Journal articles on the topic 'Major salinity tolerance'
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1
Hasegawa, Paul M., Ray A. Bressan, and Avtar K. Handa. "Cellular Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance." HortScience 21, no. 6 (December 1986): 1317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.6.1317.
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Abstract Salinity is a significant limiting factor to agricultural productivity, impacting about 9 × 108 ha of the land surface on the earth, an area about 3 times greater than all of the land that is presently irrigated (17, 18). Reduced productivity occurs as a result of decreased yields on land that is presently cultivated [about one-third of all irrigated land is considered to be affected by salt (18, 45)], as well as due to the restriction of significant agricultural expansion into areas that presently are not cultivated. In the United States, salinity is a major limiting factor to agricultural productivity, and as the quality of irrigation water continues to decline this problem will become more acute (1, 56). About 1.8 million ha of land are salt-affected in California (56), the major agricultural state in the nation. Annual losses to crop production in the salt-affected areas, including the Imperial, Coachella, and San Joaquin valleys, are substantial and are increasing at a significant rate each year (56).
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Gupta, Bhaskar, and Bingru Huang. "Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Plants: Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Characterization." International Journal of Genomics 2014 (2014): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/701596.
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Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water for irrigation and soil salinization. Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, and molecular or gene networks. A comprehensive understanding on how plants respond to salinity stress at different levels and an integrated approach of combining molecular tools with physiological and biochemical techniques are imperative for the development of salt-tolerant varieties of plants in salt-affected areas. Recent research has identified various adaptive responses to salinity stress at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels, although mechanisms underlying salinity tolerance are far from being completely understood. This paper provides a comprehensive review of major research advances on biochemical, physiological, and molecular mechanisms regulating plant adaptation and tolerance to salinity stress.
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Cheeseman, John M., P. Bloebaum, Carol Enkoji, and Linda K. Wickens. "Salinity tolerance in Spergularia marina." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 10 (October 1, 1985): 1762–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-247.
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Attributes of the coastal halophyte Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. that make it useful for studies of the physiological basis for salt tolerance in fully autotrophic higher plants are discussed. Growth, morphological, and ion-content characteristics are presented to serve as a background for subsequent studies of transport physiology. Plants were grown in solution culture on dilutions of artificial seawater or on the same solution without NaCl ("fresh water") from the time at which they could be conveniently transferred as seedlings (about 2 weeks old) to the onset of flowering about 5 weeks later. Eighteen days after transfer, plants growing on 0.2 × seawater were larger, being nearly twice the size of plants on fresh water. A Na+ specific effect was indicated, as the major part of the growth stimulation (54%) resulted from a 1 mM NaCl supplementation of "fresh water." Succulence was not a consideration in the growth response: root length was directly proportional to weight as was leaf surface area and neither was affected by salinity. Total Na+ plus K+ per gram root or shoot showed little variation with salinity from 1 to 180 mM Na+ levels. In roots, the relative Na+ and K+ contents were also little affected by salinity, but in the shoots, increasing salinity resulted in higher Na+ and lower K+ contents. Distribution within the shoots of 0.2 × plants showed no regions either free of or exceptionally high in Na+. The ion content and distribution patterns are compared with those in a number of other halophytes.
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Alam, Md Sarowar, Mark Tester, Gabriele Fiene, and Magdi Ali Ahmed Mousa. "Early Growth Stage Characterization and the Biochemical Responses for Salinity Stress in Tomato." Plants 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040712.
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Salinity is one of the most significant environmental stresses for sustainable crop production in major arable lands of the globe. Thus, we conducted experiments with 27 tomato genotypes to screen for salinity tolerance at seedling stage, which were treated with non-salinized (S1) control (18.2 mM NaCl) and salinized (S2) (200 mM NaCl) irrigation water. In all genotypes, the elevated salinity treatment contributed to a major depression in morphological and physiological characteristics; however, a smaller decrease was found in certain tolerant genotypes. Principal component analyses (PCA) and clustering with percentage reduction in growth parameters and different salt tolerance indices classified the tomato accessions into five key clusters. In particular, the tolerant genotypes were assembled into one cluster. The growth and tolerance indices PCA also showed the order of salt-tolerance of the studied genotypes, where Saniora was the most tolerant genotype and P.Guyu was the most susceptible genotype. To investigate the possible biochemical basis for salt stress tolerance, we further characterized six tomato genotypes with varying levels of salinity tolerance. A higher increase in proline content, and antioxidants activities were observed for the salt-tolerant genotypes in comparison to the susceptible genotypes. Salt-tolerant genotypes identified in this work herald a promising source in the tomato improvement program or for grafting as scions with improved salinity tolerance in tomato.
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Sako, Kaori, Chien Van Ha, Akihiro Matsui, Maho Tanaka, Ayato Sato, and Motoaki Seki. "Transcriptome Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Plants Treated with a New Compound Natolen128, Enhancing Salt Stress Tolerance." Plants 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10050978.
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Salinity stress is a major threat to agriculture and global food security. Chemical priming is a promising approach to improving salinity stress tolerance in plants. To identify small molecules with the capacity to enhance salinity stress tolerance in plants, chemical screening was performed using Arabidopsis thaliana. We screened 6400 compounds from the Nagoya University Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecule (ITbM) chemical library and identified one compound, Natolen128, that enhanced salinity-stress tolerance. Furthermore, we isolated a negative compound of Natolen128, namely Necolen124, that did not enhance salinity stress tolerance, though it has a similar chemical structure to Natolen128. We conducted a transcriptomic analysis of Natolen128 and Necolen124 to investigate how Natolen128 enhances high-salinity stress tolerance. Our data indicated that the expression levels of 330 genes were upregulated by Natolen128 treatment compared with that of Necolen124. Treatment with Natolen128 increased expression of hypoxia-responsive genes including ethylene biosynthetic enzymes and PHYTOGLOBIN, which modulate accumulation of nitric oxide (NO) level. NO was slightly increased in plants treated with Natolen128. These results suggest that Natolen128 may regulate NO accumulation and thus, improve salinity stress tolerance in A. thaliana.
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Jha, Uday Chand, Abhishek Bohra, Rintu Jha, and Swarup Kumar Parida. "Salinity stress response and ‘omics’ approaches for improving salinity stress tolerance in major grain legumes." Plant Cell Reports 38, no. 3 (January 12, 2019): 255–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-019-02374-5.
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Bartels, Dorothea, and Challabathula Dinakar. "Balancing salinity stress responses in halophytes and non-halophytes: a comparison between Thellungiella and Arabidopsis thaliana." Functional Plant Biology 40, no. 9 (2013): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12299.
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Salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that drastically reduces agricultural productivity. In natural environments salinity often occurs together with other stresses such as dehydration, light stress or high temperature. Plants cope with ionic stress, dehydration and osmotic stress caused by high salinity through a variety of mechanisms at different levels involving physiological, biochemical and molecular processes. Halophytic plants exist successfully in stressful saline environments, but most of the terrestrial plants including all crop plants are glycophytes with varying levels of salt tolerance. An array of physiological, structural and biochemical adaptations in halophytes make them suitable models to study the molecular mechanisms associated with salinity tolerance. Comparative analysis of plants that differ in their abilities to tolerate salinity will aid in better understanding the phenomenon of salinity tolerance. The halophyte Thellungiella salsuginea has been used as a model for studying plant salt tolerance. In this review, T. salsuginea and the glycophyte Arabidopsis thaliana are compared with regards to their biochemical, physiological and molecular responses to salinity. In addition recent developments are presented for improvement of salinity tolerance in glycophytic plants using genes from halophytes.
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Chen, Jen-Tsung, Ricardo Aroca, and Daniela Romano. "Molecular Aspects of Plant Salinity Stress and Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (May 6, 2021): 4918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094918.
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Soren, Khela Ram, Praveen Madugula, Neeraj Kumar, Rutwik Barmukh, Meenu Singh Sengar, Chellapilla Bharadwaj, Parbodh Chander Sharma, et al. "Genetic Dissection and Identification of Candidate Genes for Salinity Tolerance Using Axiom®CicerSNP Array in Chickpea." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 5058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21145058.
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Globally, chickpea production is severely affected by salinity stress. Understanding the genetic basis for salinity tolerance is important to develop salinity tolerant chickpeas. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population developed using parental lines ICCV 10 (salt-tolerant) and DCP 92-3 (salt-sensitive) was screened under field conditions to collect information on agronomy, yield components, and stress tolerance indices. Genotyping data generated using Axiom®CicerSNP array was used to construct a linkage map comprising 1856 SNP markers spanning a distance of 1106.3 cM across eight chickpea chromosomes. Extensive analysis of the phenotyping and genotyping data identified 28 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) explaining up to 28.40% of the phenotypic variance in the population. We identified QTL clusters on CaLG03 and CaLG06, each harboring major QTLs for yield and yield component traits under salinity stress. The main-effect QTLs identified in these two clusters were associated with key genes such as calcium-dependent protein kinases, histidine kinases, cation proton antiporter, and WRKY and MYB transcription factors, which are known to impart salinity stress tolerance in crop plants. Molecular markers/genes associated with these major QTLs, after validation, will be useful to undertake marker-assisted breeding for developing better varieties with salinity tolerance.
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Hill*, Samuel C., and Cynthia B. McKenney. "Screening Landscape Roses for Salinity Tolerance." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 894D—894. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.894d.
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Given the regularity of periods of drought in the southwestern U.S., concern over an ample supply of high quality water is always an issue. With a diminishing water supply, higher quality water will likely be diverted to higher priority uses; therefore, concern arises over the availability and quality of water for landscape use. This project was designed to screen representative cultivars from several of the major garden rose categories (China, Tea, Polyantha, Hybrid Tea, and Found Roses) for tolerance to saline irrigation water. Roses were placed in a completely randomized design with four replications in a container holding area. Salinity treatments were designed to be a 2:1 molar ratio of NaCl:CaCl2. The treatments consisted of 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, and 50 mmol NaCl. The volume of solution applied to each treatment was adjusted at every irrigation event to meet ET and produce a 30% leaching-fraction. At the conclusion of the study, the China rose retained the best foliage while one of the hybrid tea roses maintained flowering throughout the study at all treatment levels. It appears that the roses with the smallest leaflets were able to tolerate salinity better than those with larger leaflets. Results of the tissue sample, leachate, spad and media analyses will also be presented.
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Shannon, Michael C. "New Insights in Plant Breeding Efforts for Improved Salt Tolerance." HortTechnology 6, no. 2 (April 1996): 96b—99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.6.2.96a.
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The lack of improvement for salt tolerance has been attributed to insufficient genetic variation, a need for rapid and reliable genetic markers for screening, and the complexities of salinity × environment interactions. Salt tolerance is a quantitative characteristic that has been defined in many ways subject to changes with plant development and differentiation; thus, assessing salt tolerance among genotypes that differ in growth or development rate is difficult. Salt tolerance also varies based on concentrations of major and minor nutrients in the root zone. Plant growth models may provide a method to integrate the complexities of plant responses to salinity stress with the relevant environmental variables that interact with the measurement of tolerance. Mechanistic models have been developed over the last few years that are responsive to nitrogen or drought stress but not to salinity stress. Models responsive to salinity stress would provide insights for breeders and aid in developing more practical research on the physiological mechanisms of plant salt tolerance.
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Shannon, Michael C. "1064 NEW INSIGHTS IN PLANT BREEDING EFFORTS FOR IMPROVED SALT TOLERANCE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 581b—581. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.581b.
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The lack of improvement for salt tolerance has been attributed to insufficient genetic variation, a need for rapid and reliable genetic markers for screening, and the complexities of salinity × environment interactions. Salt tolerance is a quantitative character that has been defined in a multitude of ways subject to changes with plant development and differentiation; thus, assessing salt tolerance among genotypes that differ in growth or development rate is difficult. Salt tolerance also varies based upon concentrations of both major and minor nutrients in the root zone. Plant growth models may provide a method to integrate the complexities of plant responses to salinity stress with-the relevant environmental variables that interact with the measurement of tolerance. Mechanistic models have been developed over the last few years that are responsive to nitrogen or drought stress but not to salinity stress. Models responsive to salinity stress would provide insights for breeders and aid in the development of more practical research on the physiological mechanisms of plant salt tolerance.
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Wilson, Clyde, Xuan Liu, Scott M. Lesch, and Donald L. Suarez. "Growth Response of Major U.S. Cowpea Cultivars. I. Biomass Accumulation and Salt Tolerance." HortScience 41, no. 1 (February 2006): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.1.225.
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Over the last several years, there has been increasing interest in amending the soil using cover crops, especially in desert agriculture. One cover crop of interest in the desert Coachella Valley of California is cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Cowpea is particularly useful in that as an excellent cover crop, fixing abundant amounts of nitrogen which can reduce fertilizer costs. However, soil salinity problems are of increasing concern in the Coachella Valley of California where the Colorado River water is a major source of irrigation water. Unfortunately, little information is available on the response of cowpea growth to salt stress. Thus, we investigated the growth response of 12 major cowpea cultivars (`CB5', `CB27', `CB46', `IT89KD-288', `IT93K-503-1', `Iron Clay', `Speckled Purple Hall', `UCR 134', `UCR 671', `UCR 730', `8517', and `7964') to increasing salinity levels. The experiment was set up as a standard Split Plot design. Seven salinity levels ranging from 2.6 to 20.1 dS·m–1 were constructed, based on Colorado River water salt composition, to have NaCl, CaCl2 and MgSO4 as the salinization salts. The osmotic potential ranged from –0.075 to –0.82 MPa. Salt stress began 7 days after planting by adding the salts into irrigating nutrient solution and ended after 5 consecutive days. The plants were harvested during flowering period for biomass measurement (53 days after planting). Data analysis using SAS analysis of variance indicated that the salinity in the range between 2.6 and 20.1 dS·m–1 significantly reduced leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and root dry weight (P ≤ 0.05). We applied the data to a salt-tolerance model, log(Y) = a1 + a2X + a3X2, where Y represents biomass, a1, a2 and a3 are empirical constants, and X represents salinity, and found that the model accounted for 99%, 97%, 96%, 99%, and 96% of salt effect for cowpea shoot, leaf area, leaf dry weight, stem dry weight and root dry weight, respectively. We also found significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) of each biomass parameter among the 12 cultivars and obtained different sets of the empirical constants to quantitatively describe the response of each biomass parameter to salinity for individual cowpea cultivars. Since a significant salt × cultivar interaction effect (P ≤ 0.05) was found on leaf area and leaf dry weight, we concluded that salt tolerance differences exist among the tested cultivars.
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Alshammary, Saad, Y. L. Qian, and S. J. Wallner. "141 Salinity Tolerance of Four Turfgrasses." HortScience 35, no. 3 (June 2000): 414A—414. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.35.3.414a.
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The need for salinity-tolerant turfgrasses is increasing because of increased use of effluent water for turfgrass irrigation. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the relative salt tolerance and salt tolerance mechanisms of `Challenger' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), `Arid' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), `Fults' alkaligrass (Puccinellia distans.), and a saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) collection. Kentucky bluegrass and tall fescue were irrigated with saline solutions at 0.2,1.7, 4.8, or 9.9 dS/m, whereas alkaligrass and saltgrass were irrigated with saline solutions at 0.2, 28.1, 32.8, or 37.5 dS/m prepared using a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2. The salinity levels that caused 50% shoot growth reduction were 9.0, 10.4, 20.0, and 28.5 dS/m for Kentucky bluegrass, tall fescue, saltgrass, and alkaligrass, respectively. Concentrations of proline, a proposed cytoplasmic compatible solute, were 25.8, 30.4, 68.1, and 17.7 μmol/g shoot fw in Kentucky bluegrass, tall Fescue, alkaligrass, and saltgrass, respectively, at the highest salinity level imposed. Bicellular, salt-secreting glands were only observed by scanning electron microscopy on leaves of saltgrass, indicating salt secretion is one of the important salt tolerance mechanisms adopted by saltgrass. Ion contents (Na, Cl, and Ca) in both shoots and roots of all grasses increased with increasing salinity levels. However, alkaligrass maintained a much lower Na, Ca, and Cl contents in roots and shoots than other grasses, suggesting that ion exclusion is one of the major salt tolerance mechanisms in alkaligrass. Tall fescue did not appear to restrict the uptake and translocation of salt in shoot tissues, but maintained a higher K/Na ratio than all other grasses under saline conditions.
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Price, Lewis, Yong Han, Tefera Angessa, and Chengdao Li. "Molecular Pathways of WRKY Genes in Regulating Plant Salinity Tolerance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18 (September 19, 2022): 10947. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810947.
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Salinity is a natural and anthropogenic process that plants overcome using various responses. Salinity imposes a two-phase effect, simplified into the initial osmotic challenges and subsequent salinity-specific ion toxicities from continual exposure to sodium and chloride ions. Plant responses to salinity encompass a complex gene network involving osmotic balance, ion transport, antioxidant response, and hormone signaling pathways typically mediated by transcription factors. One particular transcription factor mega family, WRKY, is a principal regulator of salinity responses. Here, we categorize a collection of known salinity-responding WRKYs and summarize their molecular pathways. WRKYs collectively play a part in regulating osmotic balance, ion transport response, antioxidant response, and hormone signaling pathways in plants. Particular attention is given to the hormone signaling pathway to illuminate the relationship between WRKYs and abscisic acid signaling. Observed trends among WRKYs are highlighted, including group II WRKYs as major regulators of the salinity response. We recommend renaming existing WRKYs and adopting a naming system to a standardized format based on protein structure.
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Riyazuddin, Riyazuddin, Radhika Verma, Kalpita Singh, Nisha Nisha, Monika Keisham, Kaushal Kumar Bhati, Sun Tae Kim, and Ravi Gupta. "Ethylene: A Master Regulator of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Plants." Biomolecules 10, no. 6 (June 25, 2020): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10060959.
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Salinity stress is one of the major threats to agricultural productivity across the globe. Research in the past three decades, therefore, has focused on analyzing the effects of salinity stress on the plants. Evidence gathered over the years supports the role of ethylene as a key regulator of salinity stress tolerance in plants. This gaseous plant hormone regulates many vital cellular processes starting from seed germination to photosynthesis for maintaining the plants’ growth and yield under salinity stress. Ethylene modulates salinity stress responses largely via maintaining the homeostasis of Na+/K+, nutrients, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by inducing antioxidant defense in addition to elevating the assimilation of nitrates and sulfates. Moreover, a cross-talk of ethylene signaling with other phytohormones has also been observed, which collectively regulate the salinity stress responses in plants. The present review provides a comprehensive update on the prospects of ethylene signaling and its cross-talk with other phytohormones to regulate salinity stress tolerance in plants.
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Hapsari, Ratri Tri, and Trustinah Trustinah. "Salinity Tolerance of Mungbean Genotypes at Seedling Stage." Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education 10, no. 2 (August 29, 2018): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i2.13999.
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Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting mungbean production worldwide including Indonesia. Since mungbean plant is very sensitive to salt condition, selection of salinity tolerant genotypes becomes important for mungbean improvement. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of eight mungbean genotypes to salinity at seedling stage under different levels. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factors (mungbean genotypes and salinity levels) and triplicates. Observation variables were germination percentage, vigor index, germination rate, hypocotyls length, epicotyls length, root length, number of root, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight. The result showed that increasing level of salinity concentration inhibited the speed of germination, germination percentage, vigor index, normal seedling fresh weight, and number of lateral roots. Murai and Vima 1 were identified as tolerant genotypes, while Vima-2 and MLGV 0180 were identified as salinity sensitive genotypes at seedling stage. Currently, mungbean varieties with special characters, such as saline-tolerant is not yet available. The availability of saline-tolerant variety of mungbean is a cheaper and easier technology for farmers to anticipate the expansion of the saline area. The tolerant genotypes may be further tested at the later stage to obtain promising genotype tolerant to salinity that effectively assist mungbean breeding program.
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Javid, Muhammad, Rebecca Ford, and Marc E. Nicolas. "Tolerance responses of Brassica juncea to salinity, alkalinity and alkaline salinity." Functional Plant Biology 39, no. 8 (2012): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12109.
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Soil salinity and alkalinity are common constraints to crop productivity in low rainfall regions of the world. These two stresses have been extensively studied but not the combined stress of alkaline salinity. To examine the effects of mild salinity (50 mM NaCl) combined with alkalinity (5 mM NaHCO3) on growth of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., 30 genotypes were grown in hydroponics. Growth of all genotypes was substantially reduced by alkaline salinity after 4 weeks of stress. Based on large genotypic differences, NDR 8501 and Vaibhav were selected as tolerant and Xinyou 5 as highly sensitive for further detailed physiological study. Shoot and root biomass and leaf area of the selected genotypes showed greater reduction under alkaline salinity than salinity or alkalinity alone. Alkalinity alone imposed larger negative effect on growth than salinity. K+ and P concentrations in both shoot and root were significantly reduced by alkaline salinity but small difference existed among the selected genotypes. Leaf Fe concentration in Xinyou 5 decreased under alkaline salinity below a critical level of 50 mg kg–1, which explained why more chlorosis and a larger growth reduction occurred than in NDR 8501 and Vaibhav. Relatively large shoot and root Na+ concentration also had additional adverse effect on growth under alkaline salinity. Low tissue K+, P and Fe concentrations by alkalinity were the major factors that reduced growth in the selected genotypes. Growth reduction by salinity was mainly caused by Na+ toxicity. Shoot Na+ concentration of NDR 8501 and Vaibhav was almost half those in Xinyou 5, suggesting NDR 8501 and Vaibhav excluded more Na+. However, Na+ exclusion was reduced by more than 50% under alkaline salinity than salinity in the selected genotypes. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that alkaline salinity reduced uptake of essential nutrients and Na+ exclusion that resulted in more negative consequences on growth than salinity alone.
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Solis, Celymar Angela, Miing-Tiem Yong, Meixue Zhou, Gayatri Venkataraman, Lana Shabala, Paul Holford, Sergey Shabala, and Zhong-Hua Chen. "Evolutionary Significance of NHX Family and NHX1 in Salinity Stress Adaptation in the Genus Oryza." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 2092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23042092.
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Rice (Oryza sativa), a staple crop for a substantial part of the world’s population, is highly sensitive to soil salinity; however, some wild Oryza relatives can survive in highly saline environments. Sodium/hydrogen antiporter (NHX) family members contribute to Na+ homeostasis in plants and play a major role in conferring salinity tolerance. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of NHX family members using phylogeny, conserved domains, tertiary structures, expression patterns, and physiology of cultivated and wild Oryza species to decipher the role of NHXs in salt tolerance in Oryza. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the NHX family can be classified into three subfamilies directly related to their subcellular localization: endomembrane, plasma membrane, and tonoplast (vacuolar subfamily, vNHX1). Phylogenetic and structural analysis showed that vNHX1s have evolved from streptophyte algae (e.g., Klebsormidium nitens) and are abundant and highly conserved in all major land plant lineages, including Oryza. Moreover, we showed that tissue tolerance is a crucial trait conferring tolerance to salinity in wild rice species. Higher Na+ accumulation and reduced Na+ effluxes in leaf mesophyll were observed in the salt-tolerant wild rice species O. alta, O. latifolia, and O. coarctata. Among the key genes affecting tissue tolerance, expression of NHX1 and SOS1/NHX7 exhibited significant correlation with salt tolerance among the rice species and cultivars. This study provides insights into the evolutionary origin of plant NHXs and their role in tissue tolerance of Oryza species and facilitates the inclusion of this trait during the development of salinity-tolerant rice cultivars.
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Wu, Fengling, Jun Yang, Diqiu Yu, and Peng Xu. "Identification and Validation a Major QTL from “Sea Rice 86” Seedlings Conferred Salt Tolerance." Agronomy 10, no. 3 (March 19, 2020): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10030410.
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Saline stress severely affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and development and reduces crop yield. Therefore, developing salt-tolerant and high-yielding rice using quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and linkage markers is a priority for molecular breeding. Here, the indica rice Sea Rice 86 (SR86) seedlings showed higher tolerance than ordinary rice varieties in saline soil, and a dominant effect on salinity sensitivity was demonstrated by genetic analysis. We constructed bulked segregant analysis pools using F2 populations from parents Dianjingyou 1 as the recipient and SR86 as the donor. We identified a 2.78 Mb region on chromosome 1 as the candidate region. Using simple sequence repeat markers and substitution analysis, we mapped the target region within 5.49 cM in the vicinity of markers RM8904–RM493. We speculated that this QTL, named qST1.1, might contribute significantly to the salt tolerance of SR86. The high salt tolerance of introgression lines obtained by marker assistant selection (MAS) confirmed that the qST1.1 region was associated with salinity tolerance. This newly-discovered QTL will be helpful for the analysis of the salt-tolerant mechanism of rice and breeding high-quality rice varieties using MAS.
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Xu, Chenping, and Beiquan Mou. "Evaluation of Lettuce Genotypes for Salinity Tolerance." HortScience 50, no. 10 (October 2015): 1441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.10.1441.
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Lettuce is one of the most commonly used salad vegetables and considered to be a relatively salt-sensitive crop. Salinity is a major constraint to crop production in all important lettuce growing regions of the United States, and the water quality problem is exacerbated by climate change. To identify salt-tolerant lettuce genotypes, 178 cultivars and germplasm accessions (56 butterhead, 39 crisphead, 35 romaine, 33 leaf, and 15 wild types) were selected from a preliminary screening of more than 3800 genotypes, and tested for salinity tolerance in sand cultures under greenhouse conditions. Plants were grown in Hoagland nutrient solution, either with or without 30/15 mm NaCl/CaCl2, and leaf fresh and dry mass (FM and DM), chlorophyll index, and maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) were measured 4 weeks after plants were transplanted. Generally, salinity decreased lettuce shoot FM and DM, increased DM/FM ratio and chlorophyll index, and had no effect on Fv/Fm. Some lettuce varieties showed salt tolerance (less than 15% reduction in FM), such as PI 342515, PI 358020c, ‘Morgana’, ‘Amerika’ (butterhead), ‘Laura’ (crisphead), PI 289023, PI 273577, PI 278066, PI 177425 (romaine), PI 171676a, PI 177423, PI 342477, and PI 358018b (leaf). The results indicate that lettuce genotypes differ greatly in their salt sensitivity, which could be useful for growers to choose cultivars and for breeders to improve lettuce adaptation to salinity stress.
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Shahzad, Muhammad, Karim Yar Abbasi, Ali Shahzad, and Farrah Zaidi. "Effect of Glycine Betaine on Morphological and Physiological Attributes of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) Cultivars under Saline Conditions." Journal of Horticulture and Plant Research 8 (November 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/jhpr.8.22.
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Tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum L.) is a long duration crop belongs to a family Solanaceae. In case of vegetables, tomato is a second major crop, cultivated wide range throughout the world. Although, tomato is moderate sensitive to salinity yet for salinity tolerance more attention is required. More than 30% cultivated land all over the world severely affected by the salinity. In this scenario, experiment was designed to investigate various morphological and physiological aspects of tomato under various salinity levels; different levels of exogenous glycine betaine applications. Study was conducted to reveal the salt tolerance in tomato genotypes. Experiment was performed under controlled condition in the growth chamber of the IHS, UAF. Different concentrations of sodium chloride salt (0, 1.5 and 3 dS m-1) was used for salinity levels. Medium size plastic pots were used for sowing of tomato and sand was used as growing medium. Hoagland solution was applied for nourishment of tomato seedlings. Salinity was applied on 3-4 leaf stage. Then examined the effect of glycine betaine (0, 5, 10 and 15mM) for salt tolerance on tomato cultivars. Data of various attributes was collected and analyzed statistically by appropriate statistical package. Results revealed that tomato growth was negatively affected by the salinity. Morphological attributes and physiological attributes reduced in response to salinity except electrolyte leakage which amplified in salt stress. Exogenous application of glycine betaine promotes the tolerance against the salinity in the tomato genotypes and enhance growth.
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Xie, Yan, Xiaoying Liu, Maurice Amee, Hua Yu, Ye Huang, Xiaoning Li, Liang Chen, Jinmin Fu, and Xiaoyan Sun. "Evaluation of Salt Tolerance in Italian Ryegrass at Different Developmental Stages." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 27, 2021): 1487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081487.
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Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses that continues to threaten plant growth and agricultural productivity. Screening germplasm with salinity tolerance is therefore necessary. This study was designed to evaluate salt tolerance based on the integrated tolerance index. Fifteen Italian ryegrass cultivars were used to evaluate the degree of genotypic variation in salt tolerance at the germination and vegetative growth stages of plant development. Evident variations in salt tolerance were observed at the germination stage under 255 mM NaCl treatment. Root growth rate, chlorophyll content, and germination rates played a vital role in determining salt tolerance. Based on combined attributes at the germination and vegetative growth stages, Gongniu, Chuangnong, Splendor, and Abundant were identified as the most tolerant cultivars. Furthermore, the constant crude protein, lower neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents were measured under salinity. Compared to the control, the cultivars Tetragold, Abundant, Splendor, Muyao, Harukaze, Tegao, Dongmu 70, and Doraian were identified to have high forage quality under salt stress. Finally, we selected Splendor and Abundant as the cultivars that expressed the highest degree of salt tolerance based on combined attributes related to germination, salt tolerance, and overall forage quality. In addition, gene expression analysis between salinity tolerant and sensitive cultivars revealed that the gene response to photosystem and carbohydrate synthesis may have played a mediating role in providing tolerance to salt stress.
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Ismail, Hebatollah, Jelena Dragišic Maksimovic, Vuk Maksimovic, Lana Shabala, Branka D. Živanovic, Yu Tian, Sven-Erik Jacobsen, and Sergey Shabala. "Rutin, a flavonoid with antioxidant activity, improves plant salinity tolerance by regulating K+ retention and Na+ exclusion from leaf mesophyll in quinoa and broad beans." Functional Plant Biology 43, no. 1 (2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp15312.
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The causal relationship between salinity and oxidative stress tolerance is well established, but specific downstream targets and the role of specific antioxidant compounds in controlling cellular ionic homeostasis remains elusive. In this work, we have compared antioxidant profiles of leaves of two quinoa genotypes contrasting in their salt tolerance, with the aim of understanding the role of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in salinity stress tolerance. Only changes in superoxide dismutase activity were correlated with plant adaptive responses to salinity. Proline accumulation played no major role in either osmotic adjustment or in the tissue tolerance mechanism. Among other non-enzymatic antioxidants, rutin levels were increased by over 25 fold in quinoa leaves. Exogenous application of rutin to glycophyte bean leaves improved tissue tolerance and reduced detrimental effects of salinity on leaf photochemistry. Electrophysiological experiments revealed that these beneficial effects were attributed to improved potassium retention and increased rate of Na+ pumping from the cell. The lack of correlation between rutin-induced changes in K+ and H+ fluxes suggest that rutin accumulation in the cytosol scavenges hydroxyl radical formed in response to salinity treatment thus preventing K+ leak via one of ROS-activated K+ efflux pathways, rather than controlling K+ flux via voltage-gated K+-permeable channels.
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Elhakem, Abeer. "Salicylic acid ameliorates salinity tolerance in maize by regulation of phytohormones and osmolytes." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 10 (October 1, 2020): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/441/2020-pse.
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Salinity is one of the most widespread stresses responsible for water and soil pollution across the globe. Salicylic acid (SA) has a major role in defence responses against various abiotic stresses. In the current study, SA (0.05 mmol) influences were evaluated in mitigation of the negative impact of salinity (40 and 80 mmol NaCl) in the maize plant. NaCl stress-induced significant accumulation of organic osmolytes (total soluble sugars (TSS), total soluble protein (TSP), and proline) by 35.6, 66.2, and 89.2%, respectively, with 80 mmol NaCl. In addition, salinity is also responsible for the elevated accumulation of inorganic osmolytes (Na<sup>+</sup> and Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio) by 202.4% and 398.8%, respectively, and for the reduction in the K<sup>+</sup> and Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels by 48.6% and 58.9%, respectively, with 80 mmol NaCl. Moreover, salinity stress reduced phytohormones (indoleacetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3)) by 48.8% and 59.8%, respectively, with 80 mmol NaCl; however, abscisic acid (ABA) was increased by 340.5% with 80 mmol NaCl. Otherwise, SA application caused an additional enhancement in TSS, TSP, proline, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, IAA, and GA3 contents but decreased the Na<sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup> ratio, and ABA to an appreciable level. In conclusion, SA pre-soaking mitigates the negative impact of NaCl toxicity in maize through the regulation of phytochromes and various organic and inorganic osmolytes, which may ameliorate salinity tolerance in maize.
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Mondal, Sejuti, Endang M. Septiningsih, Rakesh K. Singh, and Michael J. Thomson. "Mapping QTLs for Reproductive Stage Salinity Tolerance in Rice Using a Cross between Hasawi and BRRI dhan28." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 11376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911376.
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Salinity stress is a major constraint to rice production in many coastal regions due to saline groundwater and river sources, especially during the dry season in coastal areas when seawater intrudes further inland due to reduced river flows. Since salinity tolerance is a complex trait, breeding efforts can be assisted by mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for complementary salt tolerance mechanisms, which can then be combined to provide higher levels of tolerance. While an abundance of seedling stage salinity tolerance QTLs have been mapped, few studies have investigated reproductive stage tolerance in rice due to the difficulty of achieving reliable stage-specific phenotyping techniques. In the current study, a BC1F2 mapping population consisting of 435 individuals derived from a cross between a salt-tolerant Saudi Arabian variety, Hasawi, and a salt-sensitive Bangladeshi variety, BRRI dhan28, was evaluated for yield components after exposure to EC 10 dS/m salinity stress during the reproductive stage. After selecting tolerant and sensitive progeny, 190 individuals were genotyped by skim sequencing, resulting in 6209 high quality single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) markers. Subsequently, a total of 40 QTLs were identified, of which 24 were for key traits, including productive tillers, number and percent filled spikelets, and grain yield under stress. Importantly, three yield-related QTLs, one each for productive tillers (qPT3.1), number of filled spikelets (qNFS3.1) and grain yield (qGY3.1) under salinity stress, were mapped at the same position (6.7 Mb or 26.1 cM) on chromosome 3, which had not previously been associated with grain yield under salinity stress. These QTLs can be investigated further to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying reproductive stage salinity tolerance in rice.
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Gell, Peter A. "The Development of a Diatom Database for Inferring Lake Salinity, Western Victoria, Australia: Towards a Quantitative Approach for Reconstructing Past Climates." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 3 (1997): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96036.
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The development of a modern data set of 156 diatom samples from salt lakes has provided evidence of the tolerance of a large number of taxa to the salinity of lake waters. Thirty taxa have been recorded from 30 or more samples and so have been well characterised. A further 42 taxa have been recorded from 10 or more samples. The lakes sampled range in salinity from the freshwater–oligosaline boundary to well into the hypersaline range, so the upper and lower salinity tolerance limits of many species were investigated. Canonical correspondence analysis of the data set showed that salinity was the most important of the tested parameters influencing the diatom assemblages in the samples. Randomisation tests have provided correlation values between measured and predicted salinity comparable with those gained from other major salt lake diatom data sets, suggesting that this set is a good predictor of lake salinity.
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Haque, Md Azadul, Mohd Y. Rafii, Martini Mohammad Yusoff, Nusaibah Syd Ali, Oladosu Yusuff, Debi Rani Datta, Mohammad Anisuzzaman, and Mohammad Ferdous Ikbal. "Advanced Breeding Strategies and Future Perspectives of Salinity Tolerance in Rice." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 1631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081631.
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Rice, generally classified as a typical glycophyte, often faces abiotic stresses such as excessive drought, high salinity, prolonged submergence, cold, and temperature, which significantly affects growth, development, and ultimately, grain yield. Among these negative impacts of abiotic factors in rice production, salinity stress is a major constraint, followed by drought. There is considerable research on the use of marker-assisted selection (MAS), genome editing techniques, and transgenic studies that have profoundly improved the present-day rice breeders’ toolboxes for developing salt-tolerant varieties. Salinity stresses significantly affect rice plants during seedling and reproductive stages. Hence, greater understanding and manipulation of genetic architecture in developing salt-tolerant rice varieties will significantly impact sustainable rice production. Rice plants’ susceptibility or tolerance to high salinity has been reported to be the result of coordinated actions of multiple stress-responsive quantitative trait loci (QTLs)/genes. This paper reviews recent literature, updating the effects of salinity stress on rice plants and germplasm collections and screening for salinity tolerance by different breeding techniques. Mapping and identification of QTLs salt tolerance genes are illuminated. The present review updates recent breeding for improvement in rice tolerance to salinity stress and how state-of-the-art tools such as MAS or genetic engineering and genome editing techniques, including mutagenesis and conventional breeding techniques, can assist in transferring salt-tolerant QTLs genes into elite rice genotypes, accelerating breeding of salt-resistant rice cultivars.
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Das, Debasish Kumar, Bijaya Rani Dey, M. Joinul Abedin Mian, and Md Anamul Hoque. "Mitigation of the Adverse Effects of Salt Stress on Maize (Zea Mays L.) Through Organic Amendments." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 1, no. 4 (December 21, 2013): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i4.9128.
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Salinity is a major limiting factor for crop production in coastal areas of Bangladesh. Organic amendments could contribute to the improvement of crop production in coastal areas. Two maize cultivars (BARI Hybrid Maize-5 and Hybrid Maize Pacific-987) were grown in pots to investigate the mitigating adverse effects of salt stress in maize by organic amendments. Two doses of farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure (PM) were mixed with soils before seed sowing. Plants were subjected to salinity (0-50 mM NaCl) at vegetative stage. Salt stress caused a significant reduction in growth and yield of both maize cultivars. Higher NaCl (50 mM) stress caused a drastic decrease in growth and yield of both maize cultivars. Salinity also decreased reproductive growth, chlorophyll contents and K+/Na+ ratio in both maize cultivars. Organic amendments with FYM and PM improved salt tolerances of maize that were associated with increased yield components, chlorophyll content and K+/Na+ ratio. Hybrid Maize Pacific-987 grown in low salinity with FYM or PM amendments produced higher yield than control condition. On the contrary, BARI Hybrid Maize-5 conferred tolerance to high salinity, when soils were amended with FYM or PM. Furthermore, organic amendments improved electrical conductivity, exchangeable Na and organic matter status under salinity condition. The present study suggests that organic amendments with FYM or PM confer tolerance to salinity in maize by increasing chlorophyll content and K+/Na+ ratio.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v1i4.9128 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 1(4): 233-239
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Volkmar, K. M., Y. Hu, and H. Steppuhn. "Physiological responses of plants to salinity: A review." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-020.
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Root-zone salinization presents a challenge to plant productivity that is effectively countered by salt-tolerant halophytic plants, but unfortunately, much less successfully by major crop plants. The way in which salt affects plant metabolism is reviewed. Cellular events triggered by salinity, namely salt compartmentation, osmotic adjustment and cell wall hardening are connected to the whole plant responses, namely leaf necrosis, altered phenology and ultimately plant death. The roles of ion exclusion and K/Na discrimination in mediating crop response to salt appear to be central to the tolerance response, but they are by no means essential. The processes involved in regulating ion uptake at the membrane level are considered. Recent work elucidating the interaction between calcium and salinity tolerance is reviewed. Key words: Cell growth, cell turgor, ion regulation, K+/Na+ discrimination, osmotic adjustment, salt tolerance
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Queirós, F., D. Almeida, and F. Fidalgo. "Ultrastructural aspects of a NaCl-adapted potato cell line." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, S3 (July 2009): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609990663.
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AbstractSalinity is one of the major factors limiting plant development and crop productivity. Damage to plants exposed to salinity has been ascribed to ion toxicity, water deficit, nutrient imbalance and oxidative stress. The physiological and biochemical aspects of salt tolerance in plants have attracted considerable interest, but few studies have been carried out to study the ultrastructural changes in plant cells adapted to salinity. These changes may be helpful in elucidating the mechanisms of salt tolerance at cellular level. In plants exposed to salinity, alterations of cell walls and structure of cellular membranes, the swelling of thylakoids and a decrease in the amount of grana stacking in chloroplasts, and the vacuolation of cells have been observed n1, 21.
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Jabeen, Zahra, Hafiza Asma Fayyaz, Faiza Irshad, Nazim Hussain, Muhammad Nadeem Hassan, Junying Li, Sidra Rehman, et al. "Sodium nitroprusside application improves morphological and physiological attributes of soybean (Glycine max L.) under salinity stress." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0248207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248207.
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Salinity is among the major abiotic stresses negatively affecting the growth and productivity of crop plants. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) -an external nitric oxide (NO) donor- has been found effective to impart salinity tolerance to plants. Soybean (Glycine max L.) is widely cultivated around the world; however, salinity stress hampers its growth and productivity. Therefore, the current study evaluated the role of SNP in improving morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes of soybean under salinity stress. Data relating to biomass, chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, activities of various antioxidant enzymes, ion content and ultrastructural analysis were collected. The SNP application ameliorated the negative effects of salinity stress to significant extent by regulating antioxidant mechanism. Root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll contents, activities of various antioxidant enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were improved with SNP application under salinity stress compared to control treatment. Similarly, plants treated with SNP observed less damage to cell organelles of roots and leaves under salinity stress. The results revealed pivotal functions of SNP in salinity tolerance of soybean, including cell wall repair, sequestration of sodium ion in the vacuole and maintenance of normal chloroplasts with no swelling of thylakoids. Minor distortions of cell membrane and large number of starch grains indicates an increase in the photosynthetic activity. Therefore, SNP can be used as a regulator to improve the salinity tolerance of soybean in salt affected soils.
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Muthuramalingam, Pandiyan, Rajendran Jeyasri, Kasinathan Rakkammal, Lakkakula Satish, Sasanala Shamili, Adhimoolam Karthikeyan, Alaguvel Valliammai, et al. "Multi-Omics and Integrative Approach towards Understanding Salinity Tolerance in Rice: A Review." Biology 11, no. 7 (July 7, 2022): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11071022.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants are simultaneously encountered by environmental stressors, most importantly salinity stress. Salinity is the major hurdle that can negatively impact growth and crop yield. Understanding the salt stress and its associated complex trait mechanisms for enhancing salt tolerance in rice plants would ensure future food security. The main aim of this review is to provide insights and impacts of molecular-physiological responses, biochemical alterations, and plant hormonal signal transduction pathways in rice under saline stress. Furthermore, the review highlights the emerging breakthrough in multi-omics and computational biology in identifying the saline stress-responsive candidate genes and transcription factors (TFs). In addition, the review also summarizes the biotechnological tools, genetic engineering, breeding, and agricultural practicing factors that can be implemented to realize the bottlenecks and opportunities to enhance salt tolerance and develop salinity tolerant rice varieties. Future studies pinpointed the augmentation of powerful tools to dissect the salinity stress-related novel players, reveal in-depth mechanisms and ways to incorporate the available literature, and recent advancements to throw more light on salinity responsive transduction pathways in plants. Particularly, this review unravels the whole picture of salinity stress tolerance in rice by expanding knowledge that focuses on molecular aspects.
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Shavrukov, Y., N. Shamaya, M. Baho, J. Edwards, C. Ramsey, E. Nevo, P. Langridge, and M. Tester. "Salinity tolerance and Na+ exclusion in wheat: variability, genetics, mapping populations and QTL analysis." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 47, Special Issue (October 20, 2011): S85—S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3260-cjgpb.
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A wide range of variability in both Na<sup>+</sup> exclusion and salinity tolerance was shown in Triticum dicoccoides and the best performing genotype, from Getit, was identified for further study and for crossing. In bread wheat, plants BC<sub>6</sub>F<sub>1</sub> from the cross Chinese Spring/line SQ1 showed less variability, but the line 1868 was identified as a potential source of tissue tolerance to salinity. Two Afghani durum landraces were identified among 179 screened, with approximately 50% lower Na<sup>+</sup> accumulation in shoots. Genetic analysis of F<sub>2</sub> progenies between landraces and durum wheat showed clear segregation indicating on the single, major salinity tolerance gene in the landraces. Further genetic and molecular analysis of the candidate gene and its localization is in the progress. QTL analysis of two non-pedigree related mapping populations of bread wheat, Cranbrook × Halberd and Excalibur × Kukri, showed one QTL in each population on the same region of chromosome 7AS, independent of year or growing conditions (both supported hydroponics and field trials), and a novel gene is expected to be associated with this QTL.
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Habib, Sheikh Hasna, Hossain Kausar, and Halimi Mohd Saud. "Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Enhance Salinity Stress Tolerance in Okra through ROS-Scavenging Enzymes." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6284547.
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Salinity is a major environmental stress that limits crop production worldwide. In this study, we characterized plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase and examined their effect on salinity stress tolerance in okra through the induction of ROS-scavenging enzyme activity. PGPR inoculated okra plants exhibited higher germination percentage, growth parameters, and chlorophyll content than control plants. Increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX, and CAT) and upregulation of ROS pathway genes (CAT, APX, GR, and DHAR) were observed in PGPR inoculated okra plants under salinity stress. With some exceptions, inoculation withEnterobactersp. UPMR18 had a significant influence on all tested parameters under salt stress, as compared to other treatments. Thus, the ACC deaminase-containing PGPR isolateEnterobactersp. UPMR18 could be an effective bioresource for enhancing salt tolerance and growth of okra plants under salinity stress.
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Huang, Yuan, Zhilong Bie, Sanpeng He, Bin Hua, Ai Zhen, and Zhixiong Liu. "Improving cucumber tolerance to major nutrients induced salinity by grafting onto Cucurbita ficifolia." Environmental and Experimental Botany 69, no. 1 (September 2010): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2010.02.002.
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Kamran, Muhammad, Aasma Parveen, Sunny Ahmar, Zaffar Malik, Sajid Hussain, Muhammad Sohaib Chattha, Muhammad Hamzah Saleem, Muhammad Adil, Parviz Heidari, and Jen-Tsung Chen. "An Overview of Hazardous Impacts of Soil Salinity in Crops, Tolerance Mechanisms, and Amelioration through Selenium Supplementation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (December 24, 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010148.
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Soil salinization is one of the major environmental stressors hampering the growth and yield of crops all over the world. A wide spectrum of physiological and biochemical alterations of plants are induced by salinity, which causes lowered water potential in the soil solution, ionic disequilibrium, specific ion effects, and a higher accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). For many years, numerous investigations have been made into salinity stresses and attempts to minimize the losses of plant productivity, including the effects of phytohormones, osmoprotectants, antioxidants, polyamines, and trace elements. One of the protectants, selenium (Se), has been found to be effective in improving growth and inducing tolerance against excessive soil salinity. However, the in-depth mechanisms of Se-induced salinity tolerance are still unclear. This review refines the knowledge involved in Se-mediated improvements of plant growth when subjected to salinity and suggests future perspectives as well as several research limitations in this field.
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Hairmansis, Aris, Nafisah Nafisah, and Ali Jamil. "Towards Developing Salinity Tolerant Rice Adaptable for Coastal Regions in Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 6 (November 26, 2017): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i6.1021.
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Lowland rice areas along the coastal regions are a major contributor for rice production in Indonesia. Sustainability of rice production in those areas is challenged by the increase of soil salinity as the result of sea water inundation. The problem is exacerbated by the increase of sea water level as the impact of global climate change. High concentration of salt ion in the soil could significantly reduce rice growth and yield. Development of salinity tolerant rice varieties is therefore important to maintain sustainability of rice production in the coastal regions. Breeding programs to improve salinity tolerance of Indonesian rice has been established in Indonesian Centre for Rice Research. Through intensive salt tolerant screening program genetic variations in salinity tolerance have been identified within rice germplasm allowing the improvement of salinity tolerant of existing rice varieties. Different genetic resources have been used for salinity tolerant improvement including landraces, improved varieties and introduction lines. A number of promising salt tolerant rice breeding lines have been developed and showed adaptability to salt affected areas in the lowland coastal areas. Two new salt tolerant rice varieties have been released recently which are adaptable to salt affected areas. This paper will describe the progress in the breeding programs to develop salt tolerant rice for lowland rice areas in the coastal regions. Strategy to accelerate the improvement of the salinity tolerant of Indonesian rice varieties in the future will be also discussed.Keywords: rice, breeding, salinity tolerance, coastal regions.
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Somasundaram, Rajeswari, Neeru Sood, Gokhale Trupti Swarup, and Ramachandran Subramanian. "Assessing salt-stress tolerance in barley." Universitas Scientiarum 24, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 91–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/javeriana.sc24-1.asst.
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Identifying naturally existing abiotic-stress tolerant accessions in cereal crops is central to understanding plant responses toward sstress. Salinity is an abiotic stressor that limits crop yields. Salt stress triggers major physiological changes in plants, but individual plants may perform differently under salt stress. In the present study, 112 barley accessions were grown under controlled salt stress conditions (1 Sm-1 salinity) until harvest. The accessions were then analyzed for set of agronomic and physiological traits. Under salt stress, less than 5 % of the assessed accessions (CIHO6969, PI63926, PI295960, and PI531867) displayed early flowering. Only two (< 2 %) of the accessions (PI327671 and PI383011) attained higher fresh and dry weight, and a better yield under salt stress. Higher K+/Na+ ratios were maintained by four accessions PI531999, PI356780, PI452343, and PI532041. These top-performing accessions constitute naturally existing variants within barley’s gene pool that will be instrumental to deepen our understanding of abiotic-stress tolerance in crops.
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Zhu, Juan, Hui Zhou, Yun Fan, Yu Guo, Mengna Zhang, Sergey Shabala, Chenchen Zhao, et al. "HvNCX, a prime candidate gene for the novel qualitative locus qS7.1 associated with salinity tolerance in barley." Theoretical and Applied Genetics 136, no. 1 (January 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00122-023-04267-4.
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Abstract Key Message A major QTL (qS7.1) for salinity damage score and Na+ exclusion was identified on chromosome 7H from a barley population derived from a cross between a cultivated variety and a wild accession. qS7.1 was fine-mapped to a 2.46 Mb physical interval and HvNCX encoding a sodium/calcium exchanger is most likely the candidate gene. Abstract Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting crop yield. Developing salinity-tolerant varieties is critical for minimizing economic penalties caused by salinity and providing solutions for global food security. Many genes/QTL for salt tolerance have been reported in barley, but only a few of them have been cloned. In this study, a total of 163 doubled haploid lines from a cross between a cultivated barley variety Franklin and a wild barley accession TAM407227 were used to map QTL for salinity tolerance. Four significant QTL were identified for salinity damage scores. One (qS2.1) was located on 2H, determining 7.5% of the phenotypic variation. Two (qS5.1 and qS5.2) were located on 5H, determining 5.3–11.7% of the phenotypic variation. The most significant QTL was found on 7H, explaining 27.8% of the phenotypic variation. Two QTL for Na+ content in leaves under salinity stress were detected on chromosomes 1H (qNa1.1) and 7H(qNa7.1). qS7.1 was fine-mapped to a 2.46 Mb physical interval using F4 recombinant inbred lines. This region contains 23 high-confidence genes, with HvNCX which encodes a sodium/calcium exchanger being most likely the candidate gene. HvNCX was highly induced by salinity stress and showed a greater expression level in the sensitive parent. Multiple nucleotide substitutions and deletions/insertions in the promoter sequence of HvNCX were found between the two parents. cDNA sequencing of the HvNCX revealed that the difference between the two parents is conferred by a single Ala77/Pro77 amino acid substitution, which is located on the transmembrane domain. These findings open new prospects for improving salinity tolerance in barley by targeting a previously unexplored trait.
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Amombo, Erick, Huiying Li, and Jinmin Fu. "Research Advances on Tall Fescue Salt Tolerance: From Root Signaling to Molecular and Metabolic Adjustment." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 142, no. 5 (September 2017): 337–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04120-17.
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Soil salinity is one of the major abiotic stress factors that constrain plant growth and limit crop productivity. About a quarter of the global land area is affected by salinity; therefore, there is increased need to develop salt-tolerant crops. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) is one of the most important cool-season turfgrasses, which has medium tolerance to salinity and has a promising potential to be used as a turfgrass under saline conditions. However, up to now, the maximum use of tall fescue under salinity stress is still limited by inadequate scientific literature. Recent studies have attempted to identify various adaptive responses to salinity stress at molecular, cellular, metabolic, and physiological levels in tall fescue. The successful integration of information concerning signal sensing, molecular tools with recent advances in -omics would certainly provide a clue for creating salt-tolerant tall fescue. Because salinity limits water availability to plants via hindering water absorption, and by inducing physiological drought, here we review and propose a probable mechanism of tall fescue response to salinity stress and to similar effects induced by drought based on published literature.
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Thuy, Nguyen Thi Thu, Misato Tokuyasu, Nguyen Sao Mai, and Yoshihiko Hirai. "Identification and Characterization of Chromosome Regions Associated With Salinity Tolerance in Rice." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 11 (October 15, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n11p57.
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Rice, the major crop sustaining approximately half the world population, has been extensively reported to be sensitive to saline conditions. However, the genetic and physiological understanding related to long-term salinity stress remains unclear so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of salinity tolerance in a salinity-tolerant variety of rice, Nona Bokra, and to detect the chromosomal regions responsible for it. We utilized chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) carrying segments from Nona Bokra in the genetic background of a salt-sensitive variety Koshihikari by investigating the plant growth, grain productivity, and ion contents in plants subjected to long-term salinity stress. Comparison of plant growth and grain yield of CSSLs grown under long-term saline conditions suggests that the salinity tolerance of Nona Bokra involves the improvement of plant dry matter, panicle number, and percentage of ripened grains. Nona Bokra has the chromosomal regions for the improvement of the panicle number on chromosome 2 and the percentage of ripened grains on chromosome 6 or 10 under salinity conditions. It was suggested that these chromosomal regions were related to Na+ and Cl- exclusion. Low Na+ and Cl- contents in whole plant at full heading stage would be vital for improving the yield under long-term saline conditions.
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Kumar, Sanjay, Parmod Sharma, Narender Kumar, and Mahesh Kumar Rana. "Spice crops tolerant to salinity and alkalinity." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES 16, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 284–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijas/16.2/284-289.
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Tolerance and yield of a crop are complex genetic traits, which are difficult to maintain simultaneously since salt stress may occur as a catastrophic agent, be imposed continuously or intermittently or become gradually more severe. Salinity and alkalinity stress have a major impact on spices in the form of their growth, development and yield.Adverse effects of salinity might be due to ion cytotoxicity and osmatic stress, which disrupt homeostasis in water potential and ionic distribution due to disordering in cohesions of membrane lipids and proteins and influence various physiological and biochemical processes. To review the tolerance of spices to salinity and alkalinity, the present paper collates the existing experimental data sets, establishing the salt tolerance limits under saline or alkali environment either in soil root zone or which is created due to the application of saline or alkali irrigation water for crop production. Studies show that the salt affected areas and saline irrigation water can be utilized satisfactorily to raise forest and fruit tree species, forage grasses, conventional and non-conventional crops, oil seed crops, spice crops of high economic value, petro-crops and flower plants.
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MAJEED, D. M., E. N. ISMAIL, F. R. AL-BURKI, A. S. ABED, and A. M. J. AL-JIBOURI. "TAOPR1 SALT TOLERANCE GENE EXPRESSION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS IN WHEAT." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, no. 4 (October 31, 2022): 780–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.9.
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Salinity is an abiotic stress factor and a major challenge that has significant negative effects on wheat production. It is also a source of concern for plant breeders leading them to reach reliable screening criteria for salt tolerance in wheat genotypes. The physiological analysis showed that the three salt-tolerant wheat genotypes viz., Dijla, 2H, and 3H showed the highest rate for the physiological traits i.e., chlorophyll content (38.9, 39.5, and 42.1, respectively), carbohydrates (600.14, 590.6, 560.8: 2H, 3H, and Dijla, respectively), proline acid (24.30, 23.14, and 21.87: Dijla, 3H, and 2H, respectively) under salt stress conditions, except protein percentage (3.8% and 3.3%: Rabia and Ibaa99, respectively) and K+/Na+ ratio (6.3 and 5.9: 2H and Dijla, respectively). The salt-tolerant wheat genotypes 2H, Dijla, and 3H enunciated an increased rate of expression of salt-related genes (TaOPR1 gene and β-actin gene) with values of 6.498, 4.0, and 3.768, respectively compared to two other salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia under salt stress conditions. The salinity-sensitive cultivars i.e., Ibaa99 and Rabia showed no gene expression and significant difference with the control treatment after being treated with salinity stress conditions.
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Zeng, Xing, Yu Zhou, Zhongjia Zhu, Hongyue Zu, Shumin Wang, Hong Di, and Zhenhua Wang. "Effect on Soil Properties ofBcWRKY1Transgenic Maize with Enhanced Salinity Tolerance." International Journal of Genomics 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6019046.
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Maize (Zea maysL.) is the most important cereal crop in the world. However, soil salinity has become a major problem affecting plant productivity due to arable field degradation. Thus, transgenic maize transformed with a salinity tolerance gene has been developed to further evaluate its salt tolerance and effects on agronomic traits. It is necessary to analyze the potential environmental risk of transgenic maize before further commercialization. Enzyme activities, physicochemical properties, and microbial populations were evaluated in saline and nonsaline rhizosphere soils from a transgenic maize line (WL-73) overexpressingBcWRKY1and from wild-type (WT) maize LH1037. Measurements were taken at four growth stages (V3, V9, R1, and R6) and repeated in three consecutive years (2012–2014). There was no change in the rhizosphere soils of either WL-73 or WT plants in the four soil enzyme activities, seven soil physicochemical properties, and the populations of three soil organisms. The results of this study suggested that salinity tolerant transgenic maize had no adverse impact on soil properties in soil rhizosphere during three consecutive years at two different locations and provided a theoretical basis for environmental impact monitoring of salinity tolerant transgenic maize.
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Sayed, Mohammed Abdelaziz, Rasha Tarawneh, Helmy Mohamed Youssef, Klaus Pillen, and Andreas Börner. "Detection and Verification of QTL for Salinity Tolerance at Germination and Seedling Stages Using Wild Barley Introgression Lines." Plants 10, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 2246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112246.
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Salinity is one of the major environmental factors that negatively affect crop development, particularly at the early growth stage of a plant and consequently the final yield. Therefore, a set of 50 wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum, Hsp) introgression lines (ILs) was used to detect QTL alleles improving germination and seedling growth under control, 75 mM, and 150 mM NaCl conditions. Large variation was observed for germination and seedling growth related traits that were highly heritable under salinity stress. In addition, highly significant differences were obtained for five salinity tolerance indices and between treatments as well. A total of 90 and 35 significant QTL were identified for ten investigated traits and for tolerance indices, respectively. The Hsp introgression alleles are involved in improving salinity tolerance at forty (43.9%) out of 90 QTL including introgression lines S42IL-109 (2H), S42IL-116 (4H), S42IL-132 (6H), S42IL-133 (7H), S42IL-148 (6H), and S42IL-176 (5H). Interestingly, seven exotic QTL alleles were successfully validated in the wild barley ILs including S42IL-127 (5H), 139 (7H), 125 (5H), 117 (4H), 118 (4H), 121 (4H), and 137 (7H). We conclude that the barley introgression lines contain numerous germination and seedling growth-improving novel QTL alleles, which are effective under salinity conditions.
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Snoussi, Hager, Hend Askri, Diana Nacouzi, Imen Ouerghui, Anthony Ananga, Asma Najar, and Walid El Kayal. "Comparative Transcriptome Profiling of Salinity-Induced Genes in Citrus Rootstocks with Contrasted Salt Tolerance." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030350.
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Salinity is one of the most destructive environmental challenges for citriculture worldwide, and all climate change scenarios are predicting an increased impact of salinity on citrus orchards. Citrus cultivars are grown as grafts on various rootstocks to provide specific adaptation to abiotic stress and tolerance to major diseases such as citrus tristeza virus. To understand rootstock–scion interactions with regard to salinity, transcriptome profiling of mRNA expression was analyzed for 12 candidate genes in leaves, shoots, and roots of five Hernandina clementine scions grafted on Rangpur lime (LR), Volkamer lemon (CV), Carrizo citrange (CC), sour orange (Big), and Cleopatra mandarin (MC) rootstocks in response to moderate and severe salinity. qRT-PCR analysis revealed differential gene expression that varied by rootstock, salinity level, and tissue. The majority of induced genes were those involved in ion transporter proteins (mainly NHX1 and HKT1 genes), Cl− homeostasis (CCC1 gene), biosynthesis and accumulation of compatible osmolytes, proline (P5CS gene) and glycine betaine (CMO gene), accumulation of proteins (LEA2 gene), and ROS scavenging antioxidant activity (mainly APX). We show that these expression patterns could explain the relative tolerance of the used rootstocks and report new insights on the main salt tolerance mechanisms activated by these rootstocks.
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Dilnur, Tussipkan, Zhen Peng, Zhaoe Pan, Koffi Palanga, Yinhua Jia, Wenfang Gong, and Xiongming Du. "Association Analysis of Salt Tolerance in Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboretum) with SNP Markers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 2168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20092168.
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Salinity is not only a major environmental factor which limits plant growth and productivity, but it has also become a worldwide problem. However, little is known about the genetic basis underlying salt tolerance in cotton. This study was carried out to identify marker-trait association signals of seven salt-tolerance-related traits and one salt tolerance index using association analysis for 215 accessions of Asiatic cotton. According to a comprehensive index of salt tolerance (CIST), 215 accessions were mainly categorized into four groups, and 11 accessions with high salinity tolerance were selected for breeding. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) revealed nine SNP rich regions significantly associated with relative fresh weight (RFW), relative stem length (RSL), relative water content (RWC) and CIST. The nine SNP rich regions analysis revealed 143 polymorphisms that distributed 40 candidate genes and significantly associated with salt tolerance. Notably, two SNP rich regions on chromosome 7 were found to be significantly associated with two salinity related traits, RFW and RSL, by the threshold of −log10P ≥ 6.0, and two candidate genes (Cotton_A_37775 and Cotton_A_35901) related to two key SNPs (Ca7_33607751 and Ca7_77004962) were possibly associated with salt tolerance in G. arboreum. These can provide fundamental information which will be useful for future molecular breeding of cotton, in order to release novel salt tolerant cultivars.
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Aggarwal, Ashok, Nisha Kadian, Karishma Karishma, Neetu Neetu, Anju Tanwar, and K. K. Gupta. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of salinity stress." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 4, no. 1 (June 1, 2012): 144–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.239.
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Several environmental factors adversely affect plant growth and development and final yield performance of a crop. Drought, salinity, nutrient imbalances (including mineral toxicities and deficiencies) and extremes of temperature are among the major environmental constraints to crop productivity worldwide. Development of crop plants with stress tolerance, however, requires, among others, knowledge of the physiological mechanisms and genetic controls of the contributing traits at different plant developmental stages. In the past two decades,biotechnology research has provided considerable insights into the mechanism of biotic stress tolerance in plants at the molecular level. Furthermore, different abiotic stress factors may provoke osmotic stress, oxidative stress and protein denaturation in plants, which lead to similar cellular adaptive responses such as accumulation of compatible solutes, induction of stress proteins, and acceleration of reactive oxygen species scavenging systems. Recently, various methods are adapted to improve plant tolerance to salinity injury through either chemical treatments (plant hormones, minerals, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, polyamines and vitamins) or biofertilizers treatments (Asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria) or enhanced a process used naturally by plants (mycorrhiza) to minimise the movement of Na+ to the shoot. Proper management of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) has the potential to improve the profitability and sustainability of salt tolerance. In this review article, the discussion is restricted to the mycorrhizal symbiosis and alleviation of salinity stress.
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Raghuvanshi, Rishiraj, Ashish Kumar Srivastava, Satish Verulkar, and Penna Suprasanna. "Unlocking Allelic Diversity for Sustainable Development of Salinity Stress Tolerance in Rice." Current Genomics 22, no. 6 (December 30, 2021): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389202922666211005121412.
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: Rice is a major cereal crop, negatively impacted by soil-salinity, both in terms of plant growth as well as productivity. Salinity tolerant rice varieties have been developed using conventional breeding approaches, however, there has been limited success which is primarily due to the complexity of the trait, low yield, variable salt stress response and availability of genetic resources. Furthermore, the narrow genetic base is a hindrance for further improvement of the rice varieties. Therefore, there is a greater need to screen available donor germplasm in rice for salinity tolerance related genes and traits. In this regard, genomics based techniques are useful for exploring new gene resources and QTLs. In rice, the vast allelic diversity existing in the wild and cultivated germplasm needs to be explored for improving salt tolerance. In the present review, we provide an overview of the allelic diversity in the Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) like Saltol, qGR6.2, qSE3 and RNC4 as well as genes like OsHKT1;1, SKC1 (OsHKT1;5/HKT8) and OsSTL1 (salt tolerance level 1 gene) related to salt tolerance in rice. We have also discussed approaches for developing salt-tolerant cultivars by utilizing the effective QTLs or genes/alleles in rice.