Journal articles: 'Maize leaf'

1

Kleczkowski, Leszek A., and Douglas D. Randall. "Maize Leaf Adenylate Kinase." Plant Physiology 81, no. 4 (August 1, 1986): 1110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.81.4.1110.

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2

Fernandez, D., and M. Castrillo. "Maize Leaf Rolling Initiation." Photosynthetica 37, no. 3 (November 1, 1999): 493–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1007124214141.

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3

Podestá, Florencio E., and Carlos S. Andreo. "Maize Leaf Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase." Plant Physiology 90, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.90.2.427.

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4

Zaefarian, Faezeh, Zahara Shakibafar, Mohammad Rezvani, and Hamid SALEHIAN. "Effect of cover crops on maize-velvet leaf competition: leaf area density and light interception." Acta agriculturae Slovenica 107, no. 2 (October 26, 2016): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.14720/aas.2016.107.2.13.

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Cover crops influence on canopy structure and light interception of maize (Zea mays L.) and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik), was studied in a field experiment. Treatments included planting of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrium L.) as cover crops at the same date and 21 days after maize. Sole cropping of maize under weed- free and weedy conditions were also included in this experiment. All tested cover crops significantly reduced leaf area density and height of velvetleaf up to 50 %, while maize leaf area density increased in the presence of cover crops. Among cover crops, bean and soybean were the most effective in reducing velvetleaf leaf area density and height. Bean and soybean also strongly reduced absorbed light by velvetleaf by up to 80 % compared to clover. Maize grain yields were significantly influenced by cover crops planting in the inter row space. Compared to weeds free plots, only treatment with soybean as a cover crop resulted in similar maize grain yields, while maize intercropping with bean and clover significantly reduced maize yields. Delayed planting of cover crops, 21 day after maize, increased maize grain yield compared to cover crops and maize planting at the same time.

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5

Girardin, Ph. "Leaf azimuth in maize canopies." European Journal of Agronomy 1, no. 2 (1992): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1161-0301(14)80006-3.

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6

CRAMER, GRANT R., and DANIEL C. BOWMAN. "Kinetics of Maize Leaf Elongation." Journal of Experimental Botany 42, no. 11 (1991): 1417–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/42.11.1417.

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7

CRAMER, GRANT R. "Kinetics of Maize Leaf Elongation." Journal of Experimental Botany 43, no. 6 (1992): 857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/43.6.857.

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8

Cramer, Grant R. "Kinetics of Maize Leaf Elongation." Plant Physiology 100, no. 2 (October 1, 1992): 1044–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.2.1044.

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9

Streck, Nereu Augusto, Josana Andréia Langner, and Isabel Lago. "Maize leaf development under climate change scenarios." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 45, no. 11 (November 2010): 1227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2010001100001.

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The objective of this work was to simulate maize leaf development in climate change scenarios at Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, considering symmetric and asymmetric increases in air temperature. The model of Wang & Engel for leaf appearance rate (LAR), with genotype-specific coefficients for the maize variety BRS Missões, was used to simulate tip and expanded leaf accumulated number from emergence to flag leaf appearance and expansion, for nine emergence dates from August 15 to April 15. LAR model was run for each emergence date in 100-year climate scenarios: current climate, and +1, +2, +3, +4 and +5°C increase in mean air temperature, with symmetric and asymmetric increase in daily minimum and maximum air temperature. Maize crop failure due to frost decreased in elevated temperature scenarios, in the very early and very late emergence dates, indicating a lengthening in the maize growing season in warmer climates. The leaf development period in maize was shorter in elevated temperature scenarios, with greater shortening in asymmetric temperature increases, indicating that warmer nights accelerate vegetative development in maize.

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10

Kalt-Torres, Willy, Phillip S. Kerr, Hideaki Usuda, and Steven C. Huber. "Diurnal Changes in Maize Leaf Photosynthesis." Plant Physiology 83, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.83.2.283.

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Usuda, Hideaki, Willy Kalt-Torres, Phillip S. Kerr, and Steven C. Huber. "Diurnal Changes in Maize Leaf Photosynthesis." Plant Physiology 83, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.83.2.289.

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Kalt-Torres, Willy, and Steven C. Huber. "Diurnal Changes in Maize Leaf Photosynthesis." Plant Physiology 83, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.83.2.294.

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13

Ceppi, Davide, Mario Sala, Eugenio Gentinetta, Alberto Verderio, and Mario Motto. "Genotype-Dependent Leaf Senescence in Maize." Plant Physiology 85, no. 3 (November 1, 1987): 720–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.85.3.720.

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14

Wang, H., Adrian J. Cutler, M. Saleem, and Larry C. Fowke. "DNA replication in maize leaf protoplasts." Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 18, no. 1 (July 1989): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00033463.

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15

Juarez, Michelle T., Jonathan S. Kui, Julie Thomas, Bradley A. Heller, and Marja C. P. Timmermans. "microRNA-mediated repression of rolled leaf1 specifies maize leaf polarity." Nature 428, no. 6978 (March 2004): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature02363.

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16

Nelson, Jennifer M., Barbara Lane, and Michael Freeling. "Expression of a mutant maize gene in the ventral leaf epidermis is sufficient to signal a switch of the leaf’s dorsoventral axis." Development 129, no. 19 (October 1, 2002): 4581–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.129.19.4581.

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Maize leaves are initiated from the shoot apex with an inherent leaf dorsoventral polarity; the leaf surface closest to the meristem is the adaxial (upper, dorsal) surface whereas the opposite leaf surface is the abaxial (lower, ventral) surface. The Rolled leaf1 (Rld1) semi-dominant maize mutations affect dorsoventral patterning by causing adaxialization of abaxial leaf regions. This adaxialization is sometimes associated with abaxialization of the adaxial leaf regions, which constitutes a ‘switch’. Dosage analysis indicates Rld1 mutants are antimorphs. We mapped Rld1’s action to a single cell layer using a mosaic analysis and show Rld1 acts non cell-autonomously along the dorsoventral axis. The presence of Rld1 mutant product in the abaxial epidermis is necessary and sufficient to induce the Rolled leaf1 phenotype within the lower epidermis as well as in other leaf layers along the dorsoventral axis. These results support a model for the involvement of wild-type RLD1 in the maintenance of dorsoventral features of the leaf. In addition, they demonstrate the abaxial epidermis sends/receives a cell fate determining signal to/from the adaxial epidermis and controls the dorsoventral patterning of the maize leaf.

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17

Soltani, Nader, Kris McNaughton, Chris L. Gillard, Robert E. Nurse, and Peter H. Sikkema. "Tolerance of Glyphosate-Resistant Maize to Glyphosate Plus MCPA Amine Is Influenced by Dose and Timing." Advances in Agriculture 2015 (2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/968050.

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There is little information on tolerance of glyphosate-resistant maize to glyphosate plus MCPA amine as influenced by dose and timing under Ontario environmental conditions. A total of seven field trials were conducted at various locations in Ontario, Canada, in 2011–2013 to evaluate tolerance of field maize to tank mixes of glyphosate (900 g a.e./ha) plus MCPA amine (79, 158, 315, 630, 1260, 2520, or 5040 g a.e./ha) at either the 4- or 8-leaf stage. The predicted dose of MCPA amine that caused 5, 10, and 20% injury was 339, 751, and 1914 g a.e./ha when applied to 4-leaf maize but only 64, 140, and 344 g a.e./ha when applied to 8-leaf maize, respectively. The predicted dose of MCPA amine that caused 5, 10, and 20% reduction in shoot dry weight of maize was 488, 844, and 1971 g a.e./ha when applied to 4-leaf maize and only 14, 136, and 616 g a.e./ha when applied to 8-leaf maize, respectively. The predicted dose of MCPA amine that caused 5, 10, and 20% yield reduction was 2557, 4247, and >5040 g a.e./ha when applied to 4-leaf maize and 184, 441, and 1245 g a.e./ha when applied to 8-leaf maize, respectively. Based on these results, glyphosate plus MCPA amine applied at the manufacturer’s recommended dose of 630 g a.e./ha applied to 4-leaf maize has potential to cause injury but the injury is transient with no significant reduction in yield. However, when glyphosate plus MCPA amine is applied to 8-leaf maize it has the potential to cause significant injury and yield loss in maize.

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18

Jabran, Khawar. "Weed-Competitive Ability of Forage Maize Cultivars against Barnyardgrass." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 8, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i1.174-178.2940.

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Weed-competitive cultivars are desired in the wake of growing popularity of organic farming, environmental pollution and evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds. This research work evaluated the weed competitive ability of three forage maize cultivars (ADA-523, AGA and SASA-5) against the noxious weed barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv.). The study was conducted in spring 2018 and repeated in summer 2018. Results of this study showed that maize-barnyardgrass competition significantly decreased the growth of forage maize plants. For instance, barnyardgrass decreased the maize plant height by 11.9-16.9%, leaf length by 13.3-20.2%, leaf width by 20.2-27.4%, and number of leaves by 14.3-25.0%. Fresh and dry weights of maize plants were also significantly decreased as a result of weed-crop competition. Barnyardgrass decreased the shoot fresh weight (30.7-60.6%), shoot dry weight (33.3-52.2%), leaf fresh weight (33.4-56.5%) and leaf dry weight (31.9-50.0%) of the maize plants. An interactive effect of weed × maize cultivars was found non-significant. Forage maize cultivars also varied occasionally for their traits. Nevertheless, ADA-523 had a higher plant height, leaf length, leaf width, leaf fresh weight and leaf dry weight than the cultivars AGA and SASA-5. On the other hand, the cultivar SASA-5 had a higher shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight and root fresh weight than the other cultivars in the study. This research work concluded that the forage maize cultivars in the study did not vary for the weed-competitive ability. Further, barnyardgrass-maize competition could decrease the growth and development of the maize cultivars.

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19

Zhang, Heng Jia. "Effect of Limited Water Supply on Crop Growth of Spring Maize (Zea Mays)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (September 2013): 314–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.314.

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An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of limited water supply on plant height, leaf area, dry matter and net assimilation rate (NAR) of spring maize. The results indicated that limited water supply had little effect on plant height of maize at six-leaf, twelve-leaf, heading and early grain filling except the end of filling. Leaf growth and leaf area expansion were effectively increased at middle and late maize growth stages under limited water supply and the maximum leaf area was maintained at early grain filling to middle filling. In addition, dry matter accumulation of maize in reproductive organs may be promoted by limited water supply. Finally, limited water supply also had great effect on net assimilation rate of maize and the maximum was maintained at six-leaf to twelve-leaf, followed by heading to silking.

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20

Zheng, Jian, Yan Wang, Qian Hui Ren, and Ji Xiang Wan. "Impacts of Maize Straw Additive on Soil Water Evaporation with Sandy Loam in the Region of Jingtai, Gansu Province." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 2606–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.2606.

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Through laboratory experiments, the effects of adding different maize straw addictive and proportions in soil on the moisture evaporation characteristics were studied under the condition of different burial depth. Results showed that the relationship between soil moisture diffusivity and soil water content can nice described by an exponential function. Under the same soil water suction, soil water content of treatments with maize straw additive are all higher than pure soil. Between the treatments of soil with 3% maize cob and maize leaf, maize leaf treatment has a better water retention effect, but the difference is little in the treatments with 1% maize straw additive; maize leaf is superior to maize cob in the capacity of inhibiting soil water evaporation, and the treatment with 3% maize leaf in the depth of 0-5 centimeter soil layer can reduce soil moisture evaporation effectively. Keywords: maize straw addictive, soil water diffusivity, buried depth, accumulative soil water evaporation, soil water content

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21

Afzal, I., B. Hussain, S. M. A. Basra, and H. Rehman. "Priming with moringa leaf extract reduces imbibitional chilling injury in spring maize." Seed Science and Technology 40, no. 2 (July 1, 2012): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2012.40.2.13.

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22

Orkwiszewski, J. A. J., and R. S. Poethig. "Phase identity of the maize leaf is determined after leaf initiation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 97, no. 19 (September 5, 2000): 10631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.180301597.

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23

Aregbesola, Elizabeth, Alejandro Ortega-Beltran, Titilayo Falade, Gbolagade Jonathan, Sarah Hearne, and Ranajit Bandyopadhyay. "A detached leaf assay to rapidly screen for resistance of maize to Bipolaris maydis, the causal agent of southern corn leaf blight." European Journal of Plant Pathology 156, no. 1 (November 26, 2019): 133–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01870-4.

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AbstractSouthern corn leaf blight (SCLB), caused by the fungus Bipolaris maydis, is a disease that significantly affects maize productivity across the globe. A detached leaf assay (DLA) was developed to rapidly assess maize resistance to SCLB. Several experiments were conducted to: (i) identify a highly virulent B. maydis isolate; and to determine the most appropriate (ii) phytohormone to maintain viability of maize leaf tissue, (iii) leaf age for the assay, and (iv) inoculum concentration. Once optimized, the DLA was compared with screenhouse and field experiments. Use of DLA required a maximum of 28 days for resistance assessment, in contrast to screenhouse and field tests at a minimum of 33 and 72 days, respectively. DLA positively correlated with screenhouse (r = 0.48, P = 0.08) and field experiments (r = 0.68, P = 0.008). Assessments of diverse B. maydis strains and host genotypes indicated that the DLA could be used to detect both highly virulent SCLB strains and highly resistant maize genotypes. Here we report that DLA is a rapid, reliable technique to screen maize resistance to SCLB. Use of this tool in maize breeding programs can speed up the process of identification of sources of resistance to multiple variants of SCLB.

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24

Luo, Jing, Shuze Geng, Chunbo Xiu, Dan Song, and Tingting Dong. "A Curvelet-SC Recognition Method for Maize Disease." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/164547.

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Because the corn vein and noise influence the contour extraction of the maize leaf disease, we put forward a new recognition algorithm based on Curvelet and Shape Context (SC). This method can improve the speed and accuracy of maize leaf disease recognition. Firstly, we use Seeded Regional Growing (SRG) algorithm to segment the maize leaf disease image. Secondly, Curvelet Modulus Correlation (CMC) method is put forward to extract the effective contour of maize leaf disease. Thirdly, we combine CMC with the SC algorithm to obtain the histogram features and then use these features we obtain to calculate the similarities between the template image and the target image. Finally, we adoptn-fold cross-validation algorithm to recognize diseases on maize leaf disease database. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can recognize 6 kinds of maize leaf diseases accurately and achieve the accuracy of 94.446%. Meanwhile this algorithm has guiding significance for other diseases recognition to an extent.

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25

Batchelor, William D., L. M. Suresh, Xiaoxing Zhen, Yoseph Beyene, Mwaura Wilson, Gideon Kruseman, and Boddupalli Prasanna. "Simulation of Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Damage Using the CERES-Maize Model." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050710.

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Maize lethal necrosis (MLN), maize streak virus (MSV), grey leaf spot (GLS) and turcicum leaf blight (TLB) are among the major diseases affecting maize grain yields in sub-Saharan Africa. Crop models allow researchers to estimate the impact of pest damage on yield under different management and environments. The CERES-Maize model distributed with DSSAT v4.7 has the capability to simulate the impact of major diseases on maize crop growth and yield. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a method to simulate the impact of MLN on maize growth and yield. A field experiment consisting of 17 maize hybrids with different levels of MLN tolerance was planted under MLN virus-inoculated and non-inoculated conditions in 2016 and 2018 at the MLN Screening Facility in Naivasha, Kenya. Time series disease progress scores were recorded and translated into daily damage, including leaf necrosis and death, as inputs in the crop model. The model genetic coefficients were calibrated for each hybrid using the 2016 non-inoculated treatment and evaluated using the 2016 and 2018 inoculated treatments. Overall, the model performed well in simulating the impact of MLN damage on maize grain yield. The model gave an R2 of 0.97 for simulated vs. observed yield for the calibration dataset and an R2 of 0.92 for the evaluation dataset. The simulation techniques developed in this study can be potentially used for other major diseases of maize. The key to simulating other diseases is to develop the appropriate relationship between disease severity scores, percent leaf chlorosis and dead leaf area.

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26

Entringer, G. C., F. L. Guedes, A. A. Oliveira, J. P. Nascimento, and J. C. Souza. "Genetic control of leaf curl in maize." Genetics and Molecular Research 13, no. 1 (2014): 1672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4238/2014.january.22.3.

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27

Rajcan, Irena, and Matthijs Tollenaar. "Source:sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize:." Field Crops Research 60, no. 3 (February 1999): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(98)00142-7.

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28

Rajcan, Irena, and Matthijs Tollenaar. "Source:sink ratio and leaf senescence in maize:." Field Crops Research 60, no. 3 (February 1999): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(98)00143-9.

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29

Ward, J. M. J., M. D. Laing, and D. C. Nowell. "Chemical control of maize grey leaf spot." Crop Protection 16, no. 3 (May 1997): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-2194(96)00097-x.

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30

Campbell, Wilbur H., Donald J. DeGracia, and Ellen R. Campbell. "Regulation of molybdenum cofactor of maize leaf." Phytochemistry 26, no. 8 (January 1987): 2149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84676-2.

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31

Huber, Steven C., Tatsuo Sugiyama, and Takashi Akazawa. "Light Modulation of Maize Leaf Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase." Plant Physiology 82, no. 2 (October 1, 1986): 550–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.82.2.550.

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32

Wallace, Jason G., Karl A. Kremling, Lynsey L. Kovar, and Edward S. Buckler. "Quantitative Genetics of the Maize Leaf Microbiome." Phytobiomes Journal 2, no. 4 (January 2018): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pbiomes-02-18-0008-r.

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The degree to which the genotype of an organism can affect the composition of its associated microbial communities (“microbiome”) varies by organism and habitat, and in many cases is unknown. We analyzed the metabolically active bacteria of maize leaves across 300 diverse maize lines growing in a common environment. We performed comprehensive heritability analysis for 49 community diversity metrics, 380 bacterial clades, and 9,042 predicted metagenomic functions. We find that only a few bacterial clades (5) and diversity metrics (2) are significantly heritable, while a much larger number of metabolic functions (200) are. Many of these associations appear to be driven by the Methylobacteria in each sample. Among these heritable metabolic traits, Fisher’s exact test identifies significant overrepresentation of traits relating to short-chain carbon metabolism, secretion, and nitrotoluene degradation. Genome-wide association analysis identified a small number of associated loci for these heritable traits, including two that affect multiple traits. Our results indicate that while most of the maize leaf microbiome composition is driven by environmental factors and/or stochastic founder events, a subset of bacterial taxa and metabolic functions is nonetheless significantly impacted by host genetics. Additional work will be needed to identify the exact nature of these interactions and what effects they may have on their host. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

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33

Carson, M. L. "Phaeosphaeria Leaf Spot of Maize in Florida." Plant Disease 75, no. 9 (1991): 968E. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-75-0968e.

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34

Elings, Anne. "Estimation of Leaf Area in Tropical Maize." Agronomy Journal 92, no. 3 (May 2000): 436–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2000.923436x.

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35

Lockhart, Jennifer. "Exploring Maize Leaf Architecture from Different Angles." Plant Cell 29, no. 7 (July 2017): 1550–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.17.00541.

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36

Freeling, Michael. "A conceptual framework for maize leaf development." Developmental Biology 153, no. 1 (September 1992): 44–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-1606(92)90090-4.

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37

Ma, Xueyan, Guangsheng Zhou, Gen Li, and Qiuling Wang. "Quantitative Evaluation of the Trade-Off Growth Strategies of Maize Leaves under Different Drought Severities." Water 13, no. 13 (July 2, 2021): 1852. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131852.

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The leaf is one of the most drought-sensitive plant organs. Investigating how leaf traits change and their trade-off growth during a drought would contribute to developing targeted drought-resistance measures. We investigated changes in five key maize leaf traits (leaf area, dry mass, effective number, water content, and specific weight) and their trade-off growth based on a drought simulation experiment. We also developed an indicator (0, 1) to quantitatively evaluate drought severity. The results showed a trade-off growth between different leaf traits of maize plants under drought conditions. Maize maintained relatively high leaf water content to maintain high leaf metabolic activity until drought severity was greater than 0. When drought severity was (0, 0.48), maize tended to adopt rapid growth strategy by maintaining regular leafing intensity and investing more energy into leaf area rather than specific leaf weight so that more energy could be absorbed. When the drought severity exceeded 0.48, maize conserved its resources for survival by maintaining relatively lower metabolic activity and thicker leaves to minimize water loss. The results provide an insight into the acclimation strategies of maize under drought, and contribute to targeted drought prevention and relief measures to reduce drought-induced risks to food security.

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38

Fan, P. P., Y. Y. Li, J. B. Evers, B. Ming, C. X. Wang, S. K. Li, and R. Z. Xie. "A new empirical equation to describe the vertical leaf distribution profile of maize." Journal of Agricultural Science 158, no. 8-9 (November 2020): 676–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859621000010.

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AbstractThe characteristic traits of maize (Zea mays L.) leaves affect light interception and photosynthesis. Measurement or estimation of individual leaf area has been described using discontinuous equations or bell-shaped functions. However, new maize hybrids show different canopy architecture, such as leaf angle in modern maize which is more upright and ear leaf and adjacent leaves which are longer than older hybrids. The original equations and their parameters, which have been used for older maize hybrids and grown at low plant densities, will not accurately represent modern hybrids. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to develop a new empirical equation that captures vertical leaf distribution. To characterize the vertical leaf profile, we conducted a field experiment in Jilin province, Northeast China from 2015 to 2018. Our new equation for the vertical distribution of leaf profile describes leaf length, width or leaf area as a function of leaf rank, using parameters for the maximum value for leaf length, width or area, the leaf rank at which the maximum value is obtained, and the width of the curve. It thus involves one parameter less than the previously used equations. By analysing the characteristics of this new equation, we identified four key leaf ranks (4, 8, 14 and 20) for which leaf parameter values need to be quantified in order to have a good estimation of leaf length, width and area. Together, the method of leaf area estimation proposed here adds versatility for use in modern maize hybrids and simplifies the field measurements by using the four key leaf ranks to estimate vertical leaf distribution in maize canopy instead of all leaf ranks.

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39

Islam, M. R., S. C. (Yani) Garcia, and D. Henry. "Use of normalised difference vegetation index, nitrogen concentration, and total nitrogen content of whole maize plant and plant fractions to estimate yield and nutritive value of hybrid forage maize." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 5 (2011): 374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10244.

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This study was conducted to investigate the potentials of normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), nitrogen (N) concentration (%), and N content (g/plant) of whole maize plant to estimate yield and nutritive value of hybrid forage maize. Hybrid forage maize was grown with two rates of pre-sowing fertiliser N (0, 135 kg/ha) and three rates of post-sowing fertiliser N (0, 79, 158 kg N/ha) applied at the six-leaf stage. Data on the NDVI and N (% and g/plant) of maize were collected at 2-, 3-, 6-, 8-, 12-, 16-, 18-leaf stages and at harvest. Metabolisable energy (ME) content of the whole maize plant at harvest was estimated from in vitro digestibility. Simple, polynomial, and multiple regression analyses were conducted and only the best-fit models were selected. The 8-leaf stage was found to be the most effective stage for use of the NDVI in predicting biomass yield (R2 = 0.81), grain yield (R2 = 0.72), and N (%) (R2 = 0.92) of forage maize. Nitrogen (%) at the 8-leaf stage was also best related to biomass yield (R2 = 0.88). Multiple regressions at the 3-leaf stage increased the coefficient of determination for both biomass yield and grain yield (R2 = 0.77) over the relationships obtained from N (%) of the whole plant at 2- or 3-leaf stage. The NDVI and N (%) of the whole plant at 8-leaf stage were the best predictors of yield, but failed to predict ME content of the hybrid forage maize. Multiple regression models at the 3-leaf stage were almost as effective as the NDVI and N (%) of whole maize plant at the 8-leaf stage in predicting biomass and grain yield of forage maize.

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40

Jalilian, J., and H. Delkhoshi. "How Much, Leaves Near the Ear Contribute on Yield and Yield Components of Maize?" Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 47, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2014-0012.

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Abstract In order to study the role of leaf position on yield and yield component of maize, this research was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replicates at the research field of Urmia University, Urmia, Iran, in 2011. For determine the role of leaf position in maize yield, we used the leaf removing (clipping) treatments. Leaf clipping treatments contain ear leaf clipping, above ear leaf clipping, below ear leaf clipping and control (without leaf clipping) that imposed at one week after ear initiation. Leaf removing had a significant effect on all measured traits (number of seed per row, row number per ear, ear length, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield), except harvest index. Removing of above leaves decreased 6.68% the number of seeds on ear compare to control. The highest 1000 seed weight (274 g) was observed in plants without leaf clipping. Ear leaf clipping and below ear leaf defoliation ranked second for 1000 seed weight. Whereas plants without any leaf clipping had the utmost seed yield (8.77 t ha-1) but defoliating of leaf above ear lead to lower seed yield (6.77 t ha-1). Leaf removal above ear decreased 22.80% biological yield compared to control. The correlation analysis showed that all traits had positive correlation with seed yield. The most correlation was between ear length and number of row per ear (r=0.89**). Also, number of seed per row (r=0.71**), 1000 seed weight (r=0.67**), ear length (r=0.65**), biological yield and harvest index (r=0.59**) showed the most correlation with seed yield, respectively. Results revealed that the most reduction in all traits accrued in maize plants with above ear leaf clipping, this results indicated that the important roles of leaves position especially the role of above ear leaves in yield and yield components of maize.

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Mei, Xiupeng, Jin Nan, Zikun Zhao, Shun Yao, Wenqin Wang, Yang Yang, Yang Bai, Erfei Dong, Chaoxian Liu, and Yilin Cai. "Maize transcription factor ZmNF-YC13 regulates plant architecture." Journal of Experimental Botany 72, no. 13 (April 8, 2021): 4757–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab157.

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Abstract Leaf angle and leaf orientation value (LOV) are critical agronomic traits for maize plant architecture. The functions of NUCLEAR FACTOR Y (NF-Y) members in regulating plant architecture have not been reported yet. Here, we identified a regulator of maize plant architecture, NF-Y subunit C13 (ZmNF-YC13). ZmNF-YC13 was highly expressed in the leaf base zone of maize plants. ZmNF-YC13 overexpressing plants showed upright leaves with narrow leaf angle and larger LOV, while ZmNF-YC13 knockout plants had larger leaf angle and smaller LOV compared with wild-type plants. The changes in plant architecture were due to the changes in the expression of cytochrome P450 family members. ZmNF-YC13 interacts with two NF-Y subunit B members (ZmNF-YB9 and ZmNF-YB10) of the LEAFY COTYLEDON1 sub-family, and further recruits NF-Y subunit A (ZmNF-YA3) to form two NF-Y complexes. The two complexes can both activate the promoters of transcriptional repressors (ZmWRKY76 and ZmBT2), and the promoters of PLASTOCHRON group genes can be repressed by ZmWRKY76 and ZmBT2 in maize protoplasts. We propose that ZmNF-YC13 functions as a transcriptional regulator and, together with ZmNF-YBs and ZmNF-YA3, affects plant architecture by regulating the expression of ZmWRKY76 and ZmBT2, which repress the expression of cytochrome P450 family members in PLASTOCHRON branch.

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Dwyer, L. M., D. W. Stewart, and M. Tollenaar. "Analysis of maize leaf photosynthesis under drought stress." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 2 (April 1, 1992): 477–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-059.

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Determination of reduction in leaf photosynthesis due to drought conditions is complicated by plant-to-plant variability in the progressive onset of drought stress. In this study a method of analysis was developed to quantitatively compare the reduction in leaf photosynthesis due to drought stress for an old and a new maize (Zea mays L.) hybrid introduced 30 yr apart in Ontario.Key words: Maize, leaf photosynthesis, drought stress, non-linear fitting, hybrid difference

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Kaefer, Kaian Albino Corazza, Adilson Ricken Schuelter, Ivan Schuster, Jonatas Marcolin, and Eliane Cristina Gruszka Vendruscolo. "Identification and characterization of maize lines resistant to leaf diseases." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 2 (April 15, 2019): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n2p517.

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Among the maize leaf diseases, white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust are recognized not only by the potential for grain yield reduction but also by the widespread occurrence in the producing regions of Brazil and the world. The aim of this study was to characterize common maize lines for resistance to white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust and suggest crosses based on the genetic diversity detected in SNP markers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in order to characterize 72 maize lines. Genotypic values were predicted using the REML/BLUP procedure. These 72 lines were genotyped with SNP markers using the 650K platform (Affymetrix®) for the assessment of the genetic diversity. Genetic diversity was quantified using the Tocher and UPGMA methods. The existence of genetic variability for disease resistance was detected among maize lines, which made possible to classify them into three large groups (I, II, and III). The maize lines CD 49 and CD50 showed a good performance and can be considered sources of resistance to diseases. Therefore, their use as gene donors in maize breeding programs is recommended. Considering the information of genetic distance together with high heritability for leaf diseases, backcrossing of parent genotypes with different resistance levels, such as those of the lines CD49 x CD69 and CD50 x CD16, may result in new gene combinations, as they are divergent and meet good performances.

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Dong, Lei, Lei Qin, Xiuru Dai, Zehong Ding, Ran Bi, Peng Liu, Yanhui Chen, Thomas P. Brutnell, Xianglan Wang, and Pinghua Li. "Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaf Sheath Maturation in Maize." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10 (May 19, 2019): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102472.

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The morphological development of the leaf greatly influences plant architecture and crop yields. The maize leaf is composed of a leaf blade, ligule and sheath. Although extensive transcriptional profiling of the tissues along the longitudinal axis of the developing maize leaf blade has been conducted, little is known about the transcriptional dynamics in sheath tissues, which play important roles in supporting the leaf blade. Using a comprehensive transcriptome dataset, we demonstrated that the leaf sheath transcriptome dynamically changes during maturation, with the construction of basic cellular structures at the earliest stages of sheath maturation with a transition to cell wall biosynthesis and modifications. The transcriptome again changes with photosynthesis and lignin biosynthesis at the last stage of sheath tissue maturation. The different tissues of the maize leaf are highly specialized in their biological functions and we identified 15 genes expressed at significantly higher levels in the leaf sheath compared with their expression in the leaf blade, including the BOP2 homologs GRMZM2G026556 and GRMZM2G022606, DOGT1 (GRMZM2G403740) and transcription factors from the B3 domain, C2H2 zinc finger and homeobox gene families, implicating these genes in sheath maturation and organ specialization.

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Cramer, Grant R., and Steve A. Quarrie. "Abscisic acid is correlated with the leaf growth inhibition of four genotypes of maize differing in their response to salinity." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 1 (2002): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01131.

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In this paper we tested the hypothesis that the leaf growth reduction of salt-stressed maize is regulated by the abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in the growing zone of the leaf. Leaf elongation rate (LER) of maize (Zea mays L.) was rapidly inhibited by salinity (80 mM NaCl), and the (+)-ABA concentration increased significantly in the growing zone of the leaf. Upon removal of salinity, ABA concentrations decreased rapidly in the growing zone and LER increased to control levels. Four maize genotypes differing in their responses to salinity were compared over a range of leaf ABA concentrations. (+)-ABA concentrations in the growing zone of the leaf were highly correlated with LER inhibition for all four genotypes. However, the sensitivity of LER to leaf ABA concentrations differed amongst the genotypes. Thus, for each genotype, ABA concentrations in the growing zone of the leaf were a good predictor of maize LER response to salinity.

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Cramer, Grant R., and Steve A. Quarrie. "Corrigendum to: Abscisic acid is correlated with the leaf growth inhibition of four genotypes of maize differing in their response to salinity." Functional Plant Biology 29, no. 4 (2002): 535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp01131_co.

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In this paper we tested the hypothesis that the leaf growth reduction of salt-stressed maize is regulated by the abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations in the growing zone of the leaf. Leaf elongation rate (LER) of maize (Zea mays L.) was rapidly inhibited by salinity (80 mM NaCl), and the (+)-ABA concentration increased significantly in the growing zone of the leaf. Upon removal of salinity, ABA concentrations decreased rapidly in the growing zone and LER increased to control levels. Four maize genotypes differing in their responses to salinity were compared over a range of leaf ABA concentrations. (+)-ABA concentrations in the growing zone of the leaf were highly correlated with LER inhibition for all four genotypes. However, the sensitivity of LER to leaf ABA concentrations differed amongst the genotypes. Thus, for each genotype, ABA concentrations in the growing zone of the leaf were a good predictor of maize LER response to salinity.

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SAMPATHKUMAR, T., B. J. PANDIAN, P. JEYAKUMAR, and P. MANICKASUNDARAM. "EFFECT OF DEFICIT IRRIGATION ON YIELD, RELATIVE LEAF WATER CONTENT, LEAF PROLINE ACCUMULATION AND CHLOROPHYLL STABILITY INDEX OF COTTON–MAIZE CROPPING SEQUENCE." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 3 (December 13, 2013): 407–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000598.

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SUMMARYWater stress induces some physiological changes in plants and has cumulative effects on crop growth and yield. Field experiments were conducted to study the effect of deficit irrigation (DI) on yield and some physiological parameters in cotton and maize in a sequential cropping system. Creation of soil moisture gradient is indispensable to explore the beneficial effects of partial root zone drying (PRD) irrigation and it could be possible only through alternate deficit irrigation (ADI) practice in paired row system of drip layout that is commonly practiced in India. In the present study, PRD and DI concepts (creation of soil moisture gradient) were implemented through ADI at two levels of irrigation using drip system. Maize was sown after cotton under no till condition without disturbing the raised bed and drip layout. Relative leaf water content (RLWC) and chlorophyll stability index (CSI) of cotton and maize were reduced under water stress. A higher level of leaf proline content was observed under severe water-stressed treatments in cotton and maize. RLWC and CSI were highest and leaf proline content was lowest in mild water deficit (ADI at 100% crop evapotranspiration once in three days) irrigation in cotton and maize. The same treatments registered higher values for crop yields, net income and benefit cost ratio for both the crops.

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Tian, Jinge, Chenglong Wang, Jinliang Xia, Lishuan Wu, Guanghui Xu, Weihao Wu, Dan Li, et al. "Teosinte ligule allele narrows plant architecture and enhances high-density maize yields." Science 365, no. 6454 (August 15, 2019): 658–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax5482.

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Increased planting densities have boosted maize yields. Upright plant architecture facilitates dense planting. Here, we cloned UPA1 (Upright Plant Architecture1) and UPA2, two quantitative trait loci conferring upright plant architecture. UPA2 is controlled by a two-base sequence polymorphism regulating the expression of a B3-domain transcription factor (ZmRAVL1) located 9.5 kilobases downstream. UPA2 exhibits differential binding by DRL1 (DROOPING LEAF1), and DRL1 physically interacts with LG1 (LIGULELESS1) and represses LG1 activation of ZmRAVL1. ZmRAVL1 regulates brd1 (brassinosteroid C-6 oxidase1), which underlies UPA1, altering endogenous brassinosteroid content and leaf angle. The UPA2 allele that reduces leaf angle originated from teosinte, the wild ancestor of maize, and has been lost during maize domestication. Introgressing the wild UPA2 allele into modern hybrids and editing ZmRAVL1 enhance high-density maize yields.

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Carson, M. L. "Vulnerability of U.S. Maize Germ Plasm to Phaeosphaeria Leaf Spot." Plant Disease 83, no. 5 (May 1999): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.5.462.

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Phaeosphaeria leaf spot (PLS) is a potentially important maize disease that has recently appeared in the continental United States in winter breeding nurseries in southern Florida. To better predict the potential of this newly introduced disease to inflict damage on the U.S. maize crop, 64 public and private inbred lines and 80 proprietary commercial maize hybrids representing the genetic diversity in the U.S. maize crop were evaluated for resistance to PLS in the 1996-97 and 1997-98 winter nursery seasons. Plots were evaluated for PLS severity (0 to 9 scale) at the early to mid dent stages of kernel development. Relatively few hybrids or inbreds were free from PLS at this growth stage. Inbred lines related to B73 were particularly susceptible to PLS. Relatively few commercial hybrids were as severely diseased as a susceptible check hybrid, indicating that U.S. maize production is not particularly vulnerable to damage from PLS at this time. However, the susceptibility of several widely used parental inbred lines makes PLS a potential concern to the seed industry should it become established in areas of hybrid seed production.

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Hegyi, Z., Z. Zsubori, and F. Rácz. "Comparative analysis of leafy and non-leafy silage maize hybrids." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 57, no. 3 (September 1, 2009): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.57.2009.3.3.

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Twelve silage hybrids were included in field experiments in Martonvásár in 2007 and 2008 to compare the agronomic traits and chemical quality traits of leafy and non-leafy hybrids. The climatic data for the two experimental years differed considerably. The results reflected the differences in weather conditions. Thanks to the plentiful rainfall in 2008 the hybrids reached their genetically determined height (274.32 cm on average), while in 2007 the average height was only 238.03 cm. In both years a leafy hybrid was the tallest, while the shortest plants were non-leafy. The assimilation leaf area above the main ear was greatest for the five leafy hybrids in both years, with values of 0.35–0.45 m 2 per plant for conventional hybrids and 0.53–0.84 m 2 per plant for leafy hybrids, averaged over the two years. The larger leaf area in leafy hybrids could be attributed both to the larger number of leaves and to the fact that they were broader. The greatest ear mass per plant was produced by Mv Massil (198.66; 320.00 g), a leafy hybrid which also had the greatest leaf area above the main ear. In addition to large green mass (leaf, stalk), an ideal silage maize hybrid should also have satisfactory grain yield. Several of the leafy and non-leafy hybrids in the experiment gave favourable results. In the present experiment the highest starch content was recorded for a leafy hybrid, while the highest protein and oil contents were characteristic of early maturing, non-leafy hybrids. Nevertheless, three of the leafy hybrids had above-average protein content.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Maize leaf'

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