Journal articles on the topic 'Major air accidents'
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Burmistrov, V. I., I. V. Ivanov, E. I. Matkevich, and E. A. Praskurnichiy. "ANALYSIS OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PILOTLESS VEHICLE ACCIDENT RATE." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 2 (2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2022-56-2-73-84.
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Analysis of the air accident rates of MQ-1 Predators and MQ-9 Reapers from the Drone Crash Database in the period from 2001 till 2021 (12 countries, 174 accidents total) disclosed major factors, including human, for accidents. The main reason was structural faults and manufacturing defects due to, probably, long time in service. Frequency of accidents due to errors of experienced pilot-operator's varied between 19.4% and 22.9 % and due to errors in the course of skill training, 60–64.7 %. To reduce the accident rate, pilot-operators need to be trained on cutting-edge VR simulators and challenged by atypical stress situations such as multiple causation.
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Liang Cheng, Schon Z. Y., Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés, Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador, and Francisco Javier Sáez Nieto. "Detection of Common Causes between Air Traffic Serious and Major Incidents in Applying the Convolution Operator to Heinrich Pyramid Theory." Entropy 21, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21121166.
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Heinrich’s pyramid theory is one of the most influential theories in accident and incident prevention, especially for industries with high safety requirements. Originally, this theory established a quantitative correlation between major injury accidents, minor injury accidents and no-injury accidents. Nowadays, researchers from different fields of engineering also apply this theory in establishing quantitatively the correlation between accidents and incidents. In this work, on the one hand, we have detected the applicability of this theory by studying incident reports of different severities occurred in air traffic management. On the other hand, we have deepened the analysis of this theory from a qualitative perspective. For this purpose, we have applied the convolution operator in identifying correlations between contributing causes to different incident severities, also known as precursors to accidents, and system failures. The results suggested that system failures are mechanisms by which the causes are manifested. In particular, the same underlying cause can be manifested through different failures which contribute to incidents with different severities. Finally, deriving from this result, an artificial neuronal network model is proposed to recognize future causes and their possible associated incident severities.
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Gronczewski, Andrzej. "Simulation-Based Study on the Dynamics of Wing-Flap Actuating Hydraulic Circuit." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.105.
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Modern air transportation systems prove to be of numerous advantages, but there is always a risk of an air accident. Air accidents occur for many and various reasons. The group of aircraft accidents due to engineering causes, includes events directly resulting from the malfunctioning of the hydraulic circuit that controls high-lift devices. In this paper presented is a mathematic model of dynamic behaviour of a wing flap system, which has been intended to enable simulation tests with account taken of operation-induced failures/damages. Major emphasis has been put on analyses of the simulation-tested dynamics of a flap-driving hydraulic circuit, with account taken of the following defects: changes in compressibility of hydraulic fluid, internal leakages in the hydraulic cylinder, external leaks of hydraulic fluid.
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Lee, Seung Yong, Paul Bates, Patrick Murray, and Wayne Martin. "Training Flight Accidents." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 7, no. 2 (September 2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000121.
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Abstract. Civil aviation is broadly categorized into two sectors: air transportation and general aviation. While the former sector is considered to be ultrasafe the latter requires a stronger focus on safety improvement. There has been considerable research examining the causes of general aviation accidents with a view to improving safety. However, there has been very limited research specifically focused on accidents involving training flights and associated causal factors. A total of 293 training flight accident reports, comprising 111 fatal and 182 nonfatal accidents were reviewed and analyzed to identify causes of training-flight accidents. The study found that based on the odds ratio, if a fatal accident involving training flights occurred it was 4.05 times more likely to be a dual training flight. Other findings included that most accidents occurred during the landing phase and the majority of accidents related to skill deficiency (e.g., an improper/inadequate flare). This was a major causal factor in nonfatal accidents in both dual and solo training flights. However, on dual training flights there were more fatal accidents involving decision deficiencies and mechanical malfunctions (e.g., loss of engine power). A previous study suggested that lack of supervision of student pilots by flight instructors was found to be a main causal factor and thus flight instructor training and recurrency requirements need to be reviewed.
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Alkandari, Abdulrahman, and Samer Moein. "Vehicle Accident Report Application for Solving Traffic Problems and Reduce the Ratio of Pollution using Case Study: Kuwait City." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp380-391.
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<span lang="EN-US">Minor traffic accidents have become a major problem facing the road users in the recent years, according to the statistics from the Ministry of Interior (MOI) in Kuwait there were recorded 80,388 accidents by the year 2014. Accidents not only affect the mobility but also contribute to air pollution and slow down economic growth. These effects are the result of the seriously extended trips travel time due to accumulated vehicles queue. In some accidents cases, the lost time waiting for the arrival of the traffic officers and filling up the accident report could take up to 45 minutes. The new idea of Vehicle Accident Report application (I-VAR) concept developed by the research team would reduce the waiting time up to 3 minutes (93% savings), which would increase the level of service of the segment of a roadway. In addition, the study will be discussed four major situations on some of the busiest roads in Kuwait. Specifically, gas emissions and cost estimation. Improve the pollution obviously, by using the (I-VAR) application for the minor accidents there is an amount of 360,776,460 K.D would be saved yearly from the Kuwait government funds. It is a consequence of the huge savings in alleviating traffic congestion and generally produces more saver and efficient travel conditions.</span>
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Tennyson, E. L. "Rail Transit Safety Analysis: 1993, 1994, and 1995." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1623, no. 1 (January 1998): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1623-15.
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Safety must come first, but absolute safety may not be fully attainable. Urban public transit suffers almost 60,000 accidents per year at an estimated cost of $360 million. Each major accident is thoroughly investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board, but its recommendations are not always implementable. This analysis has been made to review the relative safety of alternative modes of urban travel, particularly rail. It may be useful in determining where effort and priority should be focused for improvement. Fatalities are the most certain measure of accidents, as most other measures, such as collisions and injuries or damages, are limited by differing state rules on reporting. Costs are a reliable measure of accident severity, as they are audited and reported annually with respect to their magnitude. This analysis compares the fatality rates, the personal injury rates, the cost, and the types of accidents among the alternative modes of urban travel. The four major modes of rail travel are analyzed separately to assess their relative safety. Rail rapid transit (heavy rail) has very few grade-crossing accidents by definition. Commuter rail has low on-board accident rates because most passengers are seated for longer trips. Light rail suffers the most collision accidents per passenger kilometer because of street operation but experiences the fewest other types of accident. Automated guideways experience no grade-crossing accidents but have a high rate of station accidents. Automobiles experience the most fatalities, but the injury rate is indeterminate because of state cutoff rules on reporting at differing levels of accident cost. Almost all transit accidents are reported. Fatalities will be measured by the number per 100 million passenger km (100 million passenger mi). This is the standard measure for air and highway travel. Injuries will be measured per 1 million passenger km (1 million passenger mi) because there are so many more of them. It is a simple matter to multiply by 100 to obtain a comparison with the fatality rate. It would appear, based on the casualty rates and cost of accidents, that rail transit is the safest way to go, but improvements are still necessary.
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Baker, Frank J., and Jacek B. Franaszek. "Lessons from a DC10 Crash, American Airlines, Flight 191, Chicago, Illinois." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 2 (1985): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065560.
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With the development and deployment of commercial jet aircraft in the mid 1950's, airline travel has become commonplace throughout the world. A rapid increase in the numbers of aircraft, airline routes, and flying time has occurred. New technology has added sophisticated and complicated gear to aircraft and their support systems. Every new system has the potential for failure and to some extent additional components increase the risk of technological breakdown. The increased chance of technological breakdown favors an increase in aircraft accidents. Fortunately, development and utilization of sophisticated redundant electronic and mechanical improvements aimed specifically at improving safety have also occurred. The results of these changes over the past twenty-five years has been a decreasing rate of accidents per mile flown. Due to the tremendous increase in flying, however, the absolute numbers of accidents associated passenger morbidity and mortality have risen (1). For the health care system, the major impact has resulted from the absolute increase in aircrash victims.Aircraft accidents have regularly produced mass casualty incidents with the number of victims ranging from a few to several hundred. Aircraft accidents can be divided into essentially four types: mid-air crashes (so called “hard impact”); crashes on takeoff; crashes on landing; and on-ground accidents (“soft impact”). Mid-air accidents are frequently away from population centers and usually there are no survivors. The medical impact therefore is minimal. Accidents occurring on takeoff, landing, and on the ground, occur at or close to airports, and the nature of the accident is such that there may be many victims (1).
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Hofbauer, Florian, and Lisa-Maria Putz. "External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145874.
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Sustainable transport, such as using inland waterway transport (IWT), represents a major pillar of the European Green Deal to reduce global warming. To evaluate the different inland transport modes (road, rail, IWT), it is crucial to know the external costs of these modes. The goal of this paper is a critical review of external cost categories (e.g., accidents, noise, emissions) and external cost calculation methods of IWT to provide ideas for future research. We identified 13 relevant papers in a literature review dealing with external costs of IWT. In a meta-analysis, the papers were assigned to the seven external cost categories: accident, noise, congestion, habitat damage, air pollution, climate change and well-to-tank emissions. The most investigated external cost categories are climate change, air pollution and accidents. Two studies were identified as the major external cost calculation methods for IWT in the abstract. Our paper shows that the data basis of IWT is significantly lower than for road/rail. The measurement of energy consumption and related emissions of IWT needs to be qualitatively and quantitatively improved and brought up to the level of road traffic, to ensure an accurate comparison with other modes of transport.
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Royl, Peter, John R. Travis, Wolfgang Breitung, Jongtae Kim, and Sang Baik Kim. "GASFLOW Validation with Panda Tests from the OECD SETH Benchmark Covering Steam/Air and Steam/Helium/Air Mixtures." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/759878.
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The CFD code GASFLOW solves the time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes Equations with multiple gas species. GASFLOW was developed for nonnuclear and nuclear applications. The major nuclear applications of GASFLOW are 3D analyses of steam/hydrogen distributions in complex PWR containment buildings to simulate scenarios of beyond design basis accidents. Validation of GASFLOW has been a continuously ongoing process together with the development of this code. This contribution reports the results from the open posttest GASFLOW calculations that have been performed for new experiments from the OECD SETH Benchmark. Discussed are the steam distribution tests 9 and 9bis, 21 and 21bis involving comparable sequences with and without steam condensation and the last SETH test 25 with steam/helium release and condensation. The latter one involves lighter gas mixture sources like they can result in real accidents. The helium is taken as simulant for hydrogen.
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Read, John, and Ute Knoch. "Clearing the air." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 3 (January 1, 2009): 21.1–21.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0921.
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As a result of investigations showing that communication problems can be a significant contributing factor to major aviation accidents, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established a set of Language Proficiency Requirements. All pilots and air traffic controllers engaged in international aviation must be certified by their national civil aviation authorities as meeting the requirements by March 2011. This has created a demand for tests designed to assess the speaking and listening skills of aviation personnel, and language testers have become involved as developers and evaluators of the various assessment instruments. The present paper gives an overview of the issues and introduces the themes discussed by the other contributors to this special issue of the journal, covering both the linguistic nature of aviation communication and more practical considerations in test design.
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Read, John, and Ute Knoch. "Clearing the air." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 3 (2009): 21.1–21.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.32.3.01rea.
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As a result of investigations showing that communication problems can be a significant contributing factor to major aviation accidents, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established a set of Language Proficiency Requirements. All pilots and air traffic controllers engaged in international aviation must be certified by their national civil aviation authorities as meeting the requirements by March 2011. This has created a demand for tests designed to assess the speaking and listening skills of aviation personnel, and language testers have become involved as developers and evaluators of the various assessment instruments. The present paper gives an overview of the issues and introduces the themes discussed by the other contributors to this special issue of the journal, covering both the linguistic nature of aviation communication and more practical considerations in test design.
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M.S. Prabhu. "Design of Microsleep Alerting System of Pilot to Reduce Air Accidents." International Journal of Engineering and Management Research 11, no. 1 (February 5, 2021): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.11.1.6.
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The pilot’s micro sleep often caused by fatigue and/or drowsiness receives increasing attention for the last few years, especially after it became evident that pilot’s micro sleep also one of the major factor causing serious aircraft accidents.
The system comprises EOG, EEG and IR module. EEG measures the electrical activity of the brain called brain wave pattern through intrusive electrodes. EOG tapes the electrical potential of eyeball movements and the IR module senses the eye blink frequency. Then all these signals are applied to a robust signal processing unit and microcontroller. When an indicating feature corresponds to the micro sleep events are detected, the warning system is activated. This envisioned micro sleep alerting system would continuously monitor the alertness of the pilot and provides immediate warning signal, when micro sleep detected with high certainty.
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Hollenstein, Daria, Martin Hess, Denis Jordan, and Susanne Bleisch. "Investigating Roundabout Properties and Bicycle Accident Occurrence at Swiss Roundabouts: A Logistic Regression Approach." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 8, no. 2 (February 18, 2019): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8020095.
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The positive effects of active mobility on mental and physical health as well as on air quality are widely acknowledged. Increasing the share of active travel is therefore an aim in many countries. Providing bicycle-safe infrastructure is one way to promote cycling. Roundabouts are a common traffic infrastructure and are supposed to facilitate safe and smooth traffic flow. However, data on road traffic accidents indicate an over-proportional involvement of cyclists in accidents at roundabouts. In the present study, the influence of roundabout geometry and traffic flow on bicycle accident occurrence was investigated using a logistic regression approach on twelve parameters of N = 294 mostly small- and mini-sized single-lane roundabouts in the Canton of Berne, Switzerland. Average weekday motorized traffic was identified as a major factor in explaining bicycle accident occurrence at roundabouts. Further, the radius of the central island, the location of the roundabout (in town vs. out of town) and the number of legs were significantly related to bicycle accident occurrence. While these results are in general agreement with findings from similar studies, the findings regarding the central island’s radius and the number of legs underpin the need for roundabout type-specific studies: Some parameters may not prove relevant in intermediate- to large-sized roundabouts, but become critical in small or mini roundabouts, which are common in Switzerland and numerous in the present sample.
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Arnaldo Valdés, Rosa, Schon Liang Cheng, Victor Gómez Comendador, and Francisco Sáez Nieto. "Application of Bayesian Networks and Information Theory to Estimate the Occurrence of Mid-Air Collisions Based on Accident Precursors." Entropy 20, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e20120969.
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This paper combines Bayesian networks (BN) and information theory to model the likelihood of severe loss of separation (LOS) near accidents, which are considered mid-air collision (MAC) precursors. BN is used to analyze LOS contributing factors and the multi-dependent relationship of causal factors, while Information Theory is used to identify the LOS precursors that provide the most information. The combination of the two techniques allows us to use data on LOS causes and precursors to define warning scenarios that could forecast a major LOS with severity A or a near accident, and consequently the likelihood of a MAC. The methodology is illustrated with a case study that encompasses the analysis of LOS that have taken place within the Spanish airspace during a period of four years.
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Grossel, Stanley S. "Avoiding and managing environmental damage from major industrial accidents. Air Pollution Control Association, 498 pp., 1985." AIChE Journal 33, no. 6 (June 1987): 1052–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.690330623.
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Nevriansyah, Eko, Afdal Luthfi, Auliya Einsrizkianne Edray, and Goani Marind. "DROWTECT – VIBRATING CHAIR AND SPRAY NOZZLE TO PREVENT SLEEPINESS IN CAR DRIVERS BASED ON IMAGE PROCESSING WITH DROWSINESS DETECTION ALGORITHM." ARITMETIKA 1, no. 01 (February 18, 2022): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54482/aritmetika.v1i01.72.
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Based on data from the police of the Republic of Indonesia from 2014 to 2018 there was a significant increase in the number of motorized vehicles, namely 6.49% per year (Indonesian Central Statistics Agency, 2018: 22). This increase in the number of vehicles occurs in all types of vehicles every year according to police data, in Indonesia an average of 3 people die every hour due to traffic accidents. The data also states that the large number of accidents is caused by several factors, including 61% caused by humans related to the driver's character, 9% due to vehicle technical requirements, and 30% caused by infrastructure and the environment (Kominfo, 2017). Based on these data, many traffic accidents occur because of the character of the driver, such as not focusing and traveling. According to Rau et al (2005) in the United States about 100,000 accidents per year (1.6% of 6.3 million) are identified in the Police Crash Report (PCR) due to problematic drivers. accidents experienced by drivers in circumstances have general characteristics that are usually observed by traffic safety officers including, during the late hours of the night (2:00 to 6:00) or after the day (3:00 to 17:00) ) , driving on highways or toll roads, only young drivers, not using brakes, one person in the car, lack of security at the accident site, the level of drivers exceeding the limit for safe driving (Kamran, et al. 2019). Driver's drowsiness is a major factor in road accidents (Kumar, et al. 2018). Drowsiness while driving is very dangerous because it can cause an accident that can be found in death. Death due to traffic accidents caused by drivers is an event that can be avoided and minimized. To reduce the number of traffic accidents and their impacts, it is necessary to have a role from all parties. Based on this, the purpose of our research is to create a detection device system using image processing that is used to detect the eyes of the car driver, if the driver detects the data from the image processing will communicate and to a tool called a nozzle, then the nozzle will issue The air sprays into the driver's face slowly and in the driver's seat is also installed a dc motor that can cause a low level of shock to the driver, so that the driver can regain consciousness and focus on the traffic.
Keywords: Image Processing, Nozzle, Accident, Driver, Image Processing, Nozzle
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Bylica, Arkadiusz, and Anton Pashkevich. "Introduction of Global Reporting Format: Summary of the First Winter Season in Poland." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010167.
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Over the years, Global Reporting Format (GRF) was the first major change in the approach to evaluate runway conditions. The greatest impulse for this new regulation were incidents and accidents related mainly to runway excursions that occurred because of unfavorable weather conditions, when not only aircraft and different airport facilities but also human health and lives suffered. To better understand these changes, their advantages and their disadvantages, as well as the challenges that arose, an expert survey was carried out with duty officers of Polish airports, who directly made an assessment of runway conditions. Beside strengths of the GRF approach, research results show its weaknesses and uncertainties, especially when using the Runway Condition Assessment Matrix. In addition, in the article are presented a brief GRF description together with comparison with the previous reporting system and a discussion about air accident statistics related to a runway excursion, as well as a description and discussion of one selected air incident that took place in Poland.
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Branford, Kate. "Seeing the Big Picture of Mishaps." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 1, no. 1 (January 2011): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a00005.
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The analysis of major accidents in safety-critical systems requires a “big-picture” approach, with the capacity to accommodate contributing factors from within the organisations involved and from dysfunctional interactions between different parts of the broader system. Rasmussen’s AcciMap approach is useful in this regard, as it illustrates how multiple factors throughout the system combined to produce an accident. This article describes the application of this technique to the Überlingen mid-air collision and draws on this application to discuss the benefits of the AcciMap Approach. These include its capacity to incorporate contributing factors from all system levels and illustrate their interrelationships succinctly; to depict the activities of front-line workers within the context in which they occurred; and to aid safety recommendation development.
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Khanal, Lekh Nath, and Jeevan Regmi. "Physical and chemical analysis of Beirut ammonium nitrate blast: A concern of particulate matter in atmosphere." Nepal Journal of Environmental Science 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njes.v10i2.43449.
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Chemical disasters are caused by improper management, handling, transportation, and sudden accidents. The massive explosion of ammonium nitrate silo in the port of Beirut on August 4, 2020, has threatened the world with the loss of 220 people, about 6500 injuries, huge property loss, and environmental contamination. This paper aims to summarize the major ammonium nitrate accidents in the past 100 years in the world. We analyzed the accidents in terms of frequency, causes, property loss, and deaths. We reported 43 accidents in which 7 accidents triggered more than 100 casualties. Altogether seven terrorist attacks with ammonium nitrate are reported leading to the death of 411 people and huge loss of assets. The explosion releases a large amount of energy and produces a variety of gases along with nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and a lot of particulate matter (PM), which significantly contributes to air pollution. The size and amount of PM imposes negative impact on environment like low visibility, decreased solar radiation and adverse health impacts like chronic respiratory, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other human diseases. Proper management and safety measures with stringent regulations at national and international level is warranted for the safe and sustainable use of industrial chemicals.
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Patharla, Shyam Siddharth Rao, Souri Reddy Pyreddy, and Shilpa N. Panthagani. "A study on reported fire incidents in major hospitals of India." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 3896. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20204351.
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Background: An uncontrolled fire is dangerous especially in the healthcare establishments as they frequently cater to the sick who often require assistance. We studied the various aspects of fire incidents that occurred in major Indian hospitals through media reports in the past decade (January 2010 to December 2019). It is our intention that this study would act as a reference to prioritize and stimulate research in hospital fire safety.Methods: An extensive internet search was done for news reports/articles on fire incidents in major hospitals by mainstream media outlets. Major hospitals were those with more than 100 in-patient beds.Results: 33 major fire incidents were reported during the defined period. The most common cause of fire was due to electrical short circuit 78% with air conditioners being the most common source. Functional firefighting systems were reported in 19 incidents. Fires originated at or near intensive care units (ICU’s) in 10 instances. 72.72% accidents occurred at night (8:01 p.m. to 7:59 a.m.). Casualties were reported in 39% of the fire accidents.Conclusions: The most common cause of fire accidents is electrical short circuit. Hospitals need to prioritize periodic testing of firefighting systems and regular training of staff on their use. Judicious placement of electrical equipment combined with oxygen monitoring devices in intensive care areas is recommended. Storage of flammable materials and placement of central gas supply points should be away from the vicinity of patient care areas and always in conjunction with robust fire detection and control methods. Hospitals should adhere to their planned capacity.
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Newman, Richard L., and Angus H. Rupert. "The Magnitude of the Spatial Disorientation Problem in Transport Airplanes." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 91, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5442.2020.
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INTRODUCTION: Loss-of-control (LOC) is the major cause of transport airplane mishaps. There have been many published reports and papers examining these accidents. While these studies did mention spatial disorientation (SD) as a cause or a factor, none of them analyzed it further. The present study uses transport and commuter airplane mishap data for a recent 35-yr period and examines the results of those mishaps involving spatial disorientation.METHOD: We identified LOC and SD accidents from five national aviation accident organizations and two independent groups. Only “normal” operations (air carrier, noncommercial transportation, ferry flights, and training) were considered. We reviewed transport and commuter airplane accidents using the published reports and identified 94 involving SD.RESULTS: We found the distribution of SD mishaps differs from LOC mishaps. During initial climb, there were relatively fewer SD mishaps (16%) than LOC mishaps (31%). During enroute climb SD has relatively more mishaps (18%) than LOC (11%). During go-around or missed approach phases, there were relatively more SD mishaps (21%) than LOC mishaps (4%). Perhaps the most significant observation was an increasing number of SD mishaps during the period reviewed.DISCUSSION: There are several possible reasons for the increasing numbers of SD mishaps over the study period from 1981 to 2016. Somatogravic illusion during go-around or missed approach accounts for only some of this increase. There is insufficient data to determine the reason for the remaining increase.Newman RL, Rupert AH. The magnitude of the spatial disorientation problem in transport airplanes. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(2):65–70.
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Bashirova, Aygyn. "Analysis of convective processes for the Absheron Peninsula." Geography and water resources, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.55764/2957-9856/2022-1-29-36.04.
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This paper is focuses on to determine the air masses observed during convective processes in Baku and the Absheron Peninsula in 2011-2020. As well as to identify the frequency of air masses and atmospheric phenomena by seasons and years. The purpose of this study is to determine weather phenomena, which is significantly, influence the safety and the operational activity of air traffic, particularly, in the areas of the aerodrome and route. The formation of thunderstorms is a particularly important meteorological event that has major relevance to aviation safety. Despite all the safety improvements, the weather is still today a major cause of aviation accidents and incidents. According to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) statistics, 15 -20% of plane crashes are caused by severe weather conditions. Hazards associated with convective weather include thunderstorms with severe turbulence, intense up- and downdrafts, lightning, hail, heavy precipitation, icing, wind shear, microbursts and strong low-level winds. As a source of the information regular observations of Heydar Aliyev International Airport, also soundings, satellite images, surface and upper air maps were used.
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Pike, William S. "Pilot Disorientation as the Most Frequent Cause of Fatal, Weather-Related Accidents in UK Civil and General Aviation." Journal of Navigation 45, no. 2 (May 1992): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300010729.
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Over 20 years ago, collision with high ground was identified as being the single most significant cause of fatalities among air travellers worldwide (Smith, 1968), and some human factors responsible were highlighted. The three factors most commonly found to be present during major civil aviation accidents were: (i) pilot's visual flight in instrument meterological conditions (IMC); (ii) navigational error by the crew and'; (iii) pilot's failure to react correctly to new circumstances resulting from air traffic control (ATC) instructions or advice – sometimes made in a language foreign to that of the aircrew. The latter factor will be tested here to see if it still applies to recent cases in the UK.
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Zhang, Xueyan, and Guoan He. "Identification of Rotor Crack Faults by Vibration Analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 898, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/898/1/012017.
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Abstract According to the vibration equation of the cracked rotor, the main vibration characteristics of the cracked rotor are summarized. On this basis, combined with the field diagnosis experience, a practical method of identifying the cracked rotor through vibration analysis is proposed. Furthermore, the proposed method is illustrated by three cases of rotor crack fault identification in the operation of steam turbine and boiler primary air fan. Successful diagnosis avoids the occurrence of potential major accidents.
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Sathian, Brijesh, Puspa Raj Pant, Edwin Van Teijlingen, Indrajit Banerjee, and Bedanta Roy. "Need for improving the health system preparedness for road traffic injuries in Nepal." Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 8, no. 3 (November 30, 2018): 735–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v8i3.23726.
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The growth of motorised and mass transportation has improved the lives and lifestyles of many. This economic progress has major drawbacks including: increased air pollution, road traffic crashes/injuries (RTCs/RTIs). Some papers may refer to Road Traffic Accidents or RTAs, but experts recommend the more appropriate to use RTIs. In recent decades the proportion of RTI to all deaths has declined in high-income countries whereas it has risen in many low- and middle-income countries.
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Log, Torgrim, and Asgjerd Moi. "Ethanol and Methanol Burn Risks in the Home Environment." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 2379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112379.
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Biofuel heaters and fireplaces have in recent years been introduced for indoor and outdoor use. Due to their simplicity, they are usually equipped with few or no safety features. Worldwide, incidents resulting in major skin burn injury and long hospitalization periods have occurred when using such biofuel units. The present study analyses the characteristics of the liquids ethanol and methanol to get a scientific background for understanding related accidents. The comparably heavy vapors, especially from ethanol, may generate a pillow of combustible gas in the vicinity of the unit, particularly in quiescent indoor air conditions. It is also revealed that these fuels represent a potential severe risk, since the equilibrium vapor pressures are close to the stoichiometric fuel–air composition at normal room temperatures. Selected incidents were reviewed to understand the mechanisms involved when severe burns were received by the users. It turns out that the most severe incidents were related to refilling operations and included ignition of the fuel container vapor phase. When ignited, the container gas phase expansion propelled burning fuel from the bottle or container onto the user or other persons in the vicinity. Similar incidents involving refilling methanol for chemistry demonstrations and ethanol for endodontic (dentistry) treatment were also studied and it was shown that these accidents followed similar accident mechanisms. It may be concluded that the main contributors to burn risk are the near-stoichiometric vapor pressure of these liquids at room temperature and the close proximity of the fuel container to burning fuel. Research needs and possible technical barriers are suggested to reduce this risk for the future.
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Lyu, Tao, Wenbin Song, and Ke Du. "Human Factors Analysis of Air Traffic Safety Based on HFACS-BN Model." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (November 22, 2019): 5049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235049.
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Air traffic control (ATC) performance is important to ensure flight safety and the sustainability of aviation growth. To better evaluate the performance of ATC, this paper introduces the HFACS-BN model (HFACS: Human factors analysis and classification system; BN: Bayesian network), which can be combined with the subjective information of relevant experts and the objective data of accident reports to obtain more accurate evaluation results. The human factors of ATC in this paper are derived from screening and analysis of 142 civil and general aviation accidents/incidents related to ATC human factors worldwide from 1980 to 2019, among which the most important 25 HFs are selected to construct the evaluation model. The authors designed and implemented a questionnaire survey based on the HFACS framework and collected valid data from 26 frontline air traffic controllers (ATCO) and experts related to ATC in 2019. Combining the responses with objective data, the noisy MAX model is used to calculate the conditional probability table. The results showed that, among the four levels of human factors, unsafe acts had the greatest influence on ATC Performance (79.4%), while preconditions for safe acts contributed the least (40.3%). The sensitivity analysis indicates the order of major human factors influencing the performance of ATC. Finally, this study contributes to the literature in terms of methodological development and expert empirical analysis, providing data support for human error management intervention of ATC in aviation safety.
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C, Gopi, V. Pramodh, Mallela Sree Charan, K. Sandeep Kumar Reddy, and Dulla SaiVamsi. "Cloud-based Air Quality Monitoring through Wireless Sensor Network using NodeMCU." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 911–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.47915.
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Abstract: In the present-day world, air pollution has gained huge attention and eventually become a major threat to society. Considering the exigency and magnitude of air pollution, this paper focus mainly on the device which is capable of monitoring the air quality, vibration levels of the ground, and a type of fire safety alert system for the employees working in the industrial environment. This is implemented using a WIFI-enabled ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontroller which is interfaced with air quality monitoring sensors MQ135, DHT11 (Humidity and Temperature) sensor, Geophone sensor to detect measurements of vibration levels in industries, and a flame sensor to prevent the workers from fire accidents. The buzzer is used as an alert module. The sensor data is stored in NodeMCU and the data is analyzed and stored in the cloud platform and monitored on the BLYNK (an IoT platform) by interfacing the app with NodeMCU.
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Demmler, Joanne C., Ákos Gosztonyi, Yaxing Du, Matti Leinonen, Laura Ruotsalainen, Leena Järvi, and Sanna Ala-Mantila. "A novel approach of creating sustainable urban planning solutions that optimise the local air quality and environmental equity in Helsinki, Finland: The CouSCOUS study protocol." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): e0260009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260009.
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Background Air pollution is one of the major environmental challenges cities worldwide face today. Planning healthy environments for all future populations, whilst considering the ongoing demand for urbanisation and provisions needed to combat climate change, remains a difficult task. Objective To combine artificial intelligence (AI), atmospheric and social sciences to provide urban planning solutions that optimise local air quality by applying novel methods and taking into consideration population structures and traffic flows. Methods We will use high-resolution spatial data and linked electronic population cohort for Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Finland) to model (a) population dynamics and urban inequality related to air pollution; (b) detailed aerosol dynamics, aerosol and gas-phase chemistry together with detailed flow characteristics; (c) high-resolution traffic flow addressing dynamical changes at the city environment, such as accidents, construction work and unexpected congestion. Finally, we will fuse the information resulting from these models into an optimal city planning model balancing air quality, comfort, accessibility and travelling efficiency.
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George, Thankamma P., C. S. Sreedevi, and Sreekumari K. "Injuries to the great vessels: an autopsy-based study." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 8, no. 11 (October 28, 2020): 3905. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20204875.
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Background: Injuries of the chest causing disruption of the thoracic cage, damaging the great vessels are increasing daily. Aorta is most vulnerable to injury in deceleration trauma from road and air accidents, fall from height and penetrating injuries. Incidence of traumatic rupture of the aorta is rising with higher travel speed. Methods: In this study we analysed the pattern of injury to great vessels and the socio-demographic pattern of the victims in trauma. 250 cases brought to a tertiary care institution for autopsy were studied from 1st January 2005 to 30th November 2005 (1st July 2005 - 30th November prospectively, and 1st January - 30th June 2005, retrospectively). A cross sectional study design including all cases of trauma to the chest was done with consecutive sampling. Data was collected in pro forma and analysed.Results: 206 victims were males. Commonest cause of chest injury was trauma. 130 (52%) were victims of road traffic accidents and the vehicle implicated the most was bus (41 cases, 16.4%). Pedestrians constituted the majority (26.4%). 15 cases (6%) involved major blood vessels of the thorax. Descending part of the thoracic aorta was vulnerable, with transection of the great vessels in 5 cases (2%). Haemothorax was observed in 102 cases on right side and 94 cases on the left side. 9 cases (4%) of bronchial or tracheal ruptures with 6 cases of severance and 3 incidences of tear were recorded.Conclusions: The wound of aorta or pulmonary artery are immediately fatal and commonly seen in case of vehicular accident or fall from height due to the intense compression to the chest with or without any sign of external injury. Most ruptures are due to automobile accidents and the mechanism of injury is sudden motion of the heart and great vessels.
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Kandel, Pradeep, Rakesh Kumar Shah, Dr Karunakaran P, Sumit Pandit, and Ajay Kumar Yadav. "Conceptual Design of 13-Seater STOVL Aircraft for Rural Air Mobility in Nepal VAAYU YAAN." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2098–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41953.
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Abstract: At Present, in Aviation industry there is a strong and rapid growing interest in the development of Urban/Rural Air Mobility (U/RAM) networks, which are aerial transportation systems in, and around major metropolitan areas and rural hilly region where less possibilities of operating big passenger aircraft to cover short distance in challenging geographical location. STOVL capabilities for fixed-wing aircraft is one application of this technology. For rural passenger transport missions in remote area of Nepal, it is risky and difficult during landing in Hilly and Himalayan region due to geographic land structure and slope runway to operate big size passenger or cargo aircraft. Hence, the sole aim of this paper is to present the practical alternative to these problems in the early days of rural air transportation in aviation industries in Nepal. Here, we discuss about the air accidents that occurred in Nepali sky and along with their reason so we decided to try our level best to come up with solution i.e., our proposed design VAAYU YAAN. This paper clarifies the main motive of deploying VAAYU YAAN over conventional aircrafts. It is designed in a such a way that it can solve the problem of fatal accidents in aerial transportation in Hilly and Himalayan region faced as result of topographical difficulties, slope and small runway issues along with air traffic problems and helps in enhancing the public transportation all over the country for regional mobility due to short takeoff and vertical landing capacity. As a result of this feature, due to less risk in mobilization of aerial vehicle in Hilly and Himalayan places, people across the country will be connected and benefited. Keywords: VAAYU YAAN, STOVL, Hilly and Himalayan air mobility, Conceptual Design, Topographical challenges etc.
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Skřínský, Jan, Jan Koloničný, and Tadeáš Ochodek. "Synthesis of Modelling and Simulation for Hydrogen Gas Release and Explosion." MATEC Web of Conferences 328 (2020): 01013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202032801013.
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The article presents the results of two methods for modelling and simulation of the leakage, dispersion and explosion of hydrogen in the event of major accidents in urban areas. Modelling of flammable substances by standard methods fully based on input data. Therefore, the predictions from common software packages should be extended to experimental results. The aim of this paper is to present the synthesis of modelling and simulation for one component gas-air dispersion and explosion to demonstrate the rational approach to loss prevention based on understanding of the nature of incidents and of the type of loss that actually occur.
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Brooker, Peter. "Introducing Unmanned Aircraft Systems into a High Reliability ATC System." Journal of Navigation 66, no. 5 (June 21, 2013): 719–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463313000337.
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Civil and military unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) operations are currently subject to restrictions that put major limits on their use of airspace. There is considerable debate about how to develop the safe, secure and efficient integration of UAS into non-segregated airspace and aerodromes. This paper examines a necessary safety aspect. Airlines and their passengers would obviously ask, “Is it still safe with all these unmanned aircraft around?” The spotlight must be on Air Traffic Control Systems as High Reliability Organizations (HRO). That status comes from industry characteristics: focus on safety, effective use of technological improvements, learning from feedback from accidents/incidents, and an underpinning safety culture. The safety of ATC Systems has improved dramatically: accidents are now the product of rare and complex ‘messes’ of multiple failures. It is therefore a major challenge to preserve the HRO status by ensuring at least current safety performance. The analysis sketches feasible processes of policy decision-making and safety analyses. Key factors are policies on UAS equipage and airspace usage, implementation of a Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS)-variant appropriate for UAS, use of an ‘Equivalent Level of Safety’ philosophy, small datalink latencies, proven HRO safety and learning cultures, and stress testing of system resilience by real-time simulations.
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Shen, Zhiyuan, Guozhuang Pan, and Yonggang Yan. "A High-Precision Fatigue Detecting Method for Air Traffic Controllers Based on Revised Fractal Dimension Feature." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (February 12, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4563962.
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As air traffic volume increases, the air traffic controller (ATC) fatigue has become a major cause for air traffic accidents. However, the conventional fatigue-detecting methods based on speech are neither effective nor accurate because the speech signals are nonlinear and complicated. In this paper, an ATC fatigue-detecting method based on fractal dimension (FD) is proposed. Firstly, a special speech database of ATC radiotelephony communications is constructed. These radiotelephony communications are obtained from Air Traffic Management Shandong Bureau of China. Then, speech signals implement a wavelet decomposition and FD calculation. The calculation result shows the significant difference among the FD of the speech signal before and after fatigue. Furthermore, a novel fatigue feature of the ATC based on the FD of speech is built. A series of experiments are conducted to detect the ATC fatigue with the fatigue feature comparison process and a support vector machine (SVM). The results show that the accuracy in detecting ATC fatigue based on FD was 92.82%, which are higher than the state-of-the art methods. The research provides a theoretical guidance for Air Traffic Management Authority on detecting ATC’s fatigue, while it may provide reference for the fatigue assessment in other professional fields of civil aviation.
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Suhih, Nikolai, Valentin Rukavishnikov, and Oleg Sokolov. "Methods and Means for Reducing the Influence of the Human Factor in Civil Aviation with the Use of Information-Control Systems." Automation on transport 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2022): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20295/2412-9186-2022-8-1-7-16.
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Human factor is a set of moral, social, psychological, physical, professional and other human qualities influencing his activity. Human factor role to provide flight safety is determined by that all processes in aviation on organization, procuring and accomplishment of flights are made by humans – aviation specialists of various profiles. Major impact on flight safety among aviation specialist goes from aviation personnel. The latter constitutes people belonging to commanding-flying, flying staff, dispatcher personnel of management service of air traffic, engineering-technical, medical personnel whose activity is directly aimed to air transportation execution. It’s evident that influence of aviapersonnel various groups on flight safety state differs and 's determined by the degree of interaction with flight execution process. Analysis of aviation severe accidents during five-year period leads to that crew wrong actions have major impact on their occurrence (about 60%). This fact finds natural explanation because namely flying personnel pursues flight direct control, and flight outcome in the situation depends on the correctness of his action. In this connection, the human factor problem namely for flying personnel and first of all for pilots has paramount importance. The realization of the ways of reducing aviation accident probability is possible on an airplane board only whiles using electronic computer which works out either management impacts or information prompt for a crew. As a result, this implies introduction and exploitation of board information-control system by a crew. It’s been less considered and generalized the human factor impact in organizational-technical and organization-economical systems of civil aviation. But it’s evident that at halting situation occurrence in any service, correct decision acceptance by a user is possible only at his information support which can be embodied in “ground” information-control system. The publication views reduction of negative impact of the human factor in civilaviation with the help of modern information-ruling systems.
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Chen, Yunqi, and Jin Xu. "Research and Design of Remote Online Supervision System of Coal Mine Electromechanical Equipment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2218, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2218/1/012026.
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Abstract Increasing the supervision of coal mine electromechanical equipment is an urgent need to ensure the safe production of coal mines. This paper designs and develops a coal mine electromechanical equipment supervision system, which includes four parts: mine-side monitoring subsystem, mine-side data acquisition and transmission module, local-side data analysis and storage module, and coal mine electromechanical equipment supervision platform. It realizes coal mine ventilator, drainage pump, air compressors, hoists and other major electromechanical equipment online monitoring and equipment failure analysis. The system satisfies the remote online inspection and management of equipment by multi-level departments, reduces the possibility of enterprise accidents, innovates the supervision mode, and improves the efficiency of supervision.
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Purnamasari, Prima Dewi, Evan G. Sumbayak, Vicky Dwi Kurniawan, and RR Wulan Apriliyanti. "CO Pollution Warning System for Indoor Parking Area Using FPGA." International Journal of Reconfigurable and Embedded Systems (IJRES) 2, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijres.v2.i2.pp64-75.
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From some compounds used as parameters in air pollution-such as O3, Particulate Materials, CO, NO2, SO2 and Pb-CO is the most common cause of poisoning accidents. Indoor parking area is one sample of potential area for CO pollution. However, according to the scientific nature of CO-tasteless, colorless, and odorless-people exposed to CO are usually not aware that s/he exposed to dangerous levels of CO. This research aimed to make a prototype of an embedded system that can monitor air pollution, give an effective warning and it should be affordable. The prototype of CO air pollution alert system has been successfully built using FPGA Xilinx Spartan 3E as the major component. Sensor Hanwei MQ7 used in this prototype has been tested in a simulation box using cigarette smoke as CO pollutant and the reading result has met the characteristic curve in the datasheet. The system interface has met user satisfaction with MOS value 4.31 from 5 scales. Based on the response time testing, we conclude that FPGA is suitable to be used in a system that performs fast parallel processing based on logical actions from the input given.
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KORSHUNOV, Gennady I., Marat L. RUDAKOV, and Eugeniy I. KABANOV. "The Use of a Risk-Based Approach in Safety Issues of Coal Mines." Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 9, no. 1 (June 24, 2018): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jemt.v9.1(25).23.
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The paper contains the analysis of the data on major industrial accidents and occupational injuries at the coal mine industry enterprises of Russia in order to reveal statistically significant correlations between the indicators impacting the accident rate and the employees’ death risk level. As the risk criteria, the values of the methane-air resultant mixtures (MARM) explosions frequency and the frequency of the staff exposure at MARM explosions in the mines (observed levels of personal risks) are taken. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and Kruskal–Wallis test are used to analyze the categorized data samplings over the period from 2005 to 2016. The authors have defined the influence of relative gas content and hazard of layers regarding spontaneous combustion on the MARM explosions frequency. The regression models that take into consideration the impact of hazardous factors on the risk indicators have been received. The results of the performed coal mines ranging in Russia have been presented according to the level of individual risk, caused by MARM explosions; the received results have been compared with the acceptable tolerable risk level. The relevance of applying the research findings has been shown at the implementation of the dynamic model of the risk-based approach for ensuring coal mines safe exploitation.
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Li, Qi, Ren-Yong Guo, and Wen-Juan Yang. "An Emissions-Based User Equilibrium Model and Algorithm for Left-turn Prohibition Planning." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 27, no. 5 (October 28, 2015): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v27i5.1640.
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The left-turn of vehicles at intersections has significant impacts on urban traffic congestions and accidents, which have negative effect on vehicle emissions causing air pollution. Many urban traffic networks prohibit direct left-turns for transport planning to keep traffic moving efficiently on major roads. As such, this paper proposes a bi-level mathematical model for left-turn prohibition planning considering both travel times and traffic emissions. The lower-level and upper-level are respectively solved by using the Frank-Wolfe algorithm and an improved genetic algorithm. By numerical examples, this paper shows that the improved algorithm can effectively enhance the speed and accuracy of the calculation, and the traffic congestions and emissions can be alleviated by implementing the left-turn prohibition at some carefully selected intersections.
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Hong, Seok Bum, Hong Sik Yun, Sang Guk Yum, Seung Yeop Ryu, In Seong Jeong, and Jisung Kim. "Development of black ice prediction model using GIS-based multi-sensor model validation." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 22, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 3435–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3435-2022.
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Abstract. Fog, freezing rain, and snow (melt) quickly condense on road surfaces, forming black ice that is difficult to identify and causes major accidents on highways. As a countermeasure to prevent icing car accidents, it is necessary to predict the amount and location of black ice. This study advanced previous models through machine learning and multi-sensor-verified results. Using spatial (hill shade, river system, bridge, and highway) and meteorological (air temperature, cloudiness, vapour pressure, wind speed, precipitation, snow cover, specific heat, latent heat, and solar radiation energy) data from the study area (Suncheon–Wanju Highway in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do, South Korea), the amount and location of black ice were modelled based on system dynamics to predict black ice and then simulated with a geographic information system in units of square metres. The intermediate factors calculated as input factors were road temperature and road moisture, modelled using a deep neural network (DNN) and numerical methods. Considering the results of the DNN, the root mean square error was improved by 148.6 % and reliability by 11.43 % compared to a previous study (linear regression). Based on the model results, multiple sensors were buried at four selected points in the study area. The model was compared with sensor data and verified with the upper-tailed test (with a significance level of 0.05) and fast Fourier transform (freezing does not occur when frequency = 0.00001 Hz). Results of the verified simulation can provide valuable data for government agencies like road traffic authorities to prevent traffic accidents caused by black ice.
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Harris, Jean E., and Michael E. Wiklund. "Consumer Acceptance of Threatening Warnings in the Residential Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 33, no. 15 (October 1989): 989–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128903301519.
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In the course of designing warnings a manufacturer of residential swimming pools, American Institutes for Research (AIR) conducted several surveys of potential pool users to determine whether threatening (i.e. morbid, disturbing, or fear-arousing) or non-threatening warnings were more appropriate for the residential environment. This study focused on determining (1) how effective both types of warnings would be in preventing serious pool injuries and (2) the likelihood that a pool owner would post the warnings. The warnings addressed the two major swimming pool hazards, as determined by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) statistics: (1) diving accidents involving teenage males and (2) drowning accidents involving children under the age of 5 years. We conducted an initial survey of 15 potential pool users to assess the pool manufacturer's existing warnings. Then we surveyed 27 potential pool users to determine their preferences from several design alternatives. Finally, we validated comprehension of the pictographs with a survey of 135 subjects. During these surveys, a substantial proportion of the subjects indicated that people might have reservations about posting a threatening warning. The final warning designs reflect the conclusion that it is better to provide warnings that do not offend people's sensibilities. This increases the chance that pool owners will post the warnings in a residential environment.
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Zhang, Tao, Zhou-Mo Zeng, Yi-Bo Li, Wei-Kui Wang, and Xu Bian. "Characteristics Analysis of Vacuum Gas Leak Detection Signals Based on Acoustic Emission." International Journal of Automation Technology 8, no. 1 (January 5, 2014): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2014.p0057.
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Gas leaks can cause major accidents resulting in both human injuries and financial losses. Vacuum pressureinduced air leaks lead to the emission of acoustic signals. Vacuum leak tests are implemented in this paper, and signals excited by leaks through apertures of three different diameters are investigated. According to the acoustic emission signal processing theory, several characteristic parameters were utilized to analyze the generation of continuous vacuum leakage acoustic emission signals. Applicable signal characteristics are used to distinguish the vacuumleaks through apertures of different sizes. It can be inferred that the acoustic emission method can detect vacuum gas leaks as they happen, and signal parameter characteristics analysis can be used to distinguish between the different aperture sizes. This paper is of practical significance to the work of acoustic emission vacuum leak detection.
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Adeyemi, Ademola James, Olusegun Isa Lasisi, Abubakar Arzika Zaki, Sani Isa Besse, and Muhammad Bello Ambursa. "Pressure gauge accuracy and tire maintenance awareness among vehicle owners in Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria." Jurnal Sistem dan Manajemen Industri 4, no. 2 (December 25, 2020): 99–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jsmi.v4i2.2782.
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Aside from human factors, tire blowouts and other tire imperfections are major contributors to the persistently high road accident rate. While tire imperfections are categorized as part of the mechanical factors affecting road accident, the tire maintenance personnel and the vehicle owners' human behavior plays a significant role in ensuring that accidents due to tire imperfections are minimized. Therefore, this study aims to determine the accuracy of the pressure gauges used by tire maintenance personnel, popularly called vulcanizers in Nigeria, and to determine the level of awareness of vehicle owners about the basic information that affects the safe use of tires on the road. The study consists of two stages. The first stage investigates the accuracy of the pressure gauges used by twenty vulcanizers in four different districts in Birnin Kebbi, the northwestern part of Nigeria. The second stage was an online survey regarding the tire maintenance behavior of 87 participants, who were formally educated from Diploma to Ph.D. level. The study's findings showed that about 25% of the vulcanizers do not use pressure gauges to measure air pressure during tire inflation, and less than 17% of the readings taken were accurate. Yet about 60% of the respondents believe that vulcanizers' pressure gauges are reliable and less than 30% of the respondents know that the expiring date of tires is four years in Nigeria. Therefore, there is an urgent need for proper awareness about tire usage and maintenance among the general population. It would also be appropriate to include such basic road safety information in the school curriculum at all levels.
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Vigneshwaran, P., N. Padmavathi, G. Nirmala, and A. Sowmiya. "An Intelligent Cooling System Based on Predictive Time Domain Algorithm with Thermoelectric Coolers for Wind Turbines." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 25, no. 2 (June 10, 2022): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v25i2.a08.
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Development of Power Electronics devices (PED) made renewable energy generation of power more feasible than that of traditional power plant generation. In India, Tamil Nadu the major source of renewable generation is come from Wind generation. Due to PED, heat generated is the Major issues in wind power generation, which consequence in terrible combustion accidents and disasters. Cooling system such as compressor based cooling scheme or two phases cooling is provided in addition to natural air cooling. The major disadvantages of the scheme are their volume, requirement of large power supplies and frequent chance to catch fire. Currently, using Thermo-electric coolers (TEC) called Peltier modules to provide cooling in wind power plant. Only after the system has reached massive temperature levels can it excavates the heat. The proposed method using predictive time domain algorithm the cooling process initiated in prepone manner. As soon as heat go up the system will detected and switched on cooling in predictive manner which can avoid the system to reach the maximum temperature. By using IoT, the system can monitor the temperature level and make use of predictive cooling technology over the surfaces without any delay time.
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Gomes, João B. A., Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues, Ricardo A. L. Rabêlo, Neeraj Kumar, and Sergey Kozlov. "IoT-Enabled Gas Sensors: Technologies, Applications, and Opportunities." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 8, no. 4 (December 13, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan8040057.
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Ambient gas detection and measurement had become essential in diverse fields and applications, from preventing accidents, avoiding equipment malfunction, to air pollution warnings and granting the correct gas mixture to patients in hospitals. Gas leakage can reach large proportions, affecting entire neighborhoods or even cities, causing enormous environmental impacts. This paper elaborates on a deep review of the state of the art on gas-sensing technologies, analyzing the opportunities and main characteristics of the transducers, as well as towards their integration through the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This should ease the information collecting and sharing processes, granting better experiences to users, and avoiding major losses and expenses. The most promising wireless-based solutions for ambient gas monitoring are analyzed and discussed, open research topics are identified, and lessons learned are shared to conclude the study.
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Evans, A. "Flight deck indication of health monitoring data—a critique." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 216, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 249–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095441002321028766.
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In September 1995 there was an incident involving an AS332L Super Puma helicopter over the North Sea. This followed the onset of high vibration due to the fatigue failure of a tail rotor blade retaining hinge. This was the first major vibration incident involving a helicopter fitted with a health and usage monitoring system (HUMS). The UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch made a number of recommendations. One was that the UK Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) should develop the concept of providing a flight deck display of health monitoring information to the flight crew. The CAA asked the Helicopter Health Monitoring Advisory G roup (HHM AG) (an industry body that advises the CAA) to consider the issue. This paper will examine the findings of the H HMAG working group and discuss the practicality of such systems in an operational environment.
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Moritz, William E. "Survey of North American Bicycle Commuters: Design and Aggregate Results." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1578, no. 1 (January 1997): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1578-12.
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Although interest exists in promoting bicycle commuting to help meet air quality and commuter-trip reduction goals, there are virtually no data on bicycle commuters. A comprehensive survey, distributed over the Internet and by mail, of such commuters has been conducted, with 2,374 responses received from all regions of the United States and Canada. Information was gathered in seven categories: about your commuting; about the facilities you use; about your bike; about your motivation; about safety/accidents; about your health; and about you and your household. Comments were also collected. Although the average bicycle commuter is a 39-year-old male professional with a household income in excess of $45,000 per year who rides 10.6 months per year, nearly one in five respondents was female. Average annual bicycle-commuting distance was 3100 km, although these same cyclists rode an average of 5500 km for all trip purposes. Just under 10 percent reported having an accident in the previous 12 months. A relative danger index ( RDI) for various bicycle facilities that relates accident frequency to distance traveled on each facility type is presented. A higher number indicates greater danger. Based on the data in this sample, major streets without bicycle facilities have an RDI of 1.26; minor streets, an RDI of 1.04; streets with bike lanes or bike routes, an RDI of 0.50; bike paths, an RDI of 0.67 and sidewalks, an RDI of 5.30. With the 7.3 million km of bicycle commuting reported, an annual accident rate of 37.1 per million km was calculated. The results of this survey should be of interest to policy makers, businesses, and advocates interested in promoting the use of the bicycle for transportation purposes.
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Mariani, Stefano, and Francesco Lanza di Scalea. "Predictions of defect detection performance of air-coupled ultrasonic rail inspection system." Structural Health Monitoring 17, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 684–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921717715429.
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A rail inspection system based on ultrasonic guided waves and non-contact (air-coupled) ultrasound transduction is under development at the University of California at San Diego. The system targets defects in the rail head that are major causes of train accidents. Because of the high acoustic impedance mismatch between air and steel, the non-contact system poses severe challenges and questions on the defect detection performance. This article presents an extensive numerical study, conducted with a local interaction simulation approach, to model the ultrasound propagation and interaction with defects in the proposed system. This model was used to predict the expected detection performance of the system in the presence of various defects of different sizes and positions, and at varying levels of signal-to-noise ratios. When possible, operating variables for the model were chosen consistently with the field test of an experimental prototype that was conducted in 2014. The defect detection performance was evaluated through the computation of receiver operating characteristic curves in terms of probability of detection versus probability of false alarms. The study indicates that despite the challenges of non-contact probing of the rail, quite satisfactory inspection performance can be expected for a variety of defect types, sizes, and positions. Beyond the specific cases examined in this article, this numerical framework can also be used in the future to examine a larger variety of field test conditions.
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Jovanovic, Miomir. "Urban transport energy consumption: Belgrade case study." Thermal Science 19, no. 6 (2015): 2079–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci141106039j.
Full textAbstract:
More than half of the global population now lives in towns and cities. At the same time, transport has become the highest single energy-consuming human activity. Hence, one of the major topics today is the reduction of urban transport demand and of energy consumption in cities. In this article we focused on the whole package of instruments that can reduce energy consumption and transport demand in Belgrade, a city that is currently at a major crossroad. Belgrade can prevent a dramatic increase in energy consumption and CO2 emissions (and mitigate the negative local environmental effects of traffic congestion, traffic accidents and air pollution), only if it: 1) implements a more decisive strategy to limit private vehicles use while its level of car passenger km (PKT) is still relatively low; 2) does not try to solve its transport problems only by trying to build urban road infrastructure (bridges and ring roads); and 3) if it continues to provide priority movement for buses (a dominant form of public transport), while 4) at the same time developing urban rail systems (metro or LRT) with exclusive tracks, immune to the traffic congestion on urban streets.
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Barragán López, Norma. "Effects of the inhalation of particulate matter in the central nervous system." Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA 8, no. 16 (July 5, 2020): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29057/mjmr.v8i16.3966.
Full textAbstract:
The most common pollutant of the air that surrounds us in the atmosphere is Particulate Material (PM), which is a heterogeneous mixture suspended as aerosol droplets we breathe. Studies in animals and humans, indicate that this particulate material can pass from the upper respiratory tract and reach the brain through the olfactory nerve, or reach the lungs and pass into the bloodstream and affect other organs or coagulation mechanisms, what can cause vascular accidents, heart attacks, chronic lung diseases or cancer. In developing countries in 2012 there were a total of 7.3 million deaths associated with environmental causes; and of them, most are attributed to air pollution specifically.Upon reaching the brain, the particulate material produces molecular, cellular, histological and pathophysiological alterations that can lead to the exposed individual having the risk of seeing their cognitive functions affected and if this progresses, develop dementia. The most common type of dementia is Alzheimer's Disease, which constitute a major public health problem. The objective of this research is to carry out a search of studies in animals and in people about the negative effects of the inhalation of particulate material on the brain and its functions, and the possibility of reaching degenerative states such as dementia.