Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies associées à l’âge'
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Dotou-Huetz, Mazzarine. "Towards selective bifunctional senolytic compounds : design, mechanistic studies and proof of concept." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS652.pdf.
Full textAgeing is accompanied by a decline in the regenerative properties of most tissues, and the accumulation of senescent cells as we age is associated with this decline. Senescence is a cellular response due to telomere shortening or exposure to stresses causing an accumulation of DNA damage and/or oxidative stress. This cellular response is characterized by an irreversible cell cycle arrest, an increase in the β-galactosidase activity associated with senescence and the secretion of the Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype or SASP composed of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and proteases. The composition of this SASP, and therefore its role, depends on the cell type and the nature of the senescence-inducing stress, and contributes to the deleterious effects of senescent cells. Among the tissues affected, skeletal muscle represents a paradigm for exploring regenerative strategies. Thanks to a population of muscle stem cells that can activate, proliferate and differentiate to form new myofibers, muscle has remarkable capacity for regeneration after injury. During the ageing process and muscular dystrophies, this potential is depleted as muscle stem cells gradually enter senescence. The development of senotherapy based on the use of senolytic compounds capable of eliminating senescent cells is therefore a promising strategy. However, the compounds currently available lack specificity. This thesis involved designing, synthesizing and evaluating for the first time two new types of innovative bifunctional compounds with optimized selectivity targeting DPP4, a membrane protease overexpressed on the surface of senescent cells. The first compound is characterized by a conjugation between a potent senolytic and a high-affinity ligand for DPP4, enabling molecular addressing. The second is additionally characterized by an immolative linker, sensitive to the senescence associated β-galactosidase activity, enabling specific release of the senolytic within senescent cells. These constructs were evaluated on different cell lines rendered senescent by various stresses and compared with reference senolytics and senormorphics. In conclusion, the bifunctional molecules developed during this thesis have a senolytic power similar to that of Piperlongumine, the parent senolytic agent used for design purposes, with improved selectivity towards non-senescent cells compared with reference senolytics such as Quercetin and Dasatinib. The mode of action of Piperlongumine was also studied in particular metabolism disruption, and intracellular targets. Hence, our data constitute an excellent basis to develop a new format of senomodulators with improved selectivity for muscle regeneration strategy purposes
Seiberras, Serge. "Myosite à inclusions sporadique et maladies associées." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR23036.
Full textEl, Rawas Rana. "Adaptations neuronales dans les maladies psychiatriques associées à une hyperdopaminergie." Poitiers, 2008. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2008/El-Rawas-Rana/2008-El-Rawas-Rana-These.pdf.
Full textAlhosny, Michel. "Les maladies associées à la dysbiose explorées par analyse génomique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0669/document.
Full textDysbiosis remains a main cause during the establishment of several diseases, by promoting bacterial translocation, leading to inflammation process. Specific microorganisms were involved in the pathogenesis of dysbiosis-associated diseases, notably necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and diabetic foot (DF). This was possible by the implication of whole-genome analysis (WGA) in association with other techniques. In case of NEC, C. butyricum was significantly associated with in NEC; tested on a South-East French cohort. Geographical and/or temporal clusters were identified, thus genomic relationship between NEC-associated isolates and controls, suggesting the presence of asymptomatic carriage. Genes encoding for β-hemolysin was detected and C. butyricum supernatant exhibited cytotoxic effect on Jurkat cells. Cytotoxic effect was also presented on Caco-2 cells. Supernatant of β-hemolysin-mutant C. butyricum showed enterotoxic effect. Basing on physico-chemical data, we assumed that the evaluated fraction was a protein. Proteomics analysis revealed that PspC family was the cytotoxic protein. This protein owned a glucan-binding domain, shared by C. difficile toxin A/B. The KO of PspC gene was enterotoxic, suggesting by this the existence of a combination of genes. In parallel, a specific rpoB-based qPCR was developed to identify C. neonatale. We found that, C. neonatale was more prevalent in NEC than in controls. Although co-identified in association with C. butyricum. C. neonatale clones were distinguished especially in strains isolated from the same hospital. Regarding to DF infection, SNPs were identified within S. aureus and E. coli genomes, especially in virulent genes
Karaman, Svebor. "Indexation de la vidéo portée : application à l’étude épidémiologique des maladies liées à l’âge." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14402/document.
Full textThe research of this PhD thesis is fulfilled in the context of wearable video monitoring of patients with aged dementia. The idea is to provide a new tool to medical practitioners for the early diagnosis of elderly dementia such as the Alzheimer disease. More precisely, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) have to be indexed in videos recorded with a wearable recording device.Such videos present specific characteristics i.e. strong motion or strong lighting changes. Furthermore, the tackled recognition task is of a very strong semantics. In this difficult context, the first step of analysis is to define an equivalent to the notion of “shots” in edited videos. We therefore developed a method for partitioning continuous video streams into viewpoints according to the observed motion in the image plane.For the recognition of IADLs we developed a solution based on the formalism of Hidden Markov Models (HMM). A hierarchical HMM with two levels modeling semantic activities or intermediate states has been introduced. A complex set of features (dynamic, static, low-level, mid-level) was proposed and the most effective description spaces were identified experimentally.In the mid-level features for activities recognition we focused on the semantic objects the person manipulates in the camera view. We proposed a new concept for object/image description using local features (SURF) and the underlying semi-local connected graphs. We introduced a nested approach for graphs construction when the same scene can be described by levels of graphs with increasing number of nodes. We build these graphs with Delaunay triangulation on SURF points thus preserving good properties of local features i.e. the invariance with regard to affine transformation of image plane: rotation, translation and zoom.We use the graph features in the Bag-of-Visual-Words framework. The problem of distance or dissimilarity definition between graphs for clustering or recognition is obviously arisen. We propose a dissimilarity measure based on the Context Dependent Kernel of H. Sahbi and show its relation with the classical entry-wise norm when comparing trivial graphs (SURF points).The experiments are conducted on the first corpus in the world of wearable videos of IADL for HMM based activities recognition, and on publicly available academic datasets such as SIVAL and Caltech-101 for object recognition
Perney, Pascal. "Anomalies de l'immunité associées à une intoxication alcoolique chronique." Montpellier 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON1T013.
Full textMarcelin, Anne-Geneviève. "Herpesvirus humain de type 8 et maladies associées chez les transplantés d'organe." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077071.
Full textMorkmued, Supawich. "Approches cliniques, précliniques et translationnelles des anomalies bucco-dentaires associées aux maladies rares." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ040.
Full textThe goal of this thesis is to investigate genetic and environmental factors, both initiating and influencing signaling centers that regulate tooth development and thus producing associated defects. Essentially, my research program utilizes patient-based rare disease phenotypes to create novel mouse models. This study also involved investigating the developmental effects of excess retinoic acid on enamel formation to gain understanding of the mechanisms by which environmental factors can alter enamel development. Other studies investigated enamel and dental anomalies in Ltbp3 and Smoc2 mutant mice. These results advance our understanding of tooth development, and may translate towards optimizing clinical diagnosis, and improving treatment strategies for several human rare diseases. An improved understanding of rare disease models and our testing of clinically relevant approaches using rodent models is a feasible approach to address bone degeneration problems
Néel, Antoine. "Contribution à l'étude de la physiopathologie des vascularites associées aux anticorps anticytoplasme des polynucléaires neutrophiles : physiopathologie des vascularites associées aux ANCA." Nantes, 2015. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=ea69e338-6e24-439b-b815-e0dc4a4c421f.
Full textAnti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis are rare systemic auto-immune diseases. Until recently, research on pathogenesis mostly focused on auto-antibodies and CD4 T cells. However, due to the recent discovery of the efficacy of rituximab B cells have been shown to play a key role. Several clues suggest that these cells are involved not only act as autoantibody producers but also through antigen presentation to T cells. While recent data suggest that CD8 cells also contribute to the perpetuation of the disease, the impact of rituximab on T cells is still unknown. The objective of the present work was to take the advantage of the current therapeutic paradigm shift to compare the impact of conventional immunosuppressants and rituximab on CD4, regulatory and CD8 T cells. Herein we show that whereas CD4 and Treg compartments are comparable under conventional immunosuppressant and rituximab, these drugs have opposite effects on CD8 cells. Rituximab limits late differentiated effector memory CCR7-CD45RA+ cell expansion and pro-inflammatory cytokine production. We also confirm the impact of CMV status on patients' T cell phenotype. However, CMV per se has no impact on disease presentation and outcome. The analysis of B/CD8 cells interactions in vitro will illuminate the pathways that are involved and may point to new therapeutic targets
Ait-Kaci, Najette Reriouedj. "Purpura Rhumatoi͏̈de de l'adulte : facteurs déclenchants et maladies associées : à propos de 24 observations." Paris 13, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA130026.
Full textCiancia, Marion. "Rôle des rétinoïdes dans le contrôle du système dopaminergique et les maladies neurodégénératives associées." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ113.
Full textA disturbed dopaminergic signaling in the striatum leads to motor disorders such as Huntington’s (HD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases. A decrease of the retinoic acid (RA) signaling is observed in patients presenting disorders of the nogro-striatal pathway as well as in HD and PD models. Our data indicate that RALDH1-synthesized RA that binds the receptor RARβ in the striatum is essential to maintain the nigro-striatal system. A disturbance in this RA signaling leads to a decreased mitochondrial respiration, an increased oxidative stress and an increased apoptosis in the dorso-lateral striatum. This cellular alterations lead to HD-like and PD-like motor disorders A rescue of the striatal RA level or the stimulation of RARβ by a specific agonist prevent this phenotypes. Our work allow us to point at RARβ as a new potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerescences like HD and PD
Delannoy, Etienne. "Caractérisation de péroxydases associées à la défense du cotonnier ("Gossypium hirsutum") contre "Xanthomonas campestris" pathovar "Malvacearum"." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20175.
Full textGatti, Clémence. "Atteintes neurologiques associées aux intoxications par biotoxines marines en Polynésie française." Polynésie française, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009POLF0002.
Full textThis thesis has for first aim to obtain a general, realistic and pathophysiological view of the different ichtyosarcotoxisms present on the Polynesian territory. In addition to give evidence of the co-evolution of different ichtyosarcotoxisms toxicologically distinct, this work has permitted to reveal a high proportion of neurological signs, possibly testifying, in some cases, of a central action of implicated toxins and also of immune disturbances in other cases. Therefore, we propose in second part, to consider marine toxins as potential activators of an auto-immune process directed against peripheral nerve system, possibly responsible of chronic neurological disturbances observed in some intoxicated patients. If discreet chronic neurological injuries have been electrophysiologically established, however, the auto-immune hypothesis, explored through the research of neuronal auto-antibodies, has not been confirmed
De, Calignon Alix. "Formation, toxicité et propagation des dégénérescences neurofibrillaires associées a la maladie d’Alzheimer." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066270.
Full textNury, Thomas. "modifications peroxysomales associées à l'oxyapoptophagie induite par le 7-cétocholestérol et identification de lipides cytoprotecteurs." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCK034.
Full textOxidative stress is often increased in several diseases such as age-related diseases (cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases (age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataracts), neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis), chronic inflammatory diseases (chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)) as well as certain rare genetic diseases (Niemann Pick's disease, X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD)). Oxidative stress can oxidize various molecules, in particular the cholesterol present in lipid membranes, and lead to the formation of oxidized cholesterol derivatives: oxysterols. Some of them, such as 7-ketocholesterol (7KC), are toxic and may be the cause of a type of cell death, oxiapoptophagy, associating an increase in oxidative stress, activation of apoptosis and autophagic criteria. Using 158N murine oligodendrocytes, this work has allowed to better characterize the oxiapoptophagy induced by 7KC. The toxicity of 7KC on cellular organelles such as mitochondria and lysosome was confirmed. This work also shows that oxyapoptophagy is associated with topographic, morphological and functional modifications of the peroxisome. It has been shown that 7KC induces a decrease in the expression and activity of certain peroxisomal transporters (ABCD1, ABCD3) and peroxisomal enzymes (ACOX1, MFP2, catalase) and promotes an accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (C24:0, C24:1 and C26:0, C26:1) degraded in the peroxisome. It has also been shown that certain lipids (α-tocopherol, α-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), oleic acid (AO), Lorenzo's oil (oleic acid + erucic acid (4: 1)) and sulfo-N-succinimdyl oleate (SSO)) are cytoprotective and strongly attenuate 7KC-induced oxyaptophagy. This makes it possible to envisage the prevention or treatment of diseases associated with high levels of 7KC, in particular certain age-related diseases for which there are no effective treatments
Bedrossian, Josiane. "Maladies auto-immunes associées aux infections H. I. V. : à propos de six cas observés à l'Hôpital d'Avignon." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX20053.
Full textLacoste, Vincent. "Herpèsvirus humain 8 (HHV8) : clonalité des maladies associées, épidémiologie moléculaire et virus de grands singes africains apparentés." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077213.
Full textMas, Emilie. "Isoprostanes : de la méthodologie à la clinique. Place potentielle dans l'exploration du diabète et des pathologies associées au vieillissement." Montpellier 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON13514.
Full textEl, Ghazi Adnane. "Contribution à l'étude des autoanticorps anti-glycolipides au cours des neuropathies périphériques associées à une IgM monoclonale." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T287.
Full textGuibal, Pierre. "Contribution au développement de méthodes de diagnostic rapide des maladies innées du métabolisme associées à des troubles neurologiques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112402/document.
Full textInborn errors of metabolism (IEM) consist of a wide range of hereditary metabolic disorders. Among IEM, neurotransmission anomaly can affect the synthesis or the transport of neurotransmitters, notably biogenic amines (dopamine and serotonin) and folates. Early diagnosis of such affections is of utmost importance especially as some of them can be treated effectively. Chemical analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is essential for the diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders; however, current quantitative methods are tedious and time consuming. For a long time the chemical diagnosis of neurotransmitter disorders has been available only in specialized laboratories. The purpose of this work was to develop simple and fast diagnosis methods of neurotransmitter disorders as well as to establish the reference values in French population. For this purpose, in a first step, we developed a single step direct method of simultaneous quantification of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), which is the main cofactor of the hydroxylases involved in biogenic amines syntheses, and the relevant reduced and oxidized forms of pterins involved in the cycle of synthesis – regeneration of BH4. Formerly, the quantification of those compounds required at least two chromatographic methods with two specific sample preparation procedures. Thereafter we developed a method of fast diagnosis in less than 10 minutes of dopaminergic and serotoninergic disorders using UHPLC (ultra high performance liquid chromatography) hyphenated to a sequential coulometric and fluorimetric detection. With only a simple filtration step as sample preparation procedure, this method enables the simultaneous quantification of all dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline metabolites as well as dihydroneopterin (NH2) and dihydrobiopterin (BH2), the relevant pterin forms for the complete diagnosis. Formerly, at least three HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) quantification methods preceeded by three tedious specific sample preparation procedures were required for such a diagnosis. To complete the investigation of BH4 metabolism and the follow up of neurotransmission disorders, we also developed a fast UHPLC method of simultaneous quantification of all the cited metabolites and pterins including BH4. In order to complete the rapid diagnosis of all targeted neurological disorders, we finally developed an UHPLC method of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate quantification in CSF. The application of these analytical tools in more than 1400 CSF samples, collected from patients followed in some Neurology centers located in several French areas covering nearly the entirety of the territory, allowed us to establish the reference values in French population as well as to diagnose several cases of enzymatic deficits
Navarro, y. Garcia Fabrice. "Inflammation et infiltration monocytaire associées à la dégénérescence neuronale induite par un status epilepticus chez le rat." Lyon 1, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/19/53/93/PDF/Navarro.pdf.
Full textIntractable temporal lobe epilepsy may be consecutive to the loss of neurons in the hippocampus. In this brain area, neurodegeneration may be induced by inflammatory processes. Using a rat model of epileptogenesis, we characterized the inflammatory response in the hippocampus, that we show to precede neurodegeneration. We evidenced a high induction of proinflammatory cytokine concentration, mainly in cells corresponding to activated microglia and to monocytes which infiltrated the hippocampal parenchyma. Degradation of heparan sulfate chains present at the surface of monocytes by neuronal heparanase may promote their progression in the brain parenchyma. Blockade of the linkage site of heparanase on heparan sulfate chains could reduce brain infiltration of monocytes and then prevent neurodegeneration associated to epilepsy
Amoureux, Sébastien. "Etude du rôle du BDNF dans deux situations physiopathologiques associées à une majoration du stress oxydatif / : approches expérimentales et cliniques." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOPE03.
Full textRedox phenomena are involved in mechanisms occurring in cardiovascular system. The aim of this work was to precise potential part played by neurotrophins in pysiopathological situations known to be associated with enhancement of oxidative stress. In a first part of this work, BDNF and NGF involvement was studied in a particular clinical situation: cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass. This study showed a strong correlation between the plasmatic levels of BDNF and Redox and inflammatory disorders, suggesting a possible link between an increase in radical species production and an increase in BDNF levels. The second part of this work was an experimental study of neurotrophins involvement in cardiovascular installation and development of chronic diseases. This study précised that BDNF and oxidative stress are involved in cellular reactions observed in the vascular wall of the SHR rats, even before hypertension occurs. These increases were associated with MCP-1 release, proof of a chronic inflammatory process. Cellular mechanisms, which may be induced by variations in BDNF levels, are still to be elucidated. Several cells in vascular wall express BDNF receptor, particularly endothelial cells. It would be interesting to precise the impact of these receptors stimulation on vasoregulation factors from endothelium
Lefort, Geneviève. "Translocations réciproques équilibrées (18;19) transmise et (3;17) "de novo", associées à une trisomie 18 chez un nouveau-né." Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11045.
Full textRoy, Vincent. "Modélisation de maladies cérébrovasculaires associées aux variations génétiques de RNF213 par le génie tissulaire et la culture cellulaire 3D." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67126.
Full textRNF213 has been associated as a susceptibility gene for the development cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs), in particular, moyamoya disease (MMD) and intracranial aneurysms (ICA). While the exact biological functions of RNF213 remain to be demonstrated, it is known to be involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, angiogenesis and inflammation. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the development of vascular models in vitro to better characterize the role of RNF213 in CVDs. The hypothesis is that the complete invalidation of the RNF213 protein in brain endothelial cells (EC) could recreate evident phenotypes associated with the development of MMD and the formation of ICA. We have initially generated human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) deficient in RNF213 (RNF213-/- ) using the robust CRISPR-Cas9 double nickase method. At first, our work described the role that RNF213 would play in the homeostasis of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) maintenance and in the early stages of MMD pathogenesis. More specifically, the loss of adherent junctions caused by the invalidation of RNF213 in hCMEC/D3 was evaluated in vitro on several parameters, such as endothelial morphology, gene expression of junctional proteins, cellular localization, permeability, immune infiltration and the secretome of inflammatory cytokines. Our data demonstrated that RNF213 deficiency provokes a significant decrease in the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) expression, which consequently affects the proper formation of the junctional complex. A decrease in the expression of the claudin-5, b-catenin and plakoglobin genes was also measured. In addition, RNF213 loss is accompanied with a release of several pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thereafter, the present work also demonstrated that RNF213 plays a preponderant role in the angiogenic process of hCMEC/D3. Angiogenesis has also been characterized on several aspects, such as proliferation, migration, formation of micro-capillaries on a Matrigel®-based support and in a 3D model reconstructed by tissue engineering, gene expression and secretion of angiogenic factors. Our data demonstrates a decrease in cell division rate and an increase in cell migration. In vitro studies have also shown, for the first time, a significant increase in micro-capillary formation and abundant secretion of pro-angiogenic factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). More precisely, the hCMEC/D3 deficient in RNF213 forms a wider, denser and more extensive network of micro-capillaries on a Matrigel®-based support. When seeded in a more structurally complex 3D model, hCMEC/D3 form a network that can resemble to the compensatory capillary network found in MMM patients. Overall, the invalidation of the RNF213 gene in a 3D in vitro model of cerebral endothelial cells makes it possible to reproduce certain pathological phenotypes of MMM and v therefore becomes the 1st in vitro model for the study of this disease and other diseases associated with RNF213. Finally, we developed a new model of small-caliber blood vessels reconstructed by tissue engineering (TEBV) to be used to study vascular diseases and complex CVD in vitro. The direct seeding of fibroblasts or smooth muscle cells (CML) onto a polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) mandrel that was pretreated with ultraviolet C (UV-C) radiation facilitate the formation of circular cell sheets, which could be manipulated and stacked in top of each other. Using this novel technique, we were able to successfully generate complete TEBVs with the three main arterial layers: the adventitia, the media and the intima tunica. Taken together, our TEBV model has histological and mechanical properties similar to native human arteries. Furthermore, this optimized and standardized 3D vascular construct will accelerate the scientific progress to modelized complex vascular pathologies, such as MMD and AIC. Indeed, the generation of complete vessels derived from pathological cells or genetically edited cells could facilitate the characterization of pathogenesis and help in the development of drugs.
Mwene-batu, Lyabayungu Pacifique. "Malnutrition durant l’enfance, maladie chronique, capital humain à l’âge adulte dans le contexte de l’Est de la République Démocratique du Congo (Sud-Kivu)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/327226.
Full textIntroduction: Low- and middle-income countries are going through a nutritional transition phase that is accompanied by a rapid increase in cardio-metabolic diseases and their risk factors, such as obesity in adults, while undernutrition still predominates in children in these regions. This double burden of malnutrition constitutes a major public health problem. According to the theory of developmental origins of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), these 2 burdens would be closely causally linked. The objective of our study was to trace subjects with a history of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in childhood, to assess their long-term socioeconomic, cognitive, and health outcomes, and finally to investigate the different cardiometabolic markers of NCDs. All this was done in order to establish an association between SAM during childhood and different chronic non-communicable diseases (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemias and body composition) as well as with socio-demographic and economic status in adulthood, in a context without nutritional transition.Methodology: Records of subjects admitted for SAM between 1988 and 2007 were retrieved from the archives of Lwiro Hospital, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Between December 2017 and April 2019, we undertook to identify these subjects in the Miti-Murhesa and Katana health zones. Study subjects were identified from the Lwiro Pediatric Hospital (LPH) database. They were then traced to their home villages. They were then divided into four categories (living in or near the village, deceased, displaced, or lost to follow-up). For each former malnourished found, a community non-exposed was randomly selected for comparison. Our outcomes of interest were primarily NCDs including primarily metabolic syndrome, arterial hypertension, global obesity, visceral obesity, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemias as well as body composition assessed by their different clinical and biological markers and, secondarily, renal impairment through serum creatinine level. Secondly, we evaluated the human capital through the socio-economic level (deduced from the education, the profession and the living conditions), the self-esteem, the cognitive disorders as well as the daily disabilities on the relational and functional level related to the health condition. It should be noted, however, that at the time of reconstitution of the cohort, we collected data on survival (and its corollary, mortality and its causes) and long-term nutritional status.Results: A total of 1981 records of subjects admitted for SAM from 1988 to 2007 were retrieved from the archives of the LPH. The median age at admission was 41 months. Six hundred subjects were found and 201 subjects died. 65.6% of the deceased subjects were ≤10 years of age at death. 59.2% of deaths occurred within 5 years of hospital discharge. The leading causes of death were malaria (14.9%), kwashiorkor (13.9%), respiratory infections (10.4%), and diarrheal diseases (8.9%). Compared to the unexposed, the exposed had low weight (-1.7 kg, p=0.001), short stature [sitting (-1.3 cm, p=0.006) and standing (-1.7 cm, p=0.003)], shorter leg length (-1.6 cm, p=0.002), and small brachial circumference (-3.2 mm, p= 0.051). There were no differences in BMI, chest length, and head or chest circumference between the 2 groups.In terms of BC, exposed, compared to unexposed, had a reduced FFM [-1.56 kg (-2.93, -0.20); p=0,024] but this observation was more marked in exposed males (45.4 5.4 vs. 48.2 6.9 kg, p=0.01) than females compared to unexposed. However, no difference between exposed and unexposed was observed in terms of FM. Finally, adjusting for height, FFMI and FMI show no difference in either sex.In terms of human capital, compared to the community unexposed, the proportion with high education and socioeconomic status (SES) of formerly malnourished was decreased [study (35.2 vs. 46.4; p 0.); SES (3.0 vs. 6.7; p= 0.007)]. In addition, in terms of cognition and self-esteem, compared to the non-exposed, the formerly malnourished had lower scores on cognitive tests [25.6 vs 27.8, p = 0.001 (MMSE) and 22.8 vs 26.3, p < 0.001 (MMSE-I)] and had lower self-esteem (20.3% vs 12.3%; p = 0.003) Nevertheless, in terms of health-related disabilities, they had less disability in relationships (28.6 vs. 31.5; p = 0.034) than the general population, although no difference was observed in daily activities (5.8 vs. 9.1; p = 0.322).In terms of NCDs, compared to the community unexposed, the malnourished elders had an increased waist circumference [+1.2 (0.02, 2.3) cm, p=0.015] and a higher waist/standing height ratio [0.01 (0.01, 0.02) cm; p0.001]. On the other hand, they had a decreased hip circumference [-1.5 (-2.6, -0.5) cm; p=0.021], and reduced muscle strength. Regarding cardiometabolic markers of NCDs, apart from a higher HbA1c [+0.4 % (0.2, 0.6); p0.001], no differences were found in blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, creatinine, lipid profile and albumin levels in the exposed compared to the unexposed. Compared to unexposed individuals, exposed individuals had an increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome [Odds Ratio (OR) 2.35 (1.22, 4.54); p=0.010], visceral obesity [adjusted OR 1.44 (1.09, 1.89); p=0.001] and leanness [adjusted OR 1.92 (1.03, 3.57)]. In contrast, the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, overweight and dyslipidemia was similar in both groups.Conclusion: SAM in childhood puts survivors at high risk for NCDs and reduced human capital in adulthood, even in the absence of subsequent nutritional transition. Policymakers and funders interested in combating the global expansion of NCDs in adults might consider the long-term benefit of reducing SAM in childhood as a preventive measure to reduce the socioeconomic burden attributable to NCDs.
Doctorat en Santé Publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Branka, Sophie. "Etude des anomalies du métabolisme énergétique associées au syndrome de Noonan." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30056.
Full textNoonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively frequent genetic disease (prevalence≈1/2000) associating multiple developmental defects (e.g. cardiopathies, growth delay, dysmorphism, tumor predisposition). NS and related disorders, gathered into the so-called family of Rasopathies, are caused by mutations of actors or regulators of the Ras-MAPK signaling pathway and share Ras-MAPK hyperactivation as a pathophysiological origin (Tajan et al., 2018). Besides developmental defects, recent studies have highlighted that Rasopathies could be associated to energy metabolism dysfunction (Dard et al, 2018). Indeed, patients with Rasopathies, as well as several mouse models, display increased energy expenditure and reduced body mass index and adiposity (Leoni, et al. 2016; Oba et al, 2018, Tajan et al, 2014). However, the mechanisms underlying these metabolic alterations are misunderstood. In this study, we took advantage of a well-established NS mouse model, carrying a SHP2 mutation (SHP2D61G/+) often borne by NS patients. We observed that NS mice displayed increased energy expenditure without significant changes of food and water intake or their spontaneous locomotor activity. Moreover, NS mice have a reduction of all fat deposits. Interestingly, we documented an increase of mitochondrial density, biogenesis and respiration in inguinal adipose tissue of NS mice, suggesting a "beiging" phenomenon. Consistently, UCP1 was specifically overexpressed in this tissue and NS mice displayed a cold resistance phenotype. Expression on NS-causing mutants enhanced the transdifferentiation of human multipotent adipose derived stem cells (hMADs) toward "beiging", highlighting a cell-autonomous process. Intriguingly, when expressed in a fibroblast cell line, NS-causing mutants resulted in decreased mitochondrial function and biogenesis, in accordance with a previous report (Lee et al, 2009). This suggests that NS-associated mutant could have different impacts on mitochondrial function depending on the cell type, which might be linked to different oxidative capacities. This hypothesis is also supported by a faster shift toward the use of glucose of the respiratory quotient of NS mice, highlighting possible changes in the management of this substrate. This study reveals that NS-associated SHP2 mutant promotes complex metabolic dysfunctions, which could help to better understand the pathophysiology of this disease, but can also provide new insights into the knowledge of more frequent metabolic disorders
Sivadon-Tardy, Valérie. "Analyse moléculaire des populations de Staphylococcus epidermidis associées aux infections ostéo-articulaires." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011VERS0018.
Full textIn a first prospective distribution study, we show that Staphylococcus epidermidis accounts for more than 80% cases of prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) associated with coagulase negative staphylococci. However, the prevalence of this species is also very high among per-operative "non-significant" isolates. Thus we tried to identify relevant pathogenicity markers by studying polymorphism of S. Epidermidis autolysin/adhesin AtlE cell wall anchoring domain and the presence of several markers (mecA, icaA/D, IS256, « ACME »), in association with « ST » as determined by MLST. ST2, atle allele 1, mecA, icaA/D, IS256 - but not ACME - were significantly associated with PJIs strains. Finally, we show using MLST and MLVA that strains with abnormal susceptibility to glycopeptides belong to a limited number of STs but are genetically diverse
Fédou, Camille. "L'analyse protéomique du liquide amniotique : une clé pour améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes du développement rénal et des maladies associées." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30249.
Full textCongenital malformations of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are relatively rare but potentially serious pediatric diseases. Their pathophysiology is complex, heterogeneous, and involves genetic and environmental factors that have not yet been fully elucidated. The functional prognosis of CAKUT children remains difficult to predict and no treatments are available. The study of the pathophysiology of CAKUT is an area of intense research aiming at identifying diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers that would improve patient care. Since the production of amniotic fluid (AF) is mainly due to the excretion of fetal urine, exploration of changes in its composition in CAKUT fetuses could reflect certain renal abnormalities and facilitate the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of CAKUT. The objective of my thesis was to identify LA proteins that may be involved in abnormal kidney development and/or loss of renal function in CAKUT patients. For this we compared by LC-MS/MS, the LA proteome between 22 healthy fetuses, 19 fetuses with a mild form of CAKUT and 14 fetuses with a severe form. This allowed us to identify 8 proteins whose abundance in LA was associated with the severity of CAKUT regardless of gestational age. Among these 8 proteins, the NGFR (Nerve Growth Factor Receptor) and Plastin-3 (PLS3) proteins were selected for further study. The NGFR protein, better known as p75NTR, exhibits an abundance in LA that is inversely associated with the severity of CAKUT. The presence of NGFR in the developing human kidney had already been documented, but its involvement in renal development remained controversial. Our work has shown by immunohistochemistry the presence of NGFR in kidneys of healthy and CAKUT fetuses in humans and during perinatal development in mice. In addition, we have shown that the invalidation of NGFR in zebrafish at 48h post-fertilization results in an alteration in the development of the pronephros suggesting an involvement of NGFR in renal development in vivo. This work was recently published in Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. The PLS3 protein is an actin binding protein involved in the establishment of parallel actin bundles necessary for cellular structures such as microvilli and lamellipodia. To date, no study has considered the role of PLS3 in kidney development or function. Unlike NGFR, the abundance of PLS3 is positively associated with the severity of CAKUT. The presence of PLS3 was validated by immunohistochemistry in kidneys of healthy and CAKUT fetuses in human and during perinatal development in mice. In zebrafish, invalidation of PLS3 results in altered glomerular fusion and proximal tubular augmentation indicative of developmental delay. In mice, the invalidation of PLS3 does not cause any major disruption of postnatal renal development, except for an increase in the glomerular area in proportion to the cortical surface, and a thickening of the pedicels and glomerular basement membrane. These abnormalities are associated with the decrease in the expression of the podocyte proteins nephrin and podocalyxin, and lead to a significant increase in albuminuria. Thus, my work demonstrates for the first time a role of PLS3 in renal development and function. Additional in-vitro invalidation studies of PLS3 in podocyte (AB8-13) and renal tubular (HK-2) lines will allow us to clarify the molecular mechanisms downstream of PLS3. In conclusion, this thesis shows that it is possible to identify amniotic proteins that could be involved in developmental and functional abnormalities observed in the kidneys CAKUT children
Campant, Rose-Marie. "Contribution à l'étude des anticorps anti-nerf dans les neuropathies périphériques associées à une IgM monoclonale." Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T008.
Full textRachas, Antoine. "Recours aux soins des jeunes en transition vers l’âge adulte ayant une pathologie chronique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS004/document.
Full textThe prognosis of childhood-onset chronic conditions has improved, such that more patients now reach adulthood. However, adolescence and entry into adulthood is a critical period that may be associated with poor outcomes, including gaps in care continuity and medical complications. Here, I first described hospitalization and mortality rates in youths registered for a long-term disease (LTD) before the age of 14 (N=1,752), relative to those with no LTD (N=52,346). A retrospective cohort (2005-2014) was built from a sample of the French national health insurance database, called Echantillon généraliste des Bénéficiaires. Approximately 3% of 14-year-old youths had been registered for a LTD. The mortality patterns by gender and the trend in hospitalization rates by age were different from those in the general population of the same age, especially after reaching the age of 18, which was followed by a fall in hospitalization rates. Then, using the same data, I showed that the prognosis of these youths living with a chronic disease, including mortality, was associated with low socio-economic level, as measured by being covered by Couverture Maladie Universelle Complementaire, a public complementary health insurance offering free access to care, delivered on the basis of very low househould incomes. Hence, overcoming financial barriers did not offset social health inequalities in this population. At last, one day, these youths have to be transferred to adult care. Moving to adult care is a critical time in patients’ follow-up that may lead to discontinuity in medical care. Transition programs are being gradually implemented, to prepare and smooth the transfer and support youths during this period. I performed a systematic review of literature (23 studies) that highlighted two aspects of continuity of care during transfer: engagement (first contacts) and retention in adult care once the first contact has been established. This review also emphasized the paucity of knowledge to evaluate transition programs in terms of care continuity. Finally, the results of this PhD raises many issues that need to be addressed, including coping strategies of young patients with high risk situations, and the role of transfer to adult care on patient behavior, prognosis and clinical practices. Studies involving patients with a large spectrum of severe chronic diseases, including factors related to healthcare organization, related to the disease, individual and familial, should be encouraged
Firmin, Nathaly. "Manifestations ostéo-articulaires associées aux cirrhoses biliaire primitive: à propos de deux cas de pseudo-polyarthrite rhizomélique." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2M212.
Full textRapp, Nathalie. "Gastrites chroniques et formes folliculaires associées à hélicobacter pylori : aspects histologiques et endoscopiques : étude prospective de 445 observations." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR2M139.
Full textOlivier, Guillaume. "Physiopathologie des dystrophies rétiniennes héréditaires associées aux variants pathogènes du gène IMPG1." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTT021.
Full textInherited retinal disorders are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group.They are progressive Mendelian genetic diseases that cause dysfunction then cell death, including photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium cells (RPE). Cells death is accompanied by intra-retinal pigment deposits generally located in the retinal periphery, thus constituting the majority subgroup of pigment retinitis (RP). More rarely, lesions of various appearance affecting the macula, central region of the retina, forming the subgroup of macular dystrophies (MD). These neurodegeneration gradually lead to more or less complete blindness, without therapeutic. Despite the identification of over 90 genes associated with RP, conventional genetic testing (Sanger, panel) fails to detect a molecular diagnosis in about one third of RP patients. The identification of new genes is of major interest for understanding the disease, for establishing phenotype / genotype correlations, for improving genetic counseling, and finally for defining therapeutic pathways.For this purpose, the genetic study of a large family with autosomal dominant RP without molecular diagnosis was carried out by exome sequencing. NGS approach made it possible to identify a pathogenic splicing variant in IMPG1, a gene never described in RP. IMPG1 had been previously associated with vitelliform macular dystrophy (VMD). A complementary genetic analysis on multicentric cohorts of patients with RP or DMV, allowed to identify six additional pathogenic variants (including five new variants), in 10 other families with dominant or recessive forms of RP or DMV.We followed our study performing in vivo functional study in medaka fish, then in mice by invalidating the orthologous gene of the human IMPG1. The fish study, the use of morpholino, showed that the Impg1 gene product plays an important role, in the early development and maintenance of the biological functions of the retina. The length of the outer segments of rod and cone photoreceptors were reduced by 20% and 90% respectively. However, the invalidation of Impg1 expression is transient in fish and very limited phenotype analyzes.Impg1-/- mice helped to perform more complete visual functional studies and to examine their evolution over a long period. Impg1-/- mice show an abnormal accumulation of autofluorescent deposits visible with fundoscope and optical coherence tomography (OCT) from 9 months of age. Electroretinogram (ERG) is reduced by about 20%. The electron microscopy of mice retinas makes it possible to highlight the precise localization of the anomalies, within interphotoreceptor matrix. The mouse animal model seems to reproduce DMV phenotype while the fish model shows similarities with RP.To summarize, this thesis work allows us to extend the clinical spectrum of disorders associated with mutations in IMPG1 gene. Two new diagnoses must therefore be added to VMD: autosomal dominant and recessive RP. The animal models developed allow a better understanding of the cellular mechanisms affected by invalidation of the IMPG1 gene. However, the mechanism explaining macular or peripheral involvement in humans, as well as the different modes of transmission and penetrance variations have not yet been elucidated
Moussa, Amer. "Evaluation et optimisation de la synthèse de substrats de l'élastase de Pseudomonas aeruginosa à l'origine des infections associées aux maladies nosocomiales." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20016.
Full textDumas, Karine. "Implication de la protéine REDD1 dans les maladies métaboliques associées à l’obésité : REDD1 = Regulated in Development and DNA damage responses 1." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR4045.
Full textObesity is defined as an abnormal fat accumulation which could lead to health disorders and its prevalence is in constant increase worldwide. Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes. REDD1 (Regulated in Development DNA damages responses 1) regulates most of signaling pathways implicated in cell energetic balance. In my host lab, we have demonstrated that REDD1 is implicated in insulin signaling pathway. The goal of my thesis was to study the REDD1 implication in obesity associated metabolic diseases. We observed that REDD1 expression was increased in epidydimal adipose tissue and in liver of control high fat diet (HFD) fed-mice (WT). Furthermore, REDD1 expression was increased in liver biopsies from obese patients with hepatic steatosis and its expression was correlated with the severity of the pathology and insulin resistance. To identify the role of REDD1 in the development of obesity-induced diseases, we have characterized the phenotype of REDD1 knockout mice (REDD1-KO) fed with HFD. Under HFD, the REDD1-KO mice showed a similar weight gain and insulin resistance compared to WT mice. Interestingly, REDD1-KO mice were protected from hepatic steatosis under HFD. In liver of REDD1-KO mice, no modification of protein expression implicated in hepatic lipid flux was observed. In REDD1-KO mice liver, we observed a decrease of protein expression implicated in lipogenesis pathways associated to an increase of the expression of proteins involved in β-oxydation. In WT mice, hepatic steatosis is correlated with an increase of mitochondrial size. In REDD1-KO mice, HFD did not induce an enlargement of mitochondria. Moreover, the expression pattern of proteins involved in autophagy and mitophagy is increased in HFD REDD1-KO livers. Our results suggest that in HFD conditions, liver of REDD1- KO mice could be protected from mitochondrial dysfunction because of an increase of mitophagy. In a second part of my thesis, we have studied the effect of partial decrease of REDD1 expression on obesity-induced complications using REDD1 heterozygous mice (REDD1-He). Partial decrease of REDD1 did not influence weight gain and hepatic steatosis development under HFD compared to WT mice. However, REDD1-He mice have developed an important glucose and insulin resistance under HFD compared to WT mice. This is associated with an impairment of the use of lipid as substrate during fasting. To conclude, my thesis research project allows us to show for the first time that REDD1 is implicated in hepatic steatosis under obesity
Faury, Philippe. "Perspectives chimiothérapeutiques des maladies associées aux rétrovirus : concept, modélisation, synthèse et évaluation biologique d'analogues nucléosidiques non classiques (thiazolidines, oxathiolanes et tétrazoles)." Aix-Marseille 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX22050.
Full textRomon, Monique. "Influence de l'heure du repas sur les réponses métaboliques et hormonales : application aux perturbations associées au travail poste." Nancy 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NAN10236.
Full textSalvi, Julie. "Mécanismes psysiopathologiques des ataxies épisodiques et progressives associées aux canaux calciques de type P/Q." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20229.
Full textVoltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) regulate an array of physiological process. The P/Q-type VGCC is principally expressed in the cerebellum and at the neuromuscular junction, where it plays an essential role at the presynaptic neuronal nerve. Interestingly, mutations in a1 subunit (Cav2.1) of P/Q-type VGCC gene have been found to be linked for three autosomal dominant human disorders, familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1), spinocerebellar ataxia 6 (SCA6) and episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2). Mutations causing EA2 lead to loss-of-function of Cav2.1 channels and are principally non-sense. The origin of dominant transmission and the heterogeneity of the symptoms are not known. Recent data from different groups have shown a dominant-negative effect of Cav2.1 mutants in cultured cell lines. Indeed, the molecular mechanism of this dominant-negative effect appears to be due to the interference of EA2 mutants with the folding of the wildtype subunit, thereby abolishing channel activity. This destructive interaction mechanism promoted by the EA2 mutants is likely to occur in the disease.The first part of my thesis was to monitor the effect of a “pure” silincing of P/Q-type channel in adult mice. Suppression of Cav2.1 channel by RNAi lentiviral based-vector approaches has produced episodic as well as permanent ataxia without signs of progressive ataxia. As a direct approach to understanding the physiologicalcontributions of misfolded truncated mutants in EA2 phenotypes, a Cav2.1 knock-inmutant, CACNA1AR1479x has been generated. This is a fundamental issue to understand the pathogenic mechanisms of EA2 and more generally to the other neuronal and neuromuscular diseases
Hermosilla, Eve. "Neuropathies associées aux gammapathies monoclonales à IG G de signification indéterminée : aspects cliniques, électrophysiologiques, anatomopathologiques, immunologiques et thérapeutiques : à propos de 14 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23073.
Full textRashka, Charif. "Rôle des altérations génomiques et épigénomiques dans les mécanismes moléculaires à l’origine des pathologies associées aux maladies rares du métabolisme de la vitamine B12." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0193.
Full textGenetic defects of vitamin B12 or cobalamin (cbl) metabolism lead to a decrease of methionine synthase activity that could result in a decrease of S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) synthesis and in the methylation index SAM / SAH that could be responsible for methylation alterations of various substrates. Patients with inherited disorders of cbl metabolism generally have a wide spectrum of pathologies suggesting that various cellular processes may be affected. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of these disorders are not well known. In order to better understand these mechanisms, we have used fibroblasts of patients with cblC and cblG genetic defects to characterize the modifications of their transcriptome, methylome and proteome. Our data show a modification in the expression of many genes involved in developmental, neurological, ophthalmologic and cardiovascular processes. These associations are consistent with the clinical presentation of the patients. We have also provided evidence of abnormal splicing of genes important for cytoskeleton organization, stress response, methylation and RNA binding. The study of differentially expressed or spliced genes has allowed us to identify various RNA binding proteins (RBP) such as HuR and HNRNPL that are involved in these modifications. The study of DNA methylation also revealed modifications in genes playing a role in developmental and neurological pathologies. No variation in methylation of histones or mRNA has been detected. The proteome study has confirmed that alternative splicing was affected and has suggested that mitochondrial metabolism was also altered. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the origin of the pathologies associated with the cblC and cblG defects and highlight the crucial role of RBP in these processes
Edouard, Thomas. "Impact sur la signalisation cellulaire des mutations de la tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 associées aux syndromes de Noonan et LEOPARD." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/849/.
Full textNoonan syndrome (NS) is a relatively frequent (about 1/2000 births) autosomal dominant disease primarily characterized by facial dysmorphism, heart defects and short stature. LEOPARD syndrome (LS) is a rarer but related disorder that associates, roughly, NS symptoms with deafness and cutaneous abnormalities. Both NS and LS belong to the family of "neuro-cardio-facial-cutaneous" (NCFC) syndromes, a group of developmental disorders, which display different combinations of the above-mentioned symptoms with mental retardation and tumor predisposition. At least 80% of LS and 50% of NS patients carry germline missense mutations in PTPN11, the gene encoding Shp2. Shp2 is a widely expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) that contains Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and promotes Ras-MAPK activation through different molecular mechanisms. Biochemical studies have shown that NS mutations are located at contact points between the catalytic and the SH2 domains and therefore disrupt Shp2 autoinhibitory conformation, stimulating Shp2 catalytic activity (gain-of-function mutations). Conversely, LS mutations are confined within the catalytic domain and repress Shp2 activity. Although genetic studies provided essential advances, how PTPN11 mutations cause the diseases' symptoms remains an open question. We assessed whether LS mutations could influence PI3K activation. To this aim we generated primary and immortalized fibroblast cell lines from LS patient and healthy controls and showed that, in response to EGF stimulation, PI3K/Akt was upregulated in LS cells. This deregulation was due to impaired dephosphorylation of Gab1 PI3K-binding sites by LS mutants. Furthermore, LS mutant promoted PI3K-dependent upregulation of hypertrophy genes in cardiomyocytes, suggesting that this deregulation is involved in LS pathophysiology
Rémy, Gaëlle. "Mécanismes contrôlant la réponse IL-17 au cours de la BPCO et des atteintes intestinales associées à l’exposition à la fumée de cigarette." Thesis, Lille 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL2S035/document.
Full textChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major health problem which is going to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. COPD is characterized by a chronic inflammation of the airways causing progressive bronchial obstruction, with no completely reversible airflow limitation, including chronic bronchitis, mucus hypersecretion and emphysema. The pathology is not limited to the airways and can affect others organs including the gastro-intestinal tract promoting Crohn disease. Cigarette smoke exposure is the most important risk factor for developing COPD. Exposure to cigarette smoke induces a strong burden of reactives oxygen species and this oxidative stress is responsible for a chronic inflammation and the development of COPD. Interleukin (IL)-17 plays a critical role in controlling process of inflammation and lung function decline.The aim of this thesis is the understanding which factors are controlling the IL-17 response in order to propose new therapeutic approaches.In the first part, we focused on oxidative stress and its impact on innate immune cells. Then we addressed the role of an immunoregulatory factor, the interleukin (IL)-10, and its interference with intestinal microbiota. This part lead us to study intestinal damages linked to cigarette smoking.To mimic the physiopathology of COPD, we set up a mouse model of chronic exposure to cigarette smoke. Concerning the impact of oxidative stress, we investigated the role of iNKT cells (cells with a crucial potent role in immunoregulation and inflammation) activated by this type of stress. iNKT cells rapidly accumulate and be activated within the lungs of cigarette smoke exposed mice. Using deficient mice, we demonstrated that these cells strongly contribute to the COPD pathogenesis. This pathogenicity is iNKT cells-produced IL-17 dependant and initiated by the effect of oxidative stress on airway epithelial cells and dendritic cells activating iNKT.In the second part of the work, IL-10 interferes notably in the inflammation control in order to avoid exacerbated immunological responses development in some contexts. In cigarette smoke exposed lungs, IL-10 production is up-regulated and the deficiency for this cytokine leads to an increased Th17 response and to lung function decline. An altered microbiota (named dysbiosis) is observed with cigarette smoke exposure and IL-10 deficiency. Moreover, Gram+ bacteria depletion using antibiotics is able to limit the IL-17 response development and the lung function decline highlighting the crucial role for microbiota.To conclude, we identified two factors, oxidative stress and IL-10, implicated in IL-17 response linked to COPD. This work also underlines the role of microbioma as a whole organ and the modulation of this microbioma could result in new therapeutic ways identification in COPD
Guis, Sandrine. "Hyperthermies malignes et pathologies du muscle strié squelettique associées à la dérégulation de l'homéostasie calcique : une étude combinant les explorations électrophysiologique, métabolique et génétique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX20652.
Full textCharvet-Faury, Anne-Sophie. "Contribution à la chimiothérapie des maladies associées aux virus de l'immunodéficience humaine et de l'hépatite B : concept, synthèse et activité antivirale de nouveaux analogues nucléosidiques phosphorés bipharmacophores." Aix-Marseille 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX22043.
Full textMarillier, Mathieu. "Altérations cérébrales associées à l'hypoxie et au syndrome d'apnées obstructives du sommeil à l'exercice." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS048/document.
Full textIn humans, hypoxia is defined as the mismatch between tissue requirement and oxygen delivery. This condition is a common feature between high-altitude exposure and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA), although it is continuous in the first instance and intermittent and nocturnal in the second one.High-altitude exposure causes an impairment in cognitive and motor performance. The reduction in exercise performance observed under hypoxic condition has been mainly attributed to altered muscle metabolism due to impaired oxygen delivery. However, hypoxia-induced cerebral perturbations may also play a major role in exercise limitation.OSA, a major public health concern, is associated with cognitive impairment that can alter patients' daytime functioning and result in excessive daytime sleepiness, reduced quality of life and lowered work productivity and school performance. The fact that these cerebral alterations can influence motor and exercise performance in patients with obstructive sleep apnea remains to be investigated.In this thesis, we investigated two different models of hypoxic exposure and their cerebral and neuromuscular consequences. First, we assessed the effect of acute (several hours) and prolonged (several days) high-altitude exposure on the neuromuscular function and its repercussions during exercise in healthy subject. Then, we then investigated the model of intermittent hypoxia associated with OSA and its influence on the neuromuscular function and exercise tolerance in these patients. We seeked to characterize cerebral alterations during exercise associated with this syndrome and their reversibility following continuous positive airway pressure treatment.In healthy subject, we showed that exercise performance involving a small muscle mass (elbow flexors) was not limited by an exacerbated amount of central fatigue after 1 and 5 days of high-altitude exposure (4,350 m). We highlighted that muscle dysfunction (reduced strength and endurance) was associated with a supraspinal activation deficit and an increase in intracortical inhibition. Moreover, our results suggest that an alteration in cerebrovascular response during exercise may contribute to reduced exercise tolerance observed in patients with severe OSA syndrome. The neuromuscular and cerebrovascular abnormalities were not reversed following an eight-week continuous positive airway pressure treatment, highlighting the persistent nature of the cerebral alterations
Arbogast, Thomas. "Apport des modèles murins à la compréhension des maladies associées à des variations du nombre de copies : monosomie 21 partielle et délétions et duplications des régions 16p11.2 et 17q21.31." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ027/document.
Full textCopy number variations (CNVs) include deletions and duplications of chromosomal regions ranging in size from 50bp to several Mb. Since 2005, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have associated some large CNVs to syndromic diseases linked to intellectual disability including DiGeorge, Williams, Angelman syndroms, etc. Depending on the gene density of the region of interest and the variability of symptoms, the study of the pathophysiology of syndromes can be extremely complex. Mouse modeling show many advantages for the identification of candidate genes and the understanding of molecular mechanisms associated with these diseases.The work presented in this manuscript consists of the characterization of mouse models of five syndromic diseases associated with CNVs: partial monosomy 21 and rearrangements of 16p11.2 and 17q21.31 regions. Anatomical, metabolic and behavioral characterizations of animals allowed us to evaluate a broad number of parameters associated with human phenotypes. We also performed electrophysiological and transcriptomic analysis focusing our investigation on the hippocampus which has a major role in learning and memory processes. This project is part of a wider perspective which is the identification of candidate genes for the different phenotypes we observe in the mouse and the development of first treatment strategies which can potentially lead to the improvement of cognitive capacity of patients
Hanna, Nadine. "Maladies héréditaires liées à une dérégulation de la voie Ras-MAPK : Conséquences des mutations de PTPN11 associées au syndrome LEOPARD et étude des corrélations génotype/phénotype dans les syndromes NCFC." Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T023.
Full textNeuro-Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (NCFC) syndromes groups four clinically related developmental disorders: Noonan (NS), LEOPARD (LS), Cardio-Facio-Cutaneous (CFC) and Costello (CS) syndromes. Discovery of PTPNll mutations, coding the phosphatase SHP-2, in NS was the key of the identification of mutations of numerous actors of the Ras-MAPK pathway in the NCFC syndromes. Whereas NS mutations enhance SHP-2 in vitro catalytic activity, we showed that activity of LS mutants is decreased and promote in cellulo Gabl/PI3K binding. How these apparently opposite behaviours of SHP-2 mutants lead to clinically overlapped syndromes still remain to be explained. On the other hand, we performed a genotype/phenotype correlation study in a large NCFC patients cohort. Each of the mutations affecting the Ras-MAPK pathway, by its functional consequences and by the level of the pathway affected, determines a particular symptomatology demonstrating a phenotypic continuum between the clinical entities
Le, Roy Tiphaine. "Implication du microbiote intestinal dans l’insulino-résistance et les pathologies hépatiques associées à l’obésité, étude sur modèle murin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGPT0016.
Full textObesity predisposes people to several severe pathologies, including type 2 diabetes and NAFLD (Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease). Such pathologies are characterized by insulin resistance and systemic low grade inflammation. Recently, it has been established that such pathologies are associated to a gut microbiota dysbiosis. Moreover, recent studies in mice and human indicate that modulation of gut microbiota composition has beneficial effects on people suffering type 2 diabetes and/or NAFLD. Otherwise, it has been showed that germ-free mice remain lean, normo-glycemic and sensitive to insulin when fed a high-fat diet.The aim of this study was i) to decipher to what extent the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NAFLD depends on the presence or absence of gut microbiota, ii) to determine if the predisposition to metabolic disorders in an obesity context can be transferred via gut microbiota transplantation.We first compared the response of germ-free and conventional mice to high fat diet. Indeed, germ-free mice appeared to be resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. However, germ-freeness only partially protects against diet-induced steatosis, that is to say accumulation of triglycerides in hepatocytes. In conventional mice, high-fat diet induced an increase of the hepatic expression of genes involved in lipogenesis. The inverse phenomenon was observed in germ-free mice. In order to study the liver inflammation, we isolated and cultivated liver macrophages from the two groups of mice. As in conventional mice, high-fat diet induced an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by germ-free mice liver macrophages. However, germ-free mice macrophages remained sensitive to LPS stimulation, which was not observed in the conventional mice group. This results demonstrates that being devoid of gut microbiota deeply alters the immunological and metabolic responses to high-fat diet. Therefore, differences in gut microbiota composition could explain the differences of susceptibility in diet-induced insulin-resistance and NAFLD.Then, we colonised two groups of germ-free mice with the gut microbiota of two conventional mice the responses of which to high-fat diet were discrepant. The two donors mice presented different levels of fasting glycemia and HOMA-IR index despite a similar body weight. Both groups of colonised mice developped comparable obesity but different degrees of fasting glycemia and insulin resistance. Levels of steatosis and hepatic expression of genes involved in lipogenesis were as well different in the two groups of colonised mice. Hence the results clearly show that the gut microbiota is the cause of the predisposition to diet-induced insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis. Gut microbiota analysis revealed a higher proportion of lactic acid bacteria, Atopobium, Bacteroides and Akkermansia muciniphila in receiver mice resistant to diet-induced insulin resistance and steatosis, which allow us to hypothesize a protective effect of these bacteria in diet-induced metabolic disorders
Iltis, Charlène. "Rôle de l’immunosurveillance des cellules sénescentes dans le cancer et le vieillissement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2020COAZ6002.
Full textAs life expectancy continues to increase, a large number of diseases associated with aging are emerging. They are closely linked to the accumulation of senescent cells in tissues without it being precisely known how and why this is possible. The appearance of senescent cells plays an important physiological role in development and healing, but they can also be associated with age-related diseases. Understanding how senescent cells are or are not eliminated in tissues is therefore a major challenge in order to establish new therapeutic strategies against age-related diseases. The positive influence of their experimental elimination on lifespan and age-related diseases has been demonstrated very recently in mouse models where the immune system seems to play a major role. However, the mechanisms that control the fate of senescent cells, collectively referred to as "senescent cell immunosurveillance", are still very poorly understood. During my thesis, I focused on understanding the interaction between immune cells and senescent cells and the impact of these interactions during aging.The progressive shortening of telomeric DNA at each cell cycle plays a key role in aging. Proteasome degradation of the telomeric protein TRF2 promotes the activation of DNA repair pathways leading to senescence. The situation is reversed in cancer cells where TRF2 is very often overexpressed. I have shown that the overexpression of TRF2 observed in tumors inhibits Natural Killer (NK) mediated immunosurveillance by blocking their recruitment and activity. This inhibition is mediated by Myeloid Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs), recruited and activated in the tumor microenvironment by a set of glycocalyx-linked genes whose expression is positively modulated by TRF2. Since TRF2 regulates tumor cell immunosurveillance by remodeling glycocalyx and TRF2 is naturally degraded at senescence, I hypothesized that the glycocalyx of the senescent cell may have immunoregulatory functions.I identified a very high expression of a ganglioside and its synthetic enzyme at replicative senescence. This over-expression is also observed in senescence induced by irradiation, DNA damage and matrix remodeling with the exception of senescence induced by the Ras oncogene (OIS). Consistent with the strong immunomodulatory capacities of gangliosides, particularly on NK cells, I observed a strong immunosuppressive function of senescent cells with an ability to functionally inhibit NK cells in vivo and in vitro, except in the case of OIS. This inhibition of functionality is strictly dependent on the expression of this ganglioside since by disabling its expression the cytotoxic activity of NK cells is restored, by shRNA, by eliminating its surface expression by enzymatic treatment or by blocking its interaction with its receptor by a monoclonal antibody. In a mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis in which, as in humans, senescent cells play a role in the etiology of the disease, I have also shown that senescent cells also express this ganglioside and that its presence locally promotes the inhibition of NK cells, rendering them non-functional ex vivo against tumor cells.Overall, my results show that human and mouse senescent cells can be immunosuppressive through overexpression of this ganglioside, suggesting a cellular escape program to the immune system that may promote their accumulation and the development of pulmonary fibrosis
Kutchukian, Candice. "Signalisation calcique et couplage excitation-contraction dans le muscle squelettique : modulation par certains phosphoinositides et altérations associées dans deux myopathies centronucléaires." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1148/document.
Full textExcitation-contraction (EC) coupling is the process whereby a membrane depolarization leads to an increased cytosolic Ca2+ content, allowing contraction. Mutations in the genes MTM1 and DNM2 are responsible respectively for severe and moderate forms of centronuclear myopathy (CNM). In Mtm1 KO mouse model, MTM deficiency is associated with defective EC coupling, which makes probably the major contribution to muscle meakness.PdtIns(4,5)P2 involvement in regulating EC coupling has been investigated in muscle fibers expressing a voltage sensing PtdInsP phosphatase. Thanks to a combination of electrophysiology and confocal imaging techniques, we showed a reduction of SR Ca2+ release amplitude in response to strong depolarizations activating PdtIns(4,5)P2 depletion at plasma membrane.Secondly, we made a complete characterization of calcium signaling and EC coupling properties in isolated muscle fibers from Mtm1 KO mice. Our results demonstrate that SR Ca2+ release is depressed, delayed and spatially heterogeneous in diseased fibers. Moreover, we showed that pharmacological inhibition of PtdInsP 3-kinase activity improves these defects in vitro and mice survival in vivo, suggesting that accumulation of MTM1 substrates may participate to defective EC coupling. Overall, these results provide proof of concept for the use of PtdIns 3-kinase inhibitors in severe form of CNM.Finally, we showed that muscle fibers from murine model of moderate CNM form (KI-Dnm2R465W) share some of EC coupling defects with Mtm1 KO model (delayed SR Ca2+ release) that may contribute to muscle weakness. However, other defects (structural alterations, depressed SR Ca2+ release) affect more severely Mtm1 KO model, and may be critical in determining the severity of CNM