Relevant bibliographies by topics / Maize yield

Academic literature on the topic 'Maize yield'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Maize yield"

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Yustisia, Yustisia, NP Sri Ratmini, J. Amirrullah, Y. Juwita, YPAP Hutabarat, and Atekan Atekan. "Yield Components and Efficiency Index of Maize Yield: Relationship to Yields in Tidal Fields." Jurnal Lahan Suboptimal : Journal of Suboptimal Lands 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36706/jlso.10.2.2021.522.

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Identification of the advantages of hybrid maize lines is needed to support the increased production and development of maize in tidal fields. This study aimed to identify the agronomic characters and yield components of hybrid maize lines/varieties and their relationship with high yield and efficient fertilization in tidal fields. The design used was a Split Plot with three replications. The Main Plot was a hybrid maize line/variety (L39/MR4, MGOLD/G8, G28/MGOLD, P27). The subplots were Composite Fertilizer with 2 measures, namely 600 kg/ha and 720 kg/ha. The fertilizers of Urea (50%), SP 36 and NPK (100%) were given at 10 days after planting (DAP). The remaining Urea was given at 30 DAP, 50% and 58.33% respectively in the Composite Fertilizer treatment of 600 kg/ha and 720 kg/ha. The technical culture applied was optimum tillage with the 70 cm x 25 cm spacing, the irrigation being carried out at D/DAP and 15 DAP, the optimal control on the weed and Plant Pest Organisms. The result showed that the number of rows/cobs was an alternative variable in identifying maize lines/varieties with high yield and efficient fertilization. This character was closely correlated with seed/ear weight (r = 0.94) and Grain Yield Efficiency Index/GYEI (r = 0.84). All Genotypes were nutrient efficient (GYEI > 1) except G28/MGOLD (IGYEI < 1). Another approach used to identify efficient fertilization lines/varieties was the variable percentage of yield reduction through regression equations with GYEI (y = - 0.0104 x + 1.0426). The character of high number of rows/cob could be used as genetic material in plant breeding programs. The lines/varieties as a component of efficient technology and high productivity would contribute to increase production and development of maize in tidal fields.
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Pu, Luoman, Shuwen Zhang, Jiuchun Yang, Liping Chang, and Shuting Bai. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Maize Potential Yield and Yield Gaps in Northeast China from 1990 to 2015." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071211.

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Maize yield has undergone obvious spatial and temporal changes in recent decades in Northeast China. Understanding how maize potential yield has changed over the past few decades and how large the gaps between potential and actual maize yields are is essential for increasing maize yield to meet increased food demand in Northeast China. In this study, the spatial and temporal dynamics of maize potential yield in Northeast China from 1990 to 2015 were simulated using the Global Agro-ecological Zones (GAEZ) model at the pixel level firstly. Then, the yield gaps between actual and potential yields were analyzed at city scale. The results were the following. (1) The maize potential yield decreased by about 500 kg/ha and the potential production remained at around 260 million tonnes during 1990–2000. From 2000 to 2015, the maize potential yield and production increased by approximately 1000 kg/ha and 80 million tonnes, respectively. (2) The maize potential yield decreased in most regions of Northeast China in the first decade, such as the center area (CA), south area (SA), southwest area (SWA), and small regions in northeast area (NEA), due to lower temperature and insufficient rainfall. The maize potential yield increased elsewhere. (3) The maize potential yield increased by more than 1000 kg/ha in the center area (CA) in the latter 15 years, which may be because of the climate warming and sufficient precipitation. The maize potential yield decreased elsewhere and Harbin in the center area (CA). (4) In 40 cities of Northeast China, the rates of actual yield to potential yield in 17 cities were higher than 80%. The actual yields only attained 50–80% of the potential yields in 20 cities. The gaps between actual and potential yields in Hegang and Dandong were very large, which need to be shrunk urgently. The results highlight the importance of coping with climate change actively, arranging crop structure reasonably, improving farmland use efficiency and ensuring food security in Northeast China.
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Hmielowski, Tracy. "Maize Yield Potential." CSA News 63, no. 3 (March 2018): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/csa2018.63.0310.

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Tefera, Merga, Zhang Weifang, Shuaixiang Zhao, and Zhiping Duan. "Enhancing maize yield in Ethiopia a meta-analysis." International Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology 8, no. 3 (July 12, 2022): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/2455-815x.000163.

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Accurate nitrogen (N) fertilization and optimum plant density increase crop yields. In this study, I report the effects of N fertilization rate and plant density on maize yield in a meta-analysis, by using observations from 15 studies conducted in Ethiopia since the 2000s for possible refinement of N fertilizer and plant density recommendations. I assessed the response of maize to different N rates ha−1 compared to the control using the yield response approach. Application of N fertilizer significantly increased maize yields by 31.5% - 65.9% compared to control. plant density increased maize yields by 42% - 72.4% compared to the control. The interaction effect of the N rate increased maize yields by 27.6% - 95.9%, with Plant density, 58.7% - 152% on loam soil, compared to control yield. The interaction effect of Plant density with soil type increased maize yields by 47% - 108% on loam soil. In conclusion, the grain yield of maize increased with increasing N rate and plant density up to the optimum. Therefore, it’s possible to recommend using a high N rate with both low and medium plant density (< 45,000 plants ha-1) and (45,000 to 65,000plants ha-1) to harvest high grain yield.
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Su, Peng, Shiqi Li, Jing’ai Wang, and Fenggui Liu. "Vulnerability Assessment of Maize Yield Affected by Precipitation Fluctuations: A Northeastern United States Case Study." Land 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111190.

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Crop yields are threatened by global climate change. Maize has high water requirements, and precipitation fluctuations can impact its yield. In this study, we used the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model to simulate maize yields in eight northeastern U.S. states. We used precipitation fluctuations and the coefficient of variation (CV) of yield as indicators to construct a vulnerability curve for the CV of yield and precipitation fluctuations. We then evaluated the vulnerability of maize yields under precipitation fluctuations in the region. We obtained the following results: (1) the fitted vulnerability curves were classified into three categories (positive slope, negative slope, and insignificant fit), of which the first category accounted for about 92.7%, indicating that the CV of maize yield was positively correlated with precipitation fluctuations in most parts of the study area; and (2) the CV of maize yield under 11 precipitation fluctuation scenarios was mapped to express the CV at the spatial level, and the maize yield in Connecticut and Maryland proved to be the most sensitive to precipitation fluctuations. This study provided a theoretical and experimental basis for the prevention of maize yield risk under fluctuating precipitation conditions.
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Musokwa, Misheck, and Paramu L. Mafongoya. "Effects of improved pigeonpea fallows on biological and physical soil properties and their relationship with maize yield." Agroforestry Systems 95, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10457-021-00598-7.

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AbstractDeclining soil properties have triggered lower maize yields among smallholder famers in South Africa. Legume trees such as pigeonpea can be used as improved fallows to replenish degraded soils. The objectives of the study were to: (1) examine the effects of improved pigeonpea fallows on enhancing biological, physical soil properties and maize yield responses and (2), analyze the relationship of maize grain yield to biological and physical soil properties after improved pigeonpea fallows at Wartburg, South Africa. Pigeonpea fallows were established in 2015/16 season and terminated in 2017 and subsequently maize was planted. A randomized complete block design replicated three times was used with five treatments: continuous sole maize without fertilizer (T1), natural fallow then maize (T2), pigeonpea + grass—pigeonpea then maize (T3), maize + pigeonpea—pigeonpea then maize (T4), two-year pigeonpea fallow then maize (T5). Improved pigeonpea fallows increased maize yields through improvement in soil macrofauna species abundance, richness and diversity, aggregate stability, infiltration rate. Pigeonpea fallows increased maize yield by 3.2 times than continuous maize without fertilizer. The maize grain yield (3787 kg ha−1), was the highest on two-year pigeonpea fallows while continuous maize without fertilizer had the least (993 kg ha−1). There was a significant positive correlation between soil macrofauna indices and physical soil properties to maize yields. Smallholders who have limited access to fertilizers can sustainably use improved fallows to restore degraded soils to achieve higher maize yields in South Africa.
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Nguyen, Huyen Khon, Le Thanh Hai, Tung Van Tra, Nguyen Viet Thang, Tran Thi Hieu, Thu Hong Anh Nguyen, Dong Thi Thu Huyen, and Nguyen Thi Phuong Thao. "Study on the use of sludge farming of catfish as organic fertilizer and evaluate its effectiveness in agriculture." Science & Technology Development Journal - Science of The Earth & Environment 4, no. 1 (April 5, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjsee.v4i1.502.

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The purpose of this study is to reuse fishpond sediment to produce organic fertilizer for planting maize. The sludge was mixed with rice husk and Composted under aerobic conditions. The effectiveness of Compost on planting maizes was assessed by adding to maizes with and without combination chemical fertilizers as different dosages as recommendations. The amounts of Compost adding for maizes were 10 and 20 tons/ha. Maize growth, characteristics of corn, and soil physical and chemical parameters such as bulk density, soil aggregate stability, the volume of moisture, and useful moisture of soil were measured and evaluated. The results showed that the quality of organic fertilizer produced from waste sludge met Vietnamese standard (QCVN:2018/BNNPTNT) for adding to crops. Applying organic fertilizer with the quantity of 20 tons/ha to combine with the recommendation of inorganic fertilizer amount for planting maizes increased the yield. Moreover, 20 ton/ha of organic fertilizer coupling with 50% of chemical fertilizer amount as a recommendation for planting maize also enhanced the yield to compare with the control (only using inorganic fertilizer as a recommendation). The maize yield of applying 20 tons/ha of organic fertilizer was higher than the maize yield of 10 tons/ha of organic fertilizer. Using organic fertilizer produced by fishpond sediment did improve not only the soil quality but also protected the canals and increased household income.
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Jamriška, P. "The effect of undersowing time of clover crops and weeds on silage maize yields." Plant, Soil and Environment 48, No. 8 (December 21, 2011): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4381-pse.

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In field experiments conducted on loamy luvic chernozem (170 m altitude, 48&deg;34&rsquo; N 17&deg;45&rsquo; E), the effects of undersowing time (5 days after maize was sown and into emerged stand) of lucerne, red clover and sainfoin on silage maize dry matter have been studied. The total dry matter yields were affected by time of undersowing of clover crops. The stands undersown after emergence of maize gave higher yields than former time of undersowing. The late time of undersowing improved conditions for growth of maize and formation of its yield. The number of maize plants had already insignificant effect on yields there. The dry matter weight, height, and number of maize plants and dry matter weight of weeds were main factors of formation of the total yield. The depressive effect of weeds on total yields was applied indirectly particularly through the decrease in the dry matter weight of maize plants. The path analysis in spite of the insignificant effect of clover crops undersown on total yields indicated some differences in the formation of yield. The number of maize plants reached the significant level of effect on yield only at stands with red clover undersown. On the contrary, the negative correlation of weeds dry matter weight with the number of maize plants reached level of significance in stands with lucerne undersown only.
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Kvaternjak, Ivka, Ivica Kisić, Marta Birkás, Andrija Špoljar, and Dejan Marenčić. "Yields and Yield Components of Maize (Zea Mays L.) and Soybean (Glycine Max) as Affected by Different Tillage Methods." Ekológia (Bratislava) 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eko-2015-0033.

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Abstract At the experiment station of the Krizevci College of Agriculture, yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max) grown in rotation under five different methods of tillage were investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different tillage methods on yield and yield components of maize and soybean. The results and the determined number of plants per hectare of maize and soybean show that more favorable conditions for germination are in variants where ploughing performed in the autumn (variants C, D and E). During a four-year study, the minimum number of plants per hectare of maize and soybean was found in variant A. The dry season in panicle stage of maize in 2006 has lowered yields compared to 2008, and the drought in 2007 during the seed-filling period reduced the yield and the 1000 kernel weight of soybean compared with 2009 in all variants of tillage methods. The highest grain yield of maize was recorded in variant B. During 2006, with the unfavorable weather conditions, the lowest grain yield of maize was recorded in variant E with intensive tillage treatment. The highest yield of soybean was recorded in variant E, but there were no statistically significant differences compared to variants with the reduction of additional tillage interventions (variant B, C and D). With respect to maize grain and soybean seed yield, variant A was the lowest. Considering the achieved yields of maize grain, there is a possibility of reducing additional tillage interventions, whilst for achieving higher yield of soybean seed intensive tillage is recommended.
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Ofori, Francis, and W. R. Stern. "Relative Sowing Time and Density of Component Crops in a Maize/Cowpea Intercrop System." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001113.

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SUMMARYThe effect of variations in the relative sowing time and density of component crops in a maize/cowpea intercrop were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment, maize and cowpea were sown together, and either 10 or 21 days before or after each other. Maize yield was reduced when sown at the same time or after cowpea; intercrop cowpea yields were less than sole cowpea yields at all sowings. In the second experiment, maize densities of 35, 50 and 70 × 103 plants ha−1 were combined with cowpea densities of 70, 100 and 140 × 103 plants ha−1. Increasing the density of either crop in the mixture resulted in increases in total yield. Maize reduced cowpea yields more than the effect of cowpea on maize yields. In terms of LER and total seed protein yield, there was no advantage of either staggered sowings over simultaneous sowing or of the various intercrop density combinations, except between the lowest and the highest densities of either maize or cowpea. The LERs appeared to follow the trends in cowpea yields and total seed protein yields the trends in maize yields.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maize yield"

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Njoroge, Kiarie. "Earliness and yield in Katumani maize." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305695.

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Grifo, Anabela Dias Ramalho Vale Leitão. "Inputs and yield optimization on irrigated maize." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18319.

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This dissertation describes efforts to move toward the study of soil and the management of yield variability through research that explored and evaluated the potential of some techniques to provide greater understanding and knowledge of an agricultural field, even in situations where there is no prior knowledge of its behavior. The first experiment used a principal components analysis (PCA) in the study of the spatial and temporal variability of maize grain yield. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the 1st and 2nd principal components could be used to identify field zones with different spatial and temporal behaviors. The second experiment applied stochastic and sequential Gaussian simulation techniques to spatially and temporally forecast and model maize productivity. This technique enabled the modeling of spatial uncertainty in maize productivity based on probabilistic maps with different confidence levels. The third experiment examined different fertilization input scenarios based on yield/nutrient inputs ratio and break-even yields to optimize agronomic, economic and environmental support decisions. According to the results, it is possible to reduce agricultural production costs through the differential management of inputs. The outcomes showed that differential management decisions can maximize returns and reduce activity risk without having to implement major changes on the farm; Sumário: Otimização da produtividade e dos fatores de produção no milho de regadio O presente trabalho de investigação, que considerou três estudos, explora e avalia o potencial de alguns modelos no estudo da gestão da variabilidade espacial e temporal da produtividade e dos nutrientes no âmbito da produção de regadio. O primeiro estudo focou a utilização da técnica estatística Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) no estudo da variabilidade temporal da produtividade da cultura do milho na região do Alto Alentejo. Os resultados desta experiência mostraram que as duas primeiras componentes principais permitem identificar zonas da parcela agrícola com diferente comportamento espacial e ambiental. No segundo estudo avaliou-se o desempenho da simulação sequencial Gaussiana na previsão e modelação da produtividade da cultura do milho. Esta técnica permitiu modelar a incerteza espacial da produtividade com base em mapas de probabilidade com diferentes níveis de confiança. O terceiro estudo avaliou diferentes cenários de fertilização a partir do rácio produtividade/nutrientes e do breakeven da produtividade de forma a otimizar, em termos agronómicos, económicos e ambientais, as tomadas de decisão. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, foi possível obter uma redução substancial dos custos de produção através da sugestão da aplicação diferenciada da fertilização. Os resultados mostraram que é possível reduzir os riscos, quer económicos quer ambientais, da atividade agrícola sem grandes alterações no processo produtivo da exploração agrícola.
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Raymond, Fred Douglas. "Reducing Corn Yield Variability and Enhancing Yield Increases Through the Use of Corn-Specific Growth Models." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36304.

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Crop simulation models (CSMs) are used to evaluate management and environmental scenarios on crop growth and yields. Two corn (Zea Mays L.) crop growth simulation models, Hybrid-Maize, and CERES-Maize were calibrated and validated under Virginia conditions with the goal of better understanding corn response to variable environmental conditions and decreasing temporal yield variation. Calibration data were generated from small plot studies conducted at five site-years. Main plots were plant density (4.9, 6.2, 7.4, and 8.6 plants m-2); subplots were hybrids of differing relative maturity (RM) [early = Pioneer® Brand â 34B97â (108 day RM); medium = Pioneer® Brand â 33M54â (114 day RM); and late = Pioneer® Brand â 31G66â (118 day RM)]. Model validation was generated from large scale, replicated strip plot trials conducted at various locations across Virginia in 2005 and 2006. Prior to model adjustments based on calibration data, both CSMs under predicted corn grain yield in calibration and validation studies. CERES-Maize grain yield prediction error was consistent across the range of tested plant density while accuracy of Hybrid-Maize varied with plant density. Hybrid-Maize-estimated biomass production was highly accurate. Greater leaf area index (LAI) and biomass production were measured than was predicted by the CERES-Maize CSM. Both CSMs were modified based on calibration data sets and validated. Validation results of the calibrated CSMs showed improved accuracy in simulating planting date and environmental effects on a range of corn hybrids grown throughout Virginia over two years. We expect that both modified models can be used for strategic research and management decisions in mid-Atlantic corn production.
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Gonçalves, Júlia Alves Roque. "Yield gap explaining factors and solutions to improve yields in a maize farm in Portugal." Master's thesis, ISA, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21289.

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Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica / Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Universidade de Lisboa
Over the decades, it has been found that agricultural intensification, that is, the increase in production per hectare, is substantially urgent and necessary, justified by the observed and expected population increase and the impossibility of agricultural expansion. One of the methods for achieving this goal is the study and investigation of yield gaps, which may be explained by unfavorable soil and climate conditions, or less adequate input management. Given the socio-economic importance of maize crop in Portugal and the need for case studies that exemplify agricultural intensification methods, this dissertation aims to discover which are the reducing factors that justify the gap between the maximum and actual yields, known as yield gaps, which were analyzed between plots and years, and how large was the yield gap over the 10 years. Through a database of irrigation appropriations, nitrogen applications, sowing dates and climate data, collected over 10 years and provided by Milho Amarelo company, located in the Santarem region, other variables were calculated, such as degree-day accumulation, cultural evapotranspiration and intercepted radiation. These data were analyzed annually according to the whole cycle and according to different phenological phases (vegetative and reproductive). Once all variables were obtained and organized, statistical methods of bivariate and multivariate analysis were performed. The magnitude of yield gap was calculated according to the Approach 2 indicated by FAO 41. The results show that interaction of sowing dates with climatic conditions are in the nature of this deviation, with gap’s magnitude ranging from 5% to 20%, depending on the climatic conditions of the year
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Martinez, Ascanio Ana Karine <1979&gt. "Fine Mapping of qroot-yield-1.06, a QTL for Root, Plant Vigor and Yield in Maize." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7160/.

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Root-yield-1.06 is a major QTL affecting root system architecture (RSA) and other agronomic traits in maize. The effect of this QTL has been evaluated with the development of near isogenic lines (NILs) differing at the QTL position. The objective of this study was to fine map qroot-yield-1.06 by marker-assisted searching for chromosome recombinants in the QTL interval and concurrent root phenotyping in both controlled and field conditions, through successive generations. Complementary approaches such as QTL meta-analysis and RNA-seq were deployed in order to help prioritizing candidate genes within the QTL target region. Using a selected group of genotypes, field based root analysis by ‘shovelomics’ enabled to accurately collect RSA information of adult maize plants. Shovelomics combined with software-assisted root imaging analysis proved to be an informative and relatively highly automated phenotyping protocol. A QTL interval mapping was conducted using a segregating population at the seedling stage grown in controlled environment. Results enabled to narrow down the QTL interval and to identify new polymorphic markers for MAS in field experiments. A collection of homozygous recombinant NILs was developed by screening segregating populations with markers flanking qroot-yield-1.06. A first set of lines from this collection was phenotyped based on the adapted shovelomics protocol. QTL analysis based on these data highlighted an interval of 1.3 Mb as completely linked with the target QTL but, a larger safer interval of 4.1 Mb was selected for further investigations. QTL meta-analysis allows to synthetize information on root QTLs and two mQTLs were identified in the qroot-yield-1.06 interval. Trascriptomics analysis based on RNA-seq data of the two contrasting QTL-NILs, confirmed alternative haplotypes at chromosome bin 1.06. qroot-yield-1.06 has now been delimited to a 4.1-Mb interval, and thanks to the availability of additional untested homozygous recombinant NILs, the potentially achievable mapping resolution at qroot-yield-1.06 is c. 50 kb.
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Fall, Sidi 1951. "Induced water stress effects on grain yield and yield components of twelve maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277913.

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Three maize populations developed for their ability to withstand drought and salinity, and their reciprocal F1 crosses were tested under induced water stress and normal moisture conditions. Two commercial hybrids and one open-pollinated variety were also included in the study. The objective was to investigate yield and its components under induced drought. Significant differences in yield were observed in both irrigation treatments. DeKalb 689, one of the commercial hybrids, outyielded all the other entries under wet conditions, whereas under dry conditions the open-pollinated variety, Page Ranch, had the highest yield. Significant differences between populations and their hybrids were also observed. Significant correlations were noted in grain yield as observed in wet and dry conditions and the reduction in the number of ears per plant was positively correlated with the reduction in grain yield resulting from drought.
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Esteves, Mariana Canavarro Reis Teixeira. "Precision agriculture : a spatial econometric analysis of a portuguese maize yield." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/22844.

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Mestrado Bolonha em Econometria Aplicada e Previsão
Nowadays, maize is the most important cereal in the world and its production has been increasing both worldwide and in Portugal, over the years. The constant technological development has led to the creation of new techniques such as precision agriculture, to better meet the global needs of this primordial cereal as well as optimize its production. This research was developed jointly with the firm Agro Analítica from the agriculture sector, whose area of expertise is Precision Agriculture and System Optimization. In this manner, the present work aims to estimate a function for the maize yield identifying the relevant determining factors, and their effect, on maize productivity on an exploitation of a firm in Azinhaga, Golegã, district of Santarém, Portugal for the year 2020. Using appropriate software, this dissertation applies the most recent spatial econometric methods to cross-sectional data, in order to properly include spatial dependence in the estimation. Thus, the appropriate models were estimated: Spatial Lag Model (SLM), Spatial Error Model (SEM) and SARAR(1,1) Model, whose use was recommended by the diagnosis to OLS (Ordinary Least Square) residuals. The elected model was the SARAR(1,1), capturing the spatial dependence and heteroscedasticity in the data, with an accuracy of approximately 90%. In this framework, it was concluded that maize yield, in the year and area under study, is positively influenced by factors such as the sowing density, applied sulfur trioxide (SO3) and a specific variety of seed. Regarding the fertilization, nitrogen and potassium, and irrigation of the crop, presented a non-linear (quadratic) relationship with the maize yield. Also influencing the yield, there are weather-related variables measured by stage of the maize life cycle, that prove to be significant at explaining the variable under study such as the relative humidity, the temperature, and the wind velocity.
Atualmente, o milho é o cereal mais importante do mundo tendo a sua produção vindo a aumentar tanto a nível mundial como em Portugal ao longo dos anos. O constante desenvolvimento tecnológico resultou na criação de novas técnicas, como a agricultura de precisão, para melhor satisfazer as necessidades globais deste cereal primordial bem como otimizar a sua produção. Esta investigação foi desenvolvida em conjunto com a empresa Agro Analítica do sector da agricultura, cuja área de especialização é Agricultura de Precisão e Otimização de Sistemas. Desta forma, o presente trabalho visa estimar uma função que explique a produtividade do milho identificando os fatores, e o seu efeito na produtividade do milho, numa exploração da empresa em Azinhaga, Golegã, distrito de Santarém, Portugal, para o ano 2020. Utilizando o software apropriado, esta dissertação aplica os mais recentes métodos e ferramentas econométricas espaciais para dados cross-section (dados transversais), de modo a incluir devidamente a dependência espacial na estimação. Assim, foram estimados os modelos apropriados: Modelo Spatial Lag (SLM), Modelo Spatial Error (SEM) e Modelo SARAR(1,1) (Kelejian & Prucha, 2010), cuja utilização foi recomendada pelo diagnóstico aos reísduos OLS (Ordinary Least Square). O modelo escolhido foi o SARAR(1,1), captando a dependência espacial e heterocedasticidade presente nos dados. Desta forma, concluiu-se que a produtividade do milho, no ano e na área em estudo, encontra-se positivamente influenciado por fatores como a densidade de sementeira, o trióxido de enxofre aplicado (SO3) e uma variedade específica de sementes. Quanto à fertilização, com azoto e potássio, e quanto à irrigação da cultura, estes fatores apresentaram uma relação não linear (quadrática) com a produtividade do milho. Também influenciando a produtividade, existem variáveis relacionadas com o clima, medidas pela fase do ciclo de vida do milho, que provaram ser significativas para explicar a variável em estudo, tal como a humidade relativa, a temperatura e a velocidade do vento.
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Obopile, Motshwari. "INTERACTIONS AMONG MAIZE PHENOLOGIES, TRANSGENIC BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS MAIZE AND SEED TREATMENT FOR MANAGEMENT OF PESTS AND DISEASES OF MAIZE." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243020914.

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Shah, Syed Jafar. "Preference of lactating dairy cows for grass or maize silages." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367569.

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Ogola, J. B. Ochanda. "Improving water use efficiency of maize through proper nitrogen management." Thesis, University of Reading, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340024.

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Books on the topic "Maize yield"

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Hossain, Mohammad Anwar, Mobashwer Alam, Saman Seneweera, Sujay Rakshit, and Robert Henry, eds. Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0000.

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Abstract This book contains 29 chapters focusing on wheat, maize and sorghum molecular breeding. It aims to contribute the latest understandings of the molecular and genetic bases of abiotic stress tolerance, yield and quality improvement of wheat, maize and sorghum to develop strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance that will lead to enhance productivity and better utilization of natural resources to ensure food security through modern breeding.
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Larrabee, James. NOAA-AISC user's guide for implementing CERES-maize model for large area yield estimation: Yield model development. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1985.

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Subedi, K. Assessment of the major yield limiting constraints of maize production at Lumle condition.. Pokhara: Lumle Regional Agricultural Research Centre, 1994.

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Gollin, Douglas. Impacts of international research on intertemporal yield stability in wheat and maize: An economic assessment. Mexico, D.F: CIMMYT, 2006.

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Bourke, Michael J. Evaluation of the Feeding Value of Maize Silage and Grass Silage for Dairy Cows. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1998.

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Fitzsimmons, R. W. Summer crop production statistics NSW 1922-1989: Maize, sorghum, rice, lucerne : area production and yield NSW by local government areas. Wahroonga, N.S.W: Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, 1991.

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Vaidya, A. K. Yield estimation and production systems analysis of summer maize with reference to adoption and farm management issues in the Extension Command Area (1992-1993).. Pokhara: Lumle Regional Agricultural Research Centre, 1996.

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Ologunde, O. O. Two decades of agronomic research on yield improvement of sole crop maize (Zea mays L.) in the Savanna ecological zone of nothern Nigeria: A review. Zaria, Nigeria: Institute for Agricultural Research, Samaru, Ahmadu Bello University, 1987.

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Benson, Todd David. The 1995/96 fertilizer verification trial--Malawi: Hybrid maize yields by treatment, national report. [Lilongwe]: The Ministry, 1997.

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Improved inputs use and productivity in Uganda's maize sub-sector. Kampala, Uganda: Economic Policy Research Centre, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Maize yield"

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Tollenaar, M., and L. M. Dwyer. "Physiology of Maize." In Crop Yield, 169–204. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58554-8_5.

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Smith, Stephen, Mark Cooper, Joseph Gogerty, Carlos Löffler, Delos Borcherding, and Kevin Wright. "Maize." In Yield Gains in Major U.S. Field Crops, 125–71. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cssaspecpub33.c6.

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Holland, James B. "Increasing Yield." In Handbook of Maize: Its Biology, 469–82. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79418-1_24.

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Westgate, Mark E. "Seed Formation in Maize during Drought." In Physiology and Determination of Crop Yield, 361–64. Madison, WI, USA: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/1994.physiologyanddetermination.c24.

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Zhang, Mei-ping, Yun-Hua Liu, and Hong-Bin Zhang. "Molecular breeding for improving yield in maize: recent advances and future perspectives." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 380–404. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0022.

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Abstract This chapter clarifies plant breeding and its underlying molecular basis, then reviews the molecular technologies that have been developed thus far for enhanced plant breeding, which are necessary to better understand the applications and perspectives of these molecular technologies for enhanced maize breeding. This chapter updates the recent advances of the molecular technologies for maize grain yield breeding in the past decade and compares these molecular technologies and underlines their perspectives for continued maize yield improvement.
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Kuria, Peter, Josiah Gitari, Saidi Mkomwa, and Peter Waweru. "Effect of conservation agriculture on soil properties and maize grain yield in the semi-arid Laikipia county, Kenya." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 256–69. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0015.

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Abstract Low and unreliable rainfall, along with poor soil health, is a main constraint to maize production in the semi-arid parts of Kenya that account for over 79% of the country's land area. In the vast county of Laikipia, farmers continue to plant maize despite the predominantly low quantities of precipitation. Participatory farmer experimentation with Conservation Agriculture (CA) was undertaken for six consecutive growing seasons between July 2013 and December 2016 to determine the effectiveness of CA as a method of improving soil properties and enhancing maize yields with the limited rainfall quantities received in these parts of Kenya. The main CA practices tested include chisel tine furrow opening (ripping) and live legume (Lablab purpureus) cover crop, as well as maize stover mulches, all implemented under varying inorganic fertilizer rates. The research was done across 12 administrative locations of Laikipia County where soils are mainly Phaeozems and Vertisols with a clay-loam texture. The research design used was researcher-designed and farmer-managed. In each of the 12 trial sites, participatory farmers' assessments and field days were carried out as a way of outreach to the bigger farming communities around the trial sites. The research findings obtained demonstrated that the use of CA impacts positively on soil properties and is a viable practice for enhancing maize yields in these moisture deficit-prone parts of the country. Soil chemical analysis assessment results showed that CA impacted positively on a number of soil mineral components including organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and pH. Midseason chlorophyll content assessment of the maize crop showed that there was good response to fertilizer application, as well as to mulching with crop residues for soil cover. Maize grain yield data also showed that the use of a CA package comprising chisel tine ripping combined with mulching by plant residues and use of mineral fertilizer resulted in a two- to threefold increase in grain yields above the farmer practice control. Mean maize grain yield in farmer practice plots was 1067 kg ha-1 compared with the CA-treated plot with mineral fertilization that yielded 2192 kg ha-1.
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Tollenaar, M., and E. A. Lee. "Strategies for Enhancing Grain Yield in Maize." In Plant Breeding Reviews, 37–82. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470880579.ch2.

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Cao, Yi-bo, Yi-qiao Wang, and Cai-fu Jiang. "Recent advancement of molecular understanding for combating salinity stress in maize." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 247–66. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0014.

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Abstract This chapter reviews recent progress in the fundamental understanding of maize salt tolerance and the advancement of molecular breeding for salt-tolerant maize. Great progress has been made towards the molecular understanding of maize salt tolerance in recent years. Nevertheless, the breeding of commercial salt-tolerant maize hybrids remains challenging. Some issues that may facilitate maize molecular breeding for combating salinity stress are enumerated.
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Kawaye, Floney P., and Michael F. Hutchinson. "Maize, Cassava, and Sweet Potato Yield on Monthly Climate in Malawi." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 617–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_120.

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AbstractClimate change and climate variability in Malawi have negatively affected the production of maize, a staple food crop. This has adversely affected food security. On the other hand, there have been increases in growing area, production, yield, consumption, and commercialization of both cassava and sweet potato. Factors behind these increases include the adaptive capacity of these crops in relation to climate change and variability, structural adjustment programs, population growth and urbanization, new farming technologies, and economic development. Cassava and sweet potato are seen to have the potential to contribute to food security and alleviate poverty among rural communities.This study used a simple generic growth index model called GROWEST to model observed yields of maize, cassava, and sweet potato across Malawi between 2001 and 2012. The method can be viewed as a hybrid approach between complex process-based crop models and typical statistical models. For each food crop, the GROWEST model was able to provide a robust correlation between observed yields and spatially interpolated monthly climate. The model parameters, which included optimum growing temperatures and growing seasons, were well determined and agreed with known values. This indicated that these models could be used with reasonable confidence to project the impacts of climate change on crop yield. These projections could help assess the future of food security in Malawi under the changing climate and assist in planning for this future.
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Nair, Sudha K., Pervez Haider Zaidi, Madhumal Thayil Vinayan, and Gajanan Saykhedkar. "Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying excess moisture stress tolerance in maize: molecular breeding opportunities to increase yield potential." In Molecular breeding in wheat, maize and sorghum: strategies for improving abiotic stress tolerance and yield, 295–317. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245431.0017.

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Abstract Understanding the impact of excess moisture (EM) on maize plants at various growth stages, and studying the phenological, physiological and molecular responses of tolerant maize genotypes towards adaptation to EM stress, could help define ways in which this trait could be improved through targeted breeding. Thus, this chapter discusses the (i) impact of EM stress on maize plants, (ii) phenological adaptations and physiological mechanisms leading to EM stress tolerance in maize, and (iii) molecular signature of EM stress tolerance. Genetic studies on EM stress tolerance in maize are presented, and the application of molecular mreeding for EM tolerance in maize is described.
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Conference papers on the topic "Maize yield"

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Simić, Milena, Vesna Dragičević, Milan Brankov, Miodrag Tolimir, and Života Jovanović. "KOMBINOVANA PRIMENA PLODOREDA I HERBICIDA ZA UNAPREĐENJE SUZBIJANJA KOROVA U KUKURUZU." In XXVII savetovanje o biotehnologiji. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Agronomy, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt27.059s.

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Maize cultivation in a crop rotation, especcially when legumes are incorporated, contribute to the high yield achievement and a reduction of weed infestation. In such a crop rotation system, the lower rates of herbicides could be applied in order to achive reduction of weed species distribution. The investigations were aimed to underline the importance of crop rotation in comparision to maize continuous cropping for weed distribution reduction and increase of maize leaf area and grain yield. The results of long-term investigation showed that crop rotation contibuted to the significant decrease of weed number (51,19%) and increase of leaf area and grain yield of maize (13,98% and 45,87%, respectively) in comparision to maize continuous cropping. Differences in weed number, maize leaf area and grain yield between herbicide treatments in the recommended and half of recomended rate were not significant, underlining the importance and high efficiency of combined application of cultural and chemical measures in maize cultivation and agroecosystem prevention.
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Madic, Milomirka, Dalibor Tomic, Aleksandar Paunovic, Vladeta Stevovic, and Dragan Đurovic. "PRINOS ZRNA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA RAZLIČITIH FAO GRUPA ZRENJA." In SAVETOVANJE o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. University of Kragujeva, Faculty of Agronomy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.093m.

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Field experiments with 11 native maize hybrids for grain production FAO maturity group 400-600 were set up over two years at two sites (near the villages of Brzan and Lužnice, Kragujevac municipality) with the aim of, based on the yield over years, recommending hybrids for specific agroecological conditions. The average maize grain yield for all hybrids in 2017 was 4.2 t ha-1, and in 2018 11.1 t ha-1. Hybrids ZP 548 and NS 5051 had the highest average grain yield in 2017, and in 2018 ZP 560 and NS 4051. Higher yields in 2018 are mainly the result of a larger amount and a more favorable distribution of precipitation in the vegetation period. In both years, which differed in agrometeorological conditions during the vegetation period, especially in the amount and distribution of precipitation in the second part of the vegetation, in which the critical phases of maize development take place, the highest yields were recorded mainly in FAO 500 hybrids.
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Soria-Ruiz, Jesus, and Yolanda M. Fernandez-Ordonez. "Methodology to generate yield maps of maize crops." In IGARSS 2010 - 2010 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2010.5651696.

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Claudio G. Gallárreta, Reimar Carlesso, Genesio M. Rosa, Mirta T. Petry, and Geanne L. Melo. "WATER DEFICIT EFFECTS ON MAIZE YIELD IN SOUTHERN BRAZIL." In 2002 Chicago, IL July 28-31, 2002. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.10423.

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Ji, Yu, Liying Cao, Yuqi Wang, and Guifen Chen. "Application of Combined Grey Model in Maize Yield Prediction." In 2017 7th International Conference on Education, Management, Computer and Society (EMCS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emcs-17.2017.227.

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Dongjie, Wang, Li Zhemin, Wang Shengwei, Zhang Yongen, and Xu Shiwei. "Exploring the relationship between maize yield and climate big data on maize belt of northeast China." In 2017 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Big Data Analysis (ICBDA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbda.2017.8078686.

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Jin, Huaan, Jindi Wang, Yanchen Bo, Guifen Chen, and Huazhu Xue. "Data assimilation of MODIS and TM observations into CERES-Maize model to estimate regional maize yield." In SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, edited by Wei Gao, Thomas J. Jackson, and Jinnian Wang. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.860315.

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Kiryachek, S. A., T. R. Toloraya, and M. V. Marchenko. "Yields of maize of different maturity groups depending on the planting dates and plant density in the northern zone of the Krasnodar Territory." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-26.

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Research tasks include identifying the optimal planting dates, plant density, establishing morphological characteristics and yield of maize hybrids of different maturity groups. Studies were conducted in the northern zone of the Krasnodar Territory. On average for two years, the yields of early ripening and mid-early hybrids were 6.15 and 7.58 t/ha, respectively (early planting dates, plant density - 80 thousand per hectare). However, the maximum grain productivity (6.48 t/ha) showed late-ripening maize hybrid when planting lately at density of 50 thousand per hectare.
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Sereda, I. I., and O. V. Tutubalina. "Application of SAFY Crop Growth Model for Maize Yield Forecast." In 16th All-Russia Open Conference on Current Problems in Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space. Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21046/rorse2018.48.

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Fernandez-Ordonez, Yolanda M., and J. Soria-Ruiz. "Maize crop yield estimation with remote sensing and empirical models." In 2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2017.8127638.

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Reports on the topic "Maize yield"

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Maize yield potential. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298460_25.

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Ulimwengu, John M., and Aziza Kibonge. Fertilizer Application and Maize Yield: A Spatial Econometric Approach. AKADEMIYA2063, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54067/awps.004.

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Amzeri, Achmad, B. S. DARYONO, and M. SYAFII. GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT AND STABILITY ANALYSES OF DRYLAND MAIZE HYBRIDS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.2.

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The phenotypic analysis of new candidate varieties at multiple locations could provide information on the stability of their genotypes. We evaluated the stability of 11 maize hybrid candidates in five districts in East Java Province, Indonesia. Maize hybrids with high yield potential and early maturity traits derived from a diallel cross were planted in a randomized complete block design with two checks (Srikandi Kuning and BISI-2) as a single factor with four replicates. The observed traits were grain yield per hectare and harvest age. The effects of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction on yield were highly significant (P < 0.01). KTM-1, KTM-2, KTM-4, KTM-5, and KTM-6 showed higher average grain yield per hectare than the checks (Srikandi Kuning = 8.49 ton ha−1 and BISI-2 = 7.32 ton ha−1) at five different locations. The average harvest age of 11 candidates was less than 100 days. KTM-4 and KTM-5 had production yields that were higher than the average yield of all genotypes in all environments (Yi > 7.78 tons ha−1) and were considered stable on the basis of three stability parameters, i.e., Finlay–Wilkinson, Eberhart–Russell, and additive main effect multiplicative interaction (AMMI). KTM-2 had the highest yield among all tested genotypes (9.33 ton ha−1) and was considered as stable on the basis of AMMI but not on the basis of Finlay–Wilkinson and Eberhart–Russell. KTM-1 performed well only in Pamekasan, whereas KTM-6 performed well only in Sampang. Thus, these two genotypes could be targeted for these specific locations.
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Jander, Georg, and Daniel Chamovitz. Investigation of growth regulation by maize benzoxazinoid breakdown products. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600031.bard.

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Introduction Previous research had suggested that benzoxazinoids, a class of defensive metabolites found in maize, wheat, rye, and wild barley, are not only direct insect deterrents, but also influence other areas of plant metabolism. In particular, the benzoxazinoid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxa- zin-3(4H)- one (DIMBOA) was implicated in: (i) altering plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling, and (ii) leading to the induction of gene expression changes and secondary plant defense responses. The overall goal of this proposal was to identify mechanisms by which benzoxazinoids influence other aspects of plant growth and defense. Specifically, the following hypotheses were proposed to be tested as part of an approved BARD proposal: Benzoxazinoid breakdown products directly interfere with auxin perception Global changes in maize and barley gene expression are induced by benzoxazinoid activation. There is natural variation in the maize photomorphogenic response to benzoxazinoids. Although the initial proposal included experiments with both maize and barley, there were some technical difficulties with the proposed transgenic barley experiments and most of the experimental results were generated with maize. Summary of major findings Previous research by other labs, involving both maize and other plant species, had suggested that DIMBOA alters plant growth by interfering with auxin signaling. However, experiments conducted in both the Chamovitz and the Jander labs using Arabidopsis and maize, respectively, were unable to confirm previously published reports of exogenously added DIMBOA effects on auxin signaling. Nevertheless, analysis of bx1 and bx2 maize mutant lines, which have almost no detectable benzoxazinoids, showed altered responses to blue light signaling. Transcriptomic analysis of maize mutant lines, variation in inbred lines, and responses to exogenously added DIMBOA showed alteration in the transcription of a blue light receptor, which is required for plant growth responses. This finding provides a novel mechanistic explanation of the trade-off between growth and defense that is often observed in plants. Experiments by the Jander lab and others had demonstrated that DIMBOA not only has direct toxicity against insect pests and microbial pathogens, but also induces the formation of callose in both maize and wheat. In the current project, non-targeted metabolomic assays of wildtype maize and mutants with defects in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis were used to identify unrelated metabolites that are regulated in a benzoxazinoid-dependent manner. Further investigation identified a subset of these DIMBOA-responsive compounds as catechol, as well as its glycosylated and acetylated derivatives. Analysis of co-expression data identified indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase (IGPS) as a possible regulator of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in maize. In the current project, enzymatic activity of three predicted maize IGPS genes was confirmed by heterologous expression. Transposon knockout mutations confirmed the function of the maize genes in benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Sub-cellular localization studies showed that the three maize IGPS proteins are co-localized in the plastids, together with BX1 and BX2, two previously known enzymes of the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway. Implications Benzoxazinoids are among the most abundant and effective defensive metabolites in maize, wheat, and rye. Although there is considerable with-in species variation in benzoxazinoid content, very little is known about the regulation of this variation and the specific effects on plant growth and defense. The results of this research provide further insight into the complex functions of maize benzoxazinoids, which are not only toxic to pests and pathogens, but also regulate plant growth and other defense responses. Knowledge gained through the current project will make it possible to engineer benzoxazinoid biosynthesis in a more targeted manner to produce pest-tolerant crops without negative effects on growth and yield.
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Tadmor, Yaakov, Zachary Lippman, David Jackson, and Dani Zamir. three crops test for the ODO breeding method. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594397.bard.

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Hybrid vigor is the leading concept that rules crops breeding for almost a century. Yet, the exact mechanism that underlies heterosis is not clear. Over dominance interaction between alleles is one of the possible explanations. Our preliminary results indicated that severe developmental mutations at the heterozygous state have significant potential to improve plant performance. This led us to propose the ‘ODO breeding method’ that is based replacing a parental line of a successful hybrid with its mutated from to improve hybrid performance. Our BARD research challenged this method in three crop systems: maize, tomato and melon. In maize we could not detect any effect of mutant heterozigosity on yield or yield components when hybrids were tested however when we analyzed the effect of heterozigosity in mutant genes at B73 genetic background we could detect ODO in yield components using certain mutants. Our results indicate that the potential of utilizing the ODO Breeding Method for maize remains unclear. In tomato we overcame technical problems we faced in creating an EMS mutation library in indeterminate glasshouse tomatoes and now we have in our hands advanced material to study the putative ODO hybrids. We transferred some of the promising ODO mutations from M82 to indeterminate glasshouse tomatoes and putative ODO hybrids are ready to be evaluated this winter. In addition, we tested the effect of In melon we compared putative ‘ODO hybrids’ with their isogenic hybrids lacking the mutant allele and our results indicated a potential for the ODO breeding method to improve yield, fruit number per plant, and carotenoids content. Additional experiments are required to estimate better the expected success percentage of the ODO breeding method in melon so that it will become a recommended practice for improving hybrid performance. Based on our results we can't yet recommend the 'ODO breeding method' as a general tool to improve hybrid performance and more efforts are necessary to evaluate the percent of success of this method. The increased carotenoid content we found in association with CRTISO heterozygosity is promising and additional experiments are currently being performed to characterize this finding.
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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1998.7580683.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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Smith, Margaret, Nurit Katzir, Susan McCouch, and Yaakov Tadmor. Discovery and Transfer of Genes from Wild Zea Germplasm to Improve Grain Oil and Protein Composition of Temperate Maize. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695846.bard.

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Project Objectives 1. Develop and amplify two interspecific populations (annual and perennial teosintes x elite maize inbred) as the basis for genetic analysis of grain quality. 2. Identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from teosinte that improve oil, protein, and essential amino acid composition of maize grain. 3. Develop near isogenic lines (NILs) to quantify QTL contributions to grain quality and as a resource for future breeding and gene cloning efforts. 4. Analyze the contribution of these QTLs to hybrid performance in both the US and Israel. 5. Measure the yield potential of improved grain quality hybrids. (NOTE: Yield potential could not be evaluated due to environmentally-caused failure of the breeding nursery where seed was produced for this evaluation.) Background: Maize is a significant agricultural commodity worldwide. As an open pollinated crop, variation within the species is large and, in most cases, sufficient to supply the demand for modem varieties and for new environments. In recent years there is a growing demand for maize varieties with special quality attributes. While domesticated sources of genetic variation for high oil and protein content are limited, useful alleles for these traits may remain in maize's wild relative, teosinte. We utilized advanced backcross (AB) analysis to search for QTLs contributing to oil and protein content from two teosinte accessions: Zea mays ssp. mexicana Race Chalco, an annual teosinte (referred to as Chalco), and Z diploperennis Race San Miguel, a perennial teosinte (referred to as Diplo). Major Conclusions and Achievements Two NILs targeting a Diplo introgression in bin 1.04 showed a significant increase in oil content in homozygous sib-pollinated seed when compared to sibbed seed of their counterpart non-introgressed controls. These BC4S2 NILs, referred to as D-RD29 and D-RD30, carry the Diplo allele in bin 1.04 and the introgression extends partially into bins 1.03 and 1.05. These NILs remain heterozygous in bins 4.01 and 8.02, but otherwise are homozygous for the recurrent parent (RD6502) alleles. NILs were developed also for the Chalco introgression in bin 1.04 but these do not show any improvement in oil content, suggesting that the Chalco alleles differ from the Diplo alleles in this region. Testcross Fl seed and sibbed grain from these Fl plants did not show any effect on oil content from this introgression, suggesting that it would need to be present in both parents of a maize hybrid to have an effect on oil content. Implications, both Scientific and Agricultural The Diplo region identified increases oil content by 12.5% (from 4.8% to 5.4% oil in the seed). Although this absolute difference is not large in agronomic terms, this locus could provide additive increases to oil content in combination with other maize-derived loci for high oil. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of a QTL from teosinte for improved grain oil content in maize. It suggests that further research on grain quality alleles from maize wild relatives would be of both scientific and agricultural interest.
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8

Harman, Gary E., and Ilan Chet. Enhancement of plant disease resistance and productivity through use of root symbiotic fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695588.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to (a) compare effects ofT22 and T-203 on growth promotion and induced resistance of maize inbred line Mol7; (b) follow induced resistance of pathogenesis-related proteins through changes in gene expression with a root and foliar pathogen in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203 and (c) to follow changes in the proteome of Mol? over time in roots and leaves in the presence or absence of T22 or T-203. The research built changes in our concepts regarding the effects of Trichoderma on plants; we hypothesized that there would be major changes in the physiology of plants and these would be reflected in changes in the plant proteome as a consequence of root infection by Trichoderma spp. Further, Trichoderma spp. differ in their effects on plants and these changes are largely a consequence of the production of different elicitors of elicitor mixtures that are produced in the zone of communication that is established by root infection by Trichoderma spp. In this work, we demonstrated that both T22 and T-203 increase growth and induce resistance to pathogens in maize. In Israel, it was shown that a hydrophobin is critical for root colonization by Trichoderma strains, and that peptaibols and an expansin-like protein from Ttrichoderma probably act as elicitors of induced resistance in plants. Further, this fungus induces the jasmonate/ethylene pathway of disease resistance and a specific cucumber MAPK is required for transduction of the resistance signal. This is the first such gene known to be induced by fungal systems. In the USA, extensive proteomic analyses of maize demonstrated a number of proteins are differentially regulated by T. harzianum strain T22. The pattern of up-regulation strongly supports the contention that this fungus induces increases in plant disease resistance, respiratory rates and photosynthesis. These are all very consistent with the observations of effects of the fungus on plants in the greenhouse and field. In addition, the chitinolytic complex of maize was examined. The numbers of maize genes encoding these enzymes was increased about 3-fold and their locations on maize chromosomes determined by sequence identification in specific BAC libraries on the web. One of the chitinolytic enzymes was determined to be a heterodimer between a specific exochitinase and different endochitinases dependent upon tissue differences (shoot or root) and the presence or absence of T. harzianum. These heterodimers, which were discovered in this work, are very strongly antifungal, especially the one from shoots in the presence of the biocontrol fungus. Finally, RNA was isolated from plants at Cornell and sent to Israel for transcriptome assessment using Affymetrix chips (the chips became available for maize at the end of the project). The data was sent back to Cornell for bioinformatic analyses and found, in large sense, to be consistent with the proteomic data. The final assessment of this data is just now possible since the full annotation of the sequences in the maize Affy chips is just now available. This work is already being used to discover more effective strains of Trichoderma. It also is expected to elucidate how we may be able to manipulate and breed plants for greater disease resistance, enhanced growth and yield and similar goals. This will be possible since the changes in gene and protein expression that lead to better plant performance can be elucidated by following changes induced by Trichoderma strains. The work was in, some parts, collaborative but in others, most specifically transcriptome analyses, fully synergistic.
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9

Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Shaping plant architecture by age dependent programs: implications for food, feed and biofuel. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597922.bard.

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Age dependent programs are responsible for the physiological and developmental differences of young and mature plants. These include a range of morphological characters such as leaf shape and leaf composition (waxes, lignin etc..) but also different in developmental potentials. Apical buds of juvenile plants are vegetative, while those of mature plants can be reproductive. Likewise, basal buds form in the axills of juvenile leaves have different fates than distal buds formed in the axils of mature leaves. The goal of our joint project is to understand and exploit theses age related programs for specific improvement of crop plants. To that end both the WIS group and the PGEC group are using mutants with age related defects as well as modified expression of miR156 to modify age related programs in crop plants- Tomato and potato in Israel and Maize, switchgrass and Brchipodium in the US. In the US, major effort were made to: Characterize the contribution of selected miR156 target genes to yield component traits of maize. Functional analysis of microRNAs and their targets in new crop plants. In Israel, the research progressed in several directions: Understanding the interplay between age dependent programs and the potential of tomato and potato meristems to produce tubers. Evaluation of the agronomic value of mutants that alter flowering regime in side shoots in general, and in the sympodial buds in particular Characterization of wild type axillary buds, comparing shoot ontogeny of gradually maturing apices from basal and distal positions along the main shoot of tomato.
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10

Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Effects of Rainfall Variability on Maize Yields. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896298460_19.

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