Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Maladies animales – Épidémiologie'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 24 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Maladies animales – Épidémiologie.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Dufour, Barbara. "Contribution à l'évaluation du fonctionnement des réseaux de surveillance épidémiologique des maladies infectieuses animales." Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120079.
Full textHendrikx, Pascal. "Contribution à l'élaboration d'indicateurs de performance du fonctionnement de réseaux de surveillance épidémiologique des maladies animales." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GRE18005.
Full textThis work consisted in developing a procedure for the definition of performance indicators for animal diseases epidemiological surveillance networks which can be applied to any type of network. The developed indicators consist in a limited number of variables making it possible to follow up on a continuous way the operation level of the priority activities of the network in order to monitor it. The procedure is based on the performance determinants resulting from work of organisational sociology and work psychology. The procedure consist in the sequence of 10 successive stages and has been validated by the application to three animal diseases surveillance networks chosen for their diversity. This validation shows the adaptation of the procedure to various situations as well as the possibility and the interest of the use of performance indicators privileging a continuous improvement of the performance
Lepeule, Johanna. "Épidémiologie descriptive et analytique des affections ostéo-articulaires juvéniles chez le cheval." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S123.
Full textDevelopmental Orthopaedic Disease (DOD) can cause pain and lameness. For this reason and due to its high prevalence, DOD causes important economic losses in the horse breeding industry. The aim of this study was to assess the adjusted effects of genetic, growth, feeding and management practices on DOD of foals. An epidemiological study that followed 393 foals from 21 stud-farms from Normandy, France, was used. The consistency of the disease assessment was checked by a repeatability analysis of the conclusions from radiographic evaluation. The study of the distribution of DOD occurrences depending on the entities, their location, and their severity showed between breed variations, but no association among affected joints. In order to reduce prevalence of DOD, the results of the risk factor analysis conducted to recommend to follow the growth of foals and adjust nutrients intakes accordingly to prevent too faster growth, to limit the surface of pastures offered to the foals, especially before 2 months of age, and to provide daily free exercise to foals
Vergne, Timothée. "Les méthodes de capture-recapture pour évaluer les systèmes de surveillance des maladies animales." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764769.
Full textGillard, Marc. "Caractérisation des mélanomes chez le chien : un modèle génétique pour les mélanomes homologues chez l'homme." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S152.
Full textMelanoma is the most serious skin cancer in Humans. With an increasing incidence and a terrible lack of efficient treatments, these tumors represent a major issue of public health. The dog, a promising model in biomedical research, also develops melanoma. My work has consisted in the collection of cases of melanoma and healthy controls in predisposed dog breeds and to characterize their homology with human melanoma. First, epidemiological and histological studies allowed us to identify black coated predisposed breeds and to determine that melanocytic neoplasms in dog are mostly intradermal. These results argue in favor of the implication of non UV dependant pathways in dog in dog melanoma development. By tumor DNA sequencing, we identified somatic mutations in NRAS and PTEN genes, conserved between dos and Humans. Finally, genetic association studies has been performed to decipher the genetic bases of melanoma in dogs. Some preliminary association study results on oral melanoma in poodles allowed us to identify two relevant loci on chromosome 5 and 22, remarkably containing MC1R, the master regulator of pigmentation pathway, and several genes implicated in Human cancers
Arsevska, Elena. "Élaboration d'une méthode semi-automatique pour l'identification et le traitement des signaux d'émergence pour la veille internationale sur les maladies animales infectieuses." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS008/document.
Full textMonitoring animal health worldwide, especially the early detection of outbreaks of emerging and exotic pathogens, is one of the means of preventing the introduction of infectious diseases in France.Recently, there is an increasing awareness among health authorities for the use of unstructured information published on the Web for epidemic intelligence purposes.In this manuscript we present a semi-automatic text mining approach, which detects, collects, classifies and extracts information from non-structured textual data available in the media reports on the Web. Our approach is generic; however, it was elaborated using five exotic animal infectious diseases: african swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, bluetongue, Schmallenberg, and avian influenza.We show that the text mining techniques, supplemented by the knowledge of domain experts, are the foundation of an efficient and reactive system for monitoring animal health emergence on the Web.Our tool will be used by the French epidemic intelligence team for international monitoring of animal health, and will facilitate the early detection of events related to emerging health hazards identified from media reports on the Web
Chikh, Maïssane. "Réactosurveillance en santé animale en France : état des lieux et améliorations." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10321.
Full textLaboratory reagent surveillance is the monitoring of incidents and risks of incidents resulting from the use of laboratory reagents. It aims to detect potential failures of analytical methods in laboratories as well as performance defects of reagents, which can lead to an increase in false positives (lack of specificity) and false negatives (lack of sensitivity), potentially responsible for economic losses or delays in epidemic detection. In this context, we evaluated the French laboratory reagent surveillance system focusing on five ruminant diseases: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), brucellosis, hypodermosis, bovine viral diarrhea (BVD), and enzootic bovine leukosis, using OASIS, a surveillance system evaluation tool. Among the main strengths are the monitoring of reagent performance by laboratories and the expertise of various stakeholders. The main limitations were the absence of formalized bodies with defined roles for decision-making and coordination, the lack of reporting and follow-up procedures, and poor feedback to certain actors. To improve the system, a new organization is recommended. Additionally, an overview of reagent surveillance practices in Europe was conducted. To support the existing system, the feasibility of a complementary mechanism is being studied for IBR. It would be based on anomaly detection algorithms applied to prophylaxis data from the ministry and analytical laboratories to quickly identify reagent failures or outbreaks
Fadloun, Samiha. "Visualisations pour la veille en épidémiologie animale." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS025/document.
Full textMany documents concerning emergence, spread or follow-up of human and animal diseases are published daily on the Web. In order to prevent the spread of disease, epidemiologists must frequently search for these documents and analyze them to detect outbreaks as early as possible. In this thesis, we are interested in the two activities related to this monitoring work in order to produce visual tools facilitating the access to relevant information. We focus on animal diseases, which have been less studied but can have serious consequences for human activities (diseases transmitted from animals to humans, epidemics in livestock ...).The first activity is to collect documents from the Web. For this, we propose EpidVis, a visual tool that allows epidemiologists to group and organize the keywords used for their research, visually build complex queries, launch them on different search engines and view the results returned. The second activity is to explore a large number of documents concerning diseases. These documents contain not only information such as disease names, associated symptoms, infected species, but also spatio-temporal information. We propose EpidNews, a visual analytics tool to explore this data for information extraction. Both tools were developed in close collaboration with experts in epidemiology. The latter carried out case studies to show that the functionalities of the proposals were completely adapted and made it possible to easily extract knowledge
Dominguez, Morgane. "Optimisation de la performance de l’épidémiologie d’intervention en santé animale." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1194/document.
Full textEmerging disease surveillance and investigation aim at the early detection of any health threat in order to perform a comprehensive analysis of the disease situation to help target an appropriate response. Its expansion in the field of animal health is led by major health, economic, and public health drivers. In support of this ongoing development, a standard structure for improved emerging animal disease surveillance and investigation capacities was established. This structure was based on a Business Process Management (BPM) approach.The primary goal of this work was to identify chains of activities (processes) that can support the most successful implementation of emerging animal disease surveillance and investigation, while buidling on the achievements made in the public health area. These chains of activities were identified through a qualitative retrospective analysis of various experiences of emerging disease surveillance and investigation, in the domains of public health, veterinary public health and animal heath, in distinct contexts ranging from a routine investigation to a major sanitary crisis.These analysis resulted in the identification of standard chains of activities that can support a successful implementation of emerging disease surveillance and investigation. These chains of activities were integrated in a standard structure for enhanced emerging animal disease surveillance and investigation capacities.The goal should now be to set up an integrated global system that would routinely implement these chains of activities and allow for the detection and description of any animal disease or threat to help inform prevention and control strategies
Germain, Karine. "Les infections à lentivirus chez la chèvre et le mouton : étude des interactions entre sous-type viral et espèce animale." Poitiers, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007POIT2267.
Full textThe small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) display a high genetic diversity and are currently classified into several groups, and an increasing number of subtypes. While a high prevalence of SRLV infection has been reported in sheep and goats from France, the prevalent SRLV strains circulating in this country are still poorly known. In this study, a large-scale screening method (HMA) based on the sequences of gag and env genes has been developed for monitoring the genetic evolution of SRLV. Molecular epidemiological surveys in sheep and goats flocks from southern of France revealed a high prevalence of subtypes B1 and B2. Interspecies transmission of both subtypes was reported in mixed flocks, as well as co-infection and recombination. However, subtypes B1 and B2 were found with different frequencies in sheep and goats, suggesting a differential adaptation of SRLV subtypes in these hosts. The biological properties of two field SRLV isolates belonging to subtypes B1 and B2 were compared in vitro using different cell types, and in vivo in sheep and goats experimentally infected by intratracheal inoculation. These strains share similar phenotype but exhibit different replicative properties in macrophages and synovial membrane cells. The subtype B1 virus has been shown to be particularly prone to infect goats, compared to sheep. While the subtype B2 virus infects sheep and goats with the same efficiency, viral expression is more frequently detected in sheep than in goats. These results confirm those obtained from field investigations showing specific interaction between SRLV subtypes and their natural hosts
Bougeard, Stéphanie. "Description et prédiction à partir de données structurées en plusieurs tableaux : Application en épidémiologie animale." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00267595.
Full textValentin, Sarah. "Extraction et combinaison d’informations épidémiologiques à partir de sources informelles pour la veille des maladies infectieuses animales." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS067.
Full textEpidemic intelligence aims to detect, investigate and monitor potential health threats while relying on formal (e.g. official health authorities) and informal (e.g. media) information sources. Monitoring of unofficial sources, or so-called event-based surveillance (EBS), requires the development of systems designed to retrieve and process unstructured textual data published online. This manuscript focuses on the extraction and combination of epidemiological information from informal sources (i.e. online news), in the context of the international surveillance of animal infectious diseases. The first objective of this thesis is to propose and compare approaches to enhance the identification and extraction of relevant epidemiological information from the content of online news. The second objective is to study the use of epidemiological entities extracted from the news articles (i.e. diseases, hosts, locations and dates) in the context of event extraction and retrieval of related online news.This manuscript proposes new textual representation approaches by selecting, expanding, and combining relevant epidemiological features. We show that adapting and extending text mining and classification methods improves the added value of online news sources for event-based surveillance. We stress the role of domain expert knowledge regarding the relevance and the interpretability of methods proposed in this thesis. While our researches are conducted in the context of animal disease surveillance, we discuss the generic aspects of our approaches regarding unknown threats and One Health surveillance
Bonnet, Pascal. "L' utilisation de l'autocorrélation spatiale pour l'identification de zones à risque épidémiologique et socio-économique en santé animale." Montpellier 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON30056.
Full textGeographical structures play an important role in the spatial processes driving the spread of contagious animal diseases. Their delineation is a fundamental stake for building adapted disease control strategy. The study suggests a holistic approach, based on health geography concepts, and applied to regionalisation of risks. It is based on the spatial analysis of a territory, with methodological support of local spatial autocorrelation concepts. The research is illustrated by a case study on Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, and livestock mobility in Ethiopian highlands. It discloses the ability of methods used, to model several dimensions of epidemiological and socioeconomic risks. Final results assembled in a map portfolio display strong usefulness to guide decision making process, toward proper animal health planning
Boyer, des Roches Alice de. "Atteintes au bien-être des vaches laitières : étude épidémiologique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22245/document.
Full textImproving dairy cows’ welfare is a major challenge in response to citizen concerns. The present thesis aimed to identify (i) major welfare problems, (ii) which farm characteristics are associated with the impairment of welfare and (iii) which factors are associated with the impairment of human-animal relationships. We conducted an epidemiological survey and used the Welfare Quality R protocol to assess dairy cows’ welfare. In general, prevalence of lameness was low and cows had opportunities to walk. The absence of hunger and thirst and the expression of species-specific behaviors were achieved but variable between farms. Resting comfort, skin injuries, health, social behavior, cows’ emotional state and human-animal relationships were affected and variable. Disbudding was often performed without pain relief. The main risk indicators of poor cow welfare were farm location (for thirst), breed (hunger, social behavior), housing (resting comfort and skin injuries), the interaction housing-breed (emotional state) and location-milking system (expression of species-specific behaviors). Action plans should be designed according to farm types. The quality of the human-animal relationship was not associated with farm main characteristics, but to calving conditions, farmers’ attitudes and cows’ social behavior. In addition, we observed large variations between-cows in their responses to humans, suggesting that individual behavioral traits of cows play a major role
Guis, Hélène. "Géomatique et épidémiologie : caractérisation des paysages favorables à Culicoides imicola, vecteur de la fièvre catarrhale ovine en Corse." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00846255.
Full textZilber, Anne-Laure. "Rôle du rat brun (Rattus norvegicus) dans la persistance des leptospires en conditions naturelles." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10243/document.
Full textThe leptospirosis is a zoonosis caused by spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, which could infect human and animals. This infection represents a major problem of public health in several countries. The WHO estimates at one million of severe cases of human leptospirosis by year in the world, with a 10 % fatality rate. In the human, the leptospirosis is a mortal infection if it is not treated. The rodents, including the brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), are considered as a carrier and excrete pathogenic leptospires via urine, which becomes the main source of direct or indirect contamination of human and animal. In the rat, the asymptomatic infection was few characterized by experimental model, or only focused on the renal colonization using a no-natural inoculation route. Furthermore, the details of the transmission rat-rat remain still unknown. It is important to know the role of the rat in the persistence of leptospires in rural or urban environments, in order to better control leptospirosis epidemics. With an experimental model using conjunctival and subcutaneous routes, we showed that the antibodies production was independent of the rate of renal colonization and that the conjunctival route was more efficient to become renal carrier than the subcutaneous route. Furthermore, a study of the characteristics of natural infection using the same methods showed the presence of leptospires in lung of rat which are renal carriers. With a new method of molecular typing, we have studied the circulating of the Leptospira strains in the rat’s urban population. All the strains belonged to the Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup and every colony of rats maintained only one strain of Leptospira. The characterization of the infection with the experimental and field studies, and the epidemiological studies are also important to model the infection in the brown rat, for the prevention of human and animal leptospirosis
Bonte, Bruno. "Modélisation et simulation de l’interdépendance entre l’objet, l’observateur et le modèle de l’objet dans la Triade de Minsky. Application à la surveillance épidémiologique en santé animale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20173/document.
Full textThe spread of a disease at national or international scale isn't a reproducible experiment. If experiment is not reproducible, the usual concept of model validation has no statistical meaning because it would involve the comparison between model behaviour and system behaviour.We use Marvin Minsky's definition of model: « to an observer B, an object A* is a model of an object A to the extent that B can use A* to answer questions that interest him about A ». The tree objects A, B and A* are the triad of Minsky. We propose to use the Theory of Modelling and Simulation (TMS) to model and simulate the triad seen as a dynamic system composed of the objects A, B and A*. We hence can answer questions about the use of A* and the impact it has on A.We apply this framework to a triad of Minsky in epidemiological surveillance in animal health. An epidemics (object A) is observed and controlled by a surveillance system and a control system (observer B) and an epidemiological model (model A*) is used to evaluate the control measures
Romano, de Paula Valéria. "Social networks as a trade-off between optimal information transmission and reduced disease transmission." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ056/document.
Full textSocial structure can theoretically regulate information transmission and disease risk via social contact or proximity. In theory, the same network properties that favor information transmission also favor pathogen transmission creating a potential trade-off between them. In my thesis, I used empirical data, network analysis and individual-based modelling to understand the influence of social structure on social transmission in primate and theoretical networks. My studies show that i) central Japanese macaques transmit disease faster but are also more prone to acquiring infectious agents; ii) the number of infected individuals in 40 wild primate groups is dependent on global network properties and epidemic time; iii) network efficiency peaks with intermediate values of group substructure in theoretical and empirical networks; and, iv) variation in the network properties is a consequence of individual decisions given the trade-offs between collecting information and avoiding infection. Altogether, my thesis reveals the mechanisms of social transmission and indicates that network properties might reflect a trade-off between information and pathogen transmission
Kada, Sara. "Sources d'hétérogénéité dans la circulation d'agents infectieux transmis par les vecteurs : le cas des tiques et maladies à tiques dans des systèmes d'hôtes structurés spatialement." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT139.
Full textDifferent hosts may not contribute equally to parasite transmission. For instance, some individuals or species may be more heavily infected than others, an observation that lead to the `20/80' rule, stating that in many cases 20% of individuals are responsible for 80% of the transmission. However, studies on heterogeneity in transmission have primarily focused on intrinsic factors of transmission, such as susceptibility and infectivity, while the impact of extrinsic factors, such as connectivity network among individuals or species of the host community and the role of various host movements has been relatively neglected. This thesis investigates the role of extrinsic transmission heterogeneities on the spread of infectious disease in multi-host systems, using tick-seabird-microparasite system as empirical models for theoretical investigations. Four main causes of heterogeneity in transmission of vector-borne diseases were considered : (i) heterogeneity in vector abundance, distribution, and estimation thereof (ii) heterogeneity in contact among species in a multi-host, multi-vector community, (iii) heterogeneity in infection spread caused by different host mouvement behaviors (notably the potential role of ‘prospecting’ by host individual among host groups), and (iv) heterogeneity in dispersal ability and transmission competence among vectors with different life-history traits (stage-dependent dispersal). First, we highlight the need to accurately estimate ectoparasite abundances with hierarchical modeling approaches that can take into account both heterogeneity in their detection probability and their aggregated distribution among hosts. Next, using network theory to examine the impact of community context on disease transmission and maintenance, we found that network structure (modularity, nestedness) and node-based measures (e.g., centrality) both shape the emergence of ‘super-spreader’ species (i.e., species that contribute disproportionally to disease transmission) and keystone species (i.e., species that contribute disproportionally to disease maintenance) in multi-host, multi-vector pathogens communities. Finally, we explored the contribution of host behavior and vector life-history traits to the spread of infectious agents. By reviewing the recent literature, we highlight the fact that prospecting, relative to various other types of host movement, may be of key importance to disease transmission among host groups, notably in social species. We also show how vector life history characteristics (e.g. length of bloodmeals) and demographic constraints (Allee effects) affect their colonization potential. Soft ticks, which take a single, long bloodmeal at only the larval stage, should have much lower colonization rates than hard ticks, which take a single, long bloodmeal at every life stage. These stage-dependent dispersal discrepancies may have direct consequences for the genetic structure of their populations and the spread of vector-borne infectious agents. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of studying the causes and consequences of transmission heterogeneity in multi-host, multi-vector systems. A series of potentially important sources of heterogeneity in parasite transmission are outlined, together with perspectives of empirical and theoretical studies to further explore their implications for understanding ecology and evolution of host-parasite interactions and for disease management purposes
Gamble, Amandine. "Écologie de la circulation des agents infectieux dans les populations d'oiseaux coloniaux : inférence par l’utilisation de la sérologie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG045.
Full textDespite their increasingly recognized interest for public health and biodiversity conservation, investigations on the ecology and evolution of infectious diseases in wildlife have been hampered by the difficulty of collecting data allowing efficient inference of underlying processes. Serology (i.e., detection of antibodies in biological samples) is a useful tool to detect past exposure to specific infectious agents. Still, interpreting serological data is not straightforward. For instance, the prevalence of seropositive individuals in a population is driven by a combination of epidemiological (e.g., disease incidence) and demographic (e.g., population turnover) dynamics. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to show how processes underlying infectious agent circulation in wild populations can be inferred from serological data. First, I illustrate how cross-sectional studies focusing on a sentinel species at the wildlife-human interface can efficiently inform on patterns at a hierarchy of scales. Then, I compare the pros and cons of such cross-sectional approaches to longitudinal sampling designs involving marked individuals when attempting to quantify the dynamics of infectious agents and I propose a way to integrate those two approaches in future studies. Finally, using avian cholera epizootics in a threatened long-lived seabird on an isolated island as a case study, I illustrate the benefits of combining serology with other approaches. This work notably highlights the value of detailed long-term studies of host exposure to infectious agents in the wild, where ecological and evolutionary processes are likely critical drivers of disease dynamics and can have important implications for biodiversity conservation
Chastagner, Amélie Pierrette. "Etude des cycles épidémiologiques d'Anaplasma phagocytophilum en France : apport des approches de caractérisation génétique." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22503/document.
Full textA. phagocytophilum, a tick-borne bacterium, is responsible of the granulocytic anaplasmosis, an emerging disease that infects a large range of mammals including humans. Currently, the description of the epidemiological cycles of this bacterium is incomplete. The objective of this thesis was to characterize the genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum in different host species to determine those involved in the same epidemiological cycle. First, we characterized the genetic diversity of A. phagocytophilum in sick domestic animals with a MLSA. We identified three groups of genotypes infecting cattle, including one group shared with horses and dogs, and another shared with roe deer. Then, we investigated what species of ticks can transmit the bacteria, and what wild mammals could be reservoirs. In Camargue, a genotype with high zoonotic potential was identified in five species of ticks of the genus Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor and Hyalomma. The prevalence in French rodents suggests that they may be reservoir hosts, but the presence of genotypes infecting cattle in rodents must be checked. Finally, comparing the bacterial genotypes in ticks and roe deer by 454 sequencing, showed that the contribution of the roe deer to tick infection was low in the site of “Vallons de Gascogne”. The absence of infected rodents in this location suggests that other reservoir mammals are present. This study demonstrates the complexity of the A. phagocytophilum cycle and the contribution of molecular tools
Biscornet, Leon. "Leptospirosis in the Seychelles : geographic, molecular and epidemiological investigations of a zoonotic disease in a tropical insular environment." Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0013.
Full textLeptospirosis is an emerging neglected disease representing a heavy burden in the tropics, especially in tropical islands such as Seychelles, which record among the highest human incidence worldwide. This thesis aims at exploring the eco-epidemiology of leptospirosis in Seychelles by (i) using rats as markers of environmental exposure to Leptospira infection, (ii) describing the molecular epidemiology of the disease in humans and animals in a One Health framework, and (iii) identifying occupational and behavioural risk factors while comparing the current situation to that described 25 years ago. The combination of fine spatial distribution, molecular and clinical epidemiology complement each other in providing a comprehensive picture of the continuum involving reservoirs and human hosts within a shared environment.Habitat fragmentation and proximity to nutritional sources are found good predictors of Leptospira-laden Rattus spp. Geospatial analyses determined a selection of other important variable factors that are strongly correlated with Leptospira infection in Rattus spp., including altitude or distance to surface water (negative correlation), urbanization and heavy rainfall (positive correlation). Results of these analyses can guide policy makers and especially urban planners to best implement landscape structures for conservation or pest control goals leading to reduced exposure of humans to rat-borne diseases.Rattus norvegicus is found significantly more infected than Rattus rattus. Therefore, increased infection in urbanized/fragmented habitats may result at least in part from Rattus spp distribution, as R. norvegicus is mostly found in urban areas. Most importantly, genotyping of Leptospira in human acute cases and rats suggests that these rodents are involved in only a third of human acute infections, while most human cases originate from yet to be identified reservoir(s).An annual incidence of 54.6 (95% CI 40.7-71.8) per 100,000 confirms the major medical and public health importance of the disease in the country. The disease affects mainly men (96%) and displays a case fatality rate of 11.2%, mostly associated with severe forms (acute renal failure, hepatic failure and pulmonary haemorrhage). Farming and gardening related activities, proximity to cattle and cats, thrombocytopaenia, leukocytosis, elevated bilirubin and high values for renal function tests are predictors of leptospirosis. The geographical distribution of human cases poorly overlaps districts of high prevalence in rats in keeping with a restricted role of rats in human disease.The comparison of figures reported herein and in previous studies published 25 years ago reveals changes in behaviour and exposure, and shows that the development of health care has lowered the case fatality despite still high disease incidence in the country. A low level of knowledge on leptospirosis is reported, urging the need for implementing health education campaigns. Altogether, the data presented in this thesis strongly supports the implementation of a research program aiming at discovering alternative reservoir(s) to provide a full understanding of the epidemiological situation, which will allow fine tuning preventive measures for an efficient control of a disease that is still recognised as the infectious disease causing the highest mortality in the country
Richomme, Céline. "Epidémiologie de zoonoses du sanglier (Sus scrofa) dans un milieu méditerranéen insulaire, la Corse." Phd thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009CLF21974.
Full textRichomme, Céline. "Epidémiologie de zoonoses du sanglier (Sus scrofa) dans un milieu méditerranéen insulaire, la Corse." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00724959.
Full text