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Journal articles on the topic 'Major Royal Jelly Proteins'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hossen, Md Sakib, Taebun Nahar, Siew Hua Gan, and Md Ibrahim Khalil. "Bioinformatics and Therapeutic Insights on Proteins in Royal Jelly." Current Proteomics 16, no. 2 (January 4, 2019): 84–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570164615666181012113130.

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Background: To date, there is no x-ray crystallography or structures from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) on royal jelly proteins available in the online data banks. In addition, characterization of proteins in royal jelly is not fully accomplished to date. Although new investigations unravel novel proteins in royal jelly, the majority of a protein family is present in high amounts (80-90%). Objective: In this review, we attempted to predict the three-dimensional structure of royal jelly proteins (especially the major royal jelly proteins) to allow visualization of the four protein surface properties (aromaticity, hydrophobicity, ionizability and (hydrogen (H)-bond) by using bioinformatics tools. Furthermore, we gathered the information on available therapeutic activities of crude royal jelly and its proteins. Methods: For protein modeling, prediction and analysis, the Phyre2 web portal systematically browsed in which the modeling mode was intensive. On the other side, to build visualized understanding of surface aromaticity, hydrophobicity, ionizability and H-bond of royal jelly proteins, the Discovery Studio 4.1 (Accelrys Software Inc.) was used. Results: Our in silico study confirmed that all proteins treasure these properties, including aromaticity, hydrophobicity, ionizability and (hydrogen (H)-bond. Another finding was that newly discovered proteins in royal jelly do not belong to the major royal jelly protein group. Conclusion: In conclusion, the three dimensional structure of royal jelly proteins along with its major characteristics were successfully elucidated in this review. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the detailed physiochemical properties and pharmacotherapeutics of royal jelly proteins.

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2

Park, Min Ji, Bo Yeon Kim, Yijie Deng, Hee Geun Park, Yong Soo Choi, Kwang Sik Lee, and Byung Rae Jin. "Antioxidant capacity of major royal jelly proteins of honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 23, no. 2 (June 2020): 445–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2020.03.007.

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3

Park, Hee Geun, Bo Yeon Kim, Min Ji Park, Yijie Deng, Yong Soo Choi, Kwang Sik Lee, and Byung Rae Jin. "Antibacterial activity of major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly." Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 22, no. 3 (September 2019): 737–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aspen.2019.06.005.

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4

Albert, Stefan, Debashish Bhattacharya, Jaroslav Klaudiny, Jana Schmitzová, and Jozef Simúth. "The Family of Major Royal Jelly Proteins and Its Evolution." Journal of Molecular Evolution 49, no. 2 (August 1999): 290–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00006551.

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5

KOROŠEC, Mojca, and Jasna BERTONCELJ. "Pomen čebeljih pridelkov v humani prehrani." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 115, no. 2 (June 1, 2020): 223. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2020.115.2.632.

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Bee products are a natural source of nutrients and biologically active compounds, which may also be found on the lists of functional ingredients. In our diets, mainly honey is used and to a lesser extent bee pollen and royal jelly. Propolis and bee venom are mainly used in apitherapy due to their therapeutic properties. Regarding the basic nutrients, honey is primarily a source of sugars, while protein and fat contents are considerable in royal jelly and pollen, which also contains dietary fiber. Bee products also contain small amounts of bioactive compounds that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Honey is characterized by, among others, phenolic compounds, royal jelly proteins, oligosaccharides. Royal jelly contains specific fatty acids, including 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid, bioactive peptides, major royal jelly proteins, and pollen contains various vitamins, phenolic compounds, amino acids, unsaturated fatty acids. However, further research and clinical studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of bee products and to raise consumer awareness of the importance of their consumption. Honey, bee pollen and royal jelly are natural foods, which due to their composition may help to achieve the recommended daily intake of basic nutrients, and may also serve as a source of important bioactive compounds, and therefore undoubtedly belong to a balanced diet.

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6

Oliveira, Maria Carolina Paleari Varjão, Eloisa Magalhaes Pereira, Maria Josiane Sereia, Érica Gomes Lima, Breno Gabriel Silva, Vagner Alencar Arnaut Toledo, and Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki. "Expression of MRJP3 and HSP70 mRNA Levels in Apis mellifera L. Workers after Dietary Supplementation with Proteins, Prebiotics, and Probiotics." Insects 13, no. 7 (June 24, 2022): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13070571.

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Royal jelly is an essential substance for the development of bees from larval to adult stages. Studies have identified a group of key proteins in royal jelly, denominated major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs). The group currently consists of nine proteins (MRJP1–MRJP9), with MRJP1 being the most abundant and MRJP3 being used as a microsatellite marker for the selection of queens with a greater production of royal jelly. The diet of bees is mostly composed of proteins, and supplementing this intake to encourage a higher production of their primary product is important for producers. It is estimated that, by adding probiotic and prebiotic organisms to their diets, the benefits to bees will be even greater, both for their immune systems and primary responses to stress. Circumstances that are adverse compared to those of the natural habitat of bees eventually substantially interfere with bee behavior. Stress situations are modulated by proteins termed heat shock proteins (HSPs). Among these, HSP70 has been shown to exhibit abundance changes whenever bees experience unusual situations of stress. Thus, we sought to supplement A. mellifera bee colony diets with proteins and prebiotic and probiotic components, and to evaluate the expression levels of MRJP3 and HSP70 mRNAs using qRT-PCR. The results revealed that differences in the expression of MRJP3 can be attributed to the different types of feed offered. Significant differences were evident when comparing the expression levels of MRJP3 and HSP70, suggesting that protein supplementation with pre/probiotics promotes positive results in royal jelly synthesis carried out by honey bee nurses.

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7

Bilikova, Katarina, Tatiana Kristof Krakova, Kikuji Yamaguchi, and Yoshihisa Yamaguchi. "Major royal jelly proteins as markers of authenticity and quality of honey / Glavni proteini matične mliječi kao markeri izvornosti i kakvoće meda." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aiht-2015-66-2653.

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Until now, the properties of honey have been defined based exclusively on the content of plant components in the nectar of given plant. We showed that apalbumin1, the major royal jelly (RJ) protein, is an authentic and regular component of honey. Apalbumin1 and other RJ proteins and peptides are responsible for the immunostimulatory properties and antibiotic activity of honey. For the quantification of apalbumin1, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using polyclonal anti-apalbumin1 antibody. The method is suitable for honey authenticity determination; moreover it is useful for detection of the honey, honeybee pollen and RJ in products of medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, and food industry, where presences of these honeybee products are declared. Results from the analysis for presence and amount of apalbumin1 in honeys will be used for high-throughput screening of honey samples over the world. On the basis of our experiments which show that royal jelly proteins are regular and physiologically active components of honey we propose to change the definition of honey (according to the EU Honey Directive 2001/110/EC) as follows: Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by honey bees from nectar of plants or from secretions of plants, or excretions of plant sucking insects, which honey bees collect, transform by combining with major royal jelly proteins and other specific substances of their own, deposit, dehydrate, store and leave in the honey comb to ripen and mature.

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8

Baitala, Tatiane Vicente, Patrícia Faquinello, Vagner de Alencar Arnaut de Toledo, Claudete Aparecida Mangolin, Elias Nunes Martins, and Maria Claudia Colla Ruvolo-Takasusuki. "Potential use of major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) as molecular markers for royal jelly production in Africanized honeybee colonies." Apidologie 41, no. 2 (November 27, 2009): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009069.

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9

Winkler, Paul, Frank Sieg, and Anja Buttstedt. "Transcriptional Control of Honey Bee (Apis mellifera) Major Royal Jelly Proteins by 20-Hydroxyecdysone." Insects 9, no. 3 (September 19, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030122.

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One of the first tasks of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) during their lifetime is to feed the larval offspring. In brief, young workers (nurse bees) secrete a special food jelly that contains a large amount of unique major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs). The regulation of mrjp gene expression is not well understood, but the large upregulation in well-fed nurse bees suggests a tight repression until, or a massive induction upon, hatching of the adult worker bees. The lipoprotein vitellogenin, the synthesis of which is regulated by the two systemic hormones 20-hydroxyecdysone and juvenile hormone, is thought to be a precursor for the production of MRJPs. Thus, the regulation of mrjp expression by the said systemic hormones is likely. This study focusses on the role of 20-hydroxyecdysone by elucidating its effect on mrjp gene expression dynamics. Specifically, we tested whether 20-hydroxyecdysone displayed differential effects on various mrjps. We found that the expression of the mrjps (mrjp1–3) that were finally secreted in large amounts into the food jelly, in particular, were down regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment, with mrjp3 showing the highest repression value.

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10

Furusawa, Takako, Yasuko Arai, Kenji Kato, and Kenji Ichihara. "Quantitative Analysis of Apisin, a Major Protein Unique to Royal Jelly." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5040528.

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Apisin, a protein that is unique to royal jelly (RJ), is known to compose the greater part of the RJ proteins and to exist as a heterooligomer containing major royal jelly protein 1 and apisimin. However, few reports on the methods for quantifying apisin have been published. Thus, we attempted to quantify apisin using HPLC, a widely used analytical technique, as described below. Isoelectric precipitation and size-exclusion chromatography were used to obtain the purified protein, which was identified as apisin by SDS-PAGE and LC-MS analyses. The purified apisin was lyophilized and then used to generate a calibration curve to quantify apisin in RJ. The apisin content was fairly constant (i.e., 3.93 to 4.67 w/w%) in natural RJ. This study is the first to describe a simple, standardized method for quantifying apisin using HPLC and suggests that apisin can be used as a benchmark for future evaluations of RJ quality.

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11

MUREŞAN, Carmen Ioana, Daniel S. DEZMIREAN, Ramona SUHAROSCHI, Oana L. POP, and Orsolya BORSAI. "Analysis of Major Royal Jelly Proteins Stability and Ligand Binding by Differential Scanning Fluorimetry." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Food Science and Technology 1, no. 79 (May 15, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-fst:2021.0034.

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Royal jelly (RJ) is produced by the hypopharingeal and mandibular glands of bees. Up to 90% of the RJ proteins are the major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) that exhibit biological properties. Protein stability is of interest for biotechnology and can be explored by using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). We tested the stability by using a fluorescence dye (SYPRO® Orange,1:1000 dilution) in the presence of different ligands for MRJP1 and MRJP2 at 2 µM concentration. The fluorescence intensities (FI) were measured using the Real-Time PCR System and were fitted as a function of temperature according to the Boltzmann equation to determine the melting temperature (Tm) at which the amount of folded and unfolded protein is equal. In general, ligands stabilize the protein when binding to it and increase the Tm. Due to the increased starting fluorescence of the oligomeric MRJP1, the Tm values were only determined for monomeric MRJP1 and MRJP2. ATP, histamine, and thiamine were shown to determine an increase of Tm for the monomeric MRJP1 in 20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl. For the ligand ATP, the minimum limit of binding starts at 1.5 mM concentration, for the ligand Histamine it starts at 0.6 mM concentration, while for the ligand Thiamine it starts at 3 mM concentration.

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12

Mureşan, Carmen Ioana, Daniel Severus Dezmirean, Bianca Dana Marc, Ramona Suharoschi, Oana Lelia Pop, and Anja Buttstedt. "Biological properties and activities of major royal jelly proteins and their derived peptides." Journal of Functional Foods 98 (November 2022): 105286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2022.105286.

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13

Schmitzová, J., J. Klaudiny, Š. Albert, W. Schröder, W. Schreckengost, J. Hanes, J. Júdová, and J. Šimúth. "A family of major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee Apis mellifera L." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences CMLS 54, no. 9 (September 1998): 1020–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s000180050229.

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14

Xin, Xiao-xuan, Yong Chen, Di Chen, Fa Xiao, Laurence D. Parnell, Jing Zhao, Liang Liu, Jose M. Ordovas, Chao-Qiang Lai, and Li-rong Shen. "Supplementation with Major Royal-Jelly Proteins Increases Lifespan, Feeding, and Fecundity in Drosophila." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 64, no. 29 (July 15, 2016): 5803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00514.

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15

Li, Jian-ke, Ting Wang, and Wen-jun Peng. "Comparative analysis of the effects of different storage conditions on major royal jelly proteins." Journal of Apicultural Research 46, no. 2 (January 2007): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2007.11101371.

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16

Peixoto, Leonardo Gomes, Luciana Karen Calábria, Liudy Garcia, Fausto Emílio Capparelli, Luiz Ricardo Goulart, Marcelo Valle de Sousa, and Foued Salmen Espindola. "Identification of major royal jelly proteins in the brain of the honeybee Apis mellifera." Journal of Insect Physiology 55, no. 8 (August 2009): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2009.05.005.

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17

Tamura, Shougo, Toru Kono, Chika Harada, Kikuji Yamaguchi, and Takanori Moriyama. "Estimation and characterisation of major royal jelly proteins obtained from the honeybee Apis merifera." Food Chemistry 114, no. 4 (June 2009): 1491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.11.058.

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18

Abu-Serie, Marwa M., and Noha H. Habashy. "Two purified proteins from royal jelly with in vitro dual anti-hepatic damage potency: Major royal jelly protein 2 and its novel isoform X1." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 128 (May 2019): 782–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.210.

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19

Collazo, Nicolas, Maria Carpena, Bernabe Nuñez-Estevez, Paz Otero, Jesus Simal-Gandara, and Miguel A. Prieto. "Health Promoting Properties of Bee Royal Jelly: Food of the Queens." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020543.

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Royal jelly (RJ) demand is growing every year and so is the market for functional foods in general. RJ is formed by different substances, mainly carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, but also vitamins, minerals, and phenolic or volatile compounds in lower proportion. Major royal jelly proteins (MRJP) are, together with 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), key substances of RJ due to their different biological properties. In particular, 10-HDA is a unique substance in this product. RJ has been historically employed as health enhancer and is still very relevant in China due to the traditional medicine and the apitherapy. Nowadays, it is mainly consumed as a functional food or is found in supplements and other formulations for its health-beneficial properties. Within these properites, anti-lipidemic, antioxidant, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antiaging, and estrogenic activities have been reported for RJ or its specific components. This manuscript is aimed at reviewing the current knowledge on RJ components, their assessment in terms of authenticity, their biological activities, and related health applications.

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20

Mureşan, Carmen I., Angelika Schierhorn, and Anja Buttstedt. "The Fate of Major Royal Jelly Proteins during Proteolytic Digestion in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 66, no. 16 (April 9, 2018): 4164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00961.

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21

Kim, Yun-Hui, Bo-Yeon Kim, Jin-Myung Kim, Yong-Soo Choi, Man-Young Lee, Kwang-Sik Lee, and Byung-Rae Jin. "Differential Expression of Major Royal Jelly Proteins in the Hypopharyngeal Glands of the Honeybee Apis mellifera upon Bacterial Ingestion." Insects 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13040334.

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Honeybee vitellogenin (Vg) transports pathogen fragments from the gut to the hypopharyngeal glands and is also used by nurse bees to synthesize royal jelly (RJ), which serves as a vehicle for transferring pathogen fragments to the queen and young larvae. The proteomic profile of RJ from bacterial-challenged and control colonies was compared using mass spectrometry; however, the expression changes of major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) in hypopharyngeal glands of the honeybee Apis mellifera in response to bacterial ingestion is not well-characterized. In this study, we investigated the expression patterns of Vg in the fat body and MRJPs 1–7 in the hypopharyngeal glands of nurse bees after feeding them live or heat-killed Paenibacillus larvae. The expression levels of MRJPs and defensin-1 in the hypopharyngeal glands were upregulated along with Vg in the fat body of nurse bees fed with live or heat-killed P. larvae over 12 h or 24 h. We observed that the expression patterns of MRJPs and defensin-1 in the hypopharyngeal glands and Vg in the fat body of nurse bees upon bacterial ingestion were differentially expressed depending on the bacterial status and the time since bacterial ingestion. In addition, the AMP genes had increased expression in young larvae fed heat-killed P. larvae. Thus, our findings indicate that bacterial ingestion upregulates the transcriptional expression of MRJPs in the hypopharyngeal glands as well as Vg in the fat body of A. mellifera nurse bees.

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22

Chen, Yi-Fan, Kai Wang, Yan-Zheng Zhang, Yu-Fei Zheng, and Fu-Liang Hu. "In VitroAnti-Inflammatory Effects of Three Fatty Acids from Royal Jelly." Mediators of Inflammation 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3583684.

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Trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-H2DA), 10-hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDAA), and sebacic acid (SEA) are the three major fatty acids in royal jelly (RJ). Previous studies have revealed several pharmacological activities of 10-H2DA and 10-HDAA, although the anti-inflammatory effects and underlying mechanisms by which SEA acts are poorly understood. In the present study, we evaluated and compared thein vitroanti-inflammatory effects of these RJ fatty acids in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that 10-H2DA, 10-HDAA, and SEA had potent, dose-dependent inhibitory effects on the release of the major inflammatory-mediators, nitric oxide, and interleukin-10, and only SEA decreased TNF-αproduction. Several key inflammatory genes have also been modulated by these RJ fatty acids, with 10-H2DA showing distinct modulating effects as compared to the other two FAs. Furthermore, we found that these three FAs regulated several proteins involved in MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Taken together, these findings provide additional references for using RJ against inflammatory diseases.

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Srisuparbh, Duangporn, Sirawut Klinbunga, Siriwat Wongsiri, and Siriporn Sittipraneed. "Isolation and Characterization of Major Royal Jelly cDNAs and Proteins of the Honey Bee (Apis cerana)." BMB Reports 36, no. 6 (November 30, 2003): 572–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/bmbrep.2003.36.6.572.

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24

Chen, Di, Fang Liu, Jian-Bo Wan, Chao-Qiang Lai, and Li-rong Shen. "Effect of Major Royal Jelly Proteins on Spatial Memory in Aged Rats: Metabolomics Analysis in Urine." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 65, no. 15 (April 10, 2017): 3151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00202.

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25

Dobritzsch, Dirk, Denise Aumer, Matthew Fuszard, Silvio Erler, and Anja Buttstedt. "The rise and fall of major royal jelly proteins during a honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) workers' life." Ecology and Evolution 9, no. 15 (July 5, 2019): 8771–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5429.

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26

Zhang, Xufeng, Han Hu, Bin Han, Qiaohong Wei, Lifeng Meng, Fan Wu, Yu Fang, et al. "The Neuroproteomic Basis of Enhanced Perception and Processing of Brood Signals That Trigger Increased Reproductive Investment in Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Workers." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 19, no. 10 (July 15, 2020): 1632–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.ra120.002123.

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The neuronal basis of complex social behavior is still poorly understood. In honeybees, reproductive investment decisions are made at the colony-level. Queens develop from female-destined larvae that receive alloparental care from nurse bees in the form of ad-libitum royal jelly (RJ) secretions. Typically, the number of raised new queens is limited but genetic breeding of “royal jelly bees” (RJBs) for enhanced RJ production over decades has led to a dramatic increase of reproductive investment in queens. Here, we compare RJBs to unselected Italian bees (ITBs) to investigate how their cognitive processing of larval signals in the mushroom bodies (MBs) and antennal lobes (ALs) may contribute to their behavioral differences. A cross-fostering experiment confirms that the RJB syndrome is mainly due to a shift in nurse bee alloparental care behavior. Using olfactory conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex, we show that the RJB nurses spontaneously respond more often to larval odors compared with ITB nurses but their subsequent learning occurs at similar rates. These phenotypic findings are corroborated by our demonstration that the proteome of the brain, particularly of the ALs differs between RJBs and ITBs. Notably, in the ALs of RJB newly emerged bees and nurses compared with ITBs, processes of energy and nutrient metabolism, signal transduction are up-regulated, priming the ALs for receiving and processing the brood signals from the antennae. Moreover, highly abundant major royal jelly proteins and hexamerins in RJBs compared with ITBs during early life when the nervous system still develops suggest crucial new neurobiological roles for these well-characterized proteins. Altogether, our findings reveal that RJBs have evolved a strong olfactory response to larvae, enabled by numerous neurophysiological adaptations that increase the nurse bees' alloparental care behavior.

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Shen, Lirong, Xin Liu, Yong Chen, Fangxiong Shi, and Chao-Qiang Lai. "Major Royal Jelly Proteins Accelerate Onset of Puberty and Promote Ovarian Follicular Development in Immature Female Mice." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa055_030.

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Abstract Objectives Estrogen plays an important role in for growth and development of reproductive system in female. The major royal jelly (RJ) has a significant estrogenic-like effect for many female animals. The major RJ proteins (MRJPs) are the central constituents responsible for the physiological activities of RJ. In recent years, we have found that MRJPs possesses functions to increase fecundity associated with estrogenic effect in Drosophila. However, if MRJPs are the specific active ingredient mediating estrogenic effect of RJ and related action mechanism in mammalians remains unclear. Methods Neonatal immature female mice (FC) were divided into four groups fed MRJPs with doses of 0, 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg/body weight (M125, M250 and M500), respectively. The freeze-dried MRJPs powder was administrated daily for 45 consecutive days. The effects of MRJPs on the puberty onset, ovarian follicular development and serum estradiol levels in FC were evaluated. Results The times of estrus in M125, M250 and M500 were accelerated by 10.7%, 15.5% and 10.7%, the ovarian index of M125 and M250 and M500 were increased by 26.8% and 32.1% and 1.7%. The number of secondary follicles in M125 and M250 and M500 were increased by 50.7%,78.8% and 38.6%, the Graafian follicles in M125 and M250 and M500 were increased by 600.0% and 774.0% and 150.0%. M500 induced multi-oocyte follicles. The serum estradiol levels of M125, M250 and M500 were increased by 47.1%, 64.9% and 31.1%, the action of MRJPs raising hormone secretion level is mainly via upregulating expression of ERβ gene. Antioxidant parameters of ovarian tissue showed that the malondialdehyde levels in M125 and M250 were decreased, the superoxide dismutase activities and glutathione peroxidase activities in M125 and M250 were increased, respectively. Conclusions Oral administration of MRJPs may accelerate onset of puberty and promote follicular development in immature FM. The reproductive performance promotion of MRJPs was associated with raising estrogenic activity and antioxidant potential to reproductive system, upregulating expression of ERβ gene to raise hormone secretion and promote ovary development in FM. Funding Sources The National Natural Science Foundation of China and US Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service.

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Liu, Xin, Chenmin Jiang, Yong Chen, Fangxiong Shi, Chaoqiang Lai, and Lirong Shen. "Major royal jelly proteins accelerate onset of puberty and promote ovarian follicular development in immature female mice." Food Science and Human Wellness 9, no. 4 (December 2020): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2020.05.008.

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29

Abu-Serie, Marwa M., and Noha H. Habashy. "Major royal jelly proteins elicited suppression of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication with halting lung injury." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 228 (February 2023): 715–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.251.

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Park, Hee-Geun, Bo-Yeon Kim, Jin-Myung Kim, Yong-Soo Choi, Hyung-Joo Yoon, Kwang-Sik Lee, and Byung-Rae Jin. "Upregulation of Transferrin and Major Royal Jelly Proteins in the Spermathecal Fluid of Mated Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Queens." Insects 12, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12080690.

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Sperm storage in the spermathecae of honeybee (Apis mellifera) queens is vital for reproduction of honeybees. However, the molecular mechanisms whereby queens store sperm in a viable state over prolonged periods in the spermatheca are not fully understood. Here, we conducted RNA sequencing analysis of the spermathecae in both virgin and mated A. mellifera queens 24 h after mating and observed that the genes encoding transferrin (Tf) and major royal jelly proteins (MRJPs) were differentially expressed in the spermathecae of mated queens. The concentrations of Tf and antioxidant proteins such as superoxide dismutase 1, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase as well as the levels of reactive oxygen species, H2O2, and iron were higher in the spermathecal fluid of the mated queens than in virgin queens. Tf upregulation is likely to perform a protective role against the Fenton reaction occurring between iron and H2O2 in the antioxidant pathway in the mated queen’s spermathecal fluid. Furthermore, MRJPs—especially MRJP1, MRJP4, and MRJP6—were upregulated in the mated queen’s spermathecal fluid, indicating that they may serve as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents as well as an energy source for stored sperm in the spermathecal fluid of honeybee queens. Together, our findings show that Tf and MRJPs are upregulated in the spermatheca and spermathecal fluid of mated honeybee queens.

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Borutinskaitė, Veronika, Gražina Treigytė, Dalius Matuzevičius, Ilona Zaikova, Violeta Čeksterytė, Dalius Navakauskas, Bogumila Kurtinaitienė, and Rūta Navakauskienė. "Proteomic Analysis of Pollen and Blossom Honey from Rape Seed Brassica Napus L." Journal of Apicultural Science 61, no. 1 (June 27, 2017): 73–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jas-2017-0006.

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Abstract In the study, honey from oilseed rape Brassica napus L., and both hand-collected (winter rape Visby and Cult) and bee-collected pollen of oilseed rape were analyzed for their proteome content, in order to see if any plant proteins were present to allow the proteo-typing of the oilseed rape honey. Proteins were fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), stained by Coomassie blue and then analyzed by mass spectrometry. All identified proteins were divided into few groups due to their biological function. In 2DE gels with separated proteins from blossom honey, only bee (Apis mellifera) main proteins (Major royal jelly protein 1-5 and Glucosidase) were found. So we analyzed all proteins using gel-free based analysis with the SYNAPT G2 high definition mass spectrometry. We identified proteins that were present in both oilseed rape pollen and honey (Bna, Polygalacturonase, Non-specific lipid-transfer protein, GAPDH and others). We believe that these proteins are important for the nutritional value of plant pollen-enriched honey and further research is required on honey and honeybee pollen protein.

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Chen, Di, Xiao-xuan Xin, Hao-cheng Qian, Zhang-yin Yu, and Li-rong Shen. "Evaluation of the major royal jelly proteins as an alternative to fetal bovine serum in culturing human cell lines." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B 17, no. 6 (June 2016): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.b1500295.

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Buttstedt, Anja, Robin F. A. Moritz, and Silvio Erler. "Origin and function of the major royal jelly proteins of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as members of theyellowgene family." Biological Reviews 89, no. 2 (July 16, 2013): 255–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12052.

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Shi, Zhicheng, Hamdard Enayatullah, Zengpeng Lv, Hongjian Dai, Quanwei Wei, Lirong Shen, Babrak Karwand, and Fangxiong Shi. "Freeze-Dried Royal Jelly Proteins Enhanced the Testicular Development and Spermatogenesis in Pubescent Male Mice." Animals 9, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9110977.

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Spermatogenesis and hormones secretions are crucial endocrine and physiological process for maintaining the life. Royal Jelly (RJ) bioactive components are Major Royal Jelly Proteins (MRJPs), owing exceptional biological properties. However, the effects of RJ on pup’s testicular development during neonatal and pubertal period exposure hasn’t been adequately studied. The aim of the study was to detect neonatal sexual hormones concentration and histopathological changes on testicular development of the male progeny after oral exposure to freeze-dried RJ for 35 consecutive days. After mice give birth, male pups were collected together, separated by sex, and randomly standardized to seven (7) male pups per dam. Male pups were assigned to control diet (CON group), low dose RJ (L-RJ group) diet (control diet + 125 mg/kg/day RJ), moderate dose RJ (M-RJ group) diet (control diet + 250 mg/kg/day RJ) and high dose of RJ (H-RJ group) diet (control diet + 500 mg/kg/day RJ). After weaning, male pups were continuously fed with freeze-dried RJ until the age of PNDs 35. The results revealed that, oral M-RJ (250 mg/kg/day) administration significantly (p < 0.05) increased the testis weight, the diameter of seminiferous tubule and the height of seminiferous epithelium of offspring mice at PNDs 14. However, high-dose RJ (500 mg/kg/day) decreased the diameter of seminiferous tubule but increased the height of seminiferous epithelium of male offspring (p < 0.05) at the same time point. Furthermore, oral M-RJ treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the testis weight and spermatogenesis at PNDs 21. Whereas, oral H-RJ treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the diameter of seminiferous tubule and the height of seminiferous epithelium at PNDs 21. At PNDs 35, oral M-RJ treatment increased the testis weight, the diameter of seminiferous tubule and the level of FSH. While, high-dose of RJ reduced testis weight and size (diameter of seminiferous tubule and height of seminiferous epithelium), ratio of apoptotic germ cells and incomplete spermatogenesis collectively. In addition, sexual hormone secretions (FSH, LH, E2) were decreased after RJs treatment (L-RJ, M-RJ, H-RJ) at PNDs 21 respectively. In conclusion, the results concluded that oral administration of low and moderate doses of RJ could enhance the development of testis at neonate period until pubescent, whereas unfavorable adverse effects induced by high dose of RJ might remain.

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Wan, Xuehua. "Comparative Genome Analyses Reveal the Genomic Traits and Host Plant Adaptations of Flavobacterium akiainvivens IK-1T." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 4910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20194910.

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The genus Flavobacterium contains a large group of commensal bacteria identified in diverse terrestrial and aquatic habitats. We compared the genome of a new species Flavobacterium akiainvivens IK-1T to public available genomes of Flavobacterium species to reveal the genomic traits and ecological roles of IK-1T. Principle component analysis (PCA) of carbohydrate-active enzyme classes suggests that IK-1T belongs to a terrestrial clade of Flavobacterium. In addition, type 2 and type 9 secretion systems involved in bacteria-environment interactions were identified in the IK-1T genome. The IK-1T genome encodes eukaryotic-like domain containing proteins including ankyrin repeats, von Willebrand factor type A domain, and major royal jelly proteins, suggesting that IK-1T may alter plant host physiology by secreting eukaryotic-like proteins that mimic host proteins. A novel two-component system FaRpfC-FaYpdB was identified in the IK-1T genome, which may mediate quorum sensing to regulate global gene expressions. Our findings suggest that comparative genome analyses of Flavobacterium spp. reveal that IK-1T has adapted to a terrestrial niche. Further functional characterizations of IK-1T secreted proteins and their regulation systems will shed light on molecular basis of bacteria-plant interactions in environments.

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Izuta, Hiroshi, Yuichi Chikaraishi, Masamitsu Shimazawa, Satoshi Mishima, and Hideaki Hara. "10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic Acid, a Major Fatty Acid from Royal Jelly, Inhibits VEGF-Induced Angiogenesis in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 6, no. 4 (2009): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nem152.

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is reported to be a potent pro-angiogenic factor that plays a pivotal role in both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Royal jelly (RJ) is a honeybee product containing various proteins, sugars, lipids, vitamins and free amino acids. 10-Hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10HDA), a major fatty acid component of RJ, is known to have various pharmacological effects; its antitumor activity being especially noteworthy. However, the mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. We examined the effect of 10HDA on VEGF-induced proliferation, migration and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our findings showed that, 10HDA at 20 µM or more significantly inhibited such proliferation, migration and tube formation. Similarly, 10 µM GM6001, a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, prevented VEGF-induced migration and tube formation. These findings indicate that 10HDA exerts an inhibitory effect on VEGF-induced angiogenesis, partly by inhibiting both cell proliferation and migration. Further experiments will be needed to clarify the detailed mechanism.

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Jiang, Weijian, Meirong Ying, Jinjie Zhang, Zongyan Cui, Qi Chen, Yong Chen, Jiajun Wang, Fang Fang, and Lirong Shen. "Quantification of major royal jelly proteins using ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry and application in honey authenticity." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 97 (April 2021): 103801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103801.

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Zhang, Xiaochen, Xinyang Lu, Yingjun Zhou, Xinyu Guo, and Yaning Chang. "Major royal jelly proteins prevents NAFLD by improving mitochondrial function and lipid accumulation through activating the AMPK / SIRT3 pathway in vitro." Journal of Food Science 86, no. 3 (February 13, 2021): 1105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.15625.

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39

Jiang, Chen-min, Xin Liu, Chun-xue Li, Hao-cheng Qian, Di Chen, Chao-qiang Lai, and Li-rong Shen. "Anti-senescence effect and molecular mechanism of the major royal jelly proteins on human embryonic lung fibroblast (HFL-I) cell line." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B 19, no. 12 (December 2018): 960–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.b1800257.

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40

Su, Songkun, Stefan Albert, Shenglu Chen, and Boxiong Zhong. "Molecular cloning and analysis of four cDNAs from the heads of Apis cerana cerana nurse honeybees coding for major royal jelly proteins." Apidologie 36, no. 3 (July 2005): 389–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2005026.

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41

Chakrabarti, Priyadarshini, and Ramesh R. Sagili. "Changes in Honey Bee Head Proteome in Response to Dietary 24-Methylenecholesterol." Insects 11, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11110743.

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Phytosterols are important micronutrients that are precursors of important molting hormones and help maintain cellular membrane integrity in insects including bees. Previous research has shown that 24-methylenecholesterol is a key phytosterol that enhances honey bee longevity and improves nurse bee physiology. Nurse bees have the ability to selectively transfer this sterol to developing larvae through brood food. This study examines the physiological impacts of 24-methylenecholesterol on nurse bees, by analyzing the protein profiles of nurse bee heads upon dietary sterol manipulation. Dietary experimental groups consisting of newly emerged honey bees were provided with varying concentrations of 24-methylenecholesterol for three weeks. At the end of the study, honey bees were collected and proteomic analysis was performed on honey bee heads. A total of 1715 proteins were identified across experimental groups. The mean relative abundances of nutritional marker proteins (viz. major royal jelly proteins 1, 4, 5, 7) were higher in experimental groups supplemented with higher dietary sterol concentrations, when compared with the control dietary group. The mean relative abundances of important enzymatic proteins (aminopeptidase and calcium-transporting ATPase) were higher in control groups, whereas mean relative abundances of oxysterol-binding protein and fatty acid-binding protein were higher in higher dietary sterol groups.

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42

Lazarevska, Sofija, and Petre Makreski. "Insights into the infrared and Raman spectra of fresh and lyophilized royal jelly and protein degradation IR spectroscopy study during heating." Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 34, no. 1 (May 5, 2015): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2015.669.

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<p> In terms of chemical composition, a honeybee secretion known as royal jelly (RJ) is very complex product containing water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, mineral salts and small amounts of polyphenols, vitamins and enzymes. Despite its chemical diversity, the bands originating from vibrational modes of the present proteins were successfully assigned in 1800–1200 cm<sup>–1</sup> (Raman and IR) region where the interference of bands from other vibrational species is not substantial. The protein bands were attributed to amide I, amide II and amide III modes and their intensities, additionally, enabled to determine the protein secondary structures. The remaining bands up to 4000 cm<sup>–1</sup> were attributed to other group vibrations whereas the region below 1200 cm<sup>–1 </sup>comprises bands from complex interacting modes within the major RJ components that can not be unequivocally attributed to distinct modes. The work also represents a pioneering effort to collect and interpret the Raman spectrum of fresh and lyophilized RJ samples and to correlate and describe the observed similarities/differences between IR and Raman spectra.</p>

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43

Blank, S., F. I. Bantleon, M. McIntyre, M. Ollert, and E. Spillner. "The major royal jelly proteins 8 and 9 (Api m 11) are glycosylated components ofApis melliferavenom with allergenic potential beyond carbohydrate-based reactivity." Clinical & Experimental Allergy 42, no. 6 (January 27, 2012): 976–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03966.x.

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Lewkowski, Oleg, Carmen I. Mureșan, Dirk Dobritzsch, Matthew Fuszard, and Silvio Erler. "The Effect of Diet on the Composition and Stability of Proteins Secreted by Honey Bees in Honey." Insects 10, no. 9 (September 2, 2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10090282.

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Honey proteins are essential bee nutrients and antimicrobials that protect honey from microbial spoilage. The majority of the honey proteome includes bee-secreted peptides and proteins, produced in specialised glands; however, bees need to forage actively for nitrogen sources and other basic elements of protein synthesis. Nectar and pollen of different origins can vary significantly in their nutritional composition and other compounds such as plant secondary metabolites. Worker bees producing and ripening honey from nectar might therefore need to adjust protein secretions depending on the quality and specific contents of the starting material. Here, we assessed the impact of different food sources (sugar solutions with different additives) on honey proteome composition and stability, using controlled cage experiments. Honey-like products generated from sugar solution with or without additional protein, or plant secondary metabolites, differed neither in protein quality nor in protein quantity among samples. Storage for 4 weeks prevented protein degradation in most cases, without differences between food sources. The honey-like product proteome included several major royal jelly proteins, alpha-glucosidase and glucose oxidase. As none of the feeding regimes resulted in different protein profiles, we can conclude that worker bees may secrete a constant amount of each bee-specific protein into honey to preserve this highly valuable hive product.

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Korb, Judith, Karen Meusemann, Denise Aumer, Abel Bernadou, Daniel Elsner, Barbara Feldmeyer, Susanne Foitzik, et al. "Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the mechanisms underpinning ageing and fecundity in social insects." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1823 (March 8, 2021): 20190728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0728.

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The exceptional longevity of social insect queens despite their lifelong high fecundity remains poorly understood in ageing biology. To gain insights into the mechanisms that might underlie ageing in social insects, we compared gene expression patterns between young and old castes (both queens and workers) across different lineages of social insects (two termite, two bee and two ant species). After global analyses, we paid particular attention to genes of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 signalling (IIS)/target of rapamycin (TOR)/juvenile hormone (JH) network, which is well known to regulate lifespan and the trade-off between reproduction and somatic maintenance in solitary insects. Our results reveal a major role of the downstream components and target genes of this network (e.g. JH signalling, vitellogenins, major royal jelly proteins and immune genes) in affecting ageing and the caste-specific physiology of social insects, but an apparently lesser role of the upstream IIS/TOR signalling components. Together with a growing appreciation of the importance of such downstream targets, this leads us to propose the TI–J–LiFe ( T OR/ I IS– J H– Li fespan and Fe cundity) network as a conceptual framework for understanding the mechanisms of ageing and fecundity in social insects and beyond. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?’

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Nguyen, Thanh Trung, Yuki Kambe, and Atsuro Miyata. "Chronic Royal Jelly Administration Induced Antidepressant-Like Effects Through Increased Sirtuin1 and Oxidative Phosphorylation Protein Expression in the Amygdala of Mice." Current Molecular Pharmacology 14, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874467213666200424160153.

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Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common psychological disorder worldwide. However, one-third of patients with MDD are resistant to the present antidepressant medicine which regulates monoamine contents in the brain. Thus, another drug target is strongly required. Much evidence strongly suggests that sirtuin1, which is the key factor to regulate mitochondrial activity, may be implicated in MDD. Objective: Since it is suggested that royal jelly (RJ) ameliorated depressive-like behavior and affected mitochondrial activity in mice, we hypothesized RJ could be an alternative medicine against MDD which acts via sirtuin1 signaling to improve mitochondrial activity. Methods: In the present study, we applied a mouse model of MDD to investigate the effect of RJ on the depressive-like behavior and the sirtuin1 signaling on mitochondrial activity. Results: Our results indicated that either the oral administration of RJ for 12 days or single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection decreased the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test, which suggested that RJ had an antidepressant-like effect. Moreover, sirtuin1 protein expression increased in mice following RJ treatment in the amygdala region, but not in the other brain regions. Similarly, the expressions of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) related proteins increased in the amygdala regions, but not in the hippocampal regions. Conclusion: The increase of sirtuin1 and OXPHOS protein expression may at least in part contribute to the antidepressant-like effect of the RJ pathway, and RJ may have the potential to be a novel antidepressant drug.

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47

Shen, Miaoqing, Liwang Cui, Nancy Ostiguy, and Diana Cox-Foster. "Intricate transmission routes and interactions between picorna-like viruses (Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus) with the honeybee host and the parasitic varroa mite." Journal of General Virology 86, no. 8 (August 1, 2005): 2281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.80824-0.

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Viral diseases of honeybees are a major problem in apiculture, causing serious economic losses worldwide, especially in combination with varroa mites. To increase understanding of the relationship among viruses, mites and colony decline, the tripartite relationships among bees, viruses [Kashmir bee virus (KBV) and sacbrood virus (SBV)] and varroa mites have been investigated systematically. To develop an antibody-based test for KBV, two structural recombinant proteins were purified for polyclonal-antibody production. By using ELISA and RT-PCR, the presence of KBV and SBV was studied comparatively in different developmental stages and castes of bees. The results demonstrated that KBV may persist as a viral genome with extremely low levels of viral-capsid proteins and that KBV and SBV can co-infect honeybees. This study indicated the presence of KBV and SBV RNAs in both queens and eggs by RT-PCR, suggesting a route of transovarial transmission. Horizontal transmission is also very likely among adult bees and from adult workers to larvae through contaminated food resources, because both viruses have been detected in all developmental stages and food sources (brood food, honey, pollen and royal jelly). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that mites were another possible route of horizontal transmission, as both viruses were detected in mites and their saliva. This study, for the first time, detected co-occurrence of viruses in varroa, further underlining the importance of the mites in vectoring different bee viruses. Therefore, these results indicated that multiple infection routes exist for honeybee viral diseases.

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48

Ceolin Mariano, Douglas Oscar, Úrsula Castro de Oliveira, André Junqueira Zaharenko, Daniel Carvalho Pimenta, Gandhi Rádis-Baptista, and Álvaro Rossan de Brandão Prieto-da-Silva. "Bottom-Up Proteomic Analysis of Polypeptide Venom Components of the Giant Ant Dinoponera Quadriceps." Toxins 11, no. 8 (July 29, 2019): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11080448.

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Ant species have specialized venom systems developed to sting and inoculate a biological cocktail of organic compounds, including peptide and polypeptide toxins, for the purpose of predation and defense. The genus Dinoponera comprises predatory giant ants that inoculate venom capable of causing long-lasting local pain, involuntary shaking, lymphadenopathy, and cardiac arrhythmias, among other symptoms. To deepen our knowledge about venom composition with regard to protein toxins and their roles in the chemical–ecological relationship and human health, we performed a bottom-up proteomics analysis of the crude venom of the giant ant D. quadriceps, popularly known as the “false” tocandiras. For this purpose, we used two different analytical approaches: (i) gel-based proteomics approach, wherein the crude venom was resolved by denaturing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and all protein bands were excised for analysis; (ii) solution-based proteomics approach, wherein the crude venom protein components were directly fragmented into tryptic peptides in solution for analysis. The proteomic data that resulted from these two methodologies were compared against a previously annotated transcriptomic database of D. quadriceps, and subsequently, a homology search was performed for all identified transcript products. The gel-based proteomics approach unequivocally identified nine toxins of high molecular mass in the venom, as for example, enzymes [hyaluronidase, phospholipase A1, dipeptidyl peptidase and glucose dehydrogenase/flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) quinone] and diverse venom allergens (homologous of the red fire ant Selenopsis invicta) and venom-related proteins (major royal jelly-like). Moreover, the solution-based proteomics revealed and confirmed the presence of several hydrolases, oxidoreductases, proteases, Kunitz-like polypeptides, and the less abundant inhibitor cysteine knot (ICK)-like (knottin) neurotoxins and insect defensin. Our results showed that the major components of the D. quadriceps venom are toxins that are highly likely to damage cell membranes and tissue, to cause neurotoxicity, and to induce allergic reactions, thus, expanding the knowledge about D. quadriceps venom composition and its potential biological effects on prey and victims.

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Habashy, Noha H., and Marwa M. Abu-Serie. "The potential antiviral effect of major royal jelly protein2 and its isoform X1 against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Insight on their sialidase activity and molecular docking." Journal of Functional Foods 75 (December 2020): 104282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2020.104282.

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50

Kazemi, Vida, Mojtaba Mojtahedzadeh, Seyed Davar Siadat, Abbas Hadjiakhondi, Abdulghani Ameri, Sara Ahmadi Badi, Azadeh Manayi, and Mahdi Bagheri. "Evaluation the Effect of Royal Jelly on the Growth of Two Members of Gut Microbiota; Bacteroides fragillis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron." Journal of Contemporary Medical Sciences 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2019): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.22317/jcms.v5i1.518.

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Objective: In this study the effect of Royal jelly on the growth of two important members of Bacteroides spp.; Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, was evaluated. Also the physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity effects of Royal jelly on Caco-2 cell line as gastrointestinal epithelial cell model, assessed. Methods : Bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron were grown on brain heart infusion (BHI) broth medium supplemented with Royal jelly in 3 different concentrations (2.5, 5 and 10% v/v), both of the bacteria (1.5Ã—108 cfu/mL) were inoculated to BHI broth contained Royal jelly in anaerobic condition. To calculate the bacterial optical density (OD), the absorbance was measured at 600 nm after an overnight. Also Caco-2 cells, was used to study the effects of Royal jelly on epithelial cell viability, and the Physicochemical properties consist of total proteins, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, total lipids, ash and moisture by UV-VIS spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods were evaluated . Results: The growth of B. fragillis and B. thetaiotaomicron were increased by Royal jelly (2.5, 5 and 10% v/v concentrations) and the results indicated that Royal jelly increased the growth of bacteria in a dose dependent manner (p<0.001). In addition MTT assay showed more than 95% viability of Caco-2 cells treated with Royal jelly. The Iranian Royal jelly sample contains 59.01% water, 11.57% proteins, 12% lipids, 12.63 % polysaccharide and 5% mineral. Conclusion: The present study showed that Royal jelly has a potential effect in the preserving gut microbiota and it is suggested that Royal jelly as a complementary and alternative medicine can be used to treatment diseases are associated with gut microbiota- host interactions and immune regulating. Although we need to expand our knowledge by designing clinical trials to conï¬rm the therapeutic effects of Royal jelly on gut microbiota modulation as a barrier function.

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