among Pregnant Women Attending General Hospital, Enugwu-Ukwu, Southeastern Nigeria." International Journal of Pathogen Research, September 3, 2022, 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijpr/2022/v11i130260.
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Women has been reported to be more susceptible to malaria parasites infection during pregnancy. The disease causes severe anemia in pregnancy sometimes resulting to maternal morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world including Nigeria. A study to determine malaria parasitaemia among pregnant women attending General hospital Enugwu-Ukwu, Anambra State, Nigeria, was conducted between July and December, 2019. The specific objectives were to determine the prevalence of malaria parasites and anemia among the pregnant women as well and the relationship between malaria and anemia. Two milliliters of venous blood were collected from 408 pregnant women during antenatal visits. Thick and thin blood films were made, stained with 10% Giemsa stain and examined under the microscope for malaria parasites. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration was estimated using cyanmethemoglobin method. Hemoglobin concentration below 11.0g/dl was regarded as anemia in pregnancy. Of 408 blood samples collected, 112(27.5%) were positive for malaria parasites. The age group 15–20 years had the highest prevalence 8(40%) while the age group 36–40 years had the least 24(23.1%). The primigravidae had the highest malaria prevalence 72(36%), while the multigravidae had the least 40(19.2%). The pregnant women in first trimester had the highest malaria prevalence 48(50%), while those in third trimester had the least 24(16.7%). Malaria parasitaemia in relation to trimester was statistically significant (P<0.05). A total of 248(60.7%) pregnant women had a Hb value less than 11g/dl. The multigravidae had the highest Hb 128(61.5%), while the primigravidae had the least 120(60%). Health education and proper administration of Intermittent Preventive Therapy (IPT) during pregnancy is recommended for malaria prevention and control in pregnancy.
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Cheng, Breagh, Saw Nay Htoo, Naw Pue Pue Mhote, and Colleen M. Davison. "A systematic review of factors influencing participation in two types of malaria prevention intervention in Southeast Asia." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (April 20, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03733-y.
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Abstract Background Multi-pronged malaria elimination strategies are increasingly being considered for accelerating efforts against malaria transmission in Southeast Asia. Two malaria prevention interventions used in in the region are insecticide-treated bed-nets (ITNs) and mass drug administration (MDA). Universal access to ITNs is recommended and high population coverage (e.g. above 80%) is needed during MDA initiatives to maximize the impact of these interventions. However, variability in ITN use and individual MDA participation exists. This systematic review aims to provide a summary and overview of literature discussing factors influencing uptake of these two malaria control strategies in Southeast Asian countries. Methods A search of OVID Embase, OVID MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, OpenGrey, ProQuest, and Google Scholar was undertaken in February 2020. English-language publications with any study design using data from any of the ten member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations were eligible for inclusion. In addition, reference lists of identified articles were manually searched. Websites for relevant international agencies were also searched to identify related grey literature. Results The review identified thirty publications that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Most discussed ITN use (n = 18) and were relevant to populations in Myanmar (n = 14). All MDA studies were published after 2016, whereas included ITN studies spanned from 1998 to 2020. Seven main themes emerged across the studies. Knowledge of malaria and attitudes towards ITNs were emphasized as key factors associated with ITN use. For MDA participation, key factors included the importance of positive attitudes towards the program, the influence of indirect costs and incentives, and the tendency for group decision-making. Conclusions As countries in Southeast Asia continue to work towards becoming malaria-free by 2030, the knowledge and attitudes of local population sub-groups should be assessed and incorporated into the planning and implementation of malaria prevention activities. The role of incentives and group decision making should also be considered particularly as they relate to MDA. There is need for ongoing involvement of health educators, the continuation of implementation research and the prioritization of community engagement efforts alongside malaria interventions in the region.
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Bhushan Balvir , Suhas Tiwaskar , Roshan Umate. "History Of Malaria." Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, October 27, 2022, 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.s08.018.
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A human victim will get bitten by a female Anopheles mosquito that has been exposed to the malaria-causing Plasmodium parasites. The leading cause of mortality globally is malaria, but in Africa, unfavorable outcomes can be prevented with early detection and timely treatment The most typical illness in Africa is numerous nations Malaria exists in Asia, which is imported from endemic regions in the industrialized world. Beginning in the second century B.C, China used the plant sweet sagewort to treat malaria It took a long time for quinine to be used as malaria prophylactic. The global campaign to eradicate Beginning January 1955, malaria struck Croatia. proclaimed 1964 is slated to be a triumph. Organization for World Health oversees a global malaria prevention program with a focus on improving primary healthcare locally, early illness identification, timely treatment, and disease prevention. Compared to five years ago, malaria is not as common now. However, Malaria cases have increased in recent years. increased significantly around the world. Although the rate of change has slowed, it is still moving in the direction of the WHO's objectives. According to reports, malaria killed 435,000 people and affected 219 million people worldwide in 2017This burden of illness and death is a more than a century-long process's worldwide study and effort aimed towards enhancing the treatment, diagnosis, and prevention of malaria. The most prevalent illness with the biggest number of cases is malaria. Native examples can be seen in various Asian and African nations. Malaria causes 0.3-2.2% of worldwide deaths, and in tropical areas, It may go up to a height of 11–30% of those who suffer from the most severe illness According to several studies, the incidence of malaria parasite infection has increased in 2015.
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Finney, Micaela, Benjamin A. McKenzie, Bernadette Rabaovola, Alice Sutcliffe, Ellen Dotson, and Sarah Zohdy. "Widespread zoophagy and detection of Plasmodium spp. in Anopheles mosquitoes in southeastern Madagascar." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (January 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03539-4.
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Abstract Background Malaria is a top cause of mortality on the island nation of Madagascar, where many rural communities rely on subsistence agriculture and livestock production. Understanding feeding behaviours of Anopheles in this landscape is crucial for optimizing malaria control and prevention strategies. Previous studies in southeastern Madagascar have shown that Anopheles mosquitoes are more frequently captured within 50 m of livestock. However, it remains unknown whether these mosquitoes preferentially feed on livestock. Here, mosquito blood meal sources and Plasmodium sporozoite rates were determined to evaluate patterns of feeding behaviour in Anopheles spp. and malaria transmission in southeastern Madagascar. Methods Across a habitat gradient in southeastern Madagascar 7762 female Anopheles spp. mosquitoes were collected. Of the captured mosquitoes, 492 were visibly blood fed and morphologically identifiable, and a direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to test for swine, cattle, chicken, human, and dog blood among these specimens. Host species identification was confirmed for multiple blood meals using PCR along with Sanger sequencing. Additionally, 1,607 Anopheles spp. were screened for the presence of Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax-210, and P. vivax 247 circumsporozoites (cs) by ELISA. Results Cattle and swine accounted, respectively, for 51% and 41% of all blood meals, with the remaining 8% split between domesticated animals and humans. Of the 1,607 Anopheles spp. screened for Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax 210, and Plasmodium vivax 247 cs-protein, 45 tested positive, the most prevalent being P. vivax 247, followed by P. vivax 210 and P. falciparum. Both variants of P. vivax were observed in secondary vectors, including Anopheles squamosus/cydippis, Anopheles coustani, and unknown Anopheles spp. Furthermore, evidence of coinfection of P. falciparum and P. vivax 210 in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.) was found. Conclusions Here, feeding behaviour of Anopheles spp. mosquitoes in southeastern Madagascar was evaluated, in a livestock rich landscape. These findings suggest largely zoophagic feeding behaviors of Anopheles spp., including An. gambiae s.l. and presence of both P. vivax and P. falciparum sporozoites in Anopheles spp. A discordance between P. vivax reports in mosquitoes and humans exists, suggesting high prevalence of P. vivax circulating in vectors in the ecosystem despite low reports of clinical vivax malaria in humans in Madagascar. Vector surveillance of P. vivax may be relevant to malaria control and elimination efforts in Madagascar. At present, the high proportion of livestock blood meals in Madagascar may play a role in buffering (zooprophylaxis) or amplifying (zoopotentiation) the impacts of malaria. With malaria vector control efforts focused on indoor feeding behaviours, complementary approaches, such as endectocide-aided vector control in livestock may be an effective strategy for malaria reduction in Madagascar.
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Al Khaja, Khalid A. J., and Reginald P. Sequeira. "Drug treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy: a critical review of the guidelines." Malaria Journal 20, no. 1 (January 23, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03565-2.
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Abstract Background Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum in pregnancy can result in adverse maternal and fetal sequelae. This review evaluated the adherence of the national guidelines drawn from World Health Organization (WHO) regions, Africa, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific, to the WHO recommendations on drug treatment and prevention of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in pregnant women. Methods Thirty-five updated national guidelines and the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI), available in English language, were reviewed. The primary outcome measures were the first-line anti-malarial treatment protocols adopted by national guidelines for uncomplicated and complicated falciparum malaria infections in early (first) and late (second and third) trimesters of pregnancy. The strategy of intermittent preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) was also addressed. Results This review evaluated the treatment and prevention of falciparum malaria in pregnancy in 35 national guidelines/PMI-Malaria Operational Plans (MOP) reports out of 95 malaria-endemic countries. Of the 35 national guidelines, 10 (28.6%) recommend oral quinine plus clindamycin as first-line treatment for uncomplicated malaria in the first trimester. As the first-line option, artemether–lumefantrine, an artemisinin-based combination therapy, is adopted by 26 (74.3%) of the guidelines for treating uncomplicated or complicated malaria in the second and third trimesters. Intravenous artesunate is approved by 18 (51.4%) and 31 (88.6%) guidelines for treating complicated malaria during early and late pregnancy, respectively. Of the 23 national guidelines that recommend IPTp-SP strategy, 8 (34.8%) are not explicit about directly observed therapy requirements, and three-quarters, 17 (73.9%), do not specify contra-indication of SP in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected pregnant women receiving cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. Most of the guidelines (18/23; 78.3%) state the recommended folic acid dose. Conclusion Several national guidelines and PMI reports require update revisions to harmonize with international guidelines and emergent trends in managing falciparum malaria in pregnancy. National guidelines and those of donor agencies should comply with those of WHO guideline recommendations although local conditions and delayed guideline updates may call for deviations from WHO evidence-based guidelines.
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Dini, Saber, Nicholas Douglas, Jeanne Rini Poespoprodjo, Enny Kenangalem, Paulus Sugiarto, Ian Plumb, Ric Price, and Julie Simpson. "787Multistate modelling to investigate the impact of recurrent malaria episodes on hospital admissions and mortality." International Journal of Epidemiology 50, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyab168.161.
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Abstract Background Inadequate prevention and treatment of malaria can lead to reinfections and recurrent episodes, and for vivax malaria, further recurrences from the dormant liver stage. This study quantified the impact of recurrent malaria episodes on morbidity and mortality. Methods Routinely collected data were available from 68,381 malaria patients presenting to the primary referral hospital in Papua, Indonesia. A multi-state modelling framework, with Cox regression for transition rates, was employed to determine the risks of re-presentation to hospital, receiving in-patient treatment, and early (≤14 days post treatment)/late death following multiple malaria episodes. Results The risk of re-presentation to hospital increased from 34.7% (95%CI: 34.4%–35.1%) at first episode to 58.6% (57.5%–59.6%) following the third episode. Infection with vivax malaria increased the rate of re-presentation to hospital by 1.48-fold (Hazard Ratio 1.48; 95%CI 1.44–1.51) and late hospital in-patient admission by 1.17-fold (1.11–1.22), compared to falciparum. Falciparum malaria caused a higher overall rate of early death (1.54 (1.25–1.92)), however, after multiple episodes, there was a trend towards a greater rate of early death for vivax infection (1.91 (0.73–4.97)). Conclusions Recurrent episodes of malaria can cause substantial morbidity and mortality, highlighting the importance of prevention and effective treatments for both falciparum and vivax malaria. Key messages To achieve elimination of malaria in South-East Asia, where prevalence of vivax malaria is high, we must prioritise the radical cure of vivax to eliminate the liver-stage of this species that causes relapses of infection.
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Carter, Tamar E., Solomon Yared, Dejene Getachew, Joseph Spear, Sae Hee Choi, Jeanne N. Samake, Peter Mumba, et al. "Genetic diversity of Anopheles stephensi in Ethiopia provides insight into patterns of spread." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1 (December 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-05097-3.
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Abstract Background The recent detection of the South Asian malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in the Horn of Africa (HOA) raises concerns about the impact of this mosquito on malaria transmission in the region. Analysis of An. stephensi genetic diversity and population structure can provide insight into the history of the mosquito in the HOA to improve predictions of future spread. We investigated the genetic diversity of An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia, where detection suggests a range expansion into this region, in order to understand the history of this invasive population. Methods We sequenced the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) and cytochrome B gene (CytB) in 187 An. stephensi collected from 10 sites in Ethiopia in 2018. Population genetic, phylogenetic, and minimum spanning network analyses were conducted for Ethiopian sequences. Molecular identification of blood meal sources was also performed using universal vertebrate CytB sequencing. Results Six An. stephensi COI-CytB haplotypes were observed, with the highest number of haplotypes in the northeastern sites (Semera, Bati, and Gewana towns) relative to the southeastern sites (Kebridehar, Godey, and Degehabur) in eastern Ethiopia. We observed population differentiation, with the highest differentiation between the northeastern sites compared to central sites (Erer Gota, Dire Dawa, and Awash Sebat Kilo) and the southeastern sites. Phylogenetic and network analysis revealed that the HOA An. stephensi are more genetically similar to An. stephensi from southern Asia than from the Arabian Peninsula. Finally, molecular blood meal analysis revealed evidence of feeding on cows, goats, dogs, and humans, as well as evidence of multiple (mixed) blood meals. Conclusion We show that An. stephensi is genetically diverse in Ethiopia and with evidence of geographical structure. Variation in the level of diversity supports the hypothesis for a more recent introduction of An. stephensi into southeastern Ethiopia relative to the northeastern region. We also find evidence that supports the hypothesis that HOA An. stephensi populations originate from South Asia rather than the Arabian Peninsula. The evidence of both zoophagic and anthropophagic feeding support the need for additional investigation into the potential for livestock movement to play a role in vector spread in this region. Graphical Abstract
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Nejati, Jalil, Hassan Vatandoost, Mehdi Zanganeh Baygi, and Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd. "Predicting the Potential Distribution of Major Malaria Vectors Based on Climate Changes in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, Southeastern Iran." Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, June 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/jad.v15i3.9817.
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Background: Given the significance of climate change and its substantial effects on mosquitoes’ habitats, this study was aimed to model the spatial distribution of the main malaria vectors in the south east of Iran.
Methods: Several scientific databases between 1980 and 2019 were reviewed to find mosquito species and their spatial information in this area. The archived folders in the center for diseases control and prevention were used to exploit essential data on malaria cases and foci. Three representative concentration pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) were chosen to stand for three possible climate scenarios. Finally the potential species distribution of Anopheles stephensi and An. culicifacies s.l. in the 2030s and 2050s horizons were estimated by the Maximum Entropy Model.
Results: So far, a total of 39 mosquito species belonging to the family Culicidae have been reported from the study area. In 2019, the total malaria cases have increased by 91% compared to 2015, as well as a sharp rise than 2018 (249%). In that year, 91% of cases were imported from other countries, which caused 40% increase in the new potential foci than in 2018. The Jackknife test demonstrated the annual mean temperature and precipitation of the coldest quarter with the greatest impact on the environmental suitability of the mentioned two species.
Conclusion: The effect of climate change on the appearance and recurrence of mosquito-borne diseases has been demonstrated in various studies. Collecting further data and conducting investigation on this issue will improve control management, especially for the malaria vectors.
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Mohan, Kriti, Manish Kumar, and Balram Ji Omar. "Knowlesi Malaria in Children." Current Pediatric Reviews 18 (April 1, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573396318666220401110835.
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Abstract: The fifth malaria parasite causing human malaria- Plasmodium knowlesi (Pk), is not a newly emergent species but was an undiagnosed species before availability of molecular methods as diagnostic tool and was often confused with morphologically similar human malaria parasite P. malariae or P. falciparum. Now it is well distributed species in South-east Asia especially in Malaysia. Since the year 2004, cases of Pk malaria are continuously being reported in adults. Though adult age, forest related activities and recent visit to forested area are well known factors, but childhood did not remain untouched with this disease. Few researches and reports that are available in literature indicate, though the infection in children is uncomplicated, but this may be attributed to scarcity of data and researches in the field. Even cases of Pk malaria in pregnant women and infants are being reported, so this indicates that the problem is not only confined to well-known factors related to the disease but we should think out of the box and take actions before the disease takes the form of significant health burden on human population as vivax and falciparum species did in the past. With the reports of Pk malaria in pregnancy and early infancy, possibility of congenital and neonatal malaria also can’t be denied of. So more and more researches are needed in future to know the clear picture of Pk malaria in pediatric population. So this review covers the problem status, demographic profile, clinical and hematological features, diagnosis, management and outcome of Pk malaria in children worldwide. This review also discusses the gaps in our knowledge in the field of real problem status, prevention, control, diagnosis and management of Pk malaria pertaining particularly to this age group.
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Gupta, Chandra Narayan, Kausik Maji, Shatavisa Mukherjee, Sukalyan Saha Roy, and Sukanta Sen. "Knowledge, Attitudes, and Treatment Seeking Behavior about Malaria and Its Control among Patients Attending Fever Clinic in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Eastern India." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 3, no. 08 (August 28, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol03-i08/11.
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Background: Malaria continues to be a serious public health problem in South-East Asia including India. We assessed knowledge, attitudes, recognition of signs and symptoms and treatment seeking behavior about malaria and its control in patients with fever attending fever clinic at tertiary care hospital, Kolkata, India. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire based survey was done in patients attending fever clinic. A total of (n = 68) patients with fever were interviewed using standardized questionnaire. Results: A total of 68 subjects were interviewed, including 19 (27.94%) females and 49 (72.06%) males. Mean age was 39.8 ± 17.2 years (18–78). About 5 (7.35%) were illiterate. All of the study participants had heard of malaria. The most common response on the source of information regarding malaria was radio (32.35%) followed by TV (29.41%) and friends (26.47%). About 52.94% replied that malaria can be prevented. Approx 39.7% subjects informed that fever plus chills are the most clinical features of malaria, followed by (fever+ chills + bodyache) in 32.35% cases. The most common response on the source of information regarding malaria transmission by mosquito bite was in 92.65% cases. Knowledge about breeding places of mosquitoes was informed as dirty stagnant water by 47.06%. Conclusions: Greater awareness about malaria and undertaking a broader range of preventive actions for malaria influence appropriate treatment-seeking behaviour. This study was conducted to understand issues, which can be an important step towards developing strategies, aimed at controlling malaria. The positive attitudes and practices in relation to personal protection and prevention measures against malaria require marked improvement.
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Tairou, Fassiatou, Abdoulaye Diallo, Ousmane Sy, Aminatou Kone, Isaac Akhenaton Manga, Khadim Sylla, Souleye Lelo, et al. "Malaria-associated risk factors among adolescents living in areas with persistent transmission in Senegal: a case–control study." Malaria Journal 21, no. 1 (June 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12936-022-04212-8.
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Abstract Background In Senegal, malaria morbidity has sharply decreased over these past years. However, malaria epidemiology remains heterogeneous with persistent transmission in the southeastern part of the country and many cases among older children and adolescents. Little is known about factors associated with clinical malaria among this group. A better understanding of malaria transmission among this newly emerging vulnerable group will guide future interventions targeting this population group. This study aimed to identify factors associated with clinical malaria among adolescents in Senegal. Methods A case–control study was conducted from November to December 2020 in four health posts located in the Saraya district. Cases were defined as adolescents (10–19 years) with an uncomplicated malaria episode with fever (temperature > 37.5°) or a history of fever and positive malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT). Controls were from the same age group, living in the neighbourhood of the case, presenting a negative RDT. A standardized, pre-tested questionnaire was administered to each study participant followed by a home visit to assess the participant's living conditions. Factors associated with clinical malaria were assessed using stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results In total, 492 individuals were recruited (246 cases and 246 controls). In a multivariate analysis, factors associated with clinical malaria included non-use of long-lasting insecticidal net (LLIN) (aOR = 2.65; 95% CI 1.58–4.45), non-use of other preventive measures (aOR = 2.51; 95% CI 1.53–4.11) and indoor sleeping (aOR = 3.22; 95% CI 1.66–6.23). Protective factors included 15–19 years of age (aOR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.23–0.62), absence of stagnant water around the house (aOR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.16–0.44), having a female as head of household (aOR = 0.47; 95% CI 0.25–0.90), occupation such as apprentice (OR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.11–0.52). Conclusions The study revealed that environmental factors and non-use of malaria preventive measures are the main determinants of malaria transmission among adolescents living in areas with persistent malaria transmission in Senegal. Strategies aimed at improving disease awareness and access to healthcare interventions, such as LLINs, are needed to improve malaria control and prevention among these vulnerable groups.
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Rasmussen, Stephanie A., Frida G. Ceja, Melissa D. Conrad, Patrick K. Tumwebaze, Oswald Byaruhanga, Thomas Katairo, Samuel L. Nsobya, Philip J. Rosenthal, and Roland A. Cooper. "Changing Antimalarial Drug Sensitivities in Uganda." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 61, no. 12 (September 18, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01516-17.
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ABSTRACT Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) has demonstrated excellent efficacy for the treatment and prevention of malaria in Uganda. However, resistance to both components of this regimen has emerged in Southeast Asia. The efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine, the first-line regimen to treat malaria in Uganda, has also been excellent, but continued pressure may select for parasites with decreased sensitivity to lumefantrine. To gain insight into current drug sensitivity patterns, ex vivo sensitivities were assessed and genotypes previously associated with altered drug sensitivity were characterized for 58 isolates collected in Tororo, Uganda, from subjects presenting in 2016 with malaria from the community or as part of a clinical trial comparing DP chemoprevention regimens. Compared to community isolates, those from trial subjects had lower sensitivities to the aminoquinolines chloroquine, monodesethyl amodiaquine, and piperaquine and greater sensitivities to lumefantrine and mefloquine, an observation consistent with DP selection pressure. Compared to results for isolates from 2010 to 2013, the sensitivities of 2016 community isolates to chloroquine, amodiaquine, and piperaquine improved (geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50] = 248, 76.9, and 19.1 nM in 2010 to 2013 and 33.4, 14.9, and 7.5 nM in 2016, respectively [P < 0.001 for all comparisons]), the sensitivity to lumefantrine decreased (IC50 = 3.0 nM in 2010 to 2013 and 5.4 nM in 2016 [P < 0.001]), and the sensitivity to dihydroartemisinin was unchanged (IC50 = 1.4 nM). These changes were accompanied by decreased prevalence of transporter mutations associated with aminoquinoline resistance and low prevalence of polymorphisms recently associated with resistance to artemisinins or piperaquine. Antimalarial drug sensitivities are changing in Uganda, but novel genotypes associated with DP treatment failure in Asia are not prevalent.
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Phan, Thi Hang Giang, and Dinh Chien Huynh. "EVALUATION THE RATE OF DELAYED PARASITE CLEARANCE IN UNCOMPLICATED PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM PATIENT AFTER 3 DAYS TREATMENT WITH DIHYDROARTEMISININ PLUS PIPERAQUIN PHOSPHATE (DHA-PPQ) IN HUONG HOA DISTRICT, QUANG TRI PROVINCE." Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy, January 2016, 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.34071/jmp.2015.6.7.
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Background: Malaria is still remains a public health disease with high circulating levels, each year causes the death of about 1.5 million people worldwide, and almost all deaths are caused by falciparum malaria. The emergence of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum parasites has made these drugs useless in many areas where malaria is endemic. As with earlier antimalarial drugs,parasite resistance to artemisinin and its derivatives has emerged in Southeast Asia. Evaluate the effectiveness of antimalarial drug is an essential activity for assessing sensitivity of drug resistance are taking a positive contribution to the prevention of malaria. Research objective: To evaluate the rate of delayed parasite clearance (DPC) in uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum patient after 3 days treatment with DHA-PPQ in Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province. Research methods: Cross-sectional studyandempirical research. The research samples included all patients with falciparum malaria uncomplicated in Huong Hoa district, Quang Tri province agreed to participate in our study. There are 84 patients were collected smears and whole blood samples before and after 3 days of treatment with DHA-PPQ for evaluating parasitemiae by microscopy method and Real time PCR. Results: In total 84 samples of malaria patients were collected to determine the rate of delayed parasite clearance (DPC) after 3 days of treatment with DHA-PPQ, there were 22 samples (26.2%) are parasites in blood after treatment 3days determined by microscopy; Real time PCR with 33 samples (39.3%) were parasites in the blood after treatment 3 days. Conclusion: The epidemiology of malaria in our study had a rate of delayed parasite clearance (DPC)after treatment with DHA-PPQ 3 days were 26.2% (22/84 samples) determined by microscopy and 39.3% (33/84 samples) by Real time PCR. As defined by WHO, the study results contribute to the initial report suspected artemisinin resistance occurs in endemic areas of our research. Key words: Plasmodium falciparum, Artemisinin.
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"Malaria situation in Bulgaria and surveillance measures (1991-2000)." Issue 3 3, no. 3 (April 29, 2013): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000200.
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The malaria situation in Bulgaria during the past decade of the century was analysed and the evaluation
of the risk of re-emerging of the diseases and factors determining it in the phase of maintanence
of malaria eradication was carried out. The epidemiological analysis of malaria cases notified during
the period 1991-2000 in Bulgaria is presented. Of a total of 382 malaria episodes registered, 363
(95.03%), were imported into Bulgaria from endemic countries, 1 (0.26%) occurred after haemotransfusion
and 18 (4.71%) were indigenous introduced ones. Plasmodium falciparum accounted for 68.59%
of all imported cases, P.vivax, for 23.82%, P.ovale, for 2.36%, P.malariae, for 1.85%. In 1.83% more
than one species was detected, and in 6 cases, the species was not identified. The import of malaria
came mainly from Africa-299 (82.37%) cases, followed by Asia-63 (17.36%) and Oceania-1 (0.27%).
Four cases with falciparum malaria resulted in death. A great number of imported cases-231 (63.81%)
was diagnosed during the potential malaria season in Bulgaria (April-October). The analysis of present
entomological situation showed a high density of Anopheles population. As an indication for existence
of potential risk of spread of indigenous malaria, especially in cases of delayed diagnosis and treatment,
18 indigenous cases of vivax malaria were recorded in 1995-1996 in the region of the town of Sandanski,
for the first time after malaria eradication in 1965. The cases were classified as introduced ones. The
analysis of the essential malaria import in Bulgaria, climatic conditions and presence of Anopheline
species revealed a fairly high level of malariogenic potential. The stratification of the country was carried
out in accordance with the degree of hazard of malaria spreading, and the territory was divided
into three categories of regions: with high-, medium- and low-risk. The present situation, that probably
will be valid for the future, too, requires a scientific based prognosis and improvement of a system of
surveillance activities aiming at prevention of indigenous endemic and epidemic spreading of malaria
in the country, as well as elaboration of adequate activities of the health network in case of reappearance
of autochthonous cases.
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Ferrara, P. "Economic analysis of the stand-by emergency treatment (SBET) for malaria in travellers." European Journal of Public Health 30, Supplement_5 (September 1, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.815.
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Abstract Background Stand-by emergency treatment (SBET) is a possible approach for malaria prevention in travellers to low transmission areas (such as South-Eastern Asia [SEA]), but current evidence casts doubts on its feasibility and does not allow to decide whether this strategy is economically rational. Thus, this research aimed to appraise SBET in terms of cost-benefit/cost-effectiveness analysis from the perspective of the National Health Service (NHS). Methods To design a specific model, SBET benefits (valued as avoided direct and indirect costs of illness) were weighted against the costs associated with SBET doses to be prescribed in order to avoid one imported case of malaria. Direct healthcare costs were obtained allocating last surveillance data for imported malaria to the charge of the corresponding diagnosis-related group category and estimating outpatient care costs. Indirect social costs were calculated in terms of lost productivity. The economic framework was adjusted for the probability of malaria transmission in SEA region and weighed on the Italian context. Results In the model, for five malaria cases estimated to be imported from SEA to Italy in 2017, it was calculated that NHS would be charged with around € 22,487·50. Social costs were determined at € 7,100. Thus, the total Italian public expenditure for malaria cases in SEA travellers was of € 29,587·50 in 2017. In contrast, 50,000 doses were considered to be carried to avoid one malaria imported case, with a cost of € 2.5 million. Conclusions At cost-effectiveness analysis, reimbursement strategy does not lead to a favourable gain owing to the total cost of the SBET doses to be prescribed for avoiding one malaria case. The appraisal of costs and benefits brings into question the economic validation of SBET, also calling for further strategies to be reassessed for travellers to low-risk areas. Key messages Besides the evidence of incorrect SBET use among travellers, the appraisal of costs and benefits brings into question the economic validation of this strategy. Reimbursement for SBET seems to be not cost–effective from the perspective of National Health Services.