Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies rares – Aspect moléculaire'
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Petit, François Mickael. "Aspects moléculaires des maladies rares du métabolisme hépatique : à propos de la maladie de Crigler-Najjar." Nantes, 2008. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=5dcfa87e-f2cb-468d-8a87-767381d67fe9.
Full textCrigler-Najjar syndrome is a rare hepatic disorder due to partial or total deficiency of enzymatic activity of UGT1A1 involved in bilirubin conjugation. The disease manifests itself during the first hours of life by intense and persistent unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Affected children are at high risk to develop brain non-reversible damages (kernicterus) due to bilirubin encephalopathy. Since 1952 and the description of this syndrome by Crigler and Najjar, molecular studies allowed to identify the gene. UGT1A1 gene is located on the terminal part of the chromosome 2 and is composed of 5 exons. Crigler-Najjar syndrome can take two forms: type I with complete and non-inducible enzymatic deficiency and type II with non-complete and inducible enzymatic deficiency. In this work, we have described new mutations responsible for Crigler-Najjar syndrome type I or II and we have analysed them in terms of phenotype-genotype correlations. Secondly we have studied two families with non-canonical presentation (first description of paternal isodisomy for chromosome 2, molecular characterisation of a large deletion in UGT1A1 gene), highlighting the importance of familial investigations in this syndrome. In the last part, we have molecularly characterised a founder effect for the mutation c. 1070A>G in the Tunisian population, in whom Crigler-Najjar syndrome is particularly frequent
Guimier, Anne. "Identification des bases moléculaires et étude physiopathologique de maladies cardiaques rares en pédiatrie." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB241.
Full textRare diseases are defined in Europe by a prevalence of less than 1/2,000 individuals and represent more than 7,000 different diseases of which 80% are genetic. Most have a paediatric onset. My project involved the study of rare cardiac disorders in familial cases with recurrence in siblings, focusing on congenital heart disease in the context of heterotaxia (laterality defects) and sudden unexpected death due to cardiac arrest in infancy and the neonatal period. Whole exome sequencing was used as a tool for disease gene discovery in these families with the hypothesis of autosomal recessive inheritance. This strategy led to the identification of 3 novel disease genes. I performed functional validation for two of these genes in different models, confirming their involvement in each disease. 1) Loss of function of MMP21 and cardiac malformations due to left-right patterning defects during embryonic development. MMP21 encodes a metallopeptidase for which I demonstrated a highly specialized role in the generation of left-right asymmetry at the node using zebrafish. This gives new insight into the molecular mechanisms at the origin of left-right asymmetry in vertebrates. Interestingly, all mammals have a left-sided heart, but some species have lost the Mmp21 gene, indicating that there are different pathways leading to left-right determination in vertebrates. 2) Hypomorphic mutations in PPA2 cause sudden cardiac arrest in infants. PPA2 is a nuclear gene encoding the mitochondrial pyrophosphatase and using a yeast model we showed that this enzyme is essential for the mitochondrial energy transducing system and biogenesis. I described a novel clinical spectrum for a mitochondrial disease responsible for unexpected cardiac arrest in infancy. 3) PLCD3 loss of function and fatal cardiomyopathy by cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis in neonates. Exome sequencing in one familial case with 2 siblings presenting fatal cardiomyopathy led to the identification of compound heterozygous mutations in PLCD3, a gene previously implicated in a similar pathology in a mouse model. Identification of further cases with mutations in this gene will be needed in order to confirm the role of PLCD3 in the disease. In total, these studies are crucial from a clinical point of view for the genetic counseling of the affected families and they contribute to the elucidation of biological mechanisms of embryonic development and left-right determination (MMP21), mitochondrial function (PPA2) and post-natal cardiomyocyte survival (PLCD3)
Bermejo, Das Neves Carlos. "Probabilistic semantic network approach for the study of genotype-phenotype relations in the context of human genetic diseases." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAJ093.
Full textThis thesis is about the development of a method for modeling complex systems using knowledge graphs and automated reasoning algorithms. The modeling method was applied to rare diseases to predict their causes from the genetic to the cellular, physiological, and whole organism levels. For the creation of the knowledge graph, two ontologies, GO and HPO, were used. Since there were no databases with relationships between these ontologies, a machine learning method was developed to infer relationships and applied to both GO and HPO ontologies. The thesis is completed by a machine learning method to infer deleterious effects after a genetic variation called INDEL. Altogether, the artificial intelligence work presented in this doctoral thesis assists rare disease researchers in understanding what happens in the human body at various levels of abstraction, from the occurrence of a genetic variation to the development of a rare disease
Hebrard, Maxime. "Conception et développement d’un système d’aide au diagnostic clinique et génétique des rétinopathies pigmentaires." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13519/document.
Full textDiagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa could be difficult regarding both to clinics or molecular issues. Firstly, there are rare diseases, so the prevalence of each pathology in the world population is very low. Secondly, the symptoms of diseases are very similar, so their phenotypic characterization is hard. Moreover, the eye and the visual process are complex and numerous genes' products are implicated. Although retinopathies are mainly monogenic and mendelian inherited diseases, the polymorphisms involved in these diseases are very diverse.These both observations lead us to develop two complementary methodological approaches in a view to better understand the retinopathies.The first approach aims to identify all the genes involved in the diseases using genotyping chips. For this purpose, we studied genetic linkage between single nucleotide variations and pathologies. The second approach leads to the representation of clinical knowledge. An ontological compound was built to make explicit the knowledge involved in the process of diagnosis. The data previously collected by experts were labeled by terms that were organized in a specific thesaurus. The clinic profiles of the patients and diseases were handled as features collections and were compared by similarity calculations. The goal of this work is to build a knowledge-based system for diagnosis
Désir, Julie. "Etude génétique de maladies rares chez des patients issus de mariages consanguins." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210351.
Full textNous avons recruté dans ce travail des cas familiaux ou sporadiques de six maladies autosomiques récessives rares de gène inconnu.
La stratégie de cartographie par homozygotie nous a permis de mettre en évidence de nouveaux loci morbides dans quatre de ces maladies (épilepsie myoclonique progressive EPM3 ;syndrome marfanoïde avec microsphérophakie ;atrophie optique isolée ;et syndrome de microcéphalie et diabète précoce) ou de réduire la taille de loci déjà connus (microcéphalies primaires MCPH2 et MCPH4 ;et syndrome de Harboyan CDPD1). Nous avons pu caractériser de nouvelles mutations dans les gènes déjà connus ASPM (microcéphalie primaire MCPH5) et SLC4A11 (syndrome de Harboyan) et corréler celles-ci aux données cliniques. Enfin nous avons identifié les gènes KCTD7 et LTBP2 comme responsables respectivement des maladies EPM3 et syndrome marfanoïde avec microsphérophakie, en y découvrant des mutations chez les malades.
Doctorat en Sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Lamontagne, Maxime. "Approches en génomique et bio-informatique afin de comprendre les bases moléculaires de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35445.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex disease characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Currently, no treatment existsto reverse COPD, which is predicted to be the third leading cause of mortality in the world by the year 2030. Important discoveries were made in the last decade, but the pathophysiology of the disease remains largely unknown. The aim of this thesis is to study the genetic component of COPD and more specifically 1) identify genes involved in the development of airflow obstruction, 2) identify lung eQTL in the major histocompatibility complex and find causal genes for lung function and respiratory diseases in this region, 3) find new susceptibility loci for COPD, and 4) evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of DNA sequencing of the SERPINA1 gene as a single test to diagnose alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) and test the frequencies of AATD alleles in a Canadian COPD population. In the first study, we identified genes (CST3 and CD22) and signalling pathways (xenobiotic metabolism, apoptosis, protease–antiprotease and oxidant–antioxidant balance) involved in the development of airflow obstruction. We combined lung gene expression, whole genotyping data and clinical information’s from 1,111 subjects to identify potential causal genesand pathways. This study has identified underlying mechanisms implicated in the development of airflow obstruction. In the second study, westudied a critical genomic region for the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Previous studies have associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located inside this locus with lung diseases and phenotypes (asthma, cystic fibrosis, idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, lung cancer and lung function). We have identified new susceptibility genes for lung cancer (BTN3A2 and ZFP57), asthma (AGPAT1 and CDSN), lung function (MICB) and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia (AGPAT1). Results from this study provide important biological insights about previously associated SNPsin the MHC. We were also involved in the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) on COPD. This GWAS was performed by the International COPD Genetics Consortium (ICGC) and identified 22 loci associated at genome-wide significance. Genotypes of 63,192 subjects (15,256 cases and 47,936 controls) from 26 studies were used in the meta-analysis. Results were further replicated in 9,498 cases and 9,748 controls from the UK Biobank. Among the 22 associated loci, 9 were previously associated with COPD, 15 with lung function and 4 (EEFSEC, DSP, MTCL1and SFTPD) werenovel loci. Our findings highlight new loci associated with COPD and demonstrate the genetic overlap between lung function and COPD. Finally, the frequencies of deficient SERPINA1 alleles were evaluated in Canadian patients with COPD and DNA sequencing was evaluated as a single test strategy to detect AATD. DNA sequencing of the coding regions of SERPINA1 was performed in 400 individuals from the CanCOLD study (Canadian Cohort of Obstructive Lung Disease). Nineteen genetic variants were identified, including 15 missense mutations and one new mutation. DNA sequencing of SERPINA1 revealed the true genetic nature of AATD and was demonstrated has an effective, fast, and inexpensive single test strategy to detect AATD. Studies presented in this thesis have identified genes and pathways involved in the development of COPD, which are new targetsfor future studies.
Pontais, Isabelle. "Réponses moléculaires à Erwinia amylovora de deux génotypes de pommier sensible et résistant au feu bactérien." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0002.
Full textErwinia amylovora is the causal agent of fire blight, a disease that affects Maloideae including apple trees. The aim of this work was to improve the understanding of molecular mechanisms leading to disease susceptibility or resistance. In a first part the phenylpropanoid pathway was investigated. It has been indeed previously shown that some genes of this pathway are repressed by the bacteria, particularly in a susceptible genotype. In the present work, an in vitro analysis showed that two phenolics of apple (catechin and phloretin) have bactericidal effect against E. Amylovora and are able at lower concentrations to repress the expression of hrp genes, which are essential for the pathogenicity of the bacteria. The quantification by HPLC of phenolic compounds in a susceptible and a resistant apple genotypes during the interaction with E. Amylovora was performed. Results show that dihydrochalcones (DHC including phloretin) are the major phenolics in the organs studied (leaves). Every main DHC product of the susceptible genotype is repressed during the interaction with E. Amylovora, which is not the case in the resistant one. These compounds could then play a role in the resistance of apple to E. Amylovora. In a second part of this work, a global approach was undertaken by microarrays with a chip enriched in defense genes (768 genes on the whole). Results show that the salicylic acid pathway is early induced by the bacteria in the resistant genotype, whereas the jasmonic pathway is repressed in the susceptible one. Expressions of some genes were validated through quantitative PCR. Analysis of the involvement of Hrp effectors in the observed inductions or repressions demonstrates that DspA/E and HrpN have a leading role and often work in combination
Venisse, Jean-Stéphane. "Réponses moléculaires du pommier et du poirier en interactions compatibles et incompatibles avec Erwinia amylorova, agent du fzu bactérien des maloideae." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10042.
Full textDauphin, Gwenaëlle. "Développement d'outils sérologiques et moléculaires pour le diagnostic et l'étude de la prévalence de la maladie de Borna en France." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO1T065.
Full textMorkmued, Supawich. "Approches cliniques, précliniques et translationnelles des anomalies bucco-dentaires associées aux maladies rares." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ040.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to investigate genetic and environmental factors, both initiating and influencing signaling centers that regulate tooth development and thus producing associated defects. Essentially, my research program utilizes patient-based rare disease phenotypes to create novel mouse models. This study also involved investigating the developmental effects of excess retinoic acid on enamel formation to gain understanding of the mechanisms by which environmental factors can alter enamel development. Other studies investigated enamel and dental anomalies in Ltbp3 and Smoc2 mutant mice. These results advance our understanding of tooth development, and may translate towards optimizing clinical diagnosis, and improving treatment strategies for several human rare diseases. An improved understanding of rare disease models and our testing of clinically relevant approaches using rodent models is a feasible approach to address bone degeneration problems
Nicolas, Elsa. "Identification du gène responsable du syndrome CAMOS, une forme autosomique récessive d'ataxie cérébelleuse congénitale non progressive." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20707.
Full textLamontagne, Maxime. "Marqueurs génétiques influençant l'expression des gènes dans les poumons et susceptibilité à la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29782/29782.pdf.
Full textChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow obstruction that is not fully reversible. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified four susceptibility loci robustly associated with COPD. However, the genetic mechanisms mediating the risk within these loci remain to be found. In this study, genome-wide gene expression profiles of non-tumor lung specimens and blood-DNA from the same patients were genotyped for 1,2 million SNPs. The analyses were performed on 1111 subjects from three cohorts. Genetics variations influencing gene expression levels in lung samples, i.e. lung expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs), were identified in the COPD susceptibility regions (4q22, 4q31, 19q13). The results of this thesis demonstrated that HHIP is the most likely causal gene at 4q31, while the evidences supported the contribution of the FAM13A and EGLN2 genes at 4q22 and 19q13, respectively.
Chebil, Sandrine. "Génétique moléculaire des beta thalassémies en Tunisie Centrale." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR2P021.
Full textToquin, Didier. "Contribution à l’étude de la variabilité moléculaire et antigénique de la glycoprotéine d’attachement des métapneumovirus aviaires." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSARB193.
Full textAvian metapeumoviruses (AMPV, genus Metapneumovirus, family Paramyxoviridae) induce respiratory disease worldwide in several avianspecies, especially turkey,chicken and duck. AMPV and a human metapneumovirus (HMPV) were first isolated in 1985 and 2001, respectively. AMPV vary in antigenicity and genetic sequence, especially in the gene encoding their attachment glycoprotein G, which supports the classification of AMPV intro subgroups. The present study first reports the antigenic characterization and G gene sequencing of two AMPV strains that did not fit the previously recognized subgroups. These viruses were proposed as the prototype of a novel subgroup, D. The sequencing strategy that had proved successful with AMPV-D> viruses was also implemented with several recently isolated subgroup C viruses, derived either from turkeys in the USA, or from ducks in France
Fabbrizio, Eric. "Les molécules de la famille dystrophine : identifications et approches fonctionnelles." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON1T029.
Full textTaulan-Cadars, Magali. "Analyse du transcriptome rénal murin dans des conditions d'exposition aigue͏̈ et chronique à l'uranium." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON1T006.
Full textSeedy, Ayman Salah Ahmed El. "Études moléculaire et cellulaire des mutations du gène CFTR : de la génétique à la fonctionnalité de la protéine." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/1f04df89-c6ec-4a24-a424-49e80e1ea1a4.
Full textCystic fibrosis is a serious genetic disease autosomal recessive most frequent in populations of European origin. This pathology is due to dysfunction of the CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator) chloride channel present in the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The severity of the disease depends on mutations in the CFTR gene. The objective of our work is to understand the impact of CFTR mutations in order to establish a genetic counseling notified. For this, we initially determined which mutations are present in exon 9 and its flanking regions of the gene. As this region is duplicated in the genome, we established new experimental conditions to study exclusively the gene, and thus two pseudomutations were detected. In the second step, we examined complexes containing three frequent CFTR mutations (D443Y, G576A, R668C) and a rare mutation, G149R. In vitro we have demonstrated the deleterious effect of G149R alone or in complex and the decrease the amount of the mature protein complex when other alleles are present. In the last part of this work, we developed the laboratory techniques for the study of splicing. For this, we constructed a minigene hybrid that allows us to define the exact role of nucleotide substitutions on splicing. The results obtained from these three studies allowed us to better understand the impact of the studied mutations and thus to make a molecular diagnosis documented
Roy, Vincent. "Changements physiopathologiques et moléculaires lors de la dysfonction hépatique dans un modèle murin de la tyrosinémie héréditaire de type 1." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26284.
Full textHereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT1) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deficiency of fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH), the last enzyme of the tyrosine catabolic pathway. This severe metabolic disease is mainly caracterized by liver and kidney dysfuntion, due to the accumulation of toxic metabolites. Moreover, injuries inflicted on the liver could lead to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Actually, the only treatment is a daily intake of NTBC combined with a restrictive diet low in tyrosine and phenylalanine. While this treatment increases the life expectancy of patients, the risk of developing HCC remains. The general objectives of this work are to determine the pathophysiological changes of the HT1 phenotype and the molecular mechanisms involved in cell transformation and progression of liver dysfunction in a mouse model. fah-/- mice were subjected to NTBC withdrawal to investigate the signaling pathways involved in various stages of the disease. The interruption of NTBC induced a degeneration of general physiological conditions. Histological analysis revealed a distortion of the liver’s morphology with hepatocellular lesions, inflammation and steatotic nodules. Western blotting results have shown a chronic and progressive modulation of signaling pathways related to cell survival and proliferation in response to stress. At this point, no cancer has been diagnosed, but a significant activation of the endoplasmic reticulum signaling pathways has been demonstrated during the progression of TH1. This modulation may play a central role in the degeneration of liver cells by creating a microenvironment suitable for future HCC growth and invasion.
Aubourg, Pauline. "Etude par clonage positionnel de deux maladies neuromusculaires rares : la myopathie liée à l'X avec excès d'autophagie (XMEA) et une fibrose congénitale des muscles extra-oculaires (CFEOM)." Aix-Marseille 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX20667.
Full textThe aim of this work was to determine the gene involved in two rare neuromuscular diseases : the X-linked myopathy with excessive autophagy (XMEA) and the congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles type 3 (CFEOM3). XMEA is transmitted as an X-linked recessive trait and is characterised by a slow progressive weakness of proximal muscles, affecting males. It is located on Xq28 chromosome. Towards identifie the gene, we used a candidate gene approach based on structural changes observed in myofibers. None of the 38 genes studied allowed to determine the critical gene. As well, no rearrangement in the MAGEA genes cluster could be identified. However, we have considerably reduced the number of candidate genes. Additionally, a skewed X-inactivation pattern was detected and suggested that the gene involved in this condition could be ubiquitously expressed rather than having a muscle specific expression. CFEOM3 is an autosomal dominant inherited disease, characterised by a limitation of vertically gaze and ptosis. This condition belongs to the recently designed group of congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDDs). Two loci of CFEOM3 were known, on chromosome 16 and 12 (with KIF21A mutations). Here, we cloned the breakpoints of a balanced reciprocal translocation t(2;13) in a three generations family, and defined a new CFEOM3 locus (FEOM4) on 13q12. 11. A transcript whose the intron contained several blocks of conserved non coding sequences was interrupted by this breakpoint. The functional importance of these sequences remains to be identified. Meanwhile, the characterisation of this novel CFEOM3 locus will allow to test the genetic segregation at this locus, in families previously shown to be unlinked to any of the known loci. Furthermore, the study of two chromosomal rearrangements, involved in two families of Moebius syndrome type 1 (MBS1) on 13q12 will define if MBS1 and CFEOM3 are allelic or not
Lévesque, Marie-Hélène. "Expression des récepteurs stéroïdiens, des enzymes de la stréroïdogenèse et de biomarqueurs potentiels dans la prostate humaine normale et ses pathologies." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20957.
Full textGauthier, Marie-Krystel. "Génétique moléculaire de la maladie de Stargardt : étude des mutations du gène ABCA4 dans la population canadienne-française." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27579/27579.pdf.
Full textColinot, Fanny. "Caractérisation par spectroscopie Infra-rouge Operando des espèces absorbées et réactionnelles en catalyse d'oxydation." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2030.
Full textIncoming new regulations concerning environmental protection require new combustion solutions. In this context Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) systems are developed. These allow a reduction consummation of fuel and, at the same time, a reduction of CO2 and NOx emissions. However, the oxidation catalysis will be affected by these rather low working temperatures and will lead to high levels of CO and hydrocarbons in the exhaust gas. It will be thus necessary to increase the oxidation catalytic performances in order to ensure the total oxidation of CO and hydrocarbon species at low temperatures, preferably without any NO to NO2 oxidation. This work deals with the infrared in situ and operando studies of several materials chosen as suitable oxidation catalysts. The operando study is a pertinent technique to analyze both the different species which are adsorbed on the surface and the activity of the catalyst when it is exposed to a gas flow representative of a LTC exhaust mixture under realistic conditions. The results of these analyses have allowed us to put in evidence differences in behavior between Pd and Pt supported catalysts. All the Pd supported catalysts have presented, on the whole, better performances than the Pt supported catalysts. Moreover the NO to NO2 oxidation is very limited (<4 ppm over 350°C) on the palladium catalyst. The quantity of palladium can be considerably decreased by increasing the dispersion without affecting the catalytic activity. The Pd/ZrPrO2 catalyst has shown the most promising performances and has been studied in detail (stability, optimization…)
Goizet, Cyril. "Etude du gène de la connexine 32 chez des patients atteints de maladie de Charcot-Marie-Tooth." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23003.
Full textGirault, Guillaume. "Développement d'outils de typage moléculaire de haute résolution pour la détection et la différenciation de Bacillus anthracis." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0007.
Full textBacillus anthracis is a pathogenic bacterium with a worldwide repartition. It is the causative agent of a zoonosis named Anthrax. Belonging to the Bacillus genus, B. anthracis has the ability to sporulate: this particularity allows the bacterium to stay as quiescent spores into the soils and to resist against different kind of stresses (UV, heat treatment…). Mammals are principally infected and human or animal outbreaks are reported annually in the world. Several regions are endemic while some others, like France, report more sporadic cases. Even if Anthrax incidence is in constant decrease all over the world, B. anthracis is still a pathogen of interest for many countries because of its potential use as a biological weapon. The study of this bacterium has a two-tier purpose: first, it is the cause of a relative mortality in livestock and wildlife, and second it is potentially used as a weapon of mass destruction. This bacterial species is considered highly monomorphic and all strains are extremely closed genetically. In order to precisely identify strains during outbreaks or bioterrorism attempt and track the source of infection, several diagnosis and typing methods are available. However, not all of these methods have the discrimination power, the robustness or the ease of use that is required in the laboratory. During this work, I have studied the diversity of European isolates of B. anthracis. A whole genome sequencing approach for approximately 250 strains has been done with a great diversity into strains (France, Europe). A comparative bioinformatic analysis allowed genomes reconstruction and polymorphisms identification among European isolates (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism = SNP). These markers leaded to establish a precise phylogeny among 292 B. anthracis isolates at a world level. Several hypotheses concerning the origins and the evolution of this pathogen have been proposed. A new sublineage has been potentially discovered. A panel of sixty SNPs has been identified and confirmed to genotype the major groups and lineages phylogenetically related in Europe. Two molecular typing approaches based on PCR amplification have been developed. Using the identified SNP, they can be used to discriminate strains between each others. The first one is a quick and low cost approach (PCR HRM) whereas the second can be used to multiplex a lot of analyses (Luminex). My work allowed a significative increase into B. anthracis knowledge. The typing tools developed will allow traceability and quick identification of the strains involved in an Anthrax outbreak or in a suspected bioterrorist attempt in France
Trottier, Jocelyn. "Profilage des acides biliaires chez le patient cholestatique : Effet de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28405/28405.pdf.
Full textRaux, Grégory. "Bases moléculaires des pathologies mendéliennes et complexes : stratégies d'études moléculaires et avancées technologiques." Rouen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ROUES049.
Full textThis manuscript presents several technological and conceptual approaches in mutational screening. A promising way to study diseases with complex inheritance is to search for hidden mendelian features, the so-called "endophénotype", which corresponds to a favourable background for disease development. Such an approach was selected for the study of schizophrenia : the endophenotype defined as an abnormal sensorial filtering allowed us to focuse upon a single candidate gene for the analysis. As soon as the gene number to be tested is low, specific screening methods may be used. The multiplicity of available molecular biology techniques, some of which are described here-in, theoretically allows the identification of all possible genetic variations. In such a context, we developed a new technique for the detection of genomic rearrangements. A quantitative fluorescent PCR multiplex method dealing with short genomic fragments was put in place with the aim to be quickly transposable from a project to another, whatever the genomic context of the target. Indeed, this technique makes it possible to detect any genomic deletions or duplications, thus corresponding to a powerful alternative to fluorescent in situ hybridisation techniques. Two standard procedures for mutational screening are given with respect to the target under study : a high throughput technique and a procedure directed towards a defined area. Finally we propose a universal procedure to design new fluorescent multiplex PCR methods for short genomic sequences
Escalettes-Darhan, Sylvie. "Acidémie méthylmalonique : à propos d'un cas." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR2M131.
Full textLemire, Bruno. "Métabolisme et signalisation cellulaire dans le quadriceps des patients atteints de la maladie pulmonaire obstructive chronique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30022/30022.pdf.
Full textPeripheral muscle dysfunction is one of the most important systemic manifestations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). This dysfunction brings many muscle abnormalities at the clinical, structural, metabolic and biochemical levels. These abnormalities contribute to the exercise intolerance, loss of muscle mass and force as well as diminishing quality of life of patients with COPD. This thesis as for general objective the investigation of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD, more precisely 1) the study of signalling pathways involved in muscle atrophy 2) the study of muscle metabolism in response to endurance exercise involved in exercise intolerance and 3) the study of muscle cellular adaptations to resistance exercise involved in the less than optimal response following resistance training in patients with COPD. First, we showed the possible contribution of the MAPKs, more precisely p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and JNK, to the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. The phosphorylation levels as well as the mRNA expression of these key proteins are elevated in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls. We also demonstrated that SAA1 could have a possible role in the peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD. Secondly, we observed that patients with COPD have a greater reliance on the muscle glycolytic metabolism during an endurance exercise done until exhaustion, therefore possibly contributing to the exercise intolerance seen in patients with COPD. Lastly, we demonstrated that the cellular adaptation in response to resistance exercise training is different for proteins involved in muscle mass regulation in patients with COPD compared to age-matched healthy controls, thus possibly contributing to the less-than-optimal response to resistance exercise training in patients with COPD. This thesis puts at the forefront the signalling pathways and inflammatory markers contributing to the inherent peripheral muscle dysfunction in patients with COPD, as well as the investigation of exercise response in patients with COPD. These results will add to the scientific knowledge of the metabolic and cellular aspects of peripheral muscle dysfunction in COPD.
Chalhoub, Boulos. "Le sérotype PAV du virus de la jaunisse nanisante de l'orge (BYDV-PAV) : interaction d'isolats du BYDV-PAV avec l'orge cultivée (Hordeum vulgare L) : contrôle génétique de la résistance partielle des génotypes d'orge : polymorphisme de la région 3'-Terminale du génome viral." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT014A.
Full textJonveaux, Philippe. "Délétions et gènes suppresseurs de tumeurs : approches méthodologiques dans les hémopathies malignes." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28196.
Full textDjeddi, Sarah. "Identification de mécanismes pathologiques et thérapeutiques des myopathies congénitales par analyse intégrée d'omiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021STRAJ069.
Full textCentronuclear myopathies (CNM) are rare muscle disorders characterized by general muscle weakness. They are caused by mutations in MTM1, DNM2 or BIN1, encoding proteins implicated in membrane trafficking and organelle positioning. The CNM pathomechanisms are however only partially known and to date there are no therapies for the disease. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms and to decipher the common disease signature for the different CNMs, and to identify the common therapy signature independent of therapies, we analyzed the muscle transcriptome and proteome of treated and untreated MTM1, DNM2 and BIN1 mouse models. The treatments encompass a pharmacological approach using tamoxifen repurposing, an antisense oligonucleotide treatment to reduce the level of DNM2, or the modulation of DNM2 or BIN1 levels through genetic crosses. Overall, this work highlighted disease and therapy signatures, and disclosed potential novel therapeutic targets. It also enabled the identification of biomarkers detectable in muscle and/or plasma
Deubel, Vincent. "Caractérisation du virus de la fièvre jaune (Flavivirus) : aspect morphogénétique, analyse biochimique des constituants viraux, hétérogénéité moléculaire parmi les souches d'origine géographique différente." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077029.
Full textChevron, Marie-Pierre. "Dystrophine et utrophine dans les dystrophies musculaires et au cours du développemnt des muscles squelettique, cardiaque et lisse humains." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T023.
Full textRoques, Isabelle. "Etude de vingt observations d'amyotrophies spinales infantiles : aspects cliniques et génétiques." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23019.
Full textAli-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Full textBernard, Quentin. "Analyse cellulaire et moléculaire de la transmission précoce de la borréliose de Lyme : rôle de l'interface cutanée." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAJ038/document.
Full textVector-borne diseases account for seventeen percent of world-wide infectious diseases. They are amajor threat to public health. Lyme borreliosis is the first vector-borne disease of the northernhemisphere. It is caused by a bacteria, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, inoculated by a hard tickbelonging to the Ixodes genus. The first contact between the vertebrate host and the tick, and sobetween the vertebrate host and the bacteria, occurs at the skin interface. The skin is then of majorimportance for the early development of the immune response against Borrelia.The tick bite induces a skin injury owing to its biting pieces, the hypostome and two chelicerae. The ticksaliva also creates a feeding pool allowing the tick to feed efficiently. This process also facilitates Borreliatransmission. We have characterized a tick saliva protein which might participate to the formation ofthe feeding pool: histone H4. This protein lyses fibroblasts and harbors bactericidal properties againstcommensal bacteria. These two activities might help Borrelia to infect the vertebrate host by sustainingits development in the skin. Once bacteria have been injected into the skin, they interact with residentskin cells, keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and immune cells. We have shown that the inflammationinduced by the tick bite increases the keratinocyte inflammatory response against Borrelia. However,the saliva inhibits this cross-talk which depends on TLR3/TRIFF and TLR2/MyD88 pathways. Once thetick has detached and the saliva has disappeared, the cross-talk might explained the inflammationobserved during the erythema migrans.Other skin cells than keratinocytes and fibroblasts are involved in the early inflammatory responseagainst Borrelia such as dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. We have explored theinvolvement of another poorly-studied cell-type: mast cells. We have shown that these cells can secreteIL-6 and degranulate in response to Borrelia. Bacteria antigens responsible of the activation mightdepends on the living state of Borrelia. The tick saliva is able to negatively control the secretion of IL-6,but not to completely inhibit it. At this point, we cannot conclude in a WSH mouse model deficient inmast cells, to a major role of these cells in the inflammatory response against Borrelia.While in the skin, Borrelia expresses many genes which will facilitate the dissemination across thevertebrate host, to reach different target organs (brain, joint, distant skin). We have characterized twogenes potentially involved in the dissemination of a virulent clone of B. burgdorferi sensu stricto: bb0347and bb0213. bb0347 encodes for an adhesion which can specifically interact with the extracellularmatrix of the skin while the role of bb0213 is unknown. bb0347 might help the bacteria to migratethrough skin tissues and then increases the infection rate
Guérin, Antoine. "Identification et caractérisation moléculaire de la première étiologie génétique responsable de la maladie de Whipple chez l’homme." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB057/document.
Full textWhipple's disease (WD) is a rare, severe and chronic infectious disease that affects only a small minority of individuals infected with Tropheryma whipplei (T. whipplei). The chronic and asymptomatic carriage of T. whipplei is less rare. The pathogenesis of WD remains largely unknown. Using a genetic approach combining genome-wide linkage and whole exon sequencing, we tested the hypothesis of a genetic predisposition to WD. We studied a multiplex family containing four otherwise healthy WD patients and five asymptomatic T. whipplei carriers. We tested the hypothesis that WD follows autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance with age-dependent incomplete penetrance. We showed that the c.292 C> T mutation (p.R98W) of IRF4 gene was the only heterozygote variant that was very rare and non-synonymous for all four patients. In mice, the Irf4 gene is a transcription factor that plays pleiotropic roles in immunity. Molecular characterization of the mutated allele showed a deleterious effect by a haplo-insufficiency mechanism for the transcription factor function of the protein. Increase localization of the protein in the cytoplasmic has also been observed. In addition, the defect IRF4 studied confers a distinct transcriptomic response in leukocytes stimulated by BCG or T. whipplei. In conclusion, we identified the first genetic etiology associated with WD. The mode of inheritance is AD with incomplete penetrance, chronic carriage probably preceding WD for several decades in heterozygous individuals infected with T. whipplei. This work will help to better understand the pathogenesis of WD, to better define the mechanisms of immunity against T. whipplei and to be able to offer a molecular and genetic adapted diagnosis to families
Bouchez, Olivier. "VAD1, un régulateur putatif de la mort cellulaire hypersensible chez Arabidopsis thaliana : analyse fonctionnelle et recherche de nouvelles composantes des programmes de mort cellulaire associés à VAD1." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/197/.
Full textThe hypersensitive response (HR) is a form of programmed cell death that is commonly associated with disease resistance to pathogens, characterized by a rapid and localized cell death occurring at the inoculation site. The vad1 mutant (for Vascular Associated Death) is an Arabidopsis "Lesion Mimic" Mutant that exhibits HR-like propagative lesions along the vascular system. High expression of defense-related marker genes and increased resistance against different virulent and avirulent pathogens accompany lesion formation. Sudy of the ethylene and jasmonates-related signalling pathways using crosses between vad1 and ethylene mutants (ein2, ein3, ein4, eto2, ctr1 and 35S::ERF1) or jasmonate mutants (jar1) was performed. Results reveal that vad1-associated phenotypes were dependent on ethylene biosynthesis and signalling, while the jasmonate pathway exerts a negative regulation on vad1-associated phenotypes. In agreement with these results, an ethylene treatment of vad1 induces an acceleration of lesion formation. In addition, VAD1 expression is positively regulated by ethylene. Taken together, these results demonstrate that VAD1 acts as a negative regulator of the HR cell death. A functional study of VAD1 was then performed. VAD1 overexpression induces a delay in lesion appearance and defense transcript accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana and in Arabidopsis plants, confirming that VAD1 acts as a negative regulator of HR and resistance. .
Belhadj, Sahla. "Effet de Simmondsia chinensis sur le diabète et les maladies métaboliques : étude in vitro et in vivo." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ061.
Full textHerbal medicine refers to medicine based on plant extracts and natural active ingredients. As the number of diabetic patient increase dramatically, many researchers have sought to evaluate the pharmacological action of several traditional plants. The jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub of the family Simmondsiaceae which has many properties linked to a very rich and diversified composition. The objectives pursued during this thesis were to validate the use of jojoba in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and its complications by evaluating in vitro the antioxidant effect of an aqueous extract of jojoba and compare this extract to a pure molecule, the simmondsin, on a pancreatic beta cell line, by demonstrating the efficacy of the various extracts of the jojoba seed on a hepatic cell line following chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and finally by validating in vivo the efficacy of jojoba on rat a model of glucose intolerance induced by high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF). The results in vitro showed that the various extracts of the jojoba seed tested were not cytotoxic on the cell lines but provided protection against oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. This protection appears to be related to the inhibition of the expression of the p22phox pro-oxidant enzyme. In vivo, the study on the HFHF rat model confirmed the anorectic effect of jojoba combined with a curative effect on complications, in particular liver and kidney damage, which could be linked to its antioxidant properties. This study demonstrated the efficacy of jojoba seeds in the treatment of diabetes and its complications
Guilbaud, Auriane. "L'insertion progressive des entreprises dans la gouvernance mondiale de la santé : le cas de la lutte contre le Vih/Sida et les maladies négligées." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0036.
Full textOur doctoral research deals with the integration of business in global health governance in the case of the fight against HIV/AIDS and neglected diseases. We use an approach at the crossroad between a sociology of international relations and a sociology of global public policy. We argue that during the 20th century, business evolves from a position at the periphery of the global health governance system to a position at the center of the system, integrated through relationships with other actors. It is a gradual process, during which businesses play a diverse range of roles. This integration process is also characterized by an institutionalization of business participation, through the creation of new organizational forms and new market-based cooperation mechanisms. The dissertation is divided into six chapters. They follow a global historical development, which is not strictly linear but retraces the integration of business in the international health system and its governance structure. The first three chapters highlight the different roles played by corporations and the beginning of the dynamics of integration with the building of ad hoc collaborations. The last three chapters analyze the structural changes which allow a deepening of the integration of business and the creation of new forms and new mechanisms of cooperation
Ney, Michel. "Rôle de l'inclusion de l'exon 7 de BIN1 dans la faiblesse musculaire des patients atteints de dystrophie myotonique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ077/document.
Full textMyotonic dystrophy of type 1 (DM1), is an inherited genetic disease affecting around 1 in 8000 person. Patients suffering from DM1 develop essentially muscle disorders such as muscle weakness, muscle loss and atrophy. The cause of DM1 is explained by the mutation of a gene called “DMPK“.During my thesis, I discovered that the alternative splicing of BIN1 mRNA was altered in the muscle of DM1 patients. Indeed, the BIN1 exon 7, which is normally absent in healthy muscle, is aberrantly expressed in DM1 muscle. By using a mouse model, I found that the forced expression of BIN1 exon 7 was responsible of the alteration of both muscle structure and function. Notably, we found a decrease in muscle fibers area (atrophy) and an increase of muscle weakness, compared to wild-type mice. Therefore, this work will help in the understanding of the disease mechanism and could explain the causes of muscle weakness and atrophy, which have never been elucidated to this date
Danesin, Catherine. "Spécification des précurseurs oligodendrocytaires dans la moe͏̈lle épinière de vertébrés : identification de Sulf1, nouveau marqueur du lignage oligodendrocytaire et régulateur de la voie de signalisation Shh." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30141.
Full textNeurons and glial cells that populate the central nervous system are generated by an embryonic structure called the neuroepithelium. In the ventral spinal cord, neurons and oligodendrocyte progenitors are produced in response to the morphogenetic activity of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) protein. My PhD project was mainly focused on the question of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the specification of oligodendrocytes. We have shown that neural progenitors switch precociously to oligodendrocyte fate in response to an increased exposition to Shh, suggesting that a temporal increase of shh signalling activity induces oligodendrocyte specification. Moreover, we have characterized a nem oligodendrocyte marker : c-sulf1, a gene encoding for a sulfatase. Our analyses show that the function of c-sulf1 regulates Shh signalling activity, suggesting that this gene could be involved during oligodendrocyte specification
Nattarayan, Vasugi. "The functional and therapeutic role of BIN1 and PI3K-C2β in skeletal muscle physiology and pathophysiology." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ083.
Full textCentronuclear myopathies (CNM) are a group of severe congential disorders that affect the skeletal muscles and are mainly characterized by muscle weakness, hypotonia and respiratory distress. One of the hallmark features of CNM is the presence of central nuclei in the muscle fibers, opposing to its normal peripheral localization. The most severe form of the disease is due to mutations in MTM1 gene, whereas some of the other commonly mutated genes are BIN1 and DNM2. To date, there is no cure available for CNM. To better understand the role of BIN1 in disease pathomechanisms, we have created and characterized a novel Bin1 mouse model (Bin1 cKO) for CNM and have shown various structural and functional defects associated with the BIN1 loss in skeletal muscles. We have provided a therapeutic proof of concept for BIN1 related CNM, where the downregulation of Dnm2 in Bin1 cKO mice rescued its CNM phenotypes. Separately, we have shown that inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3K-C2β results in the rescue of CNM phenotypes of Mtm1 KO mice. Similarly, we have shown a probable partial rescue of CNM phenotypes of Bin1 cKO mice by inhibiting the kinase activity of PI3K-C2β. Apart from Bin1 cKO mice, we have also created and characterized a Bin1 KI mice model, mimicking the BIN1 K35N patient mutation of CNM
Vignaux-Boraud, Delphine. "Intérêt de l'étude des cellules de Sézary : étude parallèle en biologie moléculaire par PCR des clones T sanguins et cutanés." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR23099.
Full textBelhadj, Sahla. "Effet de Simmondsia chinensis sur le diabète et les maladies métaboliques : étude in vitro et in vivo." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ061.
Full textHerbal medicine refers to medicine based on plant extracts and natural active ingredients. As the number of diabetic patient increase dramatically, many researchers have sought to evaluate the pharmacological action of several traditional plants. The jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) is a shrub of the family Simmondsiaceae which has many properties linked to a very rich and diversified composition. The objectives pursued during this thesis were to validate the use of jojoba in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and its complications by evaluating in vitro the antioxidant effect of an aqueous extract of jojoba and compare this extract to a pure molecule, the simmondsin, on a pancreatic beta cell line, by demonstrating the efficacy of the various extracts of the jojoba seed on a hepatic cell line following chronic hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia and finally by validating in vivo the efficacy of jojoba on rat a model of glucose intolerance induced by high-fat high-fructose diet (HFHF). The results in vitro showed that the various extracts of the jojoba seed tested were not cytotoxic on the cell lines but provided protection against oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. This protection appears to be related to the inhibition of the expression of the p22phox pro-oxidant enzyme. In vivo, the study on the HFHF rat model confirmed the anorectic effect of jojoba combined with a curative effect on complications, in particular liver and kidney damage, which could be linked to its antioxidant properties. This study demonstrated the efficacy of jojoba seeds in the treatment of diabetes and its complications
Jary, Aude. "Déterminants moléculaires et cliniques de l’infection par l’herpèsvirus humain 8 : facteurs impliqués dans la transmission du HHV-8 et le développement des maladies associées." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS332.
Full textThe human herpesvirus 8 is an oncogenic virus involved in the development of all forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), but also in certain forms of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) and in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The aim of this work was to study the clinical and virological determinants in HHV-8 infection and associated with its three main diseases. Thus, in the study 1, the HHV-8 DNA viral load associated with KS was lower compared with that found in hemopathies, probably due to the pathophysiology of each disease, but other factors could also be involved. Indeed, in the study 2, the HHV-8 subtype influenced the viral load and the severity of the clinical presentation of KS. In addition, we have identified a new variant associated with severe clinical forms, reinforcing the postulate of virological determinants involved in the pathophysiology of the different diseases. Despite the era of antiretrovirals, immunity would still play an important role because in the study 1, the CD4 count was low and inversely correlated with the HHV-8 viral load in KS and MCD whereas in study 3, epidemic KSs with a sustained immunological and virological response for HIV infection were associated with a CD4 / CD8 ratio of less than 1. Finally, in the study 4, in vitro analysis of the effect of poppers on BC-3 cells chronically infected by HHV-8 has been shown to stimulate viral replication. This result suggests that poppers used in vivo could be an environmental factor favoring the transmission of HHV-8 but also the development of MK in patients with apparent normal or restored immunity
Hick, Aurore. "Développement d'un nouveau modèle cellulaire de l'ataxie de Friedreich : différenciation de cellules pluripotentes induites de patients en cardiomyocytes." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ064/document.
Full textFriedreich’s ataxia (FA) is a recessive neurodegenerative disorder due to a deficit of frataxin, a highly conserved mitochondrial protein. It is commonly associated with a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The main pathophysiological consequences are a decrease of Fe-S enzyme activities and mitochondrial iron accumulation. The recent technical advances in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) from somatic cells provide a powerful tool to create disease specific cellular models. Cardiomyocytes derived from FA-iPS present altered mitochondria after 1 month in culture. After four months in culture, iron deposits can be found in degenerating mitochondria, indicating a progression in the pathophysiology of the disease. Our study illustrates the ability of iPS-derived cardiomyocytes to model the cardiac phenotype associated with FA, and offers new opportunities to further investigate pathological mechanisms linked to frataxin deficiency
Baudoin, Léa. "Rôle de la O-GlcNAcylation dans les effets pro-inflammatoires du LPS dans le macrophage." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB098.
Full textIn the last decades, changes in lifestyle have led to a dramatic increased prevalence of pathologies such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Chronic hyperglycaemia associated with these diseases has deleterious effects on many tissues, resulting in serious complications (glucotoxicity). Among the different mechanisms involved in the toxic effects of glucose, O-N-acetylglucosaminylation (O-GlcNAc) of proteins plays an important role. O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible post-translational modification that regulates the activities of cytosolic and nuclear proteins. Only two enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA), control the level of O-linked N-acetyl glucosamine (O- GlcNAc) on proteins. OGT is the enzyme that O-GlcNAcylates proteins, whereas OGA removes O-GlcNAc from proteins. This post-translational modification tightly depends on glucose availability and its flux through the hexosamines biosynthesis pathway (HBP). Metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity are also characterized by chronic low level inflammation, which contributes to the complications observed in these pathologies. The metabolic disturbances associated with these diseases (increased free fatty acids and glucose) promote pro-inflammatory processes in the macrophage. However, the relationships between inflammatory processes and O-GlcNAcylation of proteins remain poorly explored. The aim of this work was to evaluate the involvement of the O-GlcNAcylation pathway in the macrophage. The studies were carried out using the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line or primary macrophages differentiated from mouse bone marrow (BMDM), peritoneal mouse macrophages, or human monocytes derived macrophages (hMDM). O-GlcNAcylation of proteins was measured in RAW264.7 macrophages using a BRET biosensor targeted to different cell compartments. We have observed that activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 by LPS (lipopolysaccharide) increases the BRET signal at the plasma membrane, in the cytosol, and nucleus of RAW264.7 cells. An increase in LPS-induced O-GlcNAcylation was also observed by western blotting in RAW264.7 cells and primary mouse and human macrophages. This increase in O-GlcNAcylation was in particular detected on the p65 subunit of the NFκB transcription factor, suggesting a role for this modification in the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS. In agreement with this notion, inhibition of OGA, (responsible for de-GlcNAcylation of proteins) using a specific inhibitor (Thiamet G) potentiates the effects of LPS on mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL1β. In addition, we generated a tamoxifen-inducible OTG-KO mouse model. Invalidation of OGT in primary macrophages of these mice reduces the effect of LPS on the expression of IL1β mRNAs by a factor of 2, suggesting that the induction of O-GlcNAcylation is at least in part involved in the transmission of the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for LPS-induced increase in O-GlcNAcylation, we studied the effect of LPS on the enzymes involved in the O-GlcNAc pathway in RAW264.7 cells. We observed that LPS treatment had no effect on the expression (mRNA and protein) and on the enzymatic activities of OGT and OGA. On the other hand, LPS induced a strong increase in the expression (mRNA and protein) of glutamine: fructose-6-phosphate amidotransferase (GFAT), the rate limiting enzyme of the HBP pathway. Inhibition of GFAT with 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) inhibited LPS-induced increase in O-GlcNAcylation and LPS effect on the expression of IL1β mRNA, but not NOS2 expression, confirming a partial dependence of the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS on the O-GlcNAc pathway. In conclusion, our results indicate that activation of the O-GlcNAcylation pathway could be considered as an integral part of the signal induced by TLR4, and suggest that this pathway is involved in some of the pro-inflammatory effects of LPS in the macrophage
Lemerle, Eline. "Rôle des cavéoles dans la formation des tubules-T et dans la physiopathologie des cavéolinopathies." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS010.pdf.
Full textIn skeletal muscle, invaginations of the sarcolemma called caveolae and their main component Cav-3 are thought to be involved in the formation of transverse tubules. T-tubules are muscle structures that allow the action potential to be propagated into the muscle fibre. However, the mechanism linking them together remains unknown. The importance of caveolae and Cav-3 is accentuated by the existence of defects in the organisation and function of caveolae in caveolinopathies, autosomal dominant neuromuscular diseases due to mutations in the CAV-3 gene, the pathophysiological mechanisms of which are still not understood. The objective of my project was to understand the role of caveolae in the early formation of T-tubules. A correlative microscopy technique combining super-resolution fluorescence and electron microscopy on metal replicas was used to examine in detail the molecular components of caveolae and T-tubules in extensively differentiated myotubes. I showed the organisation of caveolae on Bin1 platforms forming a novel ring structure that appears to optimise membrane tubulation in the initiation of T-tubule formation. These rings and Bin1-mediated membrane tubulation are impaired in Cav-3 expression defects and in myotubes from caveolinopathic patients. My work suggests that caveolae rings are the site of T-tubule initiation and provides the basis for characterising T-tubule biogenesis in skeletal muscle and in the pathophysiology of caveolinopathies
Lornage, Xavière. "Identification and functional characterization of novel genes implicated in congenital myopathies." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ067.
Full textCongenital myopathies are severe genetic muscle diseases characterized by a disabling early-onset muscle weakness. In order to identify new genetic causes, we sequenced the exomes of molecularly undiagnosed congenital myopathy patients, and their analysis highlighted two novel myopathy genes. MYPN and ACTN2 encode two structural sarcomeric proteins called myopalladin and alphaactinin-2. To evaluate the impact of the mutations on the protein function and on muscle physiology, molecular and functional analyses were performed in cell and animal models. The MYPN mutations resulted in loss of myopalladin expression, and in mouse muscles, mutated alpha-actinin-2 led to muscle weakness and structural defects similar to those observed in the patient muscles. These results have a direct impact on the disease management of the patients and on genetic counselling, provide a better understanding of the signaling pathways required for muscle physiology, and highlight novel therapeutic targets