Academic literature on the topic 'Major explosions'
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Journal articles on the topic "Major explosions"
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Kuracina, Richard, and Zuzana Szabová. "Design of Dust Dispersion System for Explosion Chamber KV-150 M2." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.12.988.
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Dust explosions are a major hazard in many industrial processes. In operations such as crushing and grinding, conveying, classifying and storage, an explosion may occur in the presence of combustible dusts or powders. Such explosions can result in loss of production, process equipment and quite possibly human life. This paper is oriented on design of dust dispersion system for explosion chamber KV-150 M2. The explosion chamber KV-150 M2 is designed to measure the explosion parameters of dispersed dusts.
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Kuracina, Richard, and Zuzana Szabová. "Design of Dust Dispersion System for Explosion Chamber KV-150 M2." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 3, no. 12 (December 12, 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2018.3.12.988.
Full textAbstract:
Dust explosions are a major hazard in many industrial processes. In operations such as crushing and grinding, conveying, classifying and storage, an explosion may occur in the presence of combustible dusts or powders. Such explosions can result in loss of production, process equipment and quite possibly human life. This paper is oriented on design of dust dispersion system for explosion chamber KV-150 M2. The explosion chamber KV-150 M2 is designed to measure the explosion parameters of dispersed dusts.
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Corradino, Claudia, Eleonora Amato, Federica Torrisi, Sonia Calvari, and Ciro Del Negro. "Classifying Major Explosions and Paroxysms at Stromboli Volcano (Italy) from Space." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 4080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204080.
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Stromboli volcano has a persistent activity that is almost exclusively explosive. Predominated by low intensity events, this activity is occasionally interspersed with more powerful episodes, known as major explosions and paroxysms, which represent the main hazards for the inhabitants of the island. Here, we propose a machine learning approach to distinguish between paroxysms and major explosions by using satellite-derived measurements. We investigated the high energy explosive events occurring in the period January 2018–April 2021. Three distinguishing features are taken into account, namely (i) the temporal variations of surface temperature over the summit area, (ii) the magnitude of the explosive volcanic deposits emplaced during each explosion, and (iii) the height of the volcanic ash plume produced by the explosive events. We use optical satellite imagery to compute the land surface temperature (LST) and the ash plume height (PH). The magnitude of the explosive volcanic deposits (EVD) is estimated by using multi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) intensity images. Once the input feature vectors were identified, we designed a k-means unsupervised classifier to group the explosive events at Stromboli volcano based on their similarities in two clusters: (1) paroxysms and (2) major explosions. The major explosions are identified by low/medium thermal content, i.e., LSTI around 1.4 °C, low plume height, i.e., PH around 420 m, and low production of explosive deposits, i.e., EVD around 2.5. The paroxysms are extreme events mainly characterized by medium/high thermal content, i.e., LSTI around 2.3 °C, medium/high plume height, i.e., PH around 3330 m, and high production of explosive deposits, i.e., EVD around 10.17. The centroids with coordinates (PH, EVD, LSTI) are: Cp (3330, 10.7, 2.3) for the paroxysms, and Cme (420, 2.5, 1.4) for the major explosions.
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Corradino, Claudia, Eleonora Amato, Federica Torrisi, Sonia Calvari, and Ciro Del Negro. "Classifying Major Explosions and Paroxysms at Stromboli Volcano (Italy) from Space." Remote Sensing 13, no. 20 (October 13, 2021): 4080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13204080.
Full textAbstract:
Stromboli volcano has a persistent activity that is almost exclusively explosive. Predominated by low intensity events, this activity is occasionally interspersed with more powerful episodes, known as major explosions and paroxysms, which represent the main hazards for the inhabitants of the island. Here, we propose a machine learning approach to distinguish between paroxysms and major explosions by using satellite-derived measurements. We investigated the high energy explosive events occurring in the period January 2018–April 2021. Three distinguishing features are taken into account, namely (i) the temporal variations of surface temperature over the summit area, (ii) the magnitude of the explosive volcanic deposits emplaced during each explosion, and (iii) the height of the volcanic ash plume produced by the explosive events. We use optical satellite imagery to compute the land surface temperature (LST) and the ash plume height (PH). The magnitude of the explosive volcanic deposits (EVD) is estimated by using multi-temporal Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) intensity images. Once the input feature vectors were identified, we designed a k-means unsupervised classifier to group the explosive events at Stromboli volcano based on their similarities in two clusters: (1) paroxysms and (2) major explosions. The major explosions are identified by low/medium thermal content, i.e., LSTI around 1.4 °C, low plume height, i.e., PH around 420 m, and low production of explosive deposits, i.e., EVD around 2.5. The paroxysms are extreme events mainly characterized by medium/high thermal content, i.e., LSTI around 2.3 °C, medium/high plume height, i.e., PH around 3330 m, and high production of explosive deposits, i.e., EVD around 10.17. The centroids with coordinates (PH, EVD, LSTI) are: Cp (3330, 10.7, 2.3) for the paroxysms, and Cme (420, 2.5, 1.4) for the major explosions.
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Chapman, M. C., G. A. Bollinger, and M. S. Sibol. "Modeling delay-fired explosion spectra at regional distances." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 82, no. 6 (December 1, 1992): 2430–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0820062430.
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Abstract The objectives of this study are to model the observed seismic spectra from large industrial explosions using information obtained from blaster's logs and to compare the explosion spectra with those of small earthquake signals from the same source region. The data set consists of digital waveforms from four mining explosions (200,000 + lb. of explosives each) and two earthquakes (M = 3.5 and 4.0) in eastern Kentucky. The data were recorded on a short-period regional network at distances ranging from 180 to 400 km and have good signal-to-noise ratios at frequencies from 0.5 to 10 Hz. The explosion amplitude spectra differ markedly from those of the earthquakes, by exhibiting strong time-independent amplitude modulations. This spectral modulation is directly attributable to the explosive charge geometry and firing sequence and is largely independent of source-station path and recording site. Modeling of the explosion source spectra shows that the major contributor to the modulated character of the spectra are amplitude minima at frequencies related to the total duration of the explosion sequence. Another important effect is amplitude reinforcement at low frequencies (e.g., 5 Hz) due to the comparatively long delay (0.2 sec) between the firing of individual rows of explosives. These features dominate both Pg and Lg amplitude spectra at frequencies less than 7 Hz. Accurate modeling of the observed spectra at frequencies greater than a few Hertz requires that the azimuth of the recording site be taken into account. Also, the spectra at higher frequencies become sensitive to random variations in the firing times of any of the various subexplosions.
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Galante, Nicola, Lorenzo Franceschetti, Sara Del Sordo, Michelangelo Bruno Casali, and Umberto Genovese. "Explosion-related deaths: An overview on forensic evaluation and implications." Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology 17, no. 3 (July 1, 2021): 437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12024-021-00383-z.
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Abstract Purpose Explosion-related deaths are uncommon events which require expertise and confidence so that an appropriate death investigation can be performed. The present study aims to provide a detailed forensic analysis of the issues and implications arising in the event of an explosion. Methods A retrospective review of casualty data was conducted on electronic literature databases. Cases concerning deadly explosions registered at the Milan Institute of Legal Medicine were examined and analyzed altogether. Results Explosions may involve closed or open systems. A security assessment of the site is always necessary. Alterations of the site due to rescue procedures can occur; thus, on-site forensic investigation should be adapted to the environment. Then, a study protocol based on autopsy procedures is presented. Application of the postmortem radiology enforces forensic procedures both for the analysis of blast injuries and skeleton fractures, and for identification purposes. Blast injuries typically cause lacerations of the lungs, intestine and major vessels; moreover, hyoid fractures can be documented. Histopathology may help to define blast injuries effectively. Forensic chemistry, toxicology and ballistics provide useful investigative evidence as well as anthropology and genetics. Different forensic topics regarding explosions are discussed through five possible scenarios that forensic pathologists may come across. Scenarios include self-inflicted explosion deaths, domestic explosions, work-related explosions, terrorist events, and explosions caused by accidents involving heavy vehicles. Conclusion The scenarios presented offer a useful instrument to avoid misinterpretations and evaluation errors. Procedural notes and technical aspects are provided to the readers, with an insight on collaboration with other forensic experts.
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Giudicepietro, Flora, Sonia Calvari, Salvatore Alparone, Francesca Bianco, Alessandro Bonaccorso, Valentina Bruno, Teresa Caputo, et al. "Integration of Ground-Based Remote-Sensing and In Situ Multidisciplinary Monitoring Data to Analyze the Eruptive Activity of Stromboli Volcano in 2017–2018." Remote Sensing 11, no. 15 (August 2, 2019): 1813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11151813.
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After a period of mild eruptive activity, Stromboli showed between 2017 and 2018 a reawakening phase, with an increase in the eruptive activity starting in May 2017. The alert level of the volcano was raised from “green” (base) to “yellow” (attention) on 7 December 2017, and a small lava overflowed the crater rim on 15 December 2017. Between July 2017 and August 2018 the monitoring networks recorded nine major explosions, which are a serious hazard for Stromboli because they affect the summit area, crowded by tourists. We studied the 2017–2018 eruptive phase through the analysis of multidisciplinary data comprising thermal video-camera images, seismic, geodetic and geochemical data. We focused on the major explosion mechanism analyzing the well-recorded 1 December 2017 major explosion as a case study. We found that the 2017–2018 eruptive phase is consistent with a greater gas-rich magma supply in the shallow system. Furthermore, through the analysis of the case study major explosion, we identified precursory phases in the strainmeter and seismic data occurring 77 and 38 s before the explosive jet reached the eruptive vent, respectively. On the basis of these short-term precursors, we propose an automatic timely alarm system for major explosions at Stromboli volcano.
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Aiuppa, A., M. Burton, P. Allard, T. Caltabiano, G. Giudice, S. Gurrieri, M. Liuzzo, and G. Salerno. "First experimental evidence for the CO<sub>2</sub>-driven origin of Stromboli's major explosions." Solid Earth Discussions 3, no. 1 (April 19, 2011): 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-3-411-2011.
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Abstract. We report on the first detection of CO2 flux precursors of the till now unforecastable larger than normal ("major") explosions that intermittently occur at Stromboli volcano (Italy). Automated survey of the crater plume emissions in the period 2006–2010, during which 12 such explosions happened, demonstrate that these events are systematically preceded by a brief phase of increasing CO2/SO2 weight ratio (up to >40) and CO2 flux (>1300 t/d) with respect to the time-averaged values of 3.7 and ~500 t/d typical for standard Stromboli's activity. These signals are best explained by the accumulation of CO2-rich gas at a discontinuity of the plumbing system (decreasing CO2 emission at the surface), followed by increasing gas leakage prior to the explosion. Our observations thus support the recent model of Allard (2010) for a CO2-rich gas trigger of recurrent major explosions at Stromboli, and demonstrate the possibility to forecast these events in advance from geochemical precursors. These observations and conclusions have clear implications for monitoring strategies at other open-vent basaltic volcanoes worldwide.
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Aiuppa, A., M. Burton, P. Allard, T. Caltabiano, G. Giudice, S. Gurrieri, M. Liuzzo, and G. Salerno. "First observational evidence for the CO<sub>2</sub>-driven origin of Stromboli's major explosions." Solid Earth 2, no. 2 (July 19, 2011): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-2-135-2011.
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Abstract. We report on the first detection of CO2 flux precursors of the till now unforecastable "major" explosions that intermittently occur at Stromboli volcano (Italy). An automated survey of the crater plume emissions in the period 2006–2010, during which 12 such explosions happened, demonstrated that these events are systematically preceded by a brief phase of increasing CO2/SO2 weight ratio (up to >40) and CO2 flux (>1300 t d−1) with respect to the time-averaged values of 3.7 and ~500 t d−1 typical for standard Stromboli's activity. These signals are best explained by the accumulation of CO2-rich gas at a discontinuity of the plumbing system (decreasing CO2 emission at the surface), followed by increasing gas leakage prior to the explosion. Our observations thus supports the recent model of Allard (2010) for a CO2-rich gas trigger of recurrent major explosions at Stromboli, and demonstrates the possibility to forecast these events in advance from geochemical precursors. These observations and conclusions have clear implications for monitoring strategies at other open-vent basaltic volcanoes worldwide.
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Taylor, Steven R., and Farid U. Dowla. "Spectral yield estimation of NTS explosions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 81, no. 4 (August 1, 1991): 1292–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0810041292.
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Abstract The yields of 299 NTS explosions have been estimated from Pn, Pg and Lg spectra (between 0.1 and 10 Hz) at four regional seismic stations. A spectral template matching technique is used where the spectra from an explosion of unknown yield are compared with the spectra of explosions of known yield. A matching function is defined that is a scaled inverse of the difference between the spectra from the known and unknown explosions. The yields from the seven closest matching explosions are then averaged to estimate the yield of the unknown event. The spectral matching technique appears to perform as well as standard regression techniques utilizing mb(Pn) and mb(Lg) measurements except that no geologic information (such as gas-filled porosity) is required. However, the spectral matching technique is only applicable to very well-calibrated test sites. The key to spectral matching is that the spectral shape is sensitive to the near-source geology. In addition to affecting the absolute spectral levels (i.e., coupling), the dynamic response of the near source material to the radiated shock wave is a major factor controlling the shape of the radiated spectra. The spectral shape can therefore be used as an indicator for predicting the coupling of an explosion, which can be subsequently used to predict its yield.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Major explosions"
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Mungan, Arda Meral. "Risk Assessment For A Denim Manufacturing Plant In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609700/index.pdf.
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A risk assessment study is conducted in a denim manufacturing plant in Turkey. The study is carried out within the framework of a project on adopting the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive of the European Union. The scope of the assessment is fire or explosion risk with regards to hazardous chemicals present in the plant. The receptor of the study is defined as &ldquopeople&rdquo
which include the employees in the plant, employees of nearby plants and people in residential around the mill. A semi-quantitative risk assessment is carried out using checklist, a risk matrix and risk evaluation forms. The highest risks in the plant are identified as dust explosions, natural gas jet fires, natural gas explosions. Also, it is identified that due to several causes, in case of a fire or explosion the scale of an accident may enlarge instantaneously. The main warehouse is determined to carry the highest risk value in the plant. Mathematical modelling studies are conducted to calculate the hazard radius for dust explosions and natural gas fire and explosion. According to the results of mathematical modelling, the highest consequences could lead to destruction of buildings or severe injuries/fatalities of people within large hazard radius up to 700 m. The risk present at the manufacturing mill is communicated to the facility management throughout the study. Several suggestions are proposed to the facility management and some of them are already implemented.
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Solaro-Müller, Clara. "Storage conditions and dynamics of magma reservoirs feeding the major pumiceous eruptions of Dominica (Lesser Antilles Arc)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC006/document.
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Les grandes éruptions explosives (10 to 1000 km3/eruption) ont été l’un des sujets principaux d’étude de la volcanologie moderne car elles représentent des éruptions de grand impact sur la nature et sur les installations humaines sur Terre. Les pétrologues ont démontré que la proportion de cristaux dans les produits de ces éruptions peut être utilisée pour étudier les dynamiques pré-éruptives de la plomberie magmatique et contraindre les échelles de temps des processus magmatiques. Plus précisément, de nombreuses études ont prouvé que ces cristaux peuvent être remobilisés en des temps courts de 10 à 100 ans avant l’éruption, ce qui rend ces systèmes significativement dynamiques. Plusieurs éruptions ignimbritiques d’un volume de l’ordre de la dizaine de km3 ont été reconnues en Dominique (Arc des Petites Antilles). Nous présentons ici, sur la base d’une étude stratigraphique détaillée, une étude pétrologique des ponces de la phase plinienne qui débute les trois éruptions ponceuses majeures de la Dominique : Layou (~51kyrs cal BP), Roseau (~33kyrs cal BP) et Grand Fond (~24kyrs cal BP). En combinant une étude pétrologique des produits naturels et des produits issus des travaux de pétrologie expérimentale, nous proposons un modèle complet des réservoirs à l’origine des trois éruptions. Les magmas sont des dacites à forte teneur en cristaux (~30%), comprenant plagioclases, orthopyroxènes, clinopyroxènes, amphiboles et oxydes. Les expériences d’équilibre de phases sur ces dacites ont permis de contraindre les conditions de stockage à 850°C, 400 MPa (16 km), ~ΔNNO+1 et une teneur en eau pré-éruptive de ~6-8 wt % pour les trois éruptions. Les orthopyroxènes ont été utilisés pour étudier les dynamiques pré-éruptives du système magmatique. Par une analyse systématique (« Crystal system analysis ») de leur zonation nous avons défini différents environnements magmatiques et leur connections. Les échelles de temps des dynamiques pré-éruptives sont calculées par modélisation de l’interdiffusion Fe-Mg dans les orthopyroxènes. Les caractéristiques chimiques et texturales des orthopyroxènes montrent que ~80-85% des cristaux sont non-zonés, tandis que 15-20% présentent une zonation multiple, normale ou inverse, avec prévalence de cette dernière. Les cristaux non zonés représentent l’environnement magmatique principal, alors que les zonés suggèrent une perturbation pré-éruptive du réservoir. Le « crystal system analysis » appliqué à ces derniers suggère la présence de 4 environnements magmatiques (MEs), avec un mouvement principal des cristaux vers des MEs de compositions moins évoluées, lié à la zonation inverse des cristaux. Cependant, la composition des inclusions vitreuses des orthopyroxènes, montre que les différents MEs sont en équilibre avec un verre de même composition. Ces considérations, couplées aux résultats d’équilibres de phases, nous permettent de définir le réservoir comme un environnement fortement cristallisé (~30%), modérément froid (~850°C) et fortement oxydé (~ΔNNO+1) possédant 80-85% de cristaux non-zonés, remobilisé par un réchauffement de 25-30°C produit par l’injection d’un magma plus chaud sous-jacent. La modélisation de l’interdiffusion Fe-Mg dans les orthopyroxènes indique que le réchauffement s’est produit ~10 ans avant chaque éruption. Ce processus crée la zonation inverse retrouvée dans 15-20% des orthopyroxènes et développe un panache thermique interne au réservoir qui est responsable de l’hétérogénéité cristalline retrouvée dans les échantillonsLarge silicic eruptions (tens to hundreds of km3/eruption) have been a main subject of study for modern volcanology as they represent volcanic events of great impact on environment and human settlement on Earth. Petrologists have demonstrated that the crystal “cargo” of these eruptions can be used to unravel the pre-eruptive dynamic of their magmatic plumbing system and constrain timescales of the related magmatic processes. Specifically, several studies have proved that this “crystal cargo” can be remobilized and brought to eruption in short timescales of decades to centuries, making these systems more dynamic than previously believed.Several ignimbritic eruptions with a volume of the order of ~10 km3 have been recognized in Dominica (Lesser Antilles arc). On the basis of a detailed chronostratigraphy of the deposits, we present an integrated petrological study of the plinian fallout deposit of the latest three ignimbritic eruptions of Layou (~51kyrs cal BP), Roseau (~33kyrs cal BP) and Grand Fond (~24kyrs cal BP). We combine natural and experimental petrology to investigate the prevailing storage conditions within the reservoir that fed each eruption. Whole rocks are all dacites with crystal contents of ~30%, comprising plagioclase (An50-78), orthopyroxene (En47-63), clinopyroxene (Wo44-45), amphibole (Mg# 0.52-0.60) and Fe-Ti oxide (Mag71-75 and Ilm86-87) and rhyolitic residual melt. Pre-eruptive storage conditions of 850 (±5) °C, 400 MPa (16 km depth), ~ΔNNO+1 and melt water content of ~6-8wt% were determined for all studied eruptions through phase equilibria experiments. Orthopyroxenes were used to investigate the architecture and pre-eruptive dynamics of the plumbing system through a crystal system analysis (CSA) combined to a Fe-Mg diffusion modelling. Textural and chemical features of analysed orthopyroxenes prove that for all eruptions ~80-85% of crystals are unzoned while 15-20% present clear normal, reverse and multiple zoning, with reverse zoning being prevalent. Unzoned crystals represent the main magmatic environment (ME) while reverse zoned ones suggest a pre-eruptive perturbation of the reservoir. 4 MEs are evidenced, with a main movement of crystals towards MEs of less evolved composition, linked with the observed reverse zoning. Nevertheless, major element composition of orthopyroxene-hosted melt inclusions shows that all MEs are in equilibrium with the same melt. Combining results on natural and experimental petrology we can define the reservoirs as a highly crystalline (~30%), moderately cold (850°C) and highly oxidized (~ΔNNO+1) environment with 80-85% of unzoned orthopyroxenes, and 15-20% of zoned orthopyroxenes recording a heating process of 25-30°C, possibly produced by an underplating hotter magma that is responsible of the rejuvenation of the reservoir. By modelling the diffusional relaxation of Fe-Mg chemical gradient on zoned orthopyroxenes, we argue that this heating occurs in short timescales of ~10 years prior to each eruption. This heating process develops, over the considered eruptive time, a plume heating geometry able to bring together, on the scale of the hand sample, crystals of different magmatic environments (MEs)
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GENCO, RICCARDO. "Analisi integrata dei parametri geofisici registrati a Stromboli durante le fasi di instabilità eruttiva ed eventi anomali." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1080261.
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Huang, Chao-Yu, and 黃昭瑜. "A Study of Engineering Identification of Major Manmade Disasters– An Example of The Gas Explosion in Kaohsiung." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/v3ec7y.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
103
At 23:56 on July 31st, 2014, a devastating incident of gas explosion caused by human negligence took place at the intersection of Kaisyuan 3rd Road and Ersheng 1st Road. The disaster caused not only serious damage to the buildings along several major roads in Kaohsiung but also overwhelming disruptions of the sewage system under those roads. In addition to the restoration work after the disaster, it is also very important for the government to evaluate the structural risks of the buildings in the affected area, pay due damage compensations to affected residents, and clarify the accountability for this man-made disaster. Therefore, the Kaohsiung Architects Association, Kaohsiung Structural Engineers Association, and Taiwan Structural Engineers Association all helped the Kaohsiung City Government by voluntarily providing their professional appraisal services after the disaster. Since the gas explosion incident is a large-scale man-made disaster, the appraisal work is urgent, unprecedented and different from common appraisal procedures. Therefore, it is worthwhile to keep records of this appraisal process. In this study, the subjects are the post-disaster appraisers for the gas explosion disaster. Two of the appraisers and one specialist from a relevant authority of the Kaohsiung City Government were interviewed to understand the appraisal procedure, possible problems in the appraisal process, and actual implementation. Then the information from the interviews was used to design the questionnaire in this study. Totally 58 valid samples were collected and then statistically analyzed using SPSS to explore how the subjects thought about the mentality of affected residents in their damage claims, the professionalism of the appraisers, social responsibility, and related policies of the government. Based on the analysis results, the following conclusion and suggestions are formed in this study: 1. The voluntarism of the appraisers out of their commitment to social responsibility is truly commendable. However, in the appraisal process, they might have relaxed their standards due to their sympathy toward the affected residents. However, they also witnessed the selfish side of human nature in the appraisal process. 48.3% of thembelieved that the affected residents had inflated their damage claims to order to gain maximum profits. Therefore, it is suggested that quantifiable standards should be established in order to reduce unreasonable appraisals. 2. It is also found in this study that only 32.7% of the affected residents were satisfied with the government’s appraisals. This finding indicates there is still room for improvement for the government in this aspect. It is suggested that the government should establish a centralized and dedicated organization in order to facilitate the post-disaster appraisal work.
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Lai, Hung-Pin, and 賴弘斌. "Analysis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder after A Major Disaster– An Example of The Gas Explosion in Kaohsiung." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/6j39g4.
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碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
103
As human society continues evolving, the forms of disasters are becoming more and more diversified. In addition to saving lives, rescue workers nowadays are also responsible for promoting disaster prevention awareness and providing emergency medical services. Therefore, they are suffering understandably high stress at work. Too much stress may lead to psychological and physiological disorders or diseases. One of them is the post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Among existing studies on PTSD, most of them focus on medical treatments of PTSD and few have further exploration of PTSD among firefighters. On August 1st, 2014, Kaohsiung experienced a devastating incident of gas explosion, causing causalities of not only many civilians but also firefighters. The problem of PTSD among firefighters in Kaohsiung after this shocking disaster is particularly worthy of attention and exploration. This study is different from previous research in not only the use of firefighters in Kaohsiung as its subjects but also the incorporation of leisure activities and social support in its discussion. In addition to investigating if the firefighters are more prone to PTSD due to their participation in the rescue work for a major disaster like the gas explosion in Kaohsiung, this study is also intended to find out if the levels of the firefighter’s participation in leisure activities and their reception of social support have an influence on their PTSD propensity. Totally 450 questionnaires were given in this study and 364 valid samples were returned and then statistically analyzed using SPSS. The analysis results and suggestions of this study are listed as follows: 1. The PTSD propensity of those subjects who participated directly in the rescue work for the gas explosion (average score=2.11) is significantly higher than that of those who did not participate (average score=1.44). This finding indicates that the subjects who participated in the rescue work are more prone to PTSD than those who did not; 2. The correlation analysis results indicate that the firefighters’ leisure activities, social support and PTSD propensity are significantly correlated, suggesting a certain level of connections among the three; and 3. The path analysis results indicate that, between the two dimensions of social support and leisure activities, the former has a significant influence on the PTSD (R2=0.193). This finding suggests that, if the firefighters have better interactions and relations with people around them, they are less likely to suffer PTSD.
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LI, YI-XIANG, and 李翊湘. "Emergency System and Space Reconstruction under the Impact of Major Disaster- A Case Study of Tianjin Port Explosion." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p862xn.
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碩士銘傳大學
都市規劃與防災學系碩士班
107
Binhai New Area in Tianjin in mainland of China rose in 1980s, it was located in the eastern coastal area of Tianjin and the Economic Zone of Bohai Rim. Because of its vast hinterland of port and rapidly industrial development, it is the gateway of the northern part of mainland China. However, With the rapid development of industrialization, it is easy to cause environmental hazards. The explosion of Tianjin Port in 2015 was the best case. Most of the literature on disaster of recovery and reconstruction in mainland China is based on natural disasters. For example, Tangshan earthquake in 1976, Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Yushu earthquake in 2010. Therefore, this study would like to explore the structure of the emergency system in mainland China through Tianjin Port explosion, other fire or explosion-related cases, and whether mitigation plan will affect Nangang Industrial Zone. First of all, (1)We provide a solid foundation for the discourse and clarify the causes of an event by in-depth interviews with local government agencies, academic institutions, experts and scholars; (2)On the basis of the experiences of interviewees and the interview results, we visited Tianjin, Beijing, and Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area; (3)Using the interview data to find out the relevant government agencies who responsible for the explosion accident and the relevant land planning after the explosion, we would like to support the aforementioned investigation results and consolidate the discussions presented in this study.Finally, we summarized that the post-disaster reconstruction mechanism of Tianjin Port, the contradiction of the administrative system after the explosion, the changing context of industrial space, and the rise of Ministry of Emergency Management in mainland of China, and so on.
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Lin, Cuci-Cing, and 林桂菁. "The Preliminary Report of Major Depressive Episode , Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Quality of Life among Kaohsiung Gas Explosion Survivors." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/bd4b35.
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碩士美和科技大學
護理系健康照護碩士班
105
Abstract The Prelimary Report of Major Depressive Episode , Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Quality of Life among Kaohsiung Gas Explosion Survivors. Objective: To investigate the correlation of Major Depressive Episode , Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Quality of Life in survivors of fossil gas explosion during post-disaster half-a year and one year. Methods: A community-based screening survey with cross-sectional studies were conducted. We survey victim of half a year and one year after the explosion of petrochemical gas. We used valid screen tools as Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST) and Medical Outcomes Study Short From-12 ( MOS SF-12) tools to survey a valid sample number of 390 paricipants. Chinese version of SPSS17.0 statistical software was used to do data statistics and analysis. First, the descriptive statistics of the demographic characteristics of the victims were conducted. The prevalence of major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive episode were analyzed at different time points after the disaster. The victims were divided into major depressive group, post-traumatic stress group, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive group, and healthy group. The quality of life was compared. Results： The prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder were 18.2% and 8.2% respectively. The prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and major depressive were 20%, 14.9% in half-a year and 11.3%, 5.9% in one year respectively. The resules are higher than before,but the prevalence rate is similar to those in other distasters will decline over time the same trend. On the MOS SF-12 quality of life, the quality of life of the three groups was worse than that of the healthy group, especially in the post-traumatic stress disorder group combined wich the major depressive group, the quality of life was the worst. Conclusion： It is concluded that the prevalence of major depressive post-traumatic stress disorder, and traumatic stress disorder and major depression in the post-disaster period will decline with the passage of time. In the eight aspects of life quality, Among the eight sub-items, the quality of life of the health group was worse than that of the health group except for the "mental health", and the overall physical component summary (PCS) and the mental component summary (MCS) , The scores of the three groups were significantly higher than those of the other three groups. Therefore, quality of life of "health group" had better than of the "mental impairment group", and the quality of life improved with the passage of time.
Books on the topic "Major explosions"
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National Fire Data Center (U.S.) and TriData Corporation, eds. Major propane gas explosion and fire, Perryville, Maryland (July 6, 1991). Emmitsburg, Md. (16825 South Seton Ave., Emmitsburg 21727): Federal Emergency Management Agency, U.S. Fire Administration, National Fire Data Center, 1998.
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Station, Fire Research, ed. References to reports of inquiry into major fires / explosions in the UK & Ireland, 1968-. Boreham Wood, Herts: Fire Research Station, 1989.
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The effects on the atmosphere of a major nuclear exchange. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1985.
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A, Cox R., and Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications., eds. Mathematics in major accident risk assessment: Based on the proceedings of a conference organized by the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications on mathematics in major accident risk assessment, held in St. Catherine's College, Oxford in July 1986. Oxford [England]: Clarendon Press, 1989.
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Office, General Accounting. Disaster assistance: Timeliness and other issues involving the major disaster declaration process : report to congressional requesters. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.
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Inspectorate, Great Britain Factory. The Putney explosion: A report of the investigation by the Health and Safety Executive into the explosion on 10 January 1985 at Newnham House, Manor Fields, Putney. London: H.M.S.O., 1985.
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Great Britain. HM Factory Inspectorate. The Putney explosion: A report of the investigation by the Health and Safety Executive into the explosion on 10 January 1985 at Newnham House, Manor Fields, Putney : a report. London: H.M.S.O., 1985.
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Australia. Parliament. Standing Committee on Public Works. Report relating to the construction of major explosives storehouses, Myambat, Stage 1, New South Wales: Third report of 1991. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1991.
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United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Exxon Valdez to Deepwater Horizon: Protecting victims of major oil spills : hearing before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, second session, July 27, 2010. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2011.
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Overpressure (Major Hazards Monograph Series). The Institution of Chemical Engineers, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Major explosions"
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Mechie, J., A. V. Egorkin, L. Solodilov, K. Fuchs, F. Lorenz, and F. Wenzel. "Major Features of the Mantle Velocity Structure beneath Northern Eurasia from Long-Range Seismic Recordings of Peaceful Nuclear Explosions." In Upper Mantle Heterogeneities from Active and Passive Seismology, 33–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8979-6_3.
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Milashev, Vladimir A. "The Connection of Diatremes with the Earth’s Surface and Major Stages in Diatreme Formation." In Explosion Pipes, 192–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73258-4_16.
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Cruz, Cristina, and Jonathan Houseley. "Protocols for Northern Analysis of Exosome Substrates and Other Noncoding RNAs." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 83–103. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-9822-7_5.
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AbstractOver the past decade a plethora of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified, initiating an explosion in RNA research. Although RNA sequencing methods provide unsurpassed insights into ncRNA distribution and expression, detailed information on structure and processing are harder to extract from sequence data. In contrast, northern blotting methods provide uniquely detailed insights into complex RNA populations but are rarely employed outside specialist RNA research groups. Such techniques are generally considered difficult for nonspecialists, which is unfortunate as substantial technical advances in the past few decades have solved the major challenges. Here we present simple, reproducible and highly robust protocols for separating glyoxylated RNA on agarose gels and heat denatured RNA on polyacrylamide–urea gels using standard laboratory electrophoresis equipment. We also provide reliable transfer and hybridization protocols that do not require optimization for most applications. Together, these should allow any molecular biology lab to elucidate the structure and processing of ncRNAs of interest.
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Yang, Jing, and Wei Xu. "Research on the Influencing Factors of Public Sense of Security and Countermeasures in Major Emergencies–An Empirical Analysis on the Public Sense of Security in View Of the Explosion in Binhai New Area in Tianjin." In Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Management Science and Engineering Management, 1653–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59280-0_139.
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"Steam Explosions: Major Problems and Current Status." In Dynamics of Explosions, 436–50. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600865886.0436.0450.
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Casal, Joaquim. "Dust Explosions." In Evaluation of the Effects and Consequences of Major Accidents in Industrial Plants, 243–67. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63883-0.00006-x.
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Casal, Joaquim. "Vapor Cloud Explosions." In Evaluation of the Effects and Consequences of Major Accidents in Industrial Plants, 151–81. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63883-0.00004-6.
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Casal, Joaquim. "BLEVEs and Vessel Explosions." In Evaluation of the Effects and Consequences of Major Accidents in Industrial Plants, 183–242. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63883-0.00005-8.
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Nolan, Dennis P. "Historical Survey of Major Fires and Explosions in the Process Industries." In Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles, 111–36. Elsevier, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-31301-8.00006-4.
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Nolan, Dennis P. "Historical Survey of Major Fires and Explosions in the Process Industries." In Handbook of Fire and Explosion Protection Engineering Principles for Oil, Gas, Chemical, and Related Facilities, 123–49. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816002-2.00006-4.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Major explosions"
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Leishear, Robert A. "Nuclear Power Plant Fires and Explosions: Part II — Hydrogen Ignition Overview." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-66278.
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Major accidents that were affected by hydrogen fires and explosions included Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima Daiichi. Smaller piping explosions have occurred at Hamaoka and Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plants. An overview of pertinent topics is presented here to compare similarities and differences between these accidents. In particular, a hydrogen ignition mechanism is presented here, where fluid transients, or water hammer, may cause pressures to compress flammable hydrogen gas in reactor systems. As the gas compresses, it heats to temperatures sufficient to cause autoignition, or dieseling. Autoignition then leads to fires or explosions in nuclear power plant systems. To explain this evolving theory on hydrogen ignition during fires and explosions, various nuclear power plant hydrogen accidents require discussion. For example, Chernobyl explosions were unaffected by water hammer, while a Three Mile Island hydrogen fire was a direct result of water hammer following a reactor meltdown, and explosions that followed a meltdown at Fukushima Daiichi occurred during a water hammer event. Other piping damages also occurred during water hammer events. The primary purpose of this paper is to serve as a literature review of past accidents and to provide new insights into those accidents. In short, what is known versus what is unknown is discussed here with respect to the ignition sources of nuclear power plant fires and explosions. How can nuclear power plant safety be assured unless previous fire and explosion causes are understood? Prior to this work, they were not understood.
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Leishear, Robert A. "Nuclear Power Plant Fires and Explosions: Part I — Plant Designs and Hydrogen Ignition." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-66285.
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Requiring further investigation, hydrogen explosions and fires have occurred in several operating nuclear reactor power plants. Major accidents that were affected by hydrogen fires and explosions included Chernobyl, Three Mile Island, and Fukushima Daiichi. Smaller piping explosions have occurred at Hamaoka and Brunsbüttel Nuclear Power Plants. This paper is the first paper in a series of publications to discuss this issue. In particular, the different types of reactors that have a history of fires and explosions are discussed here, along with a discussion of hydrogen generation in commercial reactors, which provides the fuel for fires and explosions in nuclear power plants. Overall, this paper is a review of pertinent information on reactor designs that is of particular importance to this multi-part discussion of hydrogen fires and explosions. Without a review of reactor designs and hydrogen generation, the ensuing technical discussions are inadequately backgrounded. Consequently, the basic designs of pressurized water reactors (PWR’s), boiling water reactors (BWR’s), and pressure-tube graphite reactors (RBMK) are discussed in adequate detail. Of particular interest, the Three Mile Island design for a PWR is presented in some detail.
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Salimbeni, Michela, Maurizio De Angelis, Valerio Vezzari, and Mariano Ciucci. "Earthquake NaTech Risk Assessment, Monitoring and Management of Cylindrical Liquid Storage Tanks With Floating Roof in Major-Hazard Industrial Plants." In ASME 2022 Pressure Vessels & Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2022-84734.
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Abstract Earthquake is one of the natural events which is part of NaTech events (Natural Hazard Triggering Technological Disasters), due to interaction between natural and industrial risks. Industrial plants employ cylindrical liquid tanks with floating roof for storage of volatile and flammable products. Damages due to earthquakes affecting tanks with floating roof can cause major accidents involving dangerous substances, like hazardous releases, fires and explosions, especially due to the convective motion of the fluid caused by seismic excitation. The aim of this work is to inform about the most common damages in case of seismic event and to give some advice to seismic risk management through monitoring of critical elements of liquid storage tanks with floating roof. During an earthquake, damages to structural and non-structural elements can occur, and the non-structural elements are often the most involved in major accidents. In order to mitigate the consequences of a major accident, a monitoring system of the tank for management of the seismic risk can be installed, integrating new dedicated sensors into the existing monitoring network. The fiber optic sensors FBG (Fiber Bragg Grating) and FSI (Fiber Segment Interferometry) are a robust, multifunctional and removable alternative to the sensors already in use in the industrial field.
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Amdahl, J., and T. Holmas. "ISUM for Offshore Frame Structures." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-55053.
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The paper presents the background and major ideas behind the computer program USFOS. The program is today widely used by the offshore industry to assess the resistance of oil and gas installations against abnormal environmental loads and accidental actions, such as ship collisions, fires and explosions. The assessment is normally performed in the accidental limit states; i.e. substantial yielding, buckling, partial collapse may take place, but the structure should maintain overall integrity. The features and concepts and models adopted in USFOS have also proved to be very useful in the analysis of totally different edifices. A few examples of this are given in the paper.
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Kim, Hyunwoo, Burak Can Cerik, and Joonmo Choung. "Prediction of Structural Damages and Armament Accelerations of a Surface Naval Ship due to Underwater Explosions." In ASME 2022 41st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2022-80686.
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Abstract Underwater explosion (UNDEX) caused by torpedoes yields the largest subsurface load that can be applied to a naval surface ship. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the extent of structural damages and accelerations acting on major armament systems by UNDEX for a large naval surface ship. The hull of the naval surface ship was modeled using Abaqus, a commercial finite element analysis code. By applying the Geers and Hunter UNDEX model provided by Abaqus, the primary shock wave and the secondary bubble wave based on doubly asymptotic approximation were implemented. The DSSE-HC model (Hosford-Coulomb combined with a localized necking model) enhanced for strain-rate effect was applied to estimate the extent of structural damages caused by UNDEX. Since the DSSE-HC model is not supported by Abaqus, the material subroutine was independently developed. The range of structural damages predicted by the DSSE-HC model was compared with that predicted by the constant failure strain model, which is widely used for UNDEX problems, to identify a difference in the structural damage. As a result, it was confirmed that there is a large difference in resulting damage. That is, the constant failure strain model predicted overestimated the extent of damage depending on the assumed failure strains. In addition, the accelerations acting on the various armament systems also showed significant differences. To predict the structural damage and acceleration of the armament system due to a UNDEX in the future, it was found that it is necessary to apply a fracture model with an advanced mechanical background rather than a simple fracture model.
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Santos, Humberto R., Michèle S. Pfeil, Ediberto B. Tinoco, and Ronaldo C. Battista. "Development of a Simplified Methodology for Evaluation of Piping Vibration due to Multi-Phase Flow." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45075.
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Excessive piping vibration is a major cause of idleness, leaks, failures, fires and explosions in the petrochemical industry. One of the causes of vibration in piping is the occurrence of multiphase flow regimes, specially the one called slug flow. The main purpose of this work is the verification and improvement of a methodology for evaluation of excessive piping vibration caused by multiphase flow. This methodology is capable of generating, from the measured acceleration signals, forces equivalent to those induced by the two-phase flow. In other words, this methodology enables simplified models to represent adequately the dynamic structural behavior of the piping system when new boundary conditions are imposed, allowing to estimate the risk of failure in operation of piping system or to propose technically feasible solution to mitigate the vibration problem. A physical model made of acrylic pipes and PVC bends was assembled and used to measure, simultaneously, the accelerations at four points of this loop when subjected to multiphase flow and with two different boundary conditions. The methodology could therefore be applied, refined, and validated with the data obtained from the experiment and with the aid of numerical simulation.
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Martinez-Flores, Rene, Achintya Haldar, and Hasan Katkhuda. "Structural Health Assessment After an Impact." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13718.
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An innovative technique to assess structural health just after subjected to impulsive loadings (blasts, explosions, etc.) underdevelopment at the University of Arizona was experimentally verified and is presented in this paper. The authors called it the Generalized Iterative Least Square Extended Kalman Filter with Unknown Input (GILS-EKF-UI) method. The system is represented by finite elements and a Kalman filter-based system identification (SI) technique is used to identify the system. Some of the major characteristics of the method are that it does not require information on input excitation and can identify a system with limited noise-contaminated response information measured at few node points. To implement the Kalman-filter based algorithm, the information on the input excitation and the initial state vector must be available. The authors proposed a two-stage approach. In the first stage, based on the limited measured response information available at the locations of the sensors, a substructure is identified. After the completion of the first stage, the input excitation information that caused the responses and the stiffness of all the elements in the substructure can be evaluated. Then, in stage 2, the Kalman-filter based algorithm is used to identify the whole structure. The experimental verification of the method is emphasized in this paper.
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Verfondern, Karl, and Werner von Lensa. "Nuclear Coal Gasification for Hydrogen and Synthetic Fuels Production." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-29176.
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The most abundantly available fossil fuel on Earth is coal. For countries like China, the USA, South Africa, or Germany, coal plays a dominant role as energy resource. The introduction of nuclear energy into coal refinement processes would be a significant contribution to the saving of resources, lowering specific carbon emissions and reducing dependencies on oil and natural gas imports. In Germany, comprehensive R&D activities were conducted within the project “Prototype Plant Nuclear Process Heat” (PNP) to investigate the utilization of nuclear energy from a pebble-bed HTGR in both steam-coal gasification and hydro-gasification. A major component to be newly developed was the gas generator. Its operation on semitechnical scale confirmed the feasibility of allothermal, continuous coal gasification under nuclear conditions. A key problem remained the selection of appropriate high temperature materials for gas generator and other high temperature heat exchanging components. The project was accompanied by comprehensive safety studies targeting tritium contamination and consequences of potential explosions of flammable gas mixtures. Future activities could take benefit from a reevaluation of the studies conducted in the past by comparing HTGR process heat applications against current technologies. Fossil fuel market conditions and environmental effects shall be considered. Superior safety features and high reliability are prerequisites for the introduction of nuclear process heat and nuclear combined heat and power.
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Ak Seli, Vanessa, Libriati Binti Zardasti, and Norhazilan Bin Md. Noor. "Risk Assessment Of Underground Gas Pipeline Leakage Incorporating Geographical Information System (GIS)." In 7th GoGreen Summit 2021. Technoarete, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/978-93-92106-02-6.15.
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Major accidents caused by pipelines, such as explosions, deterioration can be harmful to the population's safety, public health and environment. Therefore, wide attention in preserving pipeline assets is needed to derive risk assessment of the pipelines from the accidents. This paper proposes a pipeline risk assessment method of space and visualisation focused on the existing state of gas pipeline risk assessment using an annotative geographical information system (GIS)-based approach to improve the administrative level of pipeline protection among the human physical area. This study aims to identify the losses of pipeline damage, calculate its losses in physical and monetary terms, and validate the calculated losses and its risk indexes with previous work. The calculation of overall consequences losses focuses on specifically Production Loss (PL), Asset Loss (AL), Human Health and Safety Loss (HHSL), Environment Loss (EL), Public Loss (PubL) and Reputation Loss (RL). An urban area of Bukit Istana is chosen for stimulation and to be investigated. As a result, the consequences loss assessment is produced and shown in the monetary unit. Assessment of hazard- affected bodies around the pipeline in Bukit Istana are also identified through spatial analysis and been visualized. This paper concludes by introducing the application of the environmental risk management method under the influence of the risk estimation system, obtaining the spatial distribution impact of environmental risk visualisation, and providing policymakers with a consistent decision basis.
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Liu, Shengli, and Yongtu Liang. "Environmental Risk Analysis of Accidental Release From Onshore Oil Pipelines." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84617.
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Accidental releases of oil and oil products will cause extensive damage to environment, if timely and effective measures are not available. Predicting the consequences of spilled oil is of significant importance for emergency management. Although software for risk assessment of gas pipelines is very popular, few are available for hazardous liquid pipelines, due to the difference in behaviors of accidental releases of gases and liquids in the same situation. The major differences are that the spread of released oil is mainly affected by the topography of the land and may result in pollution of soil or waterways, while gas pipeline failure may form gas clouds or explosions and merely pose environmental pollution problems. An integrated model was developed in order to analyze the environmental consequences of spills from oil pipelines. The method presented in this paper allowed to predict the flow trajectory of released liquid from a pipeline and other relevant parameters, including the extent of spread of the oil and the proportion of release reaching any important location, such as a river, in any given topography. The methodology has been applied to a release, which occurred in Marshall, Michigan, in 2010. The results obtained are of the correct order of magnitude compared with realistic data. A case-study is presented and discussed to illustrate the features of the methodology. The results confirmed that the proposed model may be considered an important tool within a comprehensive approach to the management of risk related to onshore oil pipelines.
Reports on the topic "Major explosions"
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Kelly, Luke. Threats to Civilian Aviation Since 1975. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.019.
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This literature review finds that the main malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975 are attacks by terrorist groups, deliberate or accidental damage arising from conflicts, and incidents caused by people who work for airlines or airports. While the sector has responded to hijackings and bombings with increasing security since the 1970s, actors seeking to attack aircraft have modified their tactics, and new threats such as liquid explosives and cyber attacks have emerged. Civilian aviation has seen relatively fewer accidents and deaths over the years, but threats remain. The review focuses on malicious threats to civilian aviation. It, therefore, excludes weather events or accidents. The first section lists major malicious threats to civilian aviation since 1975. It includes both actual and planned events (e.g. hijackings that were prevented) that are recorded in open-source documents. Each threat is listed alongside information on its cause (e.g. terrorism, state actions, crime), the context in which it occurred (broader factors shaping the risk including geography, regime type, technology), and its impact (on passengers, policy, security, economic). The second section discusses some of the trends in threats to aviation. Motives for malicious threats include terrorism, crime, asylum-seeking, and insider attacks by aggrieved or mentally ill airline staff. Hijacking has been the most common form of threat, although bombing or suicide attacks have killed more people. Threats may also take the form of accidental attacks on civilian planes misidentified as threats in conflict zones. Experts suggest that growing threats are cyberattacks and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, although neither has yet caused a major incident.
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Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo, and Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.
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Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.
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Snyder, Victor A., Dani Or, Amos Hadas, and S. Assouline. Characterization of Post-Tillage Soil Fragmentation and Rejoining Affecting Soil Pore Space Evolution and Transport Properties. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580670.bard.
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Tillage modifies soil structure, altering conditions for plant growth and transport processes through the soil. However, the resulting loose structure is unstable and susceptible to collapse due to aggregate fragmentation during wetting and drying cycles, and coalescense of moist aggregates by internal capillary forces and external compactive stresses. Presently, limited understanding of these complex processes often leads to consideration of the soil plow layer as a static porous medium. With the purpose of filling some of this knowledge gap, the objectives of this Project were to: 1) Identify and quantify the major factors causing breakdown of primary soil fragments produced by tillage into smaller secondary fragments; 2) Identify and quantify the. physical processes involved in the coalescence of primary and secondary fragments and surfaces of weakness; 3) Measure temporal changes in pore-size distributions and hydraulic properties of reconstructed aggregate beds as a function of specified initial conditions and wetting/drying events; and 4) Construct a process-based model of post-tillage changes in soil structural and hydraulic properties of the plow layer and validate it against field experiments. A dynamic theory of capillary-driven plastic deformation of adjoining aggregates was developed, where instantaneous rate of change in geometry of aggregates and inter-aggregate pores was related to current geometry of the solid-gas-liquid system and measured soil rheological functions. The theory and supporting data showed that consolidation of aggregate beds is largely an event-driven process, restricted to a fairly narrow range of soil water contents where capillary suction is great enough to generate coalescence but where soil mechanical strength is still low enough to allow plastic deforn1ation of aggregates. The theory was also used to explain effects of transient external loading on compaction of aggregate beds. A stochastic forInalism was developed for modeling soil pore space evolution, based on the Fokker Planck equation (FPE). Analytical solutions for the FPE were developed, with parameters which can be measured empirically or related to the mechanistic aggregate deformation model. Pre-existing results from field experiments were used to illustrate how the FPE formalism can be applied to field data. Fragmentation of soil clods after tillage was observed to be an event-driven (as opposed to continuous) process that occurred only during wetting, and only as clods approached the saturation point. The major mechanism of fragmentation of large aggregates seemed to be differential soil swelling behind the wetting front. Aggregate "explosion" due to air entrapment seemed limited to small aggregates wetted simultaneously over their entire surface. Breakdown of large aggregates from 11 clay soils during successive wetting and drying cycles produced fragment size distributions which differed primarily by a scale factor l (essentially equivalent to the Van Bavel mean weight diameter), so that evolution of fragment size distributions could be modeled in terms of changes in l. For a given number of wetting and drying cycles, l decreased systematically with increasing plasticity index. When air-dry soil clods were slightly weakened by a single wetting event, and then allowed to "age" for six weeks at constant high water content, drop-shatter resistance in aged relative to non-aged clods was found to increase in proportion to plasticity index. This seemed consistent with the rheological model, which predicts faster plastic coalescence around small voids and sharp cracks (with resulting soil strengthening) in soils with low resistance to plastic yield and flow. A new theory of crack growth in "idealized" elastoplastic materials was formulated, with potential application to soil fracture phenomena. The theory was preliminarily (and successfully) tested using carbon steel, a ductile material which closely approximates ideal elastoplastic behavior, and for which the necessary fracture data existed in the literature.
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Microbiology in the 21st Century: Where Are We and Where Are We Going? American Society for Microbiology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aamcol.5sept.2003.
Full textAbstract:
The American Academy of Microbiology convened a colloquium September 5–7, 2003, in Charleston, South Carolina to discuss the central importance of microbes to life on earth, directions microbiology research will take in the 21st century, and ways to foster public literacy in this important field. Discussions centered on: the impact of microbes on the health of the planet and its inhabitants; the fundamental significance of microbiology to the study of all life forms; research challenges faced by microbiologists and the barriers to meeting those challenges; the need to integrate microbiology into school and university curricula; and public microbial literacy. This is an exciting time for microbiology. We are becoming increasingly aware that microbes are the basis of the biosphere. They are the ancestors of all living things and the support system for all other forms of life. Paradoxically, certain microbes pose a threat to human health and to the health of plants and animals. As the foundation of the biosphere and major determinants of human health, microbes claim a primary, fundamental role in life on earth. Hence, the study of microbes is pivotal to the study of all living things, and microbiology is essential for the study and understanding of all life on this planet. Microbiology research is changing rapidly. The field has been impacted by events that shape public perceptions of microbes, such as the emergence of globally significant diseases, threats of bioterrorism, increasing failure of formerly effective antibiotics and therapies to treat microbial diseases, and events that contaminate food on a large scale. Microbial research is taking advantage of the technological advancements that have opened new fields of inquiry, particularly in genomics. Basic areas of biological complexity, such as infectious diseases and the engineering of designer microbes for the benefit of society, are especially ripe areas for significant advancement. Overall, emphasis has increased in recent years on the evolution and ecology of microorganisms. Studies are focusing on the linkages between microbes and their phylogenetic origins and between microbes and their habitats. Increasingly, researchers are striving to join together the results of their work, moving to an integration of biological phenomena at all levels. While many areas of the microbiological sciences are ripe for exploration, microbiology must overcome a number of technological hurdles before it can fully accomplish its potential. We are at a unique time when the confluence of technological advances and the explosion of knowledge of microbial diversity will enable significant advances in microbiology, and in biology in general, over the next decade. To make the best progress, microbiology must reach across traditional departmental boundaries and integrate the expertise of scientists in other disciplines. Microbiologists are becoming increasingly aware of the need to harness the vast computing power available and apply it to better advantage in research. Current methods for curating research materials and data should be rethought and revamped. Finally, new facilities should be developed to house powerful research equipment and make it available, on a regional basis, to scientists who might otherwise lack access to the expensive tools of modern biology. It is not enough to accomplish cutting-edge research. We must also educate the children and college students of today, as they will be the researchers of tomorrow. Since microbiology provides exceptional teaching tools and is of pivotal importance to understanding biology, science education in schools should be refocused to include microbiology lessons and lab exercises. At the undergraduate level, a thorough knowledge of microbiology should be made a part of the core curriculum for life science majors. Since issues that deal with microbes have a direct bearing on the human condition, it is critical that the public-at-large become better grounded in the basics of microbiology. Public literacy campaigns must identify the issues to be conveyed and the best avenues for communicating those messages. Decision-makers at federal, state, local, and community levels should be made more aware of the ways that microbiology impacts human life and the ways school curricula could be improved to include valuable lessons in microbial science.