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Journal articles on the topic 'Major psychoses'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

McGuire, P. K., P. Jones, P. McGuffin, and R. M. Murray. "‘Cannabis psychosis’ and the major psychoses." Schizophrenia Research 9, no. 2-3 (April 1993): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(93)90126-4.

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2

Guinness, E. A. "II. Brief Reactive Psychosis and the Major Functional Psychoses: Descriptive Case Studies in Africa." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, S16 (April 1992): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296773.

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In a three-year prospective study of service-based incidence of functional psychoses in Africa, 94 cases of brief reactive psychosis were compared with 56 cases of schizophreniform syndromes, 29 cases of DSM-III schizophrenia and 14 of manic-depressive psychosis. This was supplemented by retrospective study of the same syndromes not in their first episode. Brief reactive psychosis was found to be a composite syndrome. The 50% with preceding depression were a distinct group, in terms of course and demographic features. Of those with intense prodromal anxiety, most were a single episode precipitated by a major life event, a few showed a recurrent long-term pattern. Schizophrenia was heralded, or presented unequivocally months or years later, in 10-20%. The schizophreniform group comprised a range of atypical psychoses intermediate between the transient and major psychoses. The pattern of precipitants and the over-representation of education and paid employment in the acute syndromes, compared with the major psychoses, in a society which was largely first-generation educated, suggested a link with rapid social change.

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3

Ungvari, Gabor Sandor, and Paul Edward Mullen. "Reactive Psychoses Revisited." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (June 2000): 458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00752.x.

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Objective and Method: This paper describes the overlap between reactive (psychogenic) psychosis and other brief psychotic episodes, and explores the gradual disappearance of reactive psychoses as a distinct nosological entity from international classifications. Clinical and conceptual issues concerning reactive psychosis are examined on the basis of a critical review of major classical and modern papers. A brief illustrative case history is also provided. Results: Reactive psychoses are conceptualised as severe disturbances of mental state, on occasion chameleon-like in their shifting form and content, arising in response to a stressful event or life situation. Reactive psychoses have an abrupt onset and usually run their course to complete resolution in a matter of days or weeks. Precipitants include overwhelming fear, threat of imminent destruction, social isolation (as can occur with imprisonment, immigration or deafness), bereavement and intense sexual or interpersonal conflicts. The emergence of a reactive psychosis usually occurs against the background of a predisposing vulnerability in terms of personality disorder, organic impairment, or a history of sensitising experiences, occasionally operating in combination. Conclusions: The increasing failure to recognise reactive psychoses diminishes clinical psychiatry because it removes an important opportunity for understanding mental disorder in terms of an integration, and totalisation, of developmental history, psychological makeup, social context and current realities, and in so doing lessens our awareness of the links between psychosis and our common humanity.

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4

SCHRIFT, MICHAEL J., HANUMAIAH BANDLA, PRAMOD SHAH, and MICHAEL ALAN TAYLOR. "Interhemispheric Transfer in Major Psychoses." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 174, no. 4 (April 1986): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198604000-00002.

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5

Filatova, S., R. Marttila, H. Koivumaa-Honkanen, T. Nordström, J. Veijola, P. Mäki, G. M. Khandaker, et al. "A comparison of the cumulative incidence and early risk factors for psychotic disorder in young adults in the Northern Finland Birth Cohorts 1966 and 1986." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 26, no. 3 (March 28, 2016): 314–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796016000123.

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Aims.Few studies have compared time trends for the incidence of psychosis. To date, the results have been inconsistent, showing a decline, an increase or no significant change. As far as we know, no studies explored changes in prevalence of early risk factors. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in early risk factors and cumulative incidences of psychosis by type of psychosis in two comparable birth cohorts.Methods.The Northern Finland Birth cohorts (NFBCs) 1966 (N = 12 058) and 1986 (N = 9432) are prospective general population-based cohorts with the children followed since mother's mid-pregnancy. The data for psychoses, i.e. schizophrenia (narrow, spectrum), bipolar disorder with psychotic features, major depressive episode with psychotic features, brief psychosis and other psychoses (ICD 8–10) were collected from nationwide registers including both inpatients and outpatients. The data on early risk factors including sex and place of birth of the offspring, parental age and psychosis, maternal education at birth were prospectively collected from the population registers. The follow-up reached until the age of 27 years.Results.An increase in the cumulative incidence of all psychoses was seen (1.01% in NFBC 1966 v. 1.90% in NFBC 1986; p < 0.001), which was due to an increase in diagnosed affective and other psychoses. Earlier onset of cases and relatively more psychoses in women were observed in the NFBC 1986. Changes in prevalence of potential early risk factors were identified, but only parental psychosis was a significant predictor in both cohorts (hazard ratios ≥3.0; 95% CI 1.86–4.88). The difference in psychosis incidence was not dependent on changes in prevalence of studied early risk factors.Conclusions.Surprisingly, increase in the cumulative incidence of psychosis and also changes in the types of psychoses were found between two birth cohorts 20 years apart. The observed differences could be due to real changes in incidence or they can be attributable to changes in diagnostic practices, or to early psychosis detection and treatment.

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6

Horn, Rolf. "The Concept of Delirium in German-Speaking Psychiatry." International Psychogeriatrics 3, no. 2 (December 1991): 209–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610291000674.

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The concept of delirium has gone through a major transformation in German-speaking psychiatry. In the traditional German-speaking literature, the concept was defined in very broad terms, partially corresponding to our present concept of psychosis. Today, the term is usually interpreted in terms of Bonhoeffer's “acute exogenous reaction types” which are classified under the reversible psychoses with “lowered consciousness”; the reversible (acute) organic psychoses are subdivided into those with and those without disturbance of consciousness.

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7

Echeverría Hernández, N., M. D. M. Lázaro Redondo, F. de la Torre Brasas, A. Duque Domínguez, A. Mas Villaseñor, C. García Montero, L. Martín Díaz, and M. Otalora Navarro. "Psychoses of epilepsy – “Acute attacks of insanity”. What literature says and how we act." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S630. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2364.

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IntroductionPatients with epilepsy seem particularly liable to certain major psychiatric disorders. Prevalence of schizophrenia within an epileptic population varies between 3% and 7% (1% in general population). The aetiology is possibly multifactorial (drugs and neurosurgery).ObjectivesTo study comorbidity between psychoses and epilepsy and management in the literature and in our patients.AimsTo analyze factors that might influence the onset of psychoses within an epileptic population and how this potential association could influence our practice.MethodsPubMed search was conducted with interest in psychoses of epilepsy, pharmacology, and comorbidity. Up to 10 variables related with factors influencing psychotic episodes that required hospital admission in three patients with epilepsy were studied.ResultsUnlike published data, our patients did not have postictal psychoses. All cases had early onset temporal lobe epilepsy with no seizure activity since diagnosis (more than 20 years). No family history of either epilepsy or psychoses. Management included lamotrigine, oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine, zonisamide, and levetiracetam in conventional doses. The psychosis, which comprised affective, schizophrenic, and confusional elements, lasted longer and was more troublesome than psychosis in non-epileptic patients. Response to neuroleptics was poorer than in non-epileptic patients with psychoses. Consultation with Neurology Unit resulted in end of treatment with zonisamide and levetiracetam.ConclusionsLess than perfect evidence suggests the association between psychosis and epilepsy. In our patients, no postictal cases were recorded. Management showed poorer effect of neuroleptics when compared with non-epileptics, and zonisamide and levetiracetam were changed for other drugs with presumably lower association with psychoses.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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8

Lloyd, Andrew, Gavin Dixon, Xu Feng Huang, Phillip Ward, Stan Catts, Ian Hickie, and Denis Wakefield. "Molecular Biology and the Major Psychoses." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 31, no. 1 (February 1997): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679709073794.

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Objective:To highlight the potential role of molecular biological studies in examining the expression of genes of interest in brain tissue to elucidate the pathophysiological basis of the major psychoses. Method:To review the principles underlying the available techniques for expression studies. Results:Detection of messenger RNA by in situ hybridisation and quantitation by Northern analysis are powerful tools to detect abnormalities in gene expression in brain tissue. Conclusion:The availability of simple techniques to examine the expression of RNA and protein products of individual genes, including examination at the level of individual cells, offers a clear opportunity to define the molecular basis of the major psychoses.

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9

Kanba, S., G. Yagi, T. Suzuki, and K. Kamijima. "ZONISAMIDE IN EXCITEMENT OF MAJOR PSYCHOSES." Clinical Neuropharmacology 15 (1992): 441B. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199202001-00857.

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10

Serretti, Alessandro, Roberta Lilli, Cristina Lorenzi, Enrico Lattuada, Cristina Cusin, and Enrico Smeraldi. "Tryptophan hydroxylase gene and major psychoses." Psychiatry Research 103, no. 1 (August 2001): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(01)00269-4.

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11

Maier, W. "A continuum model for major psychoses." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 294S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)88114-0.

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12

Rebec, George V. "Review of Pathochemical Markers in Major Psychoses." Contemporary Psychology 30, no. 12 (December 1985): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/023428.

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13

OKAZAKI, YUJI. "Morphological brain imaging studies on major psychoses." Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 52, S6 (December 1998): S215—S218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.1998.tb03225.x.

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14

Crow, T. J. "The Search for the Psychosis Gene." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 5 (May 1991): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.5.611.

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The major psychoses remain an enigma. Affective and schizophrenic psychoses are apparently present (probably at about the same lifetime prevalence of approximately 2%) in all human societies. Yet their aetiology is obscure. While a genetic contribution is acknowledged by most authorities, few accept that genes are a sufficient explanation of causation because: onset is in adult life; psychosis – particularly schizophrenia – is associated with a substantial fertility disadvantage; and most cases lack a family history of illness. But genetic determination has to be considered because onset is determined by chronological age rather than environmental insult (Crow & Done, 1986), adoption away from a family with schizophrenia does not reduce risk of illness, and no plausible environmental precipitant of psychosis has been identified. The fact that psychosis occurs across widely differing climatic, industrial, and social environments without obvious variations in incidence suggests that the disease is relatively independent of the external milieu. The suggestion that birth injury is relevant has been tested in a prospective study (the National Child Development Study) and found wanting (Done et al, 1991).

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15

Ritsner, Michael, Rena Kurs, Anatoly Gibel, Shmuel Hirschmann, Evgeny Shinkarenko, and Yael Ratner. "Predictors of Quality of Life in Major Psychoses." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64, no. 3 (March 15, 2003): 308–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v64n0313.

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16

Liberg, Benny, Christoffer Rahm, Anita Panayiotou, and Christos Pantelis. "Brain change trajectories that differentiate the major psychoses." European Journal of Clinical Investigation 46, no. 7 (June 15, 2016): 658–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eci.12641.

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17

Serretti, A., R. Lilli, C. Lorenzi, E. Lattuada, C. Cusin, and E. Smeraldi. "Serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and major psychoses." Molecular Psychiatry 7, no. 1 (January 2002): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4000936.

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18

Maes, M., A. Lin, C. Altamura, H. Y. Meltzer, E. Bosmans, R. De Jong, and G. Kenis. "Impact of pscyhoimmunology in research at major psychoses." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 293S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)88113-9.

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19

&NA;. "Session IX. New Studies of the Major Psychoses." Psychiatric Genetics 5, Supplement (August 1995): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00041444-199508001-00011.

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20

Altamura, A. C., M. C. Mauri, A. Ferrara, and G. D'Andrea. "Plasma and platelets glutamate levels in major psychoses." Schizophrenia Research 9, no. 2-3 (April 1993): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-9964(93)90461-q.

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21

Crow, T. J. "Sex Chromosomes and Psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 153, no. 5 (November 1988): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.153.5.675.

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Although the incidence of the recurrent psychoses (bipolar affective illness and schizophrenia) in the two sexes is approximately equal, gender influences a number of aspects of major psychiatric disease: unipolar depressive illness is twice as common in females, onset of schizophrenia is earlier and outcome is worse in males, and pairs of psychotic first-degree relatives are more often than expected of the same sex. In addition, sex chromosomal aneuploidies (e.g. XXY and XXX) are more frequent in patients with psychosis. Some of these findings can be explained if there is a major locus of predisposition to psychiatric disease in the ‘pseudoautosomal’ region of the sex chromosomes – that distal segment of the short arms in which there is genetic exchange between X and Y chromosomes at male meiosis. A gene located here would be transmitted in an autosomal manner, but would be passed above chance expectation to children of the same sex when inherited through a male. In that this segment of the sex chromosomes is subject to a high rate of recombination (which could generate new mutations), and may include determinants of brain lateralisation, it appears that the pseudoautosomal region could carry the genes which predispose to the major psychoses.

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22

Carlo Altamura, Gin S Malhi, A. "Topics in contemporary psychiatric practice: Compliance in major psychoses." International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice 4, no. 1 (January 2000): 81–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13651500050518451.

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23

Lohr, James B., and Michael P. Caligiuri. "Motor asymmetry, a neurobiologic abnormality in the major psychoses." Psychiatry Research 57, no. 3 (August 1995): 279–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(95)02725-c.

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24

Satsumi, Y., and S. Oda. "The insanity defence: Offenders with major psychoses in Japan." Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (September 1995): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09585189508409902.

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25

Saleem, Quasar, M. Vijayakumar, Mousumi Mutsuddi, Neerja Chowdhary, Sanjeev Jain, and Samir K. Brahmachari. "Variation at the MJD locus in the major psychoses." American Journal of Medical Genetics 81, no. 5 (September 7, 1998): 440–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19980907)81:5<440::aid-ajmg14>3.0.co;2-c.

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26

Serretti, Alessandro, Roberta Lilli, Daniela Di Bella, Sara Bertelli, Maria Nobile, Emanuela Novelli, Marco Catalano, and Enrico Smeraldi. "Dopamine receptorD4 gene is not associated with major psychoses." American Journal of Medical Genetics 88, no. 5 (October 15, 1999): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<486::aid-ajmg10>3.0.co;2-p.

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27

Serretti, Alessandro, Marcella Rietschel, Enrico Lattuada, Harald Krauss, Thomas G. Schulze, Daniel J. Müller, Wolfgang Maier, and Enrico Smeraldi. "Major psychoses symptomatology: factor analysis of 2241 psychotic subjects." European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 251, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004060170040.

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28

Bora, E., M. Yucel, A. Fornito, M. Berk, and C. Pantelis. "Major psychoses with mixed psychotic and mood symptoms: are mixed psychoses associated with different neurobiological markers?" Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 118, no. 3 (September 2008): 172–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01230.x.

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29

Kitamura, Toshinori, Yuji Okazaki, Akira Fujinawa, Masahiro Yoshino, and Yomishi Kasahara. "Symptoms of Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 166, no. 2 (February 1995): 236–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.166.2.236.

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BackgroundThe literature on the statistical analysis of symptoms of psychoses was limited to positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. The present study explored the relationship between positive and negative symptoms as well as affective symptoms in a wider category of psychotic disorders.MethodThe symptoms of 584 psychiatric patients, consecutively admitted to any of the 95 mental hospitals in Japan, were studied. They manifested at least one of the following: (a) delusions, (b) hallucinations, (c) formal thought disorder, (d) catatonic symptoms, or (e) negative (defect) symptoms.ResultsFactor analysis yielded five factors interpretable as (a) manic symptoms, (b) depressive symptoms, (c) negative (defect) symptoms and formal thought disorders, (d) positive (psychotic) symptoms, and (e) catatonic symptoms.ConclusionThese results suggest that although major symptoms seen among psychotic patients can be categorised into positive, negative, manic, and depressive groups, corresponding to current knowledge of phenomenology, catatonic symptoms constitute a discrete syndrome, while formal thought disorders merge into the negative syndrome.

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30

Bamrah, J. S., and J. Johnson. "Bipolar Affective Disorder Following Head Injury." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 1 (January 1991): 117–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.1.117.

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A patient developed distinct episodes of major depressive illness, schizophreniform psychoses and mania as well as focal epilepsy following head injury. Head injury may be directly causative in the development of affective psychoses, in this case secondary bipolar (mixed) disorder.British Journal of Psychiatry (1991), 158, 117–119

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31

Altamura, Alfredo Carlo, Marta Serati, and Massimiliano Buoli. "Is duration of illness really influencing outcome in major psychoses?" Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 69, no. 6 (March 13, 2015): 1685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08039488.2014.990919.

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32

Serretti, Alessandro, Laura Mandelli, Enrico Lattuada, and Enrico Smeraldi. "Depressive syndrome in major psychoses: a study on 1351 subjects." Psychiatry Research 127, no. 1-2 (June 2004): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2003.12.025.

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33

Hess, Jonathan, and Stephen J. Glatt. "GENE EXPRESSION SIGNATURES FROM PERIPHERAL BLOOD DISCRIMINATE THE MAJOR PSYCHOSES." European Neuropsychopharmacology 29 (2019): S832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.08.091.

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34

Leboyer, Marion, and Peter McGuffin. "Collaborative Strategies in the Molecular Genetics of the Major Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 158, no. 5 (May 1991): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.158.5.605.

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Most authorities now agree that a genetic contribution is the best established aetiological factor in manic-depressive illness (McGuffin & Katz, 1989) and schizophrenia (Gottesman & Shields, 1982). In both cases the size of the genetic contribution is substantial, as reflected in estimates of broad heritability (the proportion of total phenotypic variance accounted for by genes) of 60–80%. However, the evidence in favour of a genetic contribution from family, twin and adoption studies tells us that we are dealing with complex conditions which do not have simple Mendelian modes of transmission and in which environmental influences almost certainly play a part. The main debate about mode of transmission has centred upon whether it is entirely polygenic (i.e. dependent upon the action of many different genes, each of small effect) or whether for each of the major psychoses there is a gene of major effect.

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35

Voineskos, Daphne, Vincenzo De Luca, Stuart MacGregor, Olga Likhodi, Laura Miller, Aristotle N. Voineskos, and James L. Kennedy. "Neuregulin 1 and age of onset in the major psychoses." Journal of Neural Transmission 116, no. 4 (January 28, 2009): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00702-008-0182-9.

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36

Strelnikova, I. M., and H. M. Kozhina. "EXPERIENCE OF EXTENDING ANTIPSYCHOTIC AID TO WOMEN WITH EPILEPSY COMPLICATED BY PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS." Inter Collegas 4, no. 2 (July 22, 2017): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.35339/ic.4.2.96-101.

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Strelnikova I. M., Kozhina H. M.This research introduces classifications of epileptic psychoses, modern view on aetiopathogenesis mechanisms of formation of epileptic psychoses, different aspects and types of there diseases courses, considers modern recommendation and describes the clinical picture of epileptic psychoses, major approaches to their treatment. The experience in the use of Quetiapine in treating epileptic psychoses has been represented.Key words: Epileptic psychoses, clinical picture, therapy, Quetiapine. ДОСВІД НАДАННЯ АНТИПСИХОТИЧНОЇ ДОПОМОГИ ЖІНКАМ ХВОРИМ НА ЕПІЛЕПСІЮ, ЩО УСКЛАДНИЛАСЬ ПСИХОТИЧНИМИ РОЗЛАДАМИСтрельнікова І.М., Кожина Г.М. У роботі представлено існуючі класифікації епілептичних психозів, проаналізовано сучасний погляд на етіопатогенетичні механізми виникнення епілептичних психозів, різні види та типи їх перебігу, розглянуто існуючі рекомендації надання допомоги цим хворим. Наведено досвіт застосування кветіаіну в лікуванні епілептичних психозів.Ключові слова: Епілептичні психози, клінічна картина, терапія, кветірон. ОПЫТ ОКАЗАНИЯ АНТИПСИХОТИЧЕСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ ЖЕНЩИНАМ С ЭПИЛЕПСИЕЙ, ОСЛОЖНЕННОЙ ПСИХОТИЧЕСКИМИ НАРУШЕНИЯМИСтрельникова И.Н., Кожина А.М.Резюме: В работе представлены существующие классификации эпилептических психозов, проанализирован современный взгляд на этиопатогенетические механизмы формирования эпилептических психозов, разные виды и типы их течения, рассмотрены существующие рекомендации оказания помощи этим больным. Представлен опыт применения кветиапина в лечении эпилептических психозов.Ключевые слова: Эпилептические психозы, клиническая картина, терапия, кветиапин.

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37

Harvey, I., M. Williams, P. Mcguffin, and B. K. Toone. "The Functional Psychoses in Afro-Caribbeans." British Journal of Psychiatry 157, no. 4 (October 1990): 515–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.157.4.515.

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When 54 Afro-Caribbean and 49 white British consecutive psychotic in-patients were prospectively studied for clinical differences in course of illness and pattern of symptoms, no major differences were found. This does not support the hypothesis that misdiagnosis within the psychoses can explain the higher admission rates of schizophrenia calculated for Afro-Caribbean populations.

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38

Abdolmaleky, Hamid Mostafavi, Jin-Rong Zhou, Sam Thiagalingam, and Cassandra L. Smith. "Epigenetic and pharmacoepigenomic studies of major psychoses and potentials for therapeutics." Pharmacogenomics 9, no. 12 (December 2008): 1809–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14622416.9.12.1809.

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39

Altamura, A. C. "Drug-Resistance Phenomena in Major Psychoses: Their Discrimination and Causal Mechanisms." Clinical Neuropharmacology 13 (1990): S1—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002826-199001001-00001.

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40

Doian, R. J. "Frontal lobe function in the major psychoses-Evidence from functional imaging." Biological Psychiatry 42, no. 1 (July 1997): 76S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(97)87186-7.

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41

Golimbet, V. E., M. V. Alfimova, K. K. Manandyan, N. G. Mitushina, L. I. Abramova, V. G. Kaleda, I. V. Oleichik, YuB Yurov, and V. I. Trubnikov. "5HTR2A gene polymorphism and personality traits in patients with major psychoses." European Psychiatry 17, no. 1 (March 2002): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(02)00623-5.

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SummarySerotonin receptor (5HTR2A) gene polymorphism has been reported to be associated with clinical phenotypes in schizophrenia. The current study attempted to investigate a relationship between 5HTR2A 102T/C polymorphism and personality traits as well as clinical symptoms in patients with ICD-10 diagnoses of schizophrenia and affective disorders. 5HTR2A genotyping, clinical and psychological assessment were administered to 375 patients, 104 first-degree healthy relatives of the patients and 157 controls. In the patients an association was observed between the 2/2 5HTR2A genotype and scores on the Hypochondriasis scale (MMPI) (ANOVA, F = 4.56; P = 0.011) and trait anxiety (F = 4.21; P = 0.002). A significant difference between 1/1 and 2/2 genotypes has been also found for Neuroticism scores (EPI) (t = 2.18; P = 0.0031). No significant differences by 5HTR2A genotype were observed in either the control or first-degree relatives' group for all scales studied. Positive, negative and psychopathological symptoms emerged higher in the 2/2 genotype patients compared to other genotype carriers. Therefore, the 2/2 genotype may contribute to produce the phenotype, with specific clinical and pathological features in common, regardless of nosologic heterogeneity of psychoses.

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Maziade, M., L. Bissonnette, E. Rouillard, M. Martinez, M. Turgeon, L. Charron, V. Pouliot, et al. "6p24–22 Region and Major Psychoses in the Eastern Quebec Population." American Journal of Medical Genetics 74, no. 3 (May 31, 1997): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19970531)74:3<311::aid-ajmg13>3.0.co;2-r.

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Serretti, Alessandro, Enrico Lattuada, Cristina Cusin, Roberta Lilli, Cristina Lorenzi, and Enrico Smeraldi. "Dopamine D3 receptor gene not associated with symptomatology of major psychoses." American Journal of Medical Genetics 88, no. 5 (October 15, 1999): 476–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19991015)88:5<476::aid-ajmg8>3.0.co;2-9.

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Whalley, L. J., J. E. Christie, D. H. R. Blackwood, J. Bennie, H. Dick, I. M. Blackburn, and G. Fink. "Disturbed Endocrine Function in the Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 4 (October 1989): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.462.

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Discriminant function analyses were performed on plasma concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, Cortisol, TSH, and the neurophysins measured over 17 hours in 70 newly admitted drug-free psychiatric patients and 35 control subjects. The hormone data distinguished between patients with different classes of drug-free psychosis (26 schizophrenic, 12 with manic disorder, 10 with major depressive disorder, psychotic subtype, 9 with schizoaffective mania (SAM)). Higher plasma Cortisol and lower TSH concentrations separated eight of nine SAM patients from all others.

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Muir, Walter J., David M. St Clair, Douglas H. R. Blackwood, Hilary M. Roxburgh, and Ian Marshall. "Eye-tracking dysfunction in the affective psychoses and schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 22, no. 3 (August 1992): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700038034.

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SynopsisSmooth pursuit eye movements to a sinusoidally moving target were recorded using the electro-oculogram in 49 subjects with bipolar disorder, 19 with major depressive disorder and 61 with definite schizophrenia, and compared with 145 normal controls. The signals were analysed in the frequency domain to yield a signal to noise ratio that is known to relate to accuracy of smooth pursuit. Smooth pursuit was found to be significantly poorer in schizophrenics than in bipolars, major depressed or controls. Eye-tracking performance was independent of the effects of neuroleptics, tricyclic antidepressants or lithium, and was not altered by the severity of depression in the affective psychoses. There was a small, but significant worsening of smooth pursuit with age in controls and schizophrenics, but this did not account for the group differences. The results support the view that among the major psychoses eye-tracking dysfunction is specific to schizophrenia.

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FEARON, PAUL, JAMES B. KIRKBRIDE, CRAIG MORGAN, PAOLA DAZZAN, KEVIN MORGAN, TUHINA LLOYD, GERARD HUTCHINSON, et al. "Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (August 29, 2006): 1541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008774.

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Background. The incidence of schizophrenia in the African-Caribbean population in England is reported to be raised. We sought to clarify whether (a) the rates of other psychotic disorders are increased, (b) whether psychosis is increased in other ethnic minority groups, and (c) whether particular age or gender groups are especially at risk.Method. We identified all people (n=568) aged 16–64 years presenting to secondary services with their first psychotic symptoms in three well-defined English areas (over a 2-year period in Southeast London and Nottingham and a 9-month period in Bristol). Standardized incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for all major psychosis syndromes for all main ethnic groups were calculated.Results. We found remarkably high IRRs for both schizophrenia and manic psychosis in both African-Caribbeans (schizophrenia 9·1, manic psychosis 8·0) and Black Africans (schizophrenia 5·8, manic psychosis 6·2) in men and women. IRRs in other ethnic minority groups were modestly increased as were rates for depressive psychosis and other psychoses in all minority groups. These raised rates were evident in all age groups in our study.Conclusions. Ethnic minority groups are at increased risk for all psychotic illnesses but African-Caribbeans and Black Africans appear to be at especially high risk for both schizophrenia and mania. These findings suggest that (a) either additional risk factors are operating in African-Caribbeans and Black Africans or that these factors are particularly prevalent in these groups, and that (b) such factors increase risk for schizophrenia and mania in these groups.

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Kingdon, D., L. Taylor, K. Ma, and Y. Kinoshita. "Changing name: changing prospects for psychosis." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 22, no. 4 (September 10, 2013): 297–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796013000486.

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Names matter! Schizophrenia has negative associations which impede individual recovery and induce societal and self-stigmatization. Alternatives have been proposed and are worthy of debate; changes made in Japan have generally been considered successful. The group of ‘schizophrenia and other psychoses’ could be further differentiated based on the major social factors identified, i.e. drug misuse and the effects of severe childhood trauma. The use of appropriate International Classification of Diseases (ICD) coding and definitions could usefully differentiate these groups – the former is a drug-induced psychosis and the latter frequently presents as comorbid schizophrenia and borderline personality disorder (often attracting a diagnosis of schizoaffective disorder). The current established differentiation between early onset (‘stress-sensitive’ – ‘Kraepelinian’ schizophrenia) and later onset (DSM5 delusional disorder, i.e. with ‘non-bizarreness’ criterion removed) psychosis may also be worthy of further investigation to establish validity and reliability. Psychosocially descriptive terms have been found to be more acceptable to patients and perceived as less stigmatizing by others. Subgroups of psychosis with greater homogeneity would benefit research, clinical and therapeutic practice and public understanding, attitudes and behaviour.

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Dolan, R. J., C. J. Bench, P. F. Liddle, K. J. Friston, C. D. Frith, P. M. Grasby, and R. S. Frackowiak. "Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex dysfunction in the major psychoses; symptom or disease specificity?" Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 56, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1290–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.56.12.1290.

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Preti, Antonio, and Paola Miotto. "Increase in first admissions for schizophrenia and other major psychoses in Italy." Psychiatry Research 94, no. 2 (May 2000): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00136-0.

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Sim, K., C. Kuswanto, and M. Y. Sum. "EPA-1457 – Cognitive functioning in major psychoses: delineating diagnostic continuity and discontinuity." European Psychiatry 29 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(14)78650-x.

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