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Journal articles on the topic 'Major depressive disorder'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 March 2023

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1

Hirschfeld, Robert M. A. "Major Depression, Dysthymia and Depressive Personality Disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, S26 (December 1994): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000293252.

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The separation of persistent depression into meaningful and useful subcategories, including major depression, dysthymia, recurrent brief depression, and depressive personality disorder, is the subject of much debate. Depressions can be grouped on the basis of their type and severity of symptoms, aetiology, clinical course, or their association with other psychiatric illnesses. Several investigators have conducted epidemiologic and family studies to evaluate the prevalence of depressive disorders, their diagnostic stability over time, and the amount of overlap among the disorders. Although progress has been made toward a better understanding of the different disorders, insufficient evidence exists to support the hypothesis that these disorders are separate and distinct from one another. However, preliminary data suggest that depressive personality disorder is separate from the other disorders. Additionally, several questions have been raised, particularly the extent to which differentiation between the depressive disorders, specifically major depression and dysthymia, has an impact on treatment decisions.

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2

Grobler, G. "Major Depressive Disorder." South African Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 3 (August 30, 2013): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v19i3.946.

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The treatment guideline draws on several international guidelines: (<div style="left: 477.479px; top: 324.52px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif;">i</div><div style="left: 481.424px; top: 324.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.955);" data-canvas-width="8.595">)</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 344.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(1.00294);" data-canvas-width="422.63399999999984">Practice Guidelines of the American Psychiatric Association (APA)</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 364.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.962449);" data-canvas-width="420.28950000000003">for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Second</div><div style="left: 70.8662px; top: 384.72px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: serif; transform: scaleX(0.945309);" data-canvas-width="47.068499999999986">Edition;</div><div style="left: 117.785px; top: 385.947px; font-size: 9.00733px; font-family: serif; 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3

Belmaker, R. H., and Galila Agam. "Major Depressive Disorder." New England Journal of Medicine 358, no. 1 (January 3, 2008): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmra073096.

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4

Giannelli, Frank R. "Major depressive disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Physician Assistants 33, no. 4 (April 2020): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.jaa.0000657208.70820.ab.

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5

Lai, Chien-Han. "Major Depressive Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 31, no. 1 (February 2011): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jcp.0b013e318205a670.

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6

Kinyanda, Eugene, Jonathan Levin, Noeline Nakasujja, Harriet Birabwa, Juliet Nakku, Richard Mpango, Heiner Grosskurth, et al. "Major Depressive Disorder." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 78, no. 2 (June 2018): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000001647.

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7

FRIEDLANDER, ARTHUR H., and MICHAEL E. MAHLER. "Major depressive disorder." Journal of the American Dental Association 132, no. 5 (May 2001): 629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2001.0240.

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8

Fava, Maurizio, and Kenneth S. Kendler. "Major Depressive Disorder." Neuron 28, no. 2 (November 2000): 335–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0896-6273(00)00112-4.

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9

Spaner, D., R. C. Bland, and S. C. Newman. "Major Depressive Disorder." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 89, s376 (January 1994): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb05786.x.

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10

Brent, David A. "Major depressive disorder." New Directions for Mental Health Services 1992, no. 54 (1992): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/yd.23319925409.

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11

Lydiard, R. Bruce. "Novel Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder." CNS Spectrums 14, S5 (March 2009): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900003588.

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Data from a variety of studies, including the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study, have shown that fewer patients achieve remission from symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other depressive disorders after taking the first-prescribed antidepressant treatment than was expected. The goal of treatment is true remission: the complete absence of symptoms. Achieveing less than true remission is associated with MDD recurrence and continued impairment.

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12

Mitchell, Philip B., Andrew Frankland, Dusan Hadzi-Pavlovic, Gloria Roberts, Justine Corry, Adam Wright, Colleen K. Loo, and Michael Breakspear. "Comparison of depressive episodes in bipolar disorder and in major depressive disorder within bipolar disorder pedigrees." British Journal of Psychiatry 199, no. 4 (October 2011): 303–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.088823.

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BackgroundAlthough genetic epidemiological studies have confirmed increased rates of major depressive disorder among the relatives of people with bipolar affective disorder, no report has compared the clinical characteristics of depression between these two groups.AimsTo compare clinical features of depressive episodes across participants with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder from within bipolar disorder pedigrees, and assess the utility of a recently proposed probabilistic approach to distinguishing bipolar from unipolar depression. A secondary aim was to identify subgroups within the relatives with major depression potentially indicative of ‘genetic’ and ‘sporadic’ subgroups.MethodPatients with bipolar disorder types 1 and 2 (n = 246) and patients with major depressive disorder from bipolar pedigrees (n = 120) were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies. Logistic regression was used to identify distinguishing clinical features and assess the utility of the probabilistic approach. Hierarchical cluster analysis was used to identify subgroups within the major depressive disorder sample.ResultsBipolar depression was characterised by significantly higher rates of psychomotor retardation, difficulty thinking, early morning awakening, morning worsening and psychotic features. Depending on the threshold employed, the probabilistic approach yielded a positive predictive value ranging from 74% to 82%. Two clusters within the major depressive disorder sample were found, one of which demonstrated features characteristic of bipolar depression, suggesting a possible ‘genetic’ subgroup.ConclusionsA number of previously identified clinical differences between unipolar and bipolar depression were confirmed among participants from within bipolar disorder pedigrees. Preliminary validation of the probabilistic approach in differentiating between unipolar and bipolar depression is consistent with dimensional distinctions between the two disorders and offers clinical utility in identifying patients who may warrant further assessment for bipolarity. The major depressive disorder clusters potentially reflect genetic and sporadic subgroups which, if replicated independently, might enable an improved phenotypic definition of underlying bipolarity in genetic analyses.

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13

Sacchet, Matthew D., Emily E. Livermore, Juan Eugenio Iglesias, Gary H. Glover, and Ian H. Gotlib. "Subcortical volumes differentiate Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, and remitted Major Depressive Disorder." Journal of Psychiatric Research 68 (September 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.06.002.

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14

Westhoff-Bleck, Mechthild, Lotta Winter, Lukas Aguirre Davila, Christoph Herrmann-Lingen, Jens Treptau, Johann Bauersachs, Stefan Bleich, and Kai G. Kahl. "Diagnostic evaluation of the hospital depression scale (HADS) and the Beck depression inventory II (BDI-II) in adults with congenital heart disease using a structured clinical interview: Impact of depression severity." European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 27, no. 4 (July 26, 2019): 381–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2047487319865055.

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Objective The purpose of this study was the diagnostic evaluation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale total score, its depression subscale and the Beck depression inventory II in adults with congenital heart disease. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 206 patients with congenital heart disease (mean age 35.3 ± 11.7 years; 58.3% men). Major depressive disorder was diagnosed by a structured clinical interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV and disease severity with the Montgomery–Åsberg depression rating scale. Receiver operating characteristics provided assessment of diagnostic accuracy. Youden’s J statistic identified optimal cut-off points. Results Fifty-three participants (25.7%) presented with major depressive disorder. Of these, 28 (52.8%) had mild and 25 (47.2%) had moderate to severe symptoms. In the total cohort, the optimal cut-off of values was >11 in the Beck depression inventory II, >11 in the hospital anxiety and depression scale and >5 in the depression subscale. Optimal cut-off points for moderate to severe major depressive disorder were similar. The cut-offs for mild major depressive disorder were lower (Beck depression inventory II >4; hospital anxiety and depression scale >8; >2 in its depression subscale). In the total cohort the calculated area under the curve varied between 0.906 (hospital anxiety and depression scale) and 0.93 (Beck depression inventory II). Detection of moderate to severe major depressive disorder (area under the curve 0.965–0.98) was excellent; detection of mild major depressive disorder (area under the curve 0.851–0.885) was limited. Patients with major depressive disorder had a significantly lower quality of life, even when they had mild symptoms. Conclusion All scales were excellent for detecting moderate to severe major depressive disorder. Classification of mild major depressive disorder, representing 50% of cases, was limited. Therapy necessitating loss of quality of life is already present in major depressive disorder with mild symptoms. Established cut-off points may still be too high to identify patients with major depressive disorder requiring therapy. External validation is needed to confirm our data.

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Horáková, Anna, Eliška Nosková, Patrik Švancer, Vladislava Marciánová, Peter Koliba, and Antonín Šebela. "Accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in screening for major depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders in women towards the end of their puerperium." Česká gynekologie 87, no. 1 (February 22, 2022): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.48095/cccg202219.

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Objective: To assess the accuracy of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in screening for severe depression and other mental disorders in women at the end of puerperium. Materials and methods: We administered the Czech version of the EPDS to assess depressive symptoms and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview to determine psychiatric diagnoses in 243 women at the end of their puerperium. Then, we determined the frequencies of severe depressive disorder and other psychiatric disorders in our cohort. Furthermore, we assessed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and other diagnostic variables for the presence of severe depression and other psychiatric disorders for different threshold scores on EPDS. We evaluated the detection potential of EPDS for detecting monitored mental disorders by using the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and determining the area under the curve. Results: Severe depressive disorder was present in 2.5% (95% CI: 1.1–5.3%) of women. Any monitored mental disorder was present in 13.6% (95% CI: 9.8–18.5%). The best sensitivity/specificity ratio for detecting major depressive disorder was found for the EPDS threshold score ≥ 11; sensitivity was 83% (95% CI: 35–99%) and specificity was 79% (95% CI: 74–84%). The EPDS ≥ 11 then achieved a sensitivity of 76% (95% CI: 58–89%) and specificity of 82% (95% CI: 76–87%) for the detection of any mental disorder of interest. Conclusion: Our results showed that the Czech version of EPDS has good internal consistency, and the EPDS score ≥ 11 achieves the best combination of sensitivity and specificity values for detecting major depressive disorder. Screening with EPDS in women at the end of puerperium can detect psychiatric disorders other than severe major depression. Key words: Edinburgh postpartum depression scale – screening – perinatal mental health – puerperium – postpartum depression

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16

Costa, Tiago. "Focused ultrasound for major depressive disorder." Open Access Government 37, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 166–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-037-10597.

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Focused ultrasound for major depressive disorder Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, affecting 300 million people with a lifetime prevalence of 15%. Approximately one-third of all major depressive disorder patients fail to respond to currently established treatments based on medication and psychotherapy, thus falling into the category of Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD) patients. In addition, 3 out of 4 patients in low and middle-income countries receive no treatment. Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (LIFU) is an emerging neuromodulation method for treating major depressive disorder which allows for non-invasive stimulation across the whole brain.

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17

Lichtenberg, Pesach, and R. H. Belmaker. "Subtyping Major Depressive Disorder." Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 79, no. 3 (2010): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000286957.

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18

Rodriguez, Rosita. "Uncovering major depressive disorder." Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 7, no. 4 (July 2009): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000359605.78614.be.

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&NA;. "Uncovering major depressive disorder." Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 7, no. 4 (July 2009): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000359606.72776.2b.

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20

Hirschfeld, Robert M. A. "Situational Major Depressive Disorder." Archives of General Psychiatry 42, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790340093013.

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Maleki, Nayereh, Effat Sadeghian, Farshid Shamsaei, Lily Tapak, and Ali Ghaleiha. "Comparative Analysis of Spouse’s Burden and Quality of Life in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar I Disorder." Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews 15, no. 3 (October 19, 2019): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874464812666190819151039.

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Background: Spouses of patients with bipolar disorder may experience a different quality of life and burden than seen with major depressive disorder. Objective: This study was conducted to comparatively analyse spouse’s burden and quality of life in major depressive and bipolar disorders. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 220 spouses of patients with major depressive and bipolar disorders in the city of Hamadan in Iran, in 2018. Data collection tools included Zarit Burden and QOL-BREF questionnaires. Data were analyzed by a t-test using SPSS -16. Results: The findings showed that 11.8% of spouses of patients with depression and 85.5% of spouses of patients with bipolar disorder experienced severe burden (P < 0.001). The quality of life of spouses of patients with bipolar disorder was lower than with depressive disorder (P < 0.05). In both the groups, a negative correlation was found between burden and QOL. Conclusion: The spouses of patients with bipolar disorder experience more burden and lower quality of life than depression. In both the groups, burden has a negative impact on the quality of life. Professional help and supportive intervention can be provided to the spouses of patients with major depressive and bipolar I disorders to reduce their burden, strengthen their coping skill and thus improve their QOL.

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Yrondi, Antoine, Marie Sporer, Laurent Schmitt, and Christophe Arbus. "Major depressive disorder: An organic disorder!" La Presse Médicale 47, no. 2 (February 2018): 113–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2017.12.005.

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Graze, K. K., J. Nee, and J. Endicott. "Premenstrual depression predicts future major depressive disorder." Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 81, no. 2 (February 1990): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb06479.x.

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Ben Soussia, R., S. Khouadja, I. Marrag, S. Younes, and M. Nasr. "Major Depressive Disorder: Recurrence Risk Factors." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1974.

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IntroductionIn spite of the frequency and the gravity of the depressive episodes, the major depressive disorder (MDD) is diagnosed and treated today insufficiently and the risk factors of its recurrence are little approached.Aims of the studyDescribe the socio–demographic, clinical and therapeutic characteristics of patients with MDD and identify the factors involved in the recurrence risk.MethodologyThis is a retrospective study carried out in the university hospital of Mahdia, Tunisia during two years. We have included patients with a follow up for at least two years and diagnosed with MDD, isolated episode or MDD, recurrent episode according to the DSM-IV-TR criteria. Data collection was performed using two pre-established questionnaires respectively with 51 and 92 items. We have estimated the time to recurrence with the Kaplan-Meier estimator.ResultsWe have collected 150 patients. The time to recurrence was 109 months. Five factors were associated with recurrence: early age at onset of the disorder, family history of mood disorders, severity of the index major depressive episode, persistent residual symptoms and ceasing treatment.ConclusionDepression is a very common mental illness that is highly recurrent in individuals. There is great interest in the development of strategies that might reduce the recurrence of depression.

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Morin, Anna K. "Triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation in major depressive disorder." Mental Health Clinician 5, no. 6 (November 1, 2015): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2015.11.253.

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Abstract Introduction The use of thyroid hormones to enhance the effects of antidepressants is based on evidence supporting a link between thyroid function and Major Depressive Disorder. Thyroid abnormalities have been found in patients with Major Depressive Disorder and have been correlated with depression severity. Symptoms associated with clinical hypothyroidism include mood disturbances, primarily depression. In addition, an increase in antidepressant treatment resistance has been associated with thyroid abnormalities. This article reviews the existing data regarding triiodothyronine (T3) supplementation of antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Methods Medline and EMBASE were searched from 1996 to November 2014 using the key terms triiodothyronine, T3, and treatment-resistant depression. Results T3 may increase serotonergic neurotransmission and has been studied as an add-on agent in patients with unipolar depression with and without thyroid dysfunction to accelerate, enhance, and augment the effects of tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Discussion Data support the use of T3 augmentation (25-50 μg/d) for the treatment of depressive symptoms in some patient populations without thyroid hormone abnormalities who do not respond to an adequate trial of a tricyclic antidepressant or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Monitoring for adverse effects and conditions that may be exacerbated by T3 augmentation is recommended.

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Ichikawa, N., Y. Okamoto, G. Okada, G. Lisi, N. Yahata, J. Morimoto, M. Kawato, et al. "Neuroimaging Biomarker of Major Depressive Disorder." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S492—S493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1811.

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IntroductionRecent studies have shown that it is important to understand the brain mechanism specifically by focusing on the common and unique functional connectivity in each disorder including depression.ObjectivesTo specify the biomarker of major depressive disorder (MDD), we applied the sparse machine learning algorithm to classify several types of affective disorders using the resting state fMRI data collected in multiple sites, and this study shows the results of depression as a part of those results.AimsThe aim of this study is to understand some specific pattern of functional connectivity in MDD, which would support diagnosis of depression and development of focused and personalized treatments in the future.MethodsThe neuroimaging data from patients with major depressive disorder (MDD, n = 100) and healthy control adults (HC: n = 100) from multiple sites were used for the training dataset. A completely separate dataset (n = 16) was kept aside for testing. After all preprocessing of fMRI data, based on one hundred and forty anatomical region of interests (ROIs), 9730 functional connectivities during resting states were prepared as the input of the sparse machine-learning algorithm.ResultsAs results, 20 functional connectivities were selected with the classification performance of Accuracy: 83.0% (Sensitivity: 81.0%, Specificity: 85.0%). The test data, which was completely separate from the training data, showed the performance accuracy of 83.3%.ConclusionsThe selected functional connectivities based on the sparse machine learning algorithm included the brain regions which have been associated with depression.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Jeoung, Seok-Won, Hyun-Sun Park, Zae Young Ryoo, Dong-Hyung Cho, Hyun-Shik Lee, and Hong-Yeoul Ryu. "SUMOylation and Major Depressive Disorder." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 8023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23148023.

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Since the discovery of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) protein in 1995, SUMOylation has been considered a crucial post-translational modification in diverse cellular functions. In neurons, SUMOylation has various roles ranging from managing synaptic transmitter release to maintaining mitochondrial integrity and determining neuronal health. It has been discovered that neuronal dysfunction is a key factor in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). PubMed and Google Scholar databases were searched with keywords such as ‘SUMO’, ‘neuronal plasticity’, and ‘depression’ to obtain relevant scientific literature. Here, we provide an overview of recent studies demonstrating the role of SUMOylation in maintaining neuronal function in participants suffering from MDD.

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Cheng, Philip, Melynda D. Casement, Chiau-Fang Chen, Robert F. Hoffmann, Roseanne Armitage, and Patricia J. Deldin. "Sleep-disordered breathing in major depressive disorder." Journal of Sleep Research 22, no. 4 (January 25, 2013): 459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12029.

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Manetti, A., N. Hoertel, Y. Le Strat, J. P. Schuster, and F. Limosin. "Comorbidity of Current Depression Among the Elderly." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)72547-0.

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IntroductionDepression in later life is a major public heath issue. Few studies to date examined the psychiatric correlates of depression in elderly surveys in the general population.ObjectiveTo provide nationally representative data on the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates and comorbidity of current major depressive disorder in late life.MethodsThis study is based on a nationally representative survey, the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, of the noninstitutionalized household population (8,205 respondents aged 65 and above). The past 12-months prevalence of major depressive disorder was estimated, and logistic regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between 12-months major depressive disorder and sociodemographic characteristics, general medical condition and psychiatric disorder. Diagnoses were made according to the of DSM-IV criteria.ResultsAmong the respondents, 3.2% individuals with a past 12-months diagnosis of major depressive disorder were identified. Women and individuals living in urban areas were more likely to be diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. Significant associations between major depressive disorder and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal diseases, arthritis were found. Several psychiatric disorder were associated with past 12-months major depressive disorder, including dysthymia, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, nicotine and alcohol dependence, and histrionic personality disorder.ConclusionRecent Major depressive disorder in the elderly was associated with a large number of psychiatric disorders. This study highlights the need to develop effective and targeted intervention initiatives to detect major depressive disorder in elderly.

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Costa, Elisabeth Maria Sene, Rosilda Antonio, Márcia Britto de Macedo Soares, and Ricardo Alberto Moreno. "Psychodramatic psychotherapy combined with pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder: an open and naturalistic study." Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria 28, no. 1 (March 2006): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-44462006000100009.

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OBJETIVE: Recent literature has highlighted the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. Combined therapies comprising both psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy have presented the best results. Although several kinds of psychotherapies have been studied in the treatment of depressive disorders, there remains a lack of data on psychodramatic psychotherapy in the treatment of major depressive disorder. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of psychodramatic psychotherapy (in a sample of major depressive disorder patients. METHOD: This is an open, naturalistic, controlled, non-randomized study. Twenty major depressive disorder patients (according to the DSM-IV criteria), under pharmacological treatment for depression, with Hamilton Depression Scale total scores between 7 and 20 (mild to moderate depression), were divided into two groups. Patients in the psychotherapeutic group took part in 4 individual and 24 structured psychodramatic group sessions, whilst subjects in the control group did not participate in this psychodramatic psychotherapy. Both groups were evaluated with the Social Adjustment Scale - Self Report and the Hamilton Depression Scale. RESULTS: Psychotherapeutic group patients showed a significant improvement according to the Social Adjustment Scale - Self Report and the Hamilton Depression Scale scores at endpoint, compared to those of the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that individual and group psychodramatic psychotherapy, associated to pharmacological treatment, provides good clinical benefits in the treatment of major depressive disorder.

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Ball, Roberta, and Robert A. Steer. "Mean Beck Depression Inventory-II Scores of Outpatients with Dysthymic or Recurrent-Episode Major Depressive Disorders." Psychological Reports 93, no. 2 (October 2003): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.2.507.

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The Beck Depression Inventory-II, published in 1996, was administered to 100 adult outpatients (Age M = 43.1 yr., SD = 15.6) who were diagnosed with a recurrent-episode Major Depressive Disorder and 100 outpatients (Age M = 42.8 yr., SD = 15.7) who were diagnosed with a Dysthymic Disorder. Each diagnostic group was composed of 50 men and 50 women who did not have a comorbid depressive disorder. The mean Beck Depression Inventory-II total score and the mean number of symptoms endorsed by the outpatients with a Major Depressive Disorder were significantly (ps < .001) higher than those for outpatients with a Dysthymic Disorder. The usefulness of the Beck Depression Inventory–II was discussed in helping clinicians discriminate between these two unipolar disorders.

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Saberi, Behzad. "Using repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Method in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)." Journal of Clinical Research and Reports 5, no. 4 (September 21, 2020): 01–02. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-1919/116.

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Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) as a noninvasive method of brain stimulation, has shown various diagnostic and therapeutic potentials in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) as one of the global challenges in mental health disorders, requires new therapeutic strategies to be developed to be treated in addition to the usual therapeutic strategies. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation or rTMS is one of the new treatment methods for the Major Depressive Disorder which is promising new developments in the treatment of MDD. rTMS is approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat resistant depression in 2008. According to the recent guidelines in the Europe and North America, rTMS can be considered the first line treatment strategy for the MDD. This is a brief review study on the effects of using repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in the treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in clinical practice. It is important for the mental health care professionals who deal with the patients with the Major Depressive Disorder during clinical practice, to be aware of the repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation method as an option to treat MDD specifically in the cases who do not respond well to usual therapeutic strategies or whom encounter with unfavorable drug treatment side effects which need the treatment strategies to be changed.

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Jakobsen, Janus Christian, Christian Gluud, and Irving Kirsch. "Should antidepressants be used for major depressive disorder?" BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine 25, no. 4 (September 25, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2019-111238.

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BackgroundMajor depressive disorder is estimated by the WHO to affect more than 300 million people globally, making depression the leading cause of disability worldwide. Antidepressants are commonly used to treat depression.ObjectiveThe study aimed to provide an update on the evidence on the effects of antidepressants compared with placebo. Should antidepressants be used for adults with major depressive disorder?Study selectionWe searched the Cochrane Library, BMJ Best Practice and PubMed up to June 2019 with the search terms ‘depression’ and ‘antidepressants’ targeting reviews published in English since 1990.FindingsSeveral reviews have assessed the effects of antidepressants compared with placebo for depression. Generally, all the previous reviews show that antidepressants seem to have statistically significant effects on depressive symptoms, but the size of the effect has questionable importance to most patients. Antidepressants seem to have minimal beneficial effects on depressive symptoms and increase the risk of both serious and non-serious adverse events.ConclusionsThe benefits of antidepressants seem to be minimal and possibly without any importance to the average patient with major depressive disorder. Antidepressants should not be used for adults with major depressive disorder before valid evidence has shown that the potential beneficial effects outweigh the harmful effects.

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Karsten, Julie, Catharina A. Hartman, Johannes H. Smit, Frans G. Zitman, Aartjan T. F. Beekman, Pim Cuijpers, A. J. Willem van der Does, Johan Ormel, Willem A. Nolen, and Brenda W. J. H. Penninx. "Psychiatric history and subthreshold symptoms as predictors of the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder within 2 years." British Journal of Psychiatry 198, no. 3 (March 2011): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080572.

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BackgroundPast episodes of depressive or anxiety disorders and subthreshold symptoms have both been reported to predict the occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorders. It is unclear to what extent the two factors interact or predict these disorders independently.AimsTo examine the extent to which history, subthreshold symptoms and their combination predict the occurrence of depressive (major depressive disorder, dysthymia) or anxiety disorders (social phobia, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder) over a 2-year period.MethodThis was a prospective cohort study with 1167 participants: the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety. Anxiety and depressive disorders were determined with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, subthreshold symptoms were determined with the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology–Self Report and the Beck Anxiety Inventory.ResultsOccurrence of depressive disorder was best predicted by a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by either one alone. Occurrence of anxiety disorder was best predicted by both a combination of a history of anxiety disorder and subthreshold symptoms and a combination of a history of depression and subthreshold symptoms, followed by any subthreshold symptoms or a history of any disorder alone.ConclusionsA history and subthreshold symptoms independently predicted the subsequent occurrence of depressive or anxiety disorder. Together these two characteristics provide reasonable discriminative value. Whereas anxiety predicted the occurrence of an anxiety disorder only, depression predicted the occurrence of both depressive and anxiety disorders.

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Han, L., H. Schnack, R. Brouwer, D. Veltman, N. Van Der Wee, M. J. Van Tol, M. Aghajani, and B. Penninx. "Brain aging in major depressive disorder." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.196.

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Depression and anxiety are common and often comorbid mental health disorders that represent risk factors for aging-related conditions. Brain aging has shown to be more advanced in patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Here, we extend prior work by investigating multivariate brain aging in patients with MDD and/or anxiety disorders and examine which factors contribute to older appearing brains. Adults aged 18-57 years from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety underwent structural MRI. A pre-trained brain age prediction model based on >2,000 samples from the ENIGMA consortium was applied to obtain brain-predicted age differences (brain-PAD, predicted brain age minus chronological age) in 65 controls and 220 patients with current MDD and/or anxiety. Brain-PAD estimates were associated with clinical, somatic, lifestyle, and biological factors. After correcting for antidepressant use, brain-PAD was significantly higher in MDD (+2.78 years, Cohen’s d=0.25, 95% CI -0.10-0.60) and anxiety patients (+2.91 years, Cohen’s d=0.27, 95% CI -0.08-0.61), compared to controls. There were no significant associations with lifestyle or biological stress systems. A multivariable model indicated unique contributions of higher severity of somatic depression symptoms (b=4.21 years per unit increase on average sum score) and antidepressant use (-2.53 years) to brain-PAD. Advanced brain aging in patients with MDD and anxiety was most strongly associated with somatic depressive symptomatology. We also present clinically relevant evidence for a potential neuroprotective antidepressant effect on the brain-PAD metric that requires follow-up in future research.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

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Orsolini, Laura, Simone Pompili, Silvia Tempia Valenta, Virginio Salvi, and Umberto Volpe. "C-Reactive Protein as a Biomarker for Major Depressive Disorder?" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 30, 2022): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031616.

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The etiopathogenesis of depression is not entirely understood. Several studies have investigated the role of inflammation in major depressive disorder. The present work aims to review the literature on the association between C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and depression. A systematic review was performed for the topics of ‘CRP’ and ‘depression’ using the PubMed database from inception to December 2021. Fifty-six studies were identified and included in the review. Evidence suggested the presence of dysregulation in the inflammation system in individuals with depression. In most studies, higher blood CRP levels were associated with greater symptom severity, a specific pattern of depressive symptoms, and a worse response to treatment. Moreover, about one-third of depressed patients showed a low-grade inflammatory state, suggesting the presence of a different major depressive disorder (MDD) subgroup with a distinct etiopathogenesis, clinical course, treatment response, and prognosis, which could benefit from monitoring of CRP levels and might potentially respond to anti-inflammatory treatments. This work provides robust evidence about the potential role of CRP and its blood levels in depressive disorders. These findings can be relevant to developing new therapeutic strategies and better understanding if CRP may be considered a valuable biomarker for depression.

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Asselmann, E., H. U. Wittchen, R. Lieb, M. Höfler, and K. Beesdo-Baum. "Does low coping efficacy mediate the association between negative life events and incident psychopathology? A prospective-longitudinal community study among adolescents and young adults." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 25, 2015): 171–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s204579601500013x.

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Aims.To prospectively examine whether negative life events (NLE) and low perceived coping efficacy (CE) increase the risk for the onset of various forms of psychopathology and low CE mediates the associations between NLE and incident mental disorders.Methods.A representative community sample of adolescents and young adults (N = 3017, aged 14–24 at baseline) was prospectively followed up in up to three assessment waves over 10 years. Anxiety, depressive and substance use disorders were assessed at each wave using the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. NLE and CE were assessed at baseline with the Munich Event List and the Scale for Self-Control and Coping Skills. Associations (odds ratios, OR) of NLE and CE at baseline with incident mental disorders at follow-up were estimated using logistic regressions adjusted for sex and age.Results.NLE at baseline predicted the onset of any disorder, any anxiety disorder, panic disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder, any depression, major depressive episodes, dysthymia, any substance use disorder, nicotine dependence and abuse/dependence of illicit drugs at follow-up (OR 1.02–1.09 per one NLE more). When adjusting for any other lifetime disorder prior to baseline, merely the associations of NLE with any anxiety disorder, any depression, major depressive episodes, dysthymia and any substance use disorder remained significant (OR 1.02–1.07). Low CE at baseline predicted the onset of any disorder, any anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, generalised anxiety disorder, any depression, major depressive episodes, dysthymia, any substance use disorder, alcohol abuse/dependence, nicotine dependence and abuse/dependence of illicit drugs at follow-up (OR 1.16–1.72 per standard deviation). When adjusting for any other lifetime disorder prior to baseline, only the associations of low CE with any depression, major depressive episodes, dysthymia, any substance use disorder, alcohol abuse/dependence, nicotine dependence and abuse/dependence of illicit drugs remained significant (OR 1.15–1.64). Low CE explained 9.46, 13.39, 12.65 and 17.31% of the associations between NLE and any disorder, any depression, major depressive episodes and dysthymia, respectively. When adjusting for any other lifetime disorder prior to baseline, the reductions in associations for any depression (9.77%) and major depressive episodes (9.40%) remained significant, while the reduction in association for dysthymia was attenuated to non-significance (p-value > 0.05).Conclusions.Our findings suggest that NLE and low perceived CE elevate the risk for various incident mental disorders and that low CE partially mediates the association between NLE and incident depression. Subjects with NLE might thus profit from targeted early interventions strengthening CE to prevent the onset of depression.

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Medeiros, Gustavo C., Liliana Seger, Jon E. Grant, and Hermano Tavares. "Major depressive disorder and depressive symptoms in intermittent explosive disorder." Psychiatry Research 262 (April 2018): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.02.001.

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Jahan, Choudhury Rifat, Shelina Begum, Sultana Ferdousi, and Md Moyeen Uddin. "Autonomic Dysfunction in Major Depressive Disorder." Journal of Bangladesh Society of Physiologist 9, no. 1 (March 30, 2015): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v9i1.22794.

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Background: Cardiovascular (CV) morbidity is a major problem in patients suffering from depression as greater CV mortality is found in cardiac patients with depression. Objective: To assess cardiac autonomic nerve activity by power spectral analysis of heart rate variability in patients with Major Depressive disorder. Methods: This case control study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Shahbag, Dhaka during 2011. Sixty patients of both sexes with Major Depressive disorder (MDD) aged 20-50 years were enrolled. The patients were selected from the Department of Psychiatry in Bangabandhu Sheik Mujib Medical University (BSMMU). Thirty drug naive MDD patients and thirty medicated MDD patients were compared with 30 healthy control and also between them. The HRV parameters were recorded by 4 active channels, RMS Polyrite-D. For statistical analysis independent sample t-test test was used. Results: LF norm and LF/HF were significantly higher and Total power, HF power, HF norm were significantly lower in both drug naive and medicated MDD patients in comparison with those of healthy control. Conclusion: Autonomic nerve dysfunction involved both the drug naive and medicated MDD patients which was associated with higher sympathetic activity and reduced vagal modulation of the heart and sympathovagal imbalance. Antidepressent drug treatment did not have any effect on autonomic dysfunction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsp.v9i1.22794 Bangladesh Soc Physiol. 2014, June; 9(1): 37-41

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Degmecic, D., K. Dodig-Curkovic, M. Jukic-Vidaic, I. Pozgain, P. Filakovic, and M. Grgic. "Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and major depressive disorder." European Psychiatry 23 (April 2008): S246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2008.01.474.

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Teachman, Bethany A., Jutta Joormann, Shari A. Steinman, and Ian H. Gotlib. "Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder." Clinical Psychology Review 32, no. 6 (August 2012): 575–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.004.

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Daria, Sohel, Maliha Afrin Proma, Mohammad Shahriar, Sardar Mohammad Ashraful Islam, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, and Md Rabiul Islam. "Serum interferon-gamma level is associated with drug-naïve major depressive disorder." SAGE Open Medicine 8 (January 2020): 205031212097416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312120974169.

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Objectives: Major depressive disorder is a leading heterogeneous psychiatric illness manifested by persistent low mood, a feeling of sadness, and diminished interest in daily activities. Many biological, genetic, and social factors are thought to be linked with depression. But any suitable early risk assessment markers are absent for this illness. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the serum levels of IFN-γ in major depressive disorder patients to further investigate the association between serum levels of this cytokine and major depression. Methods: This prospective case-control study enrolled 120 major depressive disorder patients and 100 healthy controls matched by age, sex, and body mass index. A qualified psychiatrist diagnosed the major depressive disorder patients and evaluated healthy controls according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5). The Hamilton depression rating scale was applied for all the study participants to measure the severity of depression. Serum IFN-γ levels were measured by a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (Boster Biological Technology, Pleasanton, CA, USA). Results: This study observed that serum IFN-γ levels were significantly decreased in major depressive disorder patients compared to healthy controls. A significant negative correlation ( r = −0.375; p < 0.001) was obtained between serum IFN-γ levels and Hamilton depression scores. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed good diagnostic performance of lowered serum IFN-γ levels in depression with an area under the curve at 0.790. Conclusion: We suggest the altered serum IFN-γ levels are associated with the pathophysiology of depression. The reduced levels of serum IFN-γ might be used as an early risk assessment tool for major depression.

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Patten, Scott B., Philip Jacobs, Ruxandra Petcu, Marlene A. Reimer, and Luanne M. Metz. "Major Depressive Disorder and Health Care Costs in Multiple Sclerosis." International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine 32, no. 2 (June 2002): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/k05d-xer3-wt4y-fdqv.

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Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is associated with elevated levels of depressive symptoms and an elevated frequency of depressive disorders. Depressive disorders, in general, are associated with substantial direct and indirect economic costs, and have been shown to increase the costs associated with the management of medical conditions in a variety of clinical settings. However, the impact of depressive disorders on costs associated with MS have not been evaluated. The objective of this study was to evaluate this association. Methods: The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to identify subjects with major depressive disorder in a sample who had earlier been selected for a broader economic evaluation of the costs associated with MS. Costs were measured in two ways: retrospectively (by questionnaire covering a 2-year period) and prospectively (using a 6-month diary). The proportion of subjects reporting any costs and the proportion exceeding various cost thresholds were calculated in subjects with and without lifetime major depression. These proportions were compared using exact statistical tests and confidence intervals. Non-parametric (rank sum) tests were used to compare median costs. Results: Of 136 subjects, 31 had a lifetime history of major depression. MS-related expenses evaluated retrospectively (e.g., house and vehicle alterations and purchases) did not differ depending on major depression status. In the prospective analysis, subjects with lifetime major depression were more likely to purchase vitamins, herbs, and naturopathic remedies ( p < 0.01) and more likely to incur costs associated with utilization of services provided by alternative practitioners ( p = 0.04). Other differences (e.g., in mental health care, medical specialists, general practitioner visits) were not observed. Conclusions: Contrary to expectation, this study did not find increased direct medical costs in persons with comorbid major depressive disorder and multiple sclerosis. Persons with comorbid MS and (lifetime) major depression did not incur greater costs or utilize more services. The Canadian health care system is guided by principles of universality and is publicly funded and administered, however, the lack of an impact of major depression on utilization may reflect limited access to services. The lack of an association between costs and major depression may or may not be generalizable to health care systems in other countries.

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Hoertel, Nicolas, and Frédéric Limosin. "Poststroke depression and major depressive disorder: the same or separate disorders?" International Psychogeriatrics 32, no. 11 (November 2020): 1279–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610220000368.

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LANGE, C., and E. IRLE. "Enlarged amygdala volume and reduced hippocampal volume in young women with major depression." Psychological Medicine 34, no. 6 (August 2004): 1059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703001806.

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Background. Evidence is increasing that amygdala and hippocampus show significant structural abnormalities in affective disorders. Two previous studies found enlarged amygdala size in subjects with recent-onset major depression.Method. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes were assessed in 17 young women with major depressive disorder and 17 healthy matched control subjects by use of three-dimensional structural magnetic resonance imaging. The severity of depressive symptoms was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory.Results. Compared with control subjects, depressive subjects had significantly larger (+13%) amygdala volumes and significantly smaller (−12%) hippocampal volumes. Amygdala and hippocampal volumes were not significantly correlated with disorder-related variables.Conclusions. Our results are consistent with previous findings of structural abnormalities of amygdala and hippocampus in subjects with recent-onset major depression. It may be suggested that the size of the amygdala is enlarged in the first years of the disorder, and may decrease with prolonged disorder duration.

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Lohoff, Falk W. "Pharmacogenetics Of Major Depressive Disorder." Psychiatric Annals 38, no. 6 (June 1, 2008): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20080601-05.

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Yeung, Albert, and David Mischoulon. "Acupuncture for Major Depressive Disorder." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 68, no. 10 (October 15, 2007): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v68n1023a.

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Lee, Chun-Te, Yi-Cheng Chiang, Jing-Yang Huang, Disline M. Tantoh, Oswald N. Nfor, Jia-Fu Lee, Cheng-Chen Chang, and Yung-Po Liaw. "Incidence of Major Depressive Disorder." Medicine 95, no. 15 (April 2016): e3110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000003110.

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Pomohaibo, V. M., O. I. Berezan, and A. V. Petrushov. "GENETICS OF MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER." Bulletin of Problems Biology and Medicine 1, no. 2 (2019): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29254/2077-4214-2019-1-2-149-40-45.

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Wimett, Lynn, and Gary Laustsen. "Duloxetine Fights Major Depressive Disorder." Nurse Practitioner 30, no. 3 (March 2005): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006205-200503000-00001.

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