Academic literature on the topic 'Majorca (Spain) – History'

Abstract The origins of the illustrated press on the island of Majorca (Spain) date to the last two decades of the 19th century when visual records received a major push thanks to the consolidation of new graphic printing techniques, favouring more illustration and photography in the local press - an aspect that further strengthened in the early 20th century in news magazines. Subsequently, and running parallel to the development of international print media, photography was introduced into different media publications in Majorca, often adopting the term 'illustrated magazine'. And the news reports in these general or specialised illustrated publications are precisely where we come across different photographic and/or photojournalism reports on schools and education in general in Majorca, as well as illustrated advertising for education establishments. This article will offer an approach and analysis of the photographic resources contained in the different illustrated magazines on the island from the first three decades of the 20th century. We will also look at the image of schools from the period and the out-of-school education they provided, as well as the possible potential and uses the images represent for didactics in the history of education field.

Abstract This article focuses on a group of conversos families from Spain, who established themselves in Palermo after the Expulsion of the Jews in 1492. There they supported financial activities of the Nazione Catalana and established strong relationships with the local aristocracy. Thanks to this alliance, they managed to avoid persecution by the Spanish Inquisition, “cleanse” their “impure” blood and reach high positions within politics and society: feudal titles, political and financial offices, habits of military orders, ecclesiastical appointments and sometimes even sainthood. Firstly, the paper will give a brief sketch of the phenomenon of conversos in Sicily as well as the activities of the Spanish Inquisition before and after the expulsion of 1492. A significant case study will then be presented, focusing on the Torongi family (New Christians from Majorca settled in Palermo) and its network of relationships in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Never before the nineteenth century had Europeans, especially in the south, adopted cordons sanitaires in such great numbers or at such a fast rate. This article aims to analyse the process of the rationalisation and militarisation of the cordons sanitaires imposed in the fight against epidemics during the nineteenth century on the Mediterranean island of Majorca (Spain). These cordons should be understood as a declaration of war by the authorities on emerging epidemics. Epidemics could generate sudden and intolerably high rises in mortality that the new liberal citizenship found unacceptable. Toleration of this type of measure was the result of a general consensus, with hardly any opposition, which not only obtained the support of scientists (especially in the field of medicine) but also of most of the local and provincial political elite, and even of the population at large.

AbstractSome individuals who decided or had to move from Christian Spain to Muslim Maghrib during the Middle Ages succeeded in having a second start in their new country, whether they converted to Islam or not. As most of these men were soldiers, this study recalls first how Moroccan sovereigns got into the habit of recruiting Christian militia as a kind of personal bodyguard, then it focuses on the careers of Reverter and his son 'Alī. The former was a senior officer of Catalan origin, and he reached a high rank in the Almoravid army, although preserving his Christian faith. The latter, who converted to Islam, loyally served under the Almohad sultan, while never forgetting his roots, as it would seem from his attitude towards the Christian renegades and captives he cooperated with during a mission in Majorca.

Majolica pottery is an earthenware covered with lead glaze opacified and whitened by adding a small percentage of tin oxide. The technology of majolica production, a Muslim contribution, was introduced into Spain and then diffused to the Western Hemisphere in the course of colonization very soon after the Spanish arrival in Mexico in 1521. (See Table I for Majolica production sources and excavation sites.)In the 1980s there were two references on the organization of majolica production in both Spain and the New World. Descriptions of the layouts of the potters' workshops, of the sources of the clays, how the kilns were used, and how the glazes were made are taken from historical and ethnographic sources. These authors also discuss the interesting and important effect of the presence of Italian potters in both Seville and the New World. However, little has been written based on archaeologically excavated material from Seville, the main source of supply to the New World, or from known Puebia or Mexico City production.In the 1970s a project involving neutron activation analysis of Spanish majolica ceramics was developed through the cooperative efforts of Malcolm Watkins and Richard Ahlborn of the National Museum of American History, Charles Fairbanks of the University of Florida, and Jacqueline Olin. Neutron activation analysis provides precise simultaneous determination of the concentrations of up to 35 elements. Two chemically distinct groups of ceramics were identified among sherds excavated at New World sites. They could be stylistically divided between Spanish and Mexican production with some important exceptions.

El estado franquista, en su afán por vincularse a las épocas “gloriosas” del pasado, encontró en los castillos un argumento más para su discurso nacionalista. Esta significación simbólica se tradujo en todo un relato textual y visual que arranca de períodos anteriores, pero que cobra una nueva dimensión con la importancia económica del turismo durante la década de los sesenta. A lo largo de las siguientes páginas identificamos las claves de este discurso simbólico a través de los textos (fuentes impresas y hemerográficas) y la documentación de archivo procedente de los procesos de restauración monumental y políticas turísticas. Singular importancia tuvo el mundo de la fotografía como herramienta múltiple de identificación y vehículo de publicidad turística. Gracias a ello podemos rastrear las instituciones promotoras y las sinergias con otros agentes sociales imbricados en la dictadura. Palabras clave: historia de la restauración, historia de la fotografía, turismo, castillos, nacionalismoTopónimo: EspañaPeriodo: franquismo ABSTRACTThe Francoist state, in its eagerness to associate itself with the “glorious” times of the past, found in castles further support for its nationalist discourse. This symbolic significance translated into an entire textual and visual narrative that had begun earlier but acquired a new dimension with the economic importance of tourism during the 1960s. The following pages identify the keys to this symbolic discourse through texts (printed sources and journalistic sources) and documentation from the archives of processes of monumental restoration and tourism policies. Particular importance was attached to the world of photography as a multiple tool for identification and as a vehicle for tourist publicity. Thanks to the latter, it is possible to trace the promoting institutions and the synergies with other social agents involved in the dictatorship. Keywords: history of restoration, history of photography, tourism, castles, nationalismPlace names: SpainPeriod: francoism REFERENCIASAlares, G., Políticas del pasado en la España franquista (1939-1964). Historia, nacionalismo y dictadura, Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2017.Almarcha, E. y Villena, R., “Los castillos, ¿destino turístico?”, en De Marco Polo al low cost. Perfiles del turismo contemporáneo, Madrid, La Catarata de los Libros, 2020, pp. 69-90.— “La impresión de lo moderno. Los volúmenes provinciales de los XXV años de paz”, en XXV Años de Paz Franquista. Sociedad y cultura en España hacia 1964, pp. 271-307.— “Las tarjetas postales como registro de la memoria histórica”, La Tadeo de Arte, 5, (2019), pp. 178-203.Almarcha, E., García, M. P. y Villena, R. (coords.), Spain is different. 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Cultura visual del boom en España, Madrid, Cátedra, 2017.García, M. P., Almarcha, E. y Hernández, A. (coords.), Historia, restauración y reconstrucción monumental en la posguerra española, Madrid, Abada Editores, 2012.García, M. P., Almarcha, E. y Hernández, A. (coords.), Restaurando la memoria. España e Italia ante la recuperación monumental de posguerra, Gijón, Trea, 2010.García-Gutiérrez, J., “A propósito de paradores y de la intervención en edificios históricos en la España Contemporánea”, Estudios Turísticos, 217-218, (2019), pp. 57-65.Garris, Á., “La reconstrucción de la arquitectura militar como imagen del régimen franquista”, XVII Congreso Nacional de Historia del Arte, Atrio-U. de Barcelona-CEHA, 2017, pp. 577-590.Garris, Á., “La restauración de la arquitectura militar mudéjar bajo la bandera franquista”, XI Simposio Internacional de Mudejarismo, Teruel, Instituto de Estudios Turolenses-Centro de Estudios Mudéjares, 2009, pp. 149-160.Gómez de Terreros, M. V. (ed.), La arquitectura de las órdenes militares en Andalucía: conservación y restauración, U. de Huelva, 2011.Hernández, A., “Francisco Íñiguez Almech y Leopoldo Torres Balbás, ¿vidas paralelas?”, en Torres Balbás y la restauración científica: ensayos, Granada, Patronato de la Alhambra y Generalife / Sevilla, Instituto Andaluz del Patrimonio Histórico, 2013, pp. 449-476.Kurtz, G. y Ortega, I., 150 años de fotografía en la Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid, El Viso, 1989.Larrinaga, C. y Vallejo, R. (dirs.), Los orígenes del turismo moderno en España el nacimiento de un país turístico: 1900-1939, Madrid, Sílex, 2018.Latorre, J., Santa María del Villar. Fotógrafo turista. En los orígenes de la fotografía artística española, Pamplona, Institución Príncipe de Viana, 1998.Lavaur, L., El turismo en su historia, Madrid, Editur, 1974.Moreno, J. y Núñez, X. M. (eds.), Ser españoles: imaginarios nacionalistas en el siglo XX, Barcelona, RBA, 2013.Ordóñez, J., “Restauración arquitectónica en la autarquía. La Alcazaba de Málaga: entre la reconstrucción nacional y la escenografía historicista”, en Dos décadas de cultura artística en el franquismo (1936-1956), U. de Granada, 2001, pp. 587-616.Ortiz-Echagüe, Madrid, La Fábrica, 1998.Pack, S., La invasión pacífica. Los turistas y la España de Franco, Madrid, Turner, 2009.Paz, J., Castillos y fortalezas, Madrid, Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 1914.Pérez Gallardo, H., Fotografía y arquitectura en el siglo XIX. Historia y representación monumental, Madrid, Cátedra, 2015.Pérez Garzón, J. S., “¿Qué historia aprendían ‘Los chicos del PREU’ en 1964?”, XXV Años de Paz Franquista. Sociedad y cultura en España hacia 1964, Madrid, Sílex Universidad, 2017, pp. 127-159.— “Evolución y rasgos de las historiografías de los nacionalismos en España”, en Procesos de nacionalización e identidades en la Península Ibérica, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, pp. 47-74.Poutet, H., Images touristiques de l’Espagne: de la propagande politique à la promotion touristique, París, L’Harmattan, 1995.Riego, B. (coord.), España en la tarjeta postal, Barcelona, Lunwerg, 2010.Rodríguez, D. y Pérez Gallardo, H. (coords.), Mirar la arquitectura fotografía monumental en el siglo XIX [exposición, del 3 de julio al 4 de octubre de 2015], Madrid, Ministerio de Cultura / Biblioteca Nacional, 2015.Rodríguez, M. J. y García-Gutiérrez, J., “De lo inexpugnable a lo accesible. Correlación entre valores patrimoniales y turismo en los castillos de la Red de Paradores”, erph_: Revista electrónica de Patrimonio Histórico, 19, (2016), pp. 22-53.Sánchez Vigil, J. M. (coord.), La fotografía en España. De los orígenes al siglo XXI. Summa Artis, vol. XVII, Madrid, Espasa Calpe, 2001.Saz, I., España contra España. Los nacionalismos franquistas, Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2003.Shubert, A., Espartero, el Pacificador, Barcelona, Galaxia Gutenberg, 2018, .epub.Sougez, M. L. (coord.), Historia general de la fotografía, Madrid, Cátedra, 2007.Storm, E., “Patrimonio local, turismo e identidad nacional en una ciudad de provincias: Toledo a principios del siglo XX”, Hispania, 244, (2013), pp. 349-376.Vega, C., Fotografía en España (1839-2015). Historia, tendencias, estéticas, Madrid, Cátedra, 2017.Villaverde, J. y Galant, I. (eds.), ¿El turismo es un gran invento? Usos políticos, identitarios y culturales del turismo en España, Valencia, Institució Alfons el Magnànim-CSIC, 2020.Villena, R., “Envíos con sabor español. Tarjetas postales, traje y nación”, Imaginarios en conflicto: "lo español" en los siglos XIX y XX, Madrid, CSIC, 2017, pp. 79-96.Villena, R., “Una nación efímera. Soportes visuales para el nacionalismo español contemporáneo”, Spain is different. Restauración monumental y desarrollismo en España 1959-1975, Cuenca, Genueve, 2019, pp. 9-34.Vives, A., “Tourism and Nationalism in the Production of Regional Culture: The Shaping of Majorca”, Nations and Nationalism, 24, 3, (2018), pp. 695-715.

This paper analyses the political‑religious reflection developed by the great French novelist Georges Bernanos (1888-1948) during his Majorcan stay in the course of the Spanish Civil War. Indeed, it was in Palma de Mallorca, where this writer stayed from 1934 to 1937 to escape the anger of his Parisian creditors, that he wrote most of his masterpiece The Diary of a Country Priest as well as A New History of Mouchette. Fundamentally Catholic and monarchist, at the very beginning of the Francoist military uprising against the Popular Front in the summer of 1936, Bernanos became enthusiastic about the “glorioso Movimiento”. This is due not only to his son Yves, who actively participated in the rebellion, but also and above all to his virulent anticommunism and his youth’s fascination for the ideas of Hello and Maurras. However, after seeing the atrocities committed against the civilian population by the partisans of Franco, as a good Catholic, Bernanos raises his voice and denounces the blessing of Francoist war crimes by part of the Spanish clergy in his famous non‑fiction book The Great Cemeteries Under the Moon (1938). Contrary to what one might believe, this explosive essay is not a leftist manifesto, since Bernanos does not justify the crimes committed by the socialists and communists who came to Spain so as to fight against Franco and his Italian and German allies, but a warning addressed to the French political elites, especially to his old friends of the conservative Action Française, against the fascist temptation. Finally, this striking work is still relevant in a Europe whose political classes sometimes tend to minimize the destructive effects of the three deadly ideologies of the past century for electoral purposes, which exacerbates memory wars and thus damages the living‑together.

Abstract Background It has been demonstrated that children who had been breastfed remain better protected against various infections, and notably respiratory tract infections, well beyond infancy. Since the role of breastfeeding to explain why children are less affected by COVID-19 has not been studied until now, the aim of this study was to determine whether any history of breastfeeding reduces the incidence rate of COVID-19 in children. Methods This was a secondary analysis of an observational study on clinical and epidemiological characteristics of pediatric COVID-19 in Majorca. A total of 691 children were recruited during the 5 months of August–December 2020. Eligible participants were children under 14 who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 in pediatric emergency services. The independent explanatory variable was any breastfeeding. Bivariate analyses were conducted through the Chi-square test, the Fisher’s Exact test or the Student’s T test. All children had the same demographic, epidemiological and clinical data collected through a study team member interview and via the participants medical records. Results Within the sample of children who visited emergency services with symptoms of potential COVID-19, we found higher prevalence of positive SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test results among those who were exclusively formula fed compared with those who were ever breastfed (OR 2.48; 95% CI 1.45, 3.51; P = 0.036). Conclusions The present study suggests that ever breastfeeding reduces the risk of COVID-19 among children, as documented for other infections.

La tesis doctoral titulada «La enseñanza primaria en Mallorca (1939-1949). Cultura y prácticas escolares» se basa en el estudio de la práctica escolar desarrollada por los maestros al finalizar la Guerra Civil en España. En general, se tiene una visión muy homogénea y estereotipada de la escuela franquista, por eso esta tesis es un ejercicio para analizar en qué medida la práctica escolar de esos años rompió con el conjunto de prácticas y estrategias de enseñanza y aprendizaje propias de algunas de las corrientes de renovación pedagógica instauradas en España desde finales del siglo XIX. Para la confección de la tesis se ha delimitado el estudio a un territorio concreto, la isla de Mallorca, y a un período cronológico, los años cuarenta del siglo XX. Las cuestiones a las que se ha querido dar respuesta han sido dos. En primer lugar, se ha analizado si la práctica escolar de esos años cambió de manera radical, o si por el contrario, esas prácticas renovadoras tuvieron continuidad. En segundo lugar, también se ha puesto la atención en la posible influencia de las prácticas escolares en la construcción de la cultura escolar que quiso imponer el Franquismo. Es un momento en el que se pretende uniformizar todos los ámbitos de la vida pública, entre ellos el de la enseñanza primaria. A través del estudio presentado vemos si esas directrices y ordenanzas aprobadas a nivel político tuvieron una traducción inmediata o, por el contrario, si la escuela tiene todo un conjunto de prácticas y hábitos que orientan su funcionamiento independientemente de las disposiciones aprobadas legislativamente. La metodología utilizada en la tesis es la propia del método histórico adaptado al campo de la historia de la educación, junto con aportaciones de otras ciencias sociales como la etnografía, la sociología, etc., que permiten observar con más detenimiento algunas de las prácticas que caracterizaron la escuela del momento. Con el fin de conocer esta práctica se han utilizado diferentes fuentes, como memorias de prácticas de estudiantes de Magisterio, memorias de oposición del magisterio, fotografías, testimonios orales, cuadernos, etc., que, unidas a otras más clásicas en la investigación histórico-educativa (prensa, documentación burocrática, legislación, etc.), han permitido avanzar en el conocimiento de aquellas prácticas que se llevaron a cabo en la cotidianidad del aula. Como principales resultados de la tesis, se apunta a que mientras que en el ámbito político se quiere romper drásticamente con el legado pedagógico renovador, la práctica de esos primeros años nos muestra más continuidades que rupturas. Si bien teóricamente se defienden el tradicionalismo y el catolicismo como ejes que deben orientar toda práctica escolar, lo cierto es que cuando nos detenemos a estudiar cómo enseñaban los maestros, vemos que una parte de ellos siguieron aplicando metodologías de enseñanza propias de las corrientes de renovación pedagógica. No hay que olvidar que muchos de los maestros que ejercieron en los años cuarenta eran los mismos de antes de la guerra. Unos maestros que habían sido depurados, sí, pero que también eran herederos de una cultura escolar anterior y, sobre todo, depositarios de toda una serie de conocimientos y recursos metodológicos que hicieron que en un contexto de transformación política su práctica escolar reflejase más continuidades que rupturas.
La tesi doctoral titulada «La enseñanza primaria en Mallorca (1939-1949). Cultura y prácticas escolares» es basa en l’estudi de la pràctica escolar desenvolupada pels mestres una vegada acabada la Guerra Civil a Espanya. En general, es té una visió molt homogènia i estereotipada de l’escola franquista, per això aquesta tesi és un exercici per analitzar en quina mesura la pràctica escolar d’aquells anys va erradicar les pràctiques i estratègies d’ensenyança i aprenentatge pròpies d’alguns dels corrents de renovació pedagògica instaurats a Espanya d’ençà de final del segle XIX. Per a l’elaboració de la tesi s’ha delimitat l’estudi a un territori concret, l’illa de Mallorca, i a un període cronològic, els anys quaranta del segle XX. Les qüestions a què s’ha volgut donar resposta són dues. En primer lloc, s’ha analitzat si la pràctica escolar d’aquells anys canvià de manera radical o si, al contrari, aquestes pràctiques renovadores tingueren continuïtat. En segon lloc, també s’ha posat l’atenció en la possible influència de les pràctiques escolars en la construcció de la cultura escolar que volgué imposar el Franquisme. És un moment en què es volen uniformitzar tots els àmbits de la vida pública, entre els quals figura el de l’ensenyament primari. A través d’aquest estudi veiem si aquestes directrius i ordenances aprovades en l’àmbit polític tingueren una traducció immediata o, al contrari, si l’escola tingué un conjunt de pràctiques i hàbits que n’orientaren el funcionament independentment de les disposicions aprovades legislativament. La metodologia utilitzada en la tesi és la pròpia del mètode històric adaptat al camp de la història de l’educació, juntament amb aportacions d’altres ciències socials com l’etnografia, la sociologia, etc., que permeten observar amb més deteniment algunes de les pràctiques que caracteritzaren l’escola del moment. Amb la finalitat de conèixer aquesta pràctica s’han utilitzat diferents fonts, com ara memòries de pràctiques d’estudiants de Magisteri, memòries d’oposició del magisteri, fotografies, testimonis orals, quaderns, etc., que, juntament amb altres de més clàssiques en la investigació historicoeducativa (premsa, documentació burocràtica, legislació, etc.), han permès avançar en el coneixement d’aquelles pràctiques que es portaren a terme en la quotidianitat de l’aula.Com a principals resultats de la tesi s’indica que, mentre que en l’àmbit polític es vol rompre dràsticament el llegat pedagògic renovador, la pràctica d’aquests primers anys el que ens demostra són més continuïtats que ruptures. Si bé teòricament es defensen el tradicionalisme i el catolicisme com a eixos que han d’orientar tota pràctica escolar, quan ens aturem a estudiar com ensenyaven els mestres, veiem que una part d’ells segueixen aplicant metodologies d’ensenyament pròpies dels corrents de renovació pedagògica. No s’ha d’oblidar que molts dels mestres que exerciren en els anys quaranta eren els mateixos que abans de la guerra. Mestres que havien estat depurats, això sí, però que també eren hereus d’una cultura escolar anterior i, sobretot, eren dipositaris de tota una sèrie de coneixements i recursos metodològics que feren que en un context de transformació política la seva pràctica escolar reflectís més continuïtats que ruptures.
The doctoral dissertation titled «Primary Education in Majorca (1939-1949). School culture and practices» focuses on studying school practices carried out by teachers after the end of the Spanish Civil War. In general, the view on schools under the dictatorship of General Francisco Franco tends to be overly homogenous and stereotypical. For that reason, this doctoral dissertation aims to analyse the extent to which school practices in those years broke away from the set of teaching-learning practices and strategies belonging to some of the movements for pedagogical renewal in Spain since the late 19th century. The dissertation limits itself to the study of a specific territory, the island of Majorca, and to a specific time period, the decade of the 1940s. Two main questions form the basis for this dissertation. First was to find out whether school practices in those years changed radically, or to the contrary, whether there were any continuities of those practices for renewal. Secondly, it was of interest to know the extent to which school practices influenced the construction of the school culture Franco’s regime hoped to impose. At that time the aim was to make all realms of public life as uniform as possible, including primary education. The study herein investigates whether those politically approved guidelines and ordinances took immediate effect or, to the contrary, if schools kept an entire set of practices and habits that guided their operation regardless of the legislative orders. The methodology used in the dissertation is the historical method adapted to the field of the history of education, along with borrowings from other social sciences such as ethnography, sociology, etc. that allow closer scrutiny of some of the practices that characterised schools at that time. To find out more about this practice, different sources were used, such as practicum journals kept by Education student teachers, journals kept by applicants for teaching posts, photographs, oral histories, notebooks, etc. These and other, more classical sources in education history research (the press, bureaucratic documentation, legislation, etc.) have proved useful in furthering knowledge of day-to-day classroom practices. The main findings of the dissertation indicate that while on the political level the aim was to break cleanly from the reformist pedagogic legacy, the practices in those early years show more continuities than breaks. On the theoretical level, traditionalism and Catholicism were upheld as bastions to guide school practices, but a closer look at how teachers taught reveals that some of them continued to apply teaching methods that were characteristic of the pedagogical renewal movements. This may be due in part to the fact that many of the teachers who were teaching in the 1940s had been teachers before the war as well. Teachers had been purged, but they were also heirs to an earlier school culture, and most of all, custodians of an entire set of knowledge and methodological resources that, amidst a context of political transformation, their school practices showed more continuities than breaks.

Defence date: 21 March 1994
Examining board: Prof. Bartolomé Bennassar ; Prof. Joan Bestard ; Prof. Gérard Delille ; Prof. Françoise Héritier (co-directeur externe) ; dr. Pedro de Montaner ; Prof. Robert Rowland (directeur)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

Defence date: 21 January 2000
Examining board: Jean-Pierre Amalric (supervisor) ; Gérard Delille ; Roebrt Rowland ; Bernard Vincent
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

In the summer of 1391 anti-Jewish violence spread across the kingdom of Castile and the Crown of Aragon. Unprecedented numbers of Jews were murdered and even more were forcibly converted. These converts, known as conversos, formed a new, self-perpetuating social group, which, together with the rest of Spanish society, remained deeply conscious of its distinct ethnicity and culture. A century later, testimonies to the Spanish Inquisition depict a converso community with a continued, if varied, affiliation to Judaism. This dissertation investigates the economic, social and political factors that promoted Jewish identification among the first two generations of conversos in Majorca following their baptism in 1391. It employs previously unexamined and unpublished archival sources to argue that corporate fiscal obligations had a major impact in shaping the converso community in Majorca, just as they shaped Jewish social and communal life prior to 1391. Conversos organized collectively in order to meet royal fiscal demands, settle their corporate debt and fund social welfare following the disruptions of 1391, adopting administrative models of the former aljama. The monarchy continued to relate to the conversos as a distinct corporate entity in the same ways it had dealt with them as Jews. Royal efforts to prevent converso emigration to the Maghreb, where many fled to renege on Catholicism, carried overtones of the same proto-mercantilist policies that motivated its failed attempts to revivify the island’s Jewish aljama. Publicized restrictions against conversos, many of whom continued to cultivate prior commercial and family relationships with Maghrebi Jews, contributed to popular assumptions that Majorcan conversos at sea were Judaizers, spurring targeted anti-converso and anti-Jewish piracy. Conversos thus remained entrenched in the same socioeconomic structures, and employed the same licit and illicit strategies to cope with royal exploitation, as when they were Jews. This perpetuated a group identity that was unmistakeably anchored in their Jewish past, and which could promote other aspects of Jewish affiliation. In 1404 the conversos established a formal confraternity which replicated the social welfare programs and administrative techniques of the former aljama within the framework of a Catholic pious society, representing one of the first necessary adaptations to Christian life.

Defence date: 16 June 2011
Examining Board: Prof. Kiran Klaus Patel (EUI, Supervisor); Prof. Federico Romero (EUI); Prof. Fernando Guirao (University Pompeu Fabra); Prof. Andrew Rotter (Colgate University)
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The aim of this work is to study Spanish-Italian diplomatic relations in the period 1943-1957. However, and in spite of the fact that the question of Spanish-Italian diplomatic relations between 1943 and 1957 will remain at the heart of this research, this is not merely a history of bilateral relations. In fact, the present work contends that this bilateral relationship cannot be studied in isolation and that a broader context is key, in order to obtain a full understanding of it. In this way, this research will also focus on how these two countries responded to the challenges of the post-war period, and how they struggled to pursue a more independent foreign policy with respect to the major powers. Hence, it is clearly important to analyse the degree of influence which Great Britain first and the United States afterwards exerted both in Spain and Italy and over their relations. The role of France will also be scrutinised, although it will be under a different light, since France did not possess the material capabilities to display a hegemonic policy in Western Europe after 1943. However, the French role in Spanish- Italian relations cannot be ignored either, especially after 1950 when the diplomats at the ‘Quai D’Orsay’ began to intervene more actively in the affairs of the two neighbouring states. Therefore, this research will also address the question of how much room for manoeuvre the Spanish and the Italian Governments really had in the diplomatic field. By accomplishing these objectives, the present research will enrich the existing field of scholarship of both the Spanish and Italian foreign policies after the Second World War and, at the same time, it will contribute to obtaining a better understanding of international relations in Western Europe during the post-war period and, especially the role of the major powers.

What was the Treaty of Tordesillas? Signed in a town 100 miles (161 km) northwest of Madrid on June 7, 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas marked an important milestone in the history of the Amazon. At the time, Portugal and Spain were the world’s two major seafaring...

This chapter recounts the progress made in the fields of maritime and mediterranean history since the publication of Fernand Braudel’s landmark La Méditerranée. The first half provides an overview of the development of maritime history as an academic discipline from the 1950s onwards, noting the major publications, historians, and universities associated with the field. The second half concerns maritime history specifically relating to the Mediterranean, and briefly contextualises the maritime environments of France, Italy, Spain, Greece, Malta, and North Africa, respectively, as an introduction to the collection of essays that follow in the subsequent chapters.

This introductory chapter explores the experience of the Sephardim, one of the two major branches of the Jewish people, in several major centres of urban civilization. It seeks to understand who they are and how their visit in certain cities left its impression upon them and distinguished them from other parts of the Jewish people. The chapter also recognizes that being 'Sephardi' means to be related in some fashion to Spain. Yet most bearers of that designation today never had any contact with Spain, nor did many of their ancestors. It examines seven cities through which to explore the shaping of Sephardi identity. The chapter also includes the descendants of Jews who lived in the Iberian peninsula before the expulsion from Spain in 1492 and of Jews who received the refugees from Iberia afterwards.

“La Calle Corredera, Jerez de la Frontera, Spain” discusses the history and archaeology of Jerez de la Frontera in Andalucía, Spain and one of the three major data sets used in Setting the Table. The majority of the chapter focuses on one local eighteenth-century household site known as La Calle Corredera. It describes the artifacts from two mid eighteenth-century features, a well and trash receptacle, and the ceramics recovered from these deposits. Using COSA, this chapter examines the vessel forms that were discarded and argues that changes in tableware are indicative of broader changes in Spanish dining practices and the transition away from traditional stews toward a non-broth-based diet, possibly one that incorporated French cooking techniques.

This chapter looks at the discovery of Muriel Rukeyser's major unpublished work, Savage Coast, which was her first text to receive critical condemnation by editors and friends. The chapter shows that Savage Coast was also a narrative of an experience that was deeply transformational, engendering a lifetime commitment to advocacy for refugees and against all forms of fascism. It also chronicles her travel to Spain for the British magazine Life and Letters To-day to report on the People's Olympiad (July 19–26, 1936), an alternative to Hitler's Berlin Games, and how she witnessed the outbreak of civil war. The chapter investigates how Rukeyser's experience as a witness to both the military coup and the revolutionary response in Catalonia proved pivotal, noting that she would write about Spain and its war, revolution, exiled, and dead for over forty years after, creating a radical and interconnected twentieth-century textual history. The chapter concludes by narrating how the story of Spain, fully developed in the unfinished autobiographical novel Savage Coast, was rejected by her editor in 1937.

This book presents a novel perspective on the momentous encounter of five hundred years ago between Europeans and Native peoples of the Americas by framing what has traditionally been called the Spanish conquest of Mexico in deep time, on both sides of the Atlantic, and with an emphasis on material culture. The introductory chapter establishes the broad contours of this approach by defining the concept of “deep history” and the layers of human occupation that archaeologists and specialists of cognate fields study as sites, artifacts, and art. It provides an entry into this approach by discussing the towns of Medellín, Spain, and Cholula, Mexico—two places with millennia of human occupation that encapsulate much of the major chronological phases of early Iberia and Mesoamerica, as well as their entanglement when Medellín’s most famous son, the conquistador Hernando Cortés, invaded Cholula and massacred thousands of its unarmed inhabitants.

Part I, devoted to Spain, consists of four chapters on major topics and texts, broadcast by both public and private channels. Chapter 1 treats the genre of the mini-series as historical memory in two examples that blur the boundary between fact and fiction. After sketching out the still fraught debate over the heritage of dictatorship and transition to democracy, the chapter first focuses on a dramatization of an attempted military coup, which drew the largest audience in Spanish television history and marked the first time that the King had been depicted by an actor in the medium. The second case study is of a controversial biopic of the greatest singing star of the late Francoist period, who embodies the tensions of the transition.

The Iberian Peninsula is one the most mineralized parts of Europe, with a long history of metal mining from prehistoric and Roman to modern times. The earliest evidence for copper metallurgy dates to the fifth millennium BC; however, distinctive Chalcolithic metalworking traditions did not emerge in most regions until 3000 BC onwards. There are widespread occurrences of copper mineralization in Spain and Portugal, including many areas with deposits of lead, tin, silver, and gold. Copper deposits occur in the Galician and Cantabrian mountain ranges of northern Spain, extending east to the Pyrenees. They are also numerous in central Spain, in the provinces of Madrid, Avila, Salamanca, and Segovia in the Central Range, and also in the Toledo and Betic mountains of Cordoba. Farther south, there are major copper deposits in the so-called Pyrite Belt, extending from Seville to Huelva into southern Portugal, and also in the Penibetic range from Cartagena to Malaga crossing the sierras of Almeria (Rovira 2002: fig. 3c; see Delibes de Castro and Montero Ruiz 1999 for regional surveys of copper deposits and indications of early mining; also Gómez Ramos 1999; Hunt Ortiz 2003). The widespread availability of ore deposits was a significant factor in the establishment of copper metallurgy in Iberia. How early is contentious, as is the means by which the new technology first developed in different parts of the peninsula. The older explanation of metal-seeking colonists from the east Mediterranean introducing this technology to southern Spain was replaced in the 1960s by a model that emphasized autonomous development (Renfrew 1967, 1973; Montero Ruiz 1994). This was based on the apparent antiquity of copper mining and metallurgy in Iberia and the distinctive technological processes that developed there relative to other parts of Europe. The earliest indication of copper metallurgy in Iberia may come from the settlement of Cerro Virtud in Almeria, south-west Spain. A single sherd from a metallurgical crucible used to reduce oxidized copper ore was discovered in a layer dated to the early fifth millennium BC (Montero Ruiz and Ruíz Taboada 1996; Ruíz Taboada and Montero Ruiz 1999).

<p>Geometric control of concrete bridge decks under construction is strongly dependent on the construction method. Different construction methods demand for different geometrical control strategies and different geometric control technologies. Geometric control is usually a major concern in segmental construction solutions, both in precast and cast-in situ. Geometric control dependency is apparently lesser in span by span cast in situ construction. The consequences of a defective control are apparently affordable and as a result this issue is often neglected. However, defective geometric control often leads to expressive costs with surface regularization, either by overconsumption of materials or corrective milling works.</p><p>This paper focus on geometrical control in span by span cast in situ construction of bridge decks, referring to practical cases using movable scaffolding systems (MSS). A global control strategy is discussed, identifying the most significant factors, the relevant steps and the involved parties.</p>

<p>The study addresses the issues and shortcomings of the Volodarsky drawbridge in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. During the inspection of the bridge structures, several major problems were identified. The main problem is the horizontal displacement of the end of the leaf during closing, as well as progressive cracks in the region of the rotation axis. In addition, the problem of excessive counterweight vibrations was discovered.</p><p>The purpose of the study is determination of causes of these issues, carrying out their analysis justification and developing of the recommendations for solving or preventing these problems in similar structures. The main research methods are on-site inspection and testing of bridge structures, mathematical modelling (of the whole span and individual components), modal analysis and direct dynamic analysis.</p>

Europe has a long history of high speed locomotive and power unit development. This paper focuses on these developments in Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Spain starting from high speed locomotives for 125 mph and ending with the AVE S112 high speed power unit for 206 mph. The major technical objectives starting in the 1970’s were to increase the speed and performance, while reducing the axle load from typically 21t at 125 mph to 17t at ≥ 156 mph. Developments of the propulsion system and vehicle concepts took place in many incremental steps, constantly improving the performance of high speed services. It is shown how American high speed locomotives relate to these developments and how one can learn from the European experience going forward.

The Research Institute for Brown Coal j. s. c. (VUHU) has been involved in the research project of the EU Research Fund of Coal and Steel - The impact of extreme weather events on mining operations for four years. The project is focused on assessing the impact of climate change on mining activities in major European coal basins. Other participants are scientific teams from Poland, Great Britain, Spain, Germany and Greece. This is the last year of the project solving, so this paper summarizes the results of the solution for the Czech Republic. The first part of the paper summarizes the knowledge of the historical development of the climate, including significant climatic disasters. Attempts to reconstruct the paleoclimate in the Tertiary based on the evaluation of preserved geological phenomena are also briefly evaluated here. The next part of the paper evaluates the development of temperature and precipitation in the wider area of the Most Basin, including the forecast for the future and the impact of climate change on mining and reclamation. Therefore, the greatest attention is paid to the proposed adaptation strategies. All laboratory analyses carried out as part of this research were carried out by VUHU testing laboratories accredited by CIA according to CSN EN 150-IEC 17025 on the basis of internal methodological procedures based on relevant standards.

Large marine two-stroke diesel engines still represent the major propulsion system for merchant shipping. Withsteadily increasing transport demands, rising operational costs and stricter environmental legislations, the global marine shipping industry finds itself facing the challenge to future-proof its fleet. In order to comply with international maritime organizations emission standards (TIER II and TIER III), highly sophisticated and flexible combustion systems are demanded. With the help of spray and combustion research such systems can be developed and continuously improved. A highly valuable tool to investigate sprays of large marine diesel injectors under engine relevant conditions is the Spray Combustion Chamber (SCC). This paper reviews the history of the SCC, shows todays possibilities and looks into the near future of research involving large marine two-stroke engines. The SCC was built during the first Hercules project (I.P.-HERCULES, WP5, [1]). The initial setup focused on fundamental investigations comprising the application of highly flexible thermodynamic conditions. During follow-up projects (Hercules beta [2] and Hercules C [3]) the SCC was continuously developed, and a variety of influences on spray and combustion were experimentally assessed. The initial SCC design focused on maximum optical access as well as the applicability of a wide span of optical techniques. Single-hole nozzles were utilized to generate reference data to optimize existing spray and combustion simulation models. Different fuel types and fuel qualities were investigated and effects of the in-nozzle flow on spray morphology was identified. A sound set of results was achieved and published in several (internal and public) reports. Over the years, spray research at Winterthur Gas&amp; Diesel has turned its focus from basic spray investigations to more detailed cavitation and in-nozzle flow examinations [4], [5]. Future research on the SCC will focus on investigations of more engine related topics, as, for example, the application of a fuel flexible injection system as is currently developed in the HERCULES-2 project [6]. Significant design modifications of the initial setup were necessary, as the injector positions and therefore exposure of the spray relative to the swirl were not fully congruent with real engine conditions. As a consequence, the new setup includes some minor drawbacks, e.g. the optical access of the nozzle tip is only visible from one side of the chamber. This means that line-of-sight methods are currently only possible at selected positions in the centre of the chamber. Therefore, a new setup was installed to illuminate the spray, consisting of a high speed, high energy laser (100 kHz, 100 W) and special optics. In order to obtain enhanced optical access, tangential windows were re- arranged, now pointing directly at the nozzle. With this setup, a first set of images was realized, showing a realspray as it occurs in large marine two-stroke diesel engines.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4734

The Institute of Mechanism Theory and Machine Dynamics of RWTH Aachen University houses a large collection of more than 200 mechanisms and models. Partly they are used to illustrate and visualize kinematic basics and methods taught to students. Furthermore these models are also used as a basis for mechanical designers looking for a solution to their motion tasks in different machinery such as packaging or processing machines. These models span a wide arch from historic models showing e.g. sewing machines from the late 19th century, typewriters from the early 20th century and acrylic glass models still used today in university lectures where they are placed on the overhead projector. With the swift development of the internet as the major base for information retrieval, new ideas about knowledge presentation have come up. Today it is obvious that fast and easy access to information is a major success factor in most areas both economics and science and is therefore of eminent importance. New developments in information technology and related software have created new possibilities for the presentation of scientific knowledge also in mechanism theory [1]. In this paper the IGM-Mechanism Encyclopaedia and the Digital Mechanism Library will be presented. Both use the possibilities of the internet to make basic and specific knowledge for the analysis and synthesis of mechanisms available to a broad public.

Abstract Oil and gas wells often need artificial lift technologies to help extract reservoir fluids as the wells age and the reservoir pressure decreases–among those technologies is plunger lift. Plungers are metal cylinders that fit snug inside the tubing in which they are still able to slide freely. Plungers are often used with gas lift: they get pushed up and down the tubing like a piston to unload all the fluids by periodically shut in and open up the well. Many plungers contain a one-way valve that enables them to fall through flow easily and rise to the surface with a seal to prevent fluid slippage. There are many styles of plungers based on their weight, fall speed, and embedded one-way valves’ mechanism, and they should be used in different kinds of wells. Plungers can be grouped into five major different categories. This project utilizes machine learning and data analytics to predict what the most optimal type of plungers is for a given well in order to reduce gas injection and maximize liquid production. To accomplish this project, more than two million rows of raw plunger lift production data were queried using SQL, a database query language, then pivoted, cleaned, and turned into a data table with approximately two hundred twenty thousand rows. The data came from about 900 wells with a time span of more than 400 days of production. Utilizing the python package Scikit Learn's random forest regressor, five separate machine learning models were trained, tuned, and cross-validated to predict the daily revenue and/or efficiency of a well if it were to run with the corresponding style of the plunger. The models were able to achieve about .85-.90 accuracy scores. On the other hand, a data visualization guide was built to visualize all the past plunger operation history to analyze the efficiency of a type of plunger; it also acts as an educational tool for operators to study the behaviors of different plungers in various wells. The results of this project were achieved by field testing. Given that there was a time constraint, approximately ten wells were tested with eight of them showing revenue and/or efficiency improvements of 5-10%. More testing, tuning, and data gathering need to be done in the future to improve the project to apply at a larger scale.

The Tripletail, Lobotes surinamensis, is a pelagic fish found in tropical and sub-tropical waters of all oceans. Tripletails are often associated with floating debris and make frequent incursions in bays and estuaries where they are targeted by recreational fishermen. In Mississippi waters the species is typically present during the late spring and summer season that also correspond to the period of sexual maturation and spawning (Brown-Peterson and Franks 2001). Tripletail is appreciated as a gamefish but is also prized for its flesh of superior quality. The fast growth rate of juveniles in captivity documented by Franks et al. (2001) and the excellent quality of Tripletail flesh both contribute to the potential of this species for marine aquaculture. In addition, the production of cultured juveniles would be precious to develop a better understanding of the biology, early life history and habitat use of Tripletail larvae and juveniles, a topic largely undocumented to date, through experimental releases and controlled studies. The culture of tripletail thus supports the Tidelands Trust Fund Program through improved conservation of natural resources, potential enhancement of fisheries productivity and potential development of a new economic activity on the Gulf coast producing tripletail via aquaculture. The Objective of this project was to initiate development of methods and techniques needed to spawn captive held tripletail broodfish and raise their offspring to evaluate their growth and development in captivity. In this report we will present the results of studies aiming to develop methods and protocols for captive spawning of tripletail and the first data obtained on the early development of tripletail larvae. A major issue that was encountered with tripletail broodstock development during the project lied in the difficulties associated with identifying the sex of adults caught in the wild and candidates for being incorporated in mating sets for spawning. This issue was addressed during the course of the project by examining the potential of a non-lethal method of hormonal sexing. The results of these preliminary investigations are presented in the third part of this report. All protocols used in the project were determined with the guidance of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of the University of Southern Mississippi (USM IACUC protocol number 10100108).

Recent books and articles have analyzed the causes of the global financial and economic crisis of 2007-09. Yet little attention has been paid to the quality of leadership in organizations that were at the epicentre of the storm, were victims of it, avoided it or even prospered from it. In the summer of 2009 a multi-disciplinary group of Ivey faculty decided to look at the leadership dimensions of the recent financial and economic crisis. We started by writing a working paper that laid out our preliminary views. We then engaged more than 300 business, public sector and not-for-profit leaders in small and large groups, as individuals and collectives, to get their reaction to this paper and, more generally, to discuss te role that organizational leadership played before, during and after the crisis. We examined leadership not just in the financial sector but also in many other public and private sector organizations that were affected by the crisis. In a sense, we were putting leadership on trial. Our aim in doing this was not to identify and assign blame. Rather, we examined leadership during this critical period in recent history to learn what we could, and use the learning to improve practice in leadership today and the development of next generation leaders. As we analyzed the role of leadership in this crisis we were faced with one major question: "Would better leadership have made a difference?" Our answer is unequivocal: "Yes!" We recognize that many people could argue it is unfair to criticize leaders whose decisions were based on their knowledge of the situation at the time and which only eventually, with the aid of 20/20 hindsight proved bad. We respect this view but we disagree with it. Some business and public sector leaders predicted better than others the bursting of the housing bubble and financial markets turmoil, positioned their organizations to avoid problems, and coped with them skillfully. Their organizations were not badly damaged by the crisis and some even prospered. Some governments and regulatory agencies' control and monitoring systems were superior to those in the U.S., the U.K., Ireland, Spain, Iceland and other countries that had to bail out their banks and other industries. Our evidence supports the conclusion that these companies, these agencies, these governments and these countries had better leadership. Good leadership mattered then and good leadership will matter in the future. We are presenting our conclusions about what good leadership involves in the form of a public statement of principles - a manifesto that addresses what good leaders do, who they are, and how they can be developed in organizations.

Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.

Turkey, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, and Indonesia span one of the longest continuously inhabited regions of the world. Centuries of cultural infusion have ensured these societies are highly heterogeneous. As plural polities, they are ripe for the kind of freedoms that liberal democracy can guarantee. However, despite having multi-party electoral systems, these countries have recently moved toward populist authoritarianism. Populism —once considered a distinctively Latin American problem that only seldom reared its head in other parts of the world— has now found a home in almost every corner of the planet. Moreover, it has latched on to religion, which, as history reminds us, has an unparalleled power to mobilize crowds. This report explores the unique nexus between faith and populism in our era and offers an insight into how cyberspace and offline politics have become highly intertwined to create a hyper-reality in which socio-political events are taking place. The report focuses, in particular, on the role of religious populism in digital space as a catalyst for undemocratic politics in the five Asian countries we have selected as our case studies. The focus on the West Asian and South Asian cases is an opportunity to examine authoritarian religious populists in power, whereas the East Asian countries showcase powerful authoritarian religious populist forces outside parliament. This report compares internet governance in each of these countries under three categories: obstacles to access, limits on content, and violations of user rights. These are the digital toolkits that authorities use to govern digital space. Our case selection and research focus have allowed us to undertake a comparative analysis of different types of online restrictions in these countries that constrain space foropposition and democratic voices while simultaneously making room for authoritarian religious populist narratives to arise and flourish. The report finds that surveillance, censorship, disinformation campaigns, internet shutdowns, and cyber-attacks—along with targeted arrests and violence spreading from digital space—are common features of digital authoritarianism. In each case, it is also found that religious populist forces co-opt political actors in their control of cyberspace. The situational analysis from five countries indicates that religion’s role in digital authoritarianism is quite evident, adding to the layer of nationalism. Most of the leaders in power use religious justifications for curbs on the internet. Religious leaders support these laws as a means to restrict “moral ills” such as blasphemy, pornography, and the like. This evident “religious populism” seems to be a major driver of policy changes that are limiting civil liberties in the name of “the people.” In the end, the reasons for restricting digital space are not purely religious but draw on religious themes with populist language in a mixed and hybrid fashion. Some common themes found in all the case studies shed light on the role of digital space in shaping politics and society offline and vice versa. The key findings of our survey are as follows: The future of (especially) fragile democracies is highly intertwined with digital space. There is an undeniable nexus between faith and populism which offers an insight into how cyberspace and politics offline have become highly intertwined. Religion and politics have merged in these five countries to shape cyber governance. The cyber governance policies of populist rulers mirror their undemocratic, repressive, populist, and authoritarian policies offline. As a result, populist authoritarianism in the non-digital world has increasingly come to colonize cyberspace, and events online are more and more playing a role in shaping politics offline. “Morality” is a common theme used to justify the need for increasingly draconian digital laws and the active monopolization of cyberspace by government actors. Islamist and Hindutva trolls feel an unprecedented sense of cyber empowerment, hurling abuse without physically seeing the consequences or experiencing the emotional and psychological damage inflicted on their victims.