Relevant bibliographies by topics / Major air accidents

Academic literature on the topic 'Major air accidents'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Major air accidents"

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Burmistrov, V. I., I. V. Ivanov, E. I. Matkevich, and E. A. Praskurnichiy. "ANALYSIS OF THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE PILOTLESS VEHICLE ACCIDENT RATE." Aerospace and Environmental Medicine 56, no. 2 (2022): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.21687/0233-528x-2022-56-2-73-84.

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Analysis of the air accident rates of MQ-1 Predators and MQ-9 Reapers from the Drone Crash Database in the period from 2001 till 2021 (12 countries, 174 accidents total) disclosed major factors, including human, for accidents. The main reason was structural faults and manufacturing defects due to, probably, long time in service. Frequency of accidents due to errors of experienced pilot-operator's varied between 19.4% and 22.9 % and due to errors in the course of skill training, 60–64.7 %. To reduce the accident rate, pilot-operators need to be trained on cutting-edge VR simulators and challenged by atypical stress situations such as multiple causation.
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Liang Cheng, Schon Z. Y., Rosa Maria Arnaldo Valdés, Víctor Fernando Gómez Comendador, and Francisco Javier Sáez Nieto. "Detection of Common Causes between Air Traffic Serious and Major Incidents in Applying the Convolution Operator to Heinrich Pyramid Theory." Entropy 21, no. 12 (November 28, 2019): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21121166.

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Heinrich’s pyramid theory is one of the most influential theories in accident and incident prevention, especially for industries with high safety requirements. Originally, this theory established a quantitative correlation between major injury accidents, minor injury accidents and no-injury accidents. Nowadays, researchers from different fields of engineering also apply this theory in establishing quantitatively the correlation between accidents and incidents. In this work, on the one hand, we have detected the applicability of this theory by studying incident reports of different severities occurred in air traffic management. On the other hand, we have deepened the analysis of this theory from a qualitative perspective. For this purpose, we have applied the convolution operator in identifying correlations between contributing causes to different incident severities, also known as precursors to accidents, and system failures. The results suggested that system failures are mechanisms by which the causes are manifested. In particular, the same underlying cause can be manifested through different failures which contribute to incidents with different severities. Finally, deriving from this result, an artificial neuronal network model is proposed to recognize future causes and their possible associated incident severities.
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Gronczewski, Andrzej. "Simulation-Based Study on the Dynamics of Wing-Flap Actuating Hydraulic Circuit." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.105.

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Modern air transportation systems prove to be of numerous advantages, but there is always a risk of an air accident. Air accidents occur for many and various reasons. The group of aircraft accidents due to engineering causes, includes events directly resulting from the malfunctioning of the hydraulic circuit that controls high-lift devices. In this paper presented is a mathematic model of dynamic behaviour of a wing flap system, which has been intended to enable simulation tests with account taken of operation-induced failures/damages. Major emphasis has been put on analyses of the simulation-tested dynamics of a flap-driving hydraulic circuit, with account taken of the following defects: changes in compressibility of hydraulic fluid, internal leakages in the hydraulic cylinder, external leaks of hydraulic fluid.
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Lee, Seung Yong, Paul Bates, Patrick Murray, and Wayne Martin. "Training Flight Accidents." Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors 7, no. 2 (September 2017): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2192-0923/a000121.

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Abstract. Civil aviation is broadly categorized into two sectors: air transportation and general aviation. While the former sector is considered to be ultrasafe the latter requires a stronger focus on safety improvement. There has been considerable research examining the causes of general aviation accidents with a view to improving safety. However, there has been very limited research specifically focused on accidents involving training flights and associated causal factors. A total of 293 training flight accident reports, comprising 111 fatal and 182 nonfatal accidents were reviewed and analyzed to identify causes of training-flight accidents. The study found that based on the odds ratio, if a fatal accident involving training flights occurred it was 4.05 times more likely to be a dual training flight. Other findings included that most accidents occurred during the landing phase and the majority of accidents related to skill deficiency (e.g., an improper/inadequate flare). This was a major causal factor in nonfatal accidents in both dual and solo training flights. However, on dual training flights there were more fatal accidents involving decision deficiencies and mechanical malfunctions (e.g., loss of engine power). A previous study suggested that lack of supervision of student pilots by flight instructors was found to be a main causal factor and thus flight instructor training and recurrency requirements need to be reviewed.
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Alkandari, Abdulrahman, and Samer Moein. "Vehicle Accident Report Application for Solving Traffic Problems and Reduce the Ratio of Pollution using Case Study: Kuwait City." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i1.pp380-391.

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<span lang="EN-US">Minor traffic accidents have become a major problem facing the road users in the recent years, according to the statistics from the Ministry of Interior (MOI) in Kuwait there were recorded 80,388 accidents by the year 2014. Accidents not only affect the mobility but also contribute to air pollution and slow down economic growth. These effects are the result of the seriously extended trips travel time due to accumulated vehicles queue. In some accidents cases, the lost time waiting for the arrival of the traffic officers and filling up the accident report could take up to 45 minutes. The new idea of Vehicle Accident Report application (I-VAR) concept developed by the research team would reduce the waiting time up to 3 minutes (93% savings), which would increase the level of service of the segment of a roadway. In addition, the study will be discussed four major situations on some of the busiest roads in Kuwait. Specifically, gas emissions and cost estimation. Improve the pollution obviously, by using the (I-VAR) application for the minor accidents there is an amount of 360,776,460 K.D would be saved yearly from the Kuwait government funds. It is a consequence of the huge savings in alleviating traffic congestion and generally produces more saver and efficient travel conditions.</span>
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Tennyson, E. L. "Rail Transit Safety Analysis: 1993, 1994, and 1995." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1623, no. 1 (January 1998): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1623-15.

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Safety must come first, but absolute safety may not be fully attainable. Urban public transit suffers almost 60,000 accidents per year at an estimated cost of $360 million. Each major accident is thoroughly investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board, but its recommendations are not always implementable. This analysis has been made to review the relative safety of alternative modes of urban travel, particularly rail. It may be useful in determining where effort and priority should be focused for improvement. Fatalities are the most certain measure of accidents, as most other measures, such as collisions and injuries or damages, are limited by differing state rules on reporting. Costs are a reliable measure of accident severity, as they are audited and reported annually with respect to their magnitude. This analysis compares the fatality rates, the personal injury rates, the cost, and the types of accidents among the alternative modes of urban travel. The four major modes of rail travel are analyzed separately to assess their relative safety. Rail rapid transit (heavy rail) has very few grade-crossing accidents by definition. Commuter rail has low on-board accident rates because most passengers are seated for longer trips. Light rail suffers the most collision accidents per passenger kilometer because of street operation but experiences the fewest other types of accident. Automated guideways experience no grade-crossing accidents but have a high rate of station accidents. Automobiles experience the most fatalities, but the injury rate is indeterminate because of state cutoff rules on reporting at differing levels of accident cost. Almost all transit accidents are reported. Fatalities will be measured by the number per 100 million passenger km (100 million passenger mi). This is the standard measure for air and highway travel. Injuries will be measured per 1 million passenger km (1 million passenger mi) because there are so many more of them. It is a simple matter to multiply by 100 to obtain a comparison with the fatality rate. It would appear, based on the casualty rates and cost of accidents, that rail transit is the safest way to go, but improvements are still necessary.
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Baker, Frank J., and Jacek B. Franaszek. "Lessons from a DC10 Crash, American Airlines, Flight 191, Chicago, Illinois." Journal of the World Association for Emergency and Disaster Medicine 1, no. 2 (1985): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00065560.

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With the development and deployment of commercial jet aircraft in the mid 1950's, airline travel has become commonplace throughout the world. A rapid increase in the numbers of aircraft, airline routes, and flying time has occurred. New technology has added sophisticated and complicated gear to aircraft and their support systems. Every new system has the potential for failure and to some extent additional components increase the risk of technological breakdown. The increased chance of technological breakdown favors an increase in aircraft accidents. Fortunately, development and utilization of sophisticated redundant electronic and mechanical improvements aimed specifically at improving safety have also occurred. The results of these changes over the past twenty-five years has been a decreasing rate of accidents per mile flown. Due to the tremendous increase in flying, however, the absolute numbers of accidents associated passenger morbidity and mortality have risen (1). For the health care system, the major impact has resulted from the absolute increase in aircrash victims.Aircraft accidents have regularly produced mass casualty incidents with the number of victims ranging from a few to several hundred. Aircraft accidents can be divided into essentially four types: mid-air crashes (so called “hard impact”); crashes on takeoff; crashes on landing; and on-ground accidents (“soft impact”). Mid-air accidents are frequently away from population centers and usually there are no survivors. The medical impact therefore is minimal. Accidents occurring on takeoff, landing, and on the ground, occur at or close to airports, and the nature of the accident is such that there may be many victims (1).
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Hofbauer, Florian, and Lisa-Maria Putz. "External Costs in Inland Waterway Transport: An Analysis of External Cost Categories and Calculation Methods." Sustainability 12, no. 14 (July 21, 2020): 5874. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12145874.

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Sustainable transport, such as using inland waterway transport (IWT), represents a major pillar of the European Green Deal to reduce global warming. To evaluate the different inland transport modes (road, rail, IWT), it is crucial to know the external costs of these modes. The goal of this paper is a critical review of external cost categories (e.g., accidents, noise, emissions) and external cost calculation methods of IWT to provide ideas for future research. We identified 13 relevant papers in a literature review dealing with external costs of IWT. In a meta-analysis, the papers were assigned to the seven external cost categories: accident, noise, congestion, habitat damage, air pollution, climate change and well-to-tank emissions. The most investigated external cost categories are climate change, air pollution and accidents. Two studies were identified as the major external cost calculation methods for IWT in the abstract. Our paper shows that the data basis of IWT is significantly lower than for road/rail. The measurement of energy consumption and related emissions of IWT needs to be qualitatively and quantitatively improved and brought up to the level of road traffic, to ensure an accurate comparison with other modes of transport.
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Royl, Peter, John R. Travis, Wolfgang Breitung, Jongtae Kim, and Sang Baik Kim. "GASFLOW Validation with Panda Tests from the OECD SETH Benchmark Covering Steam/Air and Steam/Helium/Air Mixtures." Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations 2009 (2009): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/759878.

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The CFD code GASFLOW solves the time-dependent compressible Navier-Stokes Equations with multiple gas species. GASFLOW was developed for nonnuclear and nuclear applications. The major nuclear applications of GASFLOW are 3D analyses of steam/hydrogen distributions in complex PWR containment buildings to simulate scenarios of beyond design basis accidents. Validation of GASFLOW has been a continuously ongoing process together with the development of this code. This contribution reports the results from the open posttest GASFLOW calculations that have been performed for new experiments from the OECD SETH Benchmark. Discussed are the steam distribution tests 9 and 9bis, 21 and 21bis involving comparable sequences with and without steam condensation and the last SETH test 25 with steam/helium release and condensation. The latter one involves lighter gas mixture sources like they can result in real accidents. The helium is taken as simulant for hydrogen.
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Read, John, and Ute Knoch. "Clearing the air." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 32, no. 3 (January 1, 2009): 21.1–21.11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0921.

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As a result of investigations showing that communication problems can be a significant contributing factor to major aviation accidents, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established a set of Language Proficiency Requirements. All pilots and air traffic controllers engaged in international aviation must be certified by their national civil aviation authorities as meeting the requirements by March 2011. This has created a demand for tests designed to assess the speaking and listening skills of aviation personnel, and language testers have become involved as developers and evaluators of the various assessment instruments. The present paper gives an overview of the issues and introduces the themes discussed by the other contributors to this special issue of the journal, covering both the linguistic nature of aviation communication and more practical considerations in test design.
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Books on the topic "Major air accidents"

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Office, General Accounting. Space shuttle: NASA's major changes to flight hardware : fact sheet for the Chairman, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1988.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear waste: Yucca Mountain project behind schedule and facing major scientific uncertainties : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Regulation, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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Office, General Accounting. Nuclear waste: Yucca Mountain Project behind schedule and facing major scientific uncertainties : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Regulation, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Washington, D.C: U.S. General Accounting Office, 1993.

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A review of flightcrew-involved major accidents of U.S. air carriers, 1978 through 1990. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1994.

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A review of flightcrew-involved major accidents of U.S. air carriers, 1978 through 1990. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1994.

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A review of flightcrew-involved major accidents of U.S. air carriers, 1978 through 1990. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1994.

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A review of flightcrew-involved major accidents of U.S. air carriers, 1978 through 1990. Washington, D.C: The Board, 1994.

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Government, U. S., U. S. Military, Department of Defense, and U. S. Air Force. 21st Century U. S. Military Documents: Air Force Incident Management Guidance for Major Accidents and Natural Disasters - Covering on-Scene Nuclear Weapons Accident. Independently Published, 2018.

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Jones, Geoffrey. Accidental Sustainability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198706977.003.0005.

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This chapter examines the scaling and diffusion of green entrepreneurship between 1980 and the present. It explores how entrepreneurs and business leaders promoted the idea that business and sustainability were compatible. It then examines the rapid growth of organic foods, natural beauty, ecological architecture, and eco-tourism. Green firms sometimes grew to a large scale, such as the retailer Whole Foods Market in the United States. The chapter explores how greater mainstreaming of these businesses resulted in a new set of challenges arising from scaling. Organic food was now transported across large distances causing a negative impact on carbon emissions. More eco-tourism resulted in more air travel and bigger airports. In other industries scaling had a more positive impact. Towns were major polluters, so more ecological buildings had a positive impact.
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Nuclear waste: Yucca Mountain Project behind schedule and facing major scientific uncertainties : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Regulation, Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Major air accidents"

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Kukkonen, J., A. L. Savolainen, I. Valkama, S. Juntto, and T. Vesala. "Atmospheric Dispersion of Ammonia Released in a Major Chemical Accident in Ionava, Lithuania." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application VIII, 607–8. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3720-5_59.

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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 31–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76505-7_2.

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AbstractSafety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. The aspiration principles tell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. The error tolerance principles are based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally, evidence evaluation principles provide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_2-2.

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AbstractSafety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. The aspiration principles tell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. The error tolerance principles are based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally, evidence evaluation principles provide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Zero Visions and Other Safety Principles." In The Vision Zero Handbook, 1–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23176-7_2-1.

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AbstractSafety management is largely based on safety principles, which are simple guidelines intended to guide safety work. This chapter provides a typology and systematic overview of safety principles and an analysis of how they relate to Vision Zero. Three major categories of safety principles are investigated. The aspiration principles tell us what level of safety or risk reduction we should aim at or aspire to. Important examples are Vision Zero, continuous improvement, ALARA (as low as reasonably achievable), BAT (best available technology), cost-benefit analysis, cost-effectiveness analysis, risk limits, and exposure limits. The error tolerance principles are based on the insight that accidents and mistakes will happen, however much we try to avoid them. We therefore have to minimize the negative effects of failures and unexpected disturbances. Safety principles telling us how to do this include fail-safety, inherent safety, substitution, multiple safety barriers, redundancy, and safety factors. Finally, evidence evaluation principles provide guidance on how to evaluate uncertain evidence. Major such principles are the precautionary principle, a reversed burden of proof, and risk neutrality.
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Nitzschner, Marco Michael, Ursa K. J. Nagler, and Michael Stein. "Identifying Accident Factors in Military Aviation." In Research Anthology on Reliability and Safety in Aviation Systems, Spacecraft, and Air Transport, 1329–40. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5357-2.ch055.

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Investigating accidents is an important method to enhance safety in aviation. Nevertheless, it is equally important to examine trends and factors across different accidents to adapt accordingly. Therefore, in the first study, 48 accidents and incidents occurring to manned military aircraft of the German Armed Forces between the years 2004 and 2014 were analyzed using the HFACS framework. Results show that preconditions for unsafe acts (37.7%) was observed most often, followed by unsafe acts (36.2%) and organizational influences (17.9%). Unsafe supervision was observed least often (8.2%). Thus, operators on the front line contribute the major part to manned aircraft incurrences in the German Armed Forces while higher levels of HFACS seem to play a smaller part. In the second study, 33 accidents and incidents occurring to unmanned military aircraft of the German Armed Forces between 2004 and 2014 were analyzed, also using the HFACS framework. Results show that technical issues were mentioned most often and human factors were identified considerably less than in manned aircraft.
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Khatwa, R., and A. L. C. Roelen. "Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) Accidents of Air Taxi, Regional & Major Operators." In Aviation Safety, 297–316. CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429070372-21.

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Navaroj, G. Indra, and E. Golden Julie. "Smart Parking in Smart Cities Using Secure IoT." In Handbook of Research on Implementation and Deployment of IoT Projects in Smart Cities, 165–88. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9199-3.ch011.

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The city is transforming into the smart city using information and communication technology (ICT), and the major role in economic development is building an infrastructure to enable greater connectivity between citizen service, energy, economics, and government. A smart city can monitor the real-world scenario in real time and support the intelligent services to both locals and travelers. Due to urbanization, people move from village to city. Increase the population in city also causes an increase in vehicles. Here, parking the vehicle securely is a challenging problem. In a smart parking system, all the devices are connected to the internet. Hackers and third parties easily access the user data or sensitive data. Smart parking system application controls the traffic, air pollution, and city functions making it easy to park the vehicle and reduce accidents. Many of the problems arise in the security and privacy of the sensitive data. In this chapter, the authors discuss security and privacy issues in smart parking systems using IoT.
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Navaroj, G. Indra, and E. Golden Julie. "Smart Parking in Smart Cities Using Secure IoT." In Research Anthology on Blockchain Technology in Business, Healthcare, Education, and Government, 1484–507. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5351-0.ch082.

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The city is transforming into the smart city using information and communication technology (ICT), and the major role in economic development is building an infrastructure to enable greater connectivity between citizen service, energy, economics, and government. A smart city can monitor the real-world scenario in real time and support the intelligent services to both locals and travelers. Due to urbanization, people move from village to city. Increase the population in city also causes an increase in vehicles. Here, parking the vehicle securely is a challenging problem. In a smart parking system, all the devices are connected to the internet. Hackers and third parties easily access the user data or sensitive data. Smart parking system application controls the traffic, air pollution, and city functions making it easy to park the vehicle and reduce accidents. Many of the problems arise in the security and privacy of the sensitive data. In this chapter, the authors discuss security and privacy issues in smart parking systems using IoT.
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Niskanen, Toivo. "A Sociotechnical Systems Approach Applying a Novel Taxonomy to a Survey for the Assessment of Safety Performance." In Advanced Macroergonomics and Sociotechnical Approaches for Optimal Organizational Performance, 71–98. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7192-6.ch004.

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The aim of this chapter was to explore a sociotechnical systems approach applying a novel taxonomy with respect to safety performance. The study applied a combination of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. Workers (n = 120) and managers (n = 85) were asked to complete a questionnaire survey (Appendix). The following hypotheses were supported: “Activities of the management” had positive impacts on five aggregated variables, namely “near-accident investigation and instructions” (H1), “occupational safety and health (OSH) training” (H2), “operations, technical processes, and the safe use of chemicals” (H3), “use of personal protective equipment” (H4), and “measuring, follow-up, and prevention of major accidents” (H5). By undertaking a statistical evaluation and then devising a novel taxonomy, it was possible to gain detailed insights into diverse aspects of a high-risk industry's work with regard to complex sociotechnical systems. When applying the current approach through participatory cooperation, organizations may acquire new perspectives on their safety performance.
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Etheridge, Luci. "Paediatrics." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Specialties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802907.003.0013.

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Children are not merely small adults. To be a good paediatrician requires as much knowledge about health as about disease. The normal patterns of growth and development can be a mystery to many, and paediatricians are often called upon to help to interpret these for confused parents. There is a unique need to be aware of the range of congenital disorders that may present before, at, or shortly after birth. Younger children cannot tell us their symptoms. Therefore, paediatricians have to learn to pick up on non-verbal clues and often subtle signs, when the answer may lie in something unexpected and far removed from the traditional history and examination format. At the other end of the spectrum, adolescents have their own range of health issues and are traditionally an under- represented and often forgotten group. In this chapter, we aim to cover many of the key presentations and issues in children of all ages, from neonates to teenagers. Even in this modern age, children are susceptible to infection. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections are the commonest presentations in both general practice and paediatric hospital practice. Fortunately, most of these infections are self-limiting, but serious infections do occur and must be recognized. However, the leading cause of death in all children over 1 year of age is accidents. Recognizing risk factors for accidental and non-accidental harm is a major responsibility for all those working with children. The questions in this chapter will test not only the common areas that present to paediatricians, but also relevant issues such as knowledge of disease factors, ethics, and risk management in relation to children and their families. However, the best way to learn about children is to get out there and meet them—play with them, talk to their parents and carers, and see them when they are ill and well. You will learn the most this way and be able to apply that knowledge and experience to answer questions such as these.
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Conference papers on the topic "Major air accidents"

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DUMITRU, Mădălina, and Adrian STOICULETE. "RISK MANAGEMENT IN REDUCING THE OCCURRENCE OF AVIATION EVENTS." In SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.13.

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The aim of this paper is the evolution of system safety approach in aviation, which consists in three main research areas: technical factors, human factors and organizational factors. As the airline traffic has risen rapidly in the last years, in countries around the world, there is a need to employ new methods and programs to drive down accident rates. Related to safety, major airlines have employed programs and activities to ward off accidents, in order to make better their records. This difficulty to assess the risk focuses in searching an equilibrium between reality and measurements and also in deciding which settlements have to be made, to reach the objectives.
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Oh, Chang H., Richard L. Moore, Brad J. Merrill, and David A. Petti. "Air Ingress Analyses on a High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor." In ASME 2001 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2001/htd-24187.

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Abstract A loss-of-coolant accident is one of the design-basis accidents for a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR). Following the depressurization of helium in the core, if the accident is not mitigated, there exists the potential for air to enter the core through the break and oxidize the in-core graphite structure in the modular pebble bed reactor (MPBR). This paper presents the results of the graphite oxidation model developed as part of the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory’s Directed Research and Development effort. Although gas reactors have been developed in the past with limited success, the innovations of modularity and integrated state-of-art control systems coupled with improved fuel design and a pebble bed core make this design potentially very attractive from an economic and technical perspective. A schematic diagram of a reference design of the MPBR has been established at a major component level (INEEL & MIT, 1999). Steady-state and transient thermal hydraulics models will be produced with key parameters established for these conditions for all major components. Development of an integrated plant model to allow for transient analysis on a more sophisticated level is now being developed. In this paper, preliminary results of the hypothetical air ingress are presented. A graphite oxidation model was developed to determine temperature and the control mechanism in the spherical graphite geometry.
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MANOLACHI, Cristian. "STUDY ON THE INSTITUTION OF THE LAW INSURANCE OF MILITARY AIRCRAFT STAFF IN THE PRE-PRINCIPLE OF THE WAR OF NATIONAL REUNION." In SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND EDUCATION IN THE AIR FORCE. Publishing House of “Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2021.22.25.

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Aviation in all countries, as in our country, from the moment it began to rule the sky, paid for this victory with great blood sacrifices! These sacrifices were much higher at that time in terms of flight time and performance. It was found that no matter how rigorous the selection of personnel, the human factor, along with other factors, aeronautical and meteorological material, was a major cause, and accidents could be largely reduced, but not eliminated. Appreciating the sacrifice of the aviators and their material disinterest in this ideal, the "FLIGHT", the highest forums, have taken measures in all countries to ensure the lives of disabled aviators or their descendants due to flight accidents. In line with this unanimously implemented trend at the international level, the system of insurance premiums was first legislated in our country by the Law of the Undersecretary of State for Air of June 5, 1932 and continued later, by the laws that followed, with various amendments. to this day.
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4

Gromov, Gregory, Igor Lola, Stanislav Sholomitsky, Dmitry Gumenyuk, Valery Shikhabutinov, Yury Alekseev, K. C. Wagner, and Jack Dallman. "VVER-440 Containment Thermal Hydraulic Analyses With MELCOR and CONTAIN Codes." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22705.

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In support of the analyses for the Rivne Nuclear Power Plant (RNPP) VVER-440/213 (Ukraine) Safety Analysis Report (SAR), detailed MELCOR and CONTAIN models of the containment were developed. The RNPP containment features a bubble condenser tower with air locks and active and passive spray systems. Code input models were developed to accurately represent the containment volumes, room interconnections, structural masses, and the engineering safety features. Although MELCOR 1.8.3 [1] was the primary tool for the SAR containment analysis, comparison calculations were performed using CONTAIN Version 1.12 [2]. Consequently, both the response of the VVER-440 containment to limiting design conditions as well as a comparison of the two codes is presented. In the context of SAR requirements, the present application was performed for design basis accidents with conservative assumptions to compare the containment temperature and pressure with design criteria. The peak containment pressure and temperature were evaluated using the most intensive release of the primary and secondary coolant into the hermetic compartments, in particular, for the large break loss of coolant accident and main steam line break. Conservative coolant release data were evaluated using the RELAP5/Mod3.2 SAR model. The selection of the accident scenario, initial and boundary conditions, and the major results are presented. The results of the analyses will be included in the design basis accident analysis chapter of the RNPP SAR.
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Polat, Damla, and Mihai A. Diaconeasa. "On the Modeling of Wildfires-Induced Release and Atmospheric Dispersion in Radioactively Contaminated Regions." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-71460.

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Abstract Nuclear energy is one of the most efficient types of electricity production. However, it is one of the biggest fears of people due to the potential radiation effects on human health. Despite the major developments in the nuclear sector, some gaps need to be studied for the higher safety scrutiny of nuclear power plants (NPPs). Besides technical advances for the safer management of an NPP, another important part is having a well-constructed and planned probabilistic risk assessment and management. Realistic probabilistic risk assessment and management provide proper emergency response in case of an accident or hazardous situation to human health. On the other hand, aside from the radiation emitted directly from radioactive sources inside the NPP, there may be indirect radiation emission from dispersions outside the plant’s protected area. For example, we can look at forest fires occurring in radioactively contaminated areas surrounding NPPs that suffered accidents with releases, such as Chernobyl or Fukushima Daiichi. Radioactive particles produced by burning contaminated forests could spread in the air and threaten public health. It has already been observed that fires in forests around Chernobyl can increase the level of radiation in the air. Such events have the possibility to occur in all areas where nuclear facilities are located. The forests contaminated after the Fukushima Daiichi NPP accident, resemble the ones at Chernobyl. This study aims to develop the knowledge for an early sensing and emergency response by doing an atmospheric dispersion modeling and supporting a probabilistic risk assessment for a wildfire scenario in radioactively contaminated areas, such as Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi. Also, this study provides a pathway to assessing the risk of nuclear contamination caused by wildfires around nuclear facilities.
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Patil, Sandeep, Siddarth Chintamani, Rajeev Kumar, Ratan Kumar, and Brian H. Dennis. "Numerical Analysis of Transient Temperature Distribution in a Partially Cooled Nuclear Fuel Rod." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-52806.

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Critical safety studies of a nuclear power plants are often associated with inadequate and improper cooling of the reactor core or the spent fuel rods. Coolant flow over the hot nuclear fuel rods often gets stalled during major accidents resulting in high temperature levels. These elevated temperature levels can potentially melt the fuel rod material and cause the release of radioactive gases. Research activities, both numerical and experimental in nature to explore these rare but potentially catastrophic possibilities have resulted in sophisticated numerical codes capable of simulating the various post-accident scenarios. These codes, although reasonably accurate and reliable have steep learning curves and are not often very user-friendly. A fast and accurate prediction of the critical temperature conditions using popular commercially available software packages is the subject of current study. Results from this parametric study of temperature distribution over a partially cooled fuel rod carried out using ANSYS as the numerical analysis tool is reported. Nuclear fuel rods being inadequately cooled inside a stagnant pool of coolant water in an accident scenario resulting in disrupted coolant flow has been simulated. This situation can arise within the reactor (design-basis accidents) or in the waste-fuel storage (as faced in Fukushima). In these situations, the fuel rod is often left partially immersed in the coolant water resulting in immersed portion of the rod cooled by water and the exposed portion cooled by air leading to non-uniform and improper cooling of the system. Realistic dimensions and materials as in commercial nuclear fuel rod have been used in the study. Taking advantage of the symmetry, an axisymmetric radial plane sliced longitudinally has been analyzed. Variations in the tangential direction have been neglected. The heat transfer problem uses homogeneous convective boundary conditions and assumes temperature dependent thermal conductivity. The parameters varied are the coolant level and the heat generation rate inside the fuel rod. A macro to automatically capture the transients in the temperatures was written in ANSYS (a finite element package). The governing energy equations were implicitly solved using finite volume scheme in MATLAB. ANSYS results are in close agreement with those obtained using MATLAB. The centerline temperature of the fuel rod shows a sharp rise below a certain coolant level.
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Studer, E., A. Beccantini, S. Kudriakov, and A. Velikorodny. "Hydrogen Combustion Modelling in Large-Scale Geometries." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-16911.

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Hydrogen risk mitigation issues based on catalytic recombiners cannot exclude flammable clouds to be formed during the course of a severe accident in a Nuclear Power Plant. Consequences of combustion processes have to be assessed based on existing knowledge and state of the art in CFD combustion modelling. The Fukushima accidents have also revealed the need for taking into account the hydrogen explosion phenomena in risk management. Thus combustion modelling in a large-scale geometry is one of the remaining severe accident safety issues. At present day there doesn’t exist a combustion model which can accurately describe a combustion process inside a geometrical configuration typical of the Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) environment. Therefore the major attention in model development has to be paid on the adoption of existing approaches or creation of the new ones capable of reliably predicting the possibility of the flame acceleration in the geometries of that type. A set of experiments performed previously in RUT facility and Heiss Dampf Reactor (HDR) facility is used as a validation database for development of three-dimensional gas dynamic model for the simulation of hydrogen-air-steam combustion in large-scale geometries. The combustion regimes include slow deflagration, fast deflagration, and detonation. Modelling is based on Reactive Discrete Equation Method (RDEM) where flame is represented as an interface separating reactants and combustion products. The transport of the progress variable is governed by different flame surface wrinkling factors. The results of numerical simulation are presented together with the comparisons, critical discussions and conclusions.
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Blanco, Eduardo, Javier Cueto, Joaqui´n Ferna´ndez, and Rau´l Barrio. "Numerical Simulation of the Backlayer Critical Velocity in the Memorial Tunnel Test (MTFVTP)." In ASME 2008 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the Heat Transfer, Energy Sustainability, and 3rd Energy Nanotechnology Conferences. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2008-55256.

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Road tunnels constitute key elements in the traffic net, especially for the long distance road transportation but also in the large urban areas. Although security preventions have permitted a relatively low index of accidents in tunnels, the analysis of the accidents in road tunnels during the last years shows an increment in both the number of cases and their gravity. In the case of fires, the control of the smoke propagation becomes crucial because the major risk for people is smoke inhalation rather than the direct exposure to the fire itself. Besides, a quick control of the fire requires that the access and evacuation routes are maintained without smoke. However, research in this field has been limited by the difficulties inherent in the problem, and so there are few experimental data available. This paper pursues the study of the control of the smoke propagation in tunnel roads with a longitudinal air stream. The methodology is based on the numerical simulation of the time evolution of the air and smoke flows induced after the onset of localized fires of different magnitude. Specifically, 10, 20, 50 and 100 MW fires were simulated. A general purpose computational fluid dynamics software is used for this investigation, due to its ability to model multi-species three-dimensional unsteady flows. The general purpose of the paper is the refinement and contrast of a numerical procedure for the simulation of fire tunnels with natural and longitudinal ventilation, as the particular case with the most complex and restrictive conditions, and the use of such procedure to study the backlayering phenomenon. The obtained results were compared with the natural and longitudinal ventilation tests of the Memorial Tunnel test as well as with previous studies.
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Rooseleer, Frédéric, Barry Kirwan, Elizabeth Humm, and Diana Paola Moreno Alarcon. "'The Application of Human Factors in Wake Vortex Encounter Flight Simulations for the Reduction of Flight Upset Risk and Startle Response." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001565.

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The current top safety risk concern for commercial air travel in Europe is known as “Flight Upset”. This term, also known as “Loss of Control in Flight”, entails the flight crew suddenly finding themselves in an unexpected, complex, and even confusing situation that if not resolved quickly can lead to a major accident. Accidents such as AF447 and the two B737 Max accidents fall into this category. An undesirable aspect of such events is known as the “startle response”, wherein one or both flight crew, finding themselves in dire and dangerous conditions, may experience ‘startle’, which temporarily affects their cognitive functioning. This may only last half a minute, but its effect can have a severe impact on the survivability of such events. A Horizon 2020 research project called SAFEMODE, which aims to integrate Human Factors techniques into a unified framework for designers in aviation and maritime domains, is exploring the use of state-of-the-art flight simulation facilities to measure pilot performance in severe wake turbulence events, which can induce the startle effect. This is part of a broader use case within SAFEMODE to validate the design of a new Wake Vortex Air Traffic Alert for the Cruise phase of flight. A tactical short-term alert to the Flight Crew, ahead of the wake encounter, is seen as beneficial to reduce the startle effect and support the appropriate management of these conflicts. The envisaged risk-alerting logic relies on a ground-based predictor, connected to the Air Traffic Control system, displaying an alert to the En-route Air Traffic Controllers, who can then provide a cautionary advisory to the Flight Crew so they can take appropriate actions.The cockpit flight simulations involve type-rated flight crews in realistic and representative cruise flight conditions, using a Type VI Boeing 737-800 full flight motion-based simulator (also used for Upset Prevention and Recovery training programs). During the simulation runs, pilots are exposed to simulated wake vortex encounters, corresponding to a strong wake-induced upset (between 30 and 40 degrees of bank), with or without prior ATC wake caution, and varying the initial direction of roll between left and right to limit the simulation training effect.Human Factors measurements include workload, situation awareness, trust, acceptability-based user feedback, as well as psychophysiological measures such as eye-tracking and Electro-Dermal Activity (EDA). In particular, eye-tracking is expected to support the refined determination of the sequence of actions before and after detection, and the reaction of flight crews to the en-route ATC Wake alert.A cockpit flight simulation, via combining the analyses of psychophysiological measures, flight parameters, expert observations and subjective pilot feedback, enables evaluation of Flight Crews performance in preparing for, managing or avoiding wake encounter upsets with the new ATC wake alerts, showing the net safety benefits. Early results indicate that the simulations can indeed induce startle effect, and that repeated exposure enables flight crew to overcome it and manage the situation in a more measured and controlled fashion.
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Ibrion, Michaela, Nicola Paltrinieri, and Amir R. Nejad. "On Disaster Risk Reduction in Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry Through Life-Cycle Perspective." In ASME 2019 38th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2019-95622.

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Abstract This paper presents the risk reduction in Norwegian oil & gas industry over the time (1975–2016) through a life cycle perspective analysis with the aim to identify the critical stage(s) both in terms of accident occurrence and cause of the accident. Fifteen accidents, major accidents and disasters for example Ecofisk 2/4 Alpha 1975, Alexander L. Kielland 1980, Songa Endurance 2016 were studied. Cases from outside of the Norwegian offshore field — the Piper Alpha 1988, the Bourbon Dolphin 2007, and the Deep Water Horizon 2010 — were also considered as comparison. For each accident and through the life cycle analysis, the occurrence stage of the accident and its main technical causes were identified and compared. It was found that a high risk is concentrated in the Operation (In-Service) stage and associated Marine Operations. Furthermore, it was observed that a high number of accidents in oil and gas industry are associated with mobile structures. All the investigated accidents have acted as powerful reminders to the oil and gas industry that a continuous improvement of risk management and reduction of uncertainty are of paramount importance in order to ensure safe operations and risk reduction for accidents, major accidents and disasters. However, a reactive learning from major accidents and disasters needs to be supported by a proactive learning and development of a dynamic risk culture in the oil and gas industry.
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