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1
Sylvester, A. W., W. Z. Cande, and M. Freeling. "Division and differentiation during normal and liguleless-1 maize leaf development." Development 110, no. 3 (November 1, 1990): 985–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.110.3.985.
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The maize leaf is composed of a blade and a sheath, which are separated at the ligular region by a ligule and an auricle. Mutants homozygous for the recessive liguleless-1 (lg1) allele exhibit loss of normal ligule and auricle. The cellular events associated with development of these structures in both normal and liguleless plants are investigated with respect to the timing of cell division and differentiation. A new method is used to assess orientation of anticlinal division planes during development and to determine a division index based on recent epidermal cross-wall deposition. A normal leaf follows three stages of development: first is a preligule stage, in which the primordium is undifferentiated and dividing throughout its length. This stage ends when a row of cells in the preligule region divides more rapidly in both transverse and longitudinal anticlinal planes. During the second stage, ligule and auricle form, blade grows more rapidly than sheath, divisions in the blade become exclusively transverse in orientation, and differentiation begins. The third stage is marked by rapid increase in sheath length. The leaf does not have a distinct basal meristem. Instead, cell divisions are gradually restricted to the base of the leaf with localized sites of increased division at the preligule region. Divisions are not localized to the base of the sheath until near the end of development. The liguleless-1 homozygote shows no alteration in this overall pattern of growth, but does show distinct alteration in the anticlinal division pattern in the preligule region. Two abnormal patterns are observed: either the increase in division rate at the preligule site is absent or it exhibits loss of all longitudinal divisions so that only transverse (or cell-file producing) divisions are present. This pattern is particularly apparent in developing adult leaves on older lg1 plants, in which sporadic ligule vestiges form. From these and results previously published (Becraft et al. (1990) Devl Biol. 14), we conclude that the information carried by the Lg1+ gene product acts earlier in development than formation of the ligule proper. We hypothesize that Lg1+ may be effective at the stage when the blade-sheath boundary is first determined.
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Satterlee, James W., Josh Strable, and Michael J. Scanlon. "Plant stem-cell organization and differentiation at single-cell resolution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 52 (December 14, 2020): 33689–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2018788117.
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Plants maintain populations of pluripotent stem cells in shoot apical meristems (SAMs), which continuously produce new aboveground organs. We used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to achieve an unbiased characterization of the transcriptional landscape of the maize shoot stem-cell niche and its differentiating cellular descendants. Stem cells housed in the SAM tip are engaged in genome integrity maintenance and exhibit a low rate of cell division, consistent with their contributions to germline and somatic cell fates. Surprisingly, we find no evidence for a canonical stem-cell organizing center subtending these cells. In addition, trajectory inference was used to trace the gene expression changes that accompany cell differentiation, revealing that ectopic expression of KNOTTED1 (KN1) accelerates cell differentiation and promotes development of the sheathing maize leaf base. These single-cell transcriptomic analyses of the shoot apex yield insight into the processes of stem-cell function and cell-fate acquisition in the maize seedling and provide a valuable scaffold on which to better dissect the genetic control of plant shoot morphogenesis at the cellular level.
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Schneeberger, R., M. Tsiantis, M. Freeling, and J. A. Langdale. "The rough sheath2 gene negatively regulates homeobox gene expression during maize leaf development." Development 125, no. 15 (August 1, 1998): 2857–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.15.2857.
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Leaves of higher plants are produced in a sequential manner through the differentiation of cells that are derived from the shoot apical meristem. Current evidence suggests that this transition from meristematic to leaf cell fate requires the down-regulation of knotted1-like homeobox (knox) gene expression. If knox gene expression is not repressed, overall leaf shape and cellular differentiation within the leaf are perturbed. In order to identify genes that are required for the aquisition of leaf cell fates, we have genetically screened for recessive mutations that confer phenotypes similar to dominant mutations (e.g. Knotted1 and Rough sheath1) that result in the ectopic expression of class I knox genes. Independently derived mutations at the rough sheath2 (rs2) locus condition a range of pleiotropic leaf, node and internode phenotypes that are sensitive to genetic background and environment. Phenotypes include dwarfism, leaf twisting, disorganized differentiation of the blade-sheath boundary, aberrant vascular patterning and the generation of semi-bladeless leaves. knox genes are initially repressed in rs2 mutants as leaf founder cells are recruited in the meristem. However, this repression is often incomplete and is not maintained as the leaf progresses through developement. Expression studies indicate that three knox genes are ectopically or over-expressed in developing primordia and in mature leaves. We therefore propose that the rs2 gene product acts to repress knox gene expression (either directly or indirectly) and that rs2 gene action is essential for the elaboration of normal leaf morphology.
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Reynolds, J. O., J. F. Eisses, and A. W. Sylvester. "Balancing division and expansion during maize leaf morphogenesis: analysis of the mutant, warty-1." Development 125, no. 2 (January 15, 1998): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.2.259.
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Cell division and expansion are growth events that contribute to the developing shape, or morphogenesis, of a plant. Division and expansion are coordinated to the extent that plant organs, such as leaves, generally portray a predictable cellular pattern. To dissect the relationship between division and expansion, and to test for the role of each during morphogenesis, we have identified a recessive mutation warty-1 that produces a primary defect in cell size and shape in mutant leaves. Warty-1 mutant plants are similar to non-mutant siblings in terms of flowering time, overall plant size and leaf shape. Mature adult leaves have raised warts, consisting of excessively enlarged cells, that appear in patchy distribution throughout the blade. Cell wall deposition is abnormal or incomplete, suggesting cytokinesis is also affected, either directly or indirectly. Cells first increase in size at specific positions, which correspond to predictable cell dimensions of a developing 1 cm leaf. Once mutant cells exceed 133% normal size, cytokinesis becomes abnormal. As differentiation progresses, cells that appear normal in the mutant are actually dividing faster and are smaller than comparable cells in non-mutant siblings. These results suggest that (1) cells may compensate for growth defects by altering their cell cycle and that (2) proper execution of cytokinesis may require that cell size ratios are properly maintained.
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Hall, Lisa N., Laura Rossini, Lizzie Cribb, and Jane A. Langdale. "GOLDEN 2: A Novel Transcriptional Regulator of Cellular Differentiation in the Maize Leaf." Plant Cell 10, no. 6 (June 1998): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3870679.
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Hall, Lisa N., Laura Rossini, Lizzie Cribb, and Jane A. Langdale. "GOLDEN 2: A Novel Transcriptional Regulator of Cellular Differentiation in the Maize Leaf." Plant Cell 10, no. 6 (June 1998): 925–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.10.6.925.
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Cribb, Lizzie, Lisa N. Hall, and Jane A. Langdale. "Four Mutant Alleles Elucidate the Role of the G2 Protein in the Development of C4 and C3 Photosynthesizing Maize Tissues." Genetics 159, no. 2 (October 1, 2001): 787–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/159.2.787.
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Abstract Maize leaf blades differentiate dimorphic photosynthetic cell types, the bundle sheath and mesophyll, between which the reactions of C4 photosynthesis are partitioned. Leaf-like organs of maize such as husk leaves, however, develop a C3 pattern of differentiation whereby ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase) accumulates in all photosynthetic cell types. The Golden2 (G2) gene has previously been shown to play a role in bundle sheath cell differentiation in C4 leaf blades and to play a less well-defined role in C3 maize tissues. To further analyze G2 gene function in maize, four g2 mutations have been characterized. Three of these mutations were induced by the transposable element Spm. In g2-bsd1-m1 and g2-bsd1-s1, the element is inserted in the second intron and in g2-pg14 the element is inserted in the promoter. In the fourth case, g2-R, four amino acid changes and premature polyadenylation of the G2 transcript are observed. The phenotypes conditioned by these four mutations demonstrate that the primary role of G2 in C4 leaf blades is to promote bundle sheath cell chloroplast development. C4 photosynthetic enzymes can accumulate in both bundle sheath and mesophyll cells in the absence of G2. In C3 tissue, however, G2 influences both chloroplast differentiation and photosynthetic enzyme accumulation patterns. On the basis of the phenotypic data obtained, a model that postulates how G2 acts to facilitate C4 and C3 patterns of tissue development is proposed.
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Dresselhaus, Thomas, Suseno Amien, Mihaela Márton, Anemone Strecke, Reinhold Brettschneider, and Simone Cordts. "TRANSPARENT LEAF AREA1 Encodes a Secreted Proteolipid Required for Anther Maturation, Morphogenesis, and Differentiation during Leaf Development in Maize." Plant Cell 17, no. 3 (February 10, 2005): 730–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.104.028340.
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Langdale, J. A., and C. A. Kidner. "bundle sheath defective, a mutation that disrupts cellular differentiation in maize leaves." Development 120, no. 3 (March 1, 1994): 673–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.3.673.
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Post-primordial differentiation events in developing maize leaves produce two photosynthetic cell types (bundle sheath and mesophyll) that are morphologically and biochemically distinct. We have isolated a mutation that disrupts the differentiation of one of these cell types in light-grown leaves. bundle sheath defective 1-mutable 1 (bsd1-m1) is an unstable allele that was induced by transposon mutagenesis. In the bundle sheath cells of bsd1-m1 leaves, chloroplasts differentiate aberrantly and C4 photosynthetic enzymes are absent. The development of mesophyll cells is unaffected. In dark-grown bsd1-m1 seedlings, morphological differentiation of etioplasts is only disrupted in bundle sheath cells but photosynthetic enzyme accumulation patterns are altered in both cell types. These data suggest that, during normal development, the Bsd1 gene directs the morphological differentiation of chloroplasts in a light-independent and bundle sheath cell-specific fashion. In contrast, Bsd1 gene action on photosynthetic gene expression patterns is cell-type independent in the dark (C3 state) but bundle sheath cell-specific in the light (C4 state). Current models hypothesize that C4 photosynthetic differentiation is achieved through a light-induced interaction between bundle sheath and mesophyll cells (J. A. Langdale and T. Nelson (1991) Trends in Genetics 7, 191–196). Based on the data shown in this paper, we propose that induction of the C4 state restricts Bsd1 gene action to bundle sheath cells.
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Dong, Lei, Lei Qin, Xiuru Dai, Zehong Ding, Ran Bi, Peng Liu, Yanhui Chen, Thomas P. Brutnell, Xianglan Wang, and Pinghua Li. "Transcriptomic Analysis of Leaf Sheath Maturation in Maize." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 10 (May 19, 2019): 2472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102472.
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The morphological development of the leaf greatly influences plant architecture and crop yields. The maize leaf is composed of a leaf blade, ligule and sheath. Although extensive transcriptional profiling of the tissues along the longitudinal axis of the developing maize leaf blade has been conducted, little is known about the transcriptional dynamics in sheath tissues, which play important roles in supporting the leaf blade. Using a comprehensive transcriptome dataset, we demonstrated that the leaf sheath transcriptome dynamically changes during maturation, with the construction of basic cellular structures at the earliest stages of sheath maturation with a transition to cell wall biosynthesis and modifications. The transcriptome again changes with photosynthesis and lignin biosynthesis at the last stage of sheath tissue maturation. The different tissues of the maize leaf are highly specialized in their biological functions and we identified 15 genes expressed at significantly higher levels in the leaf sheath compared with their expression in the leaf blade, including the BOP2 homologs GRMZM2G026556 and GRMZM2G022606, DOGT1 (GRMZM2G403740) and transcription factors from the B3 domain, C2H2 zinc finger and homeobox gene families, implicating these genes in sheath maturation and organ specialization.
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Forestan, Cristian, Silvia Meda, and Serena Varotto. "ZmPIN1-Mediated Auxin Transport Is Related to Cellular Differentiation during Maize Embryogenesis and Endosperm Development." Plant Physiology 152, no. 3 (December 31, 2009): 1373–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.109.150193.
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Majeran, Wojciech, Giulia Friso, Lalit Ponnala, Brian Connolly, Mingshu Huang, Edwin Reidel, Cankui Zhang, et al. "Structural and Metabolic Transitions of C4 Leaf Development and Differentiation Defined by Microscopy and Quantitative Proteomics in Maize." Plant Cell 22, no. 11 (November 2010): 3509–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.079764.
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Wang, Peng, Steven Kelly, Jim P. Fouracre, and Jane A. Langdale. "Genome-wide transcript analysis of early maize leaf development reveals gene cohorts associated with the differentiation of C4Kranz anatomy." Plant Journal 75, no. 4 (June 8, 2013): 656–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tpj.12229.
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Sangoi, Luís. "UNDERSTANDING PLANT DENSITY EFFECTS ON MAIZE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT: AN IMPORTANT ISSUE TO MAXIMIZE GRAIN YIELD." Ciência Rural 31, no. 1 (February 2001): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782001000100027.
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Maize is the agronomic grass species that is most sensitive to variations in plant density. For each production system, there is a population that maximizes grain yield. This article presents an overview of the factors that affect optimum plant population, emphasizingthe effects of dense stands on ear development and discussing important changes in plant traits that have contributed to increase the tolerance of modern hybrids to high plant densities. Population for maize maximum economic grain yield varies from 30,000 to over 90,000pl.ha-1, depending on water availability, soil fertility, maturity rating, planting date and row spacing. When the number of individuals per area is increased beyond the optimum plant density, there is a series of consequences that are detrimental to ear ontogeny and result in barrenness. First, ear differentiation is delayed in relation to tassel differentiation. Later-initiated earshoots have a reduced growth rate, resulting in fewer spikelet primordia transformed into functional florets by the time of flowering. Functional florets extrude silks slowly, decreasing the number of fertilized spikelets due to the lack of synchrony between anthesis and silking. Limitations in carbon and nitrogen supply to the ear stimulate young kernel abortion immediately after fertilization. Availability of earlier hybrids, with shorter plant height, lower leaf number, upright leaves, smaller tassels and better synchrony between male and female flowering time has enhanced the ability of maize to face high plant populations without showing excessive barrenness. Improved endurance in high stands has allowed maize to intercept and use solar radiation more efficiently, contributing to the remarkable increase in grain yield potential experienced by this crop.
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Smereka, K. J., W. E. Machardy, and A. P. Kausch. "Cellular differentiation in Venturia inaequalis ascospores during germination and penetration of apple leaves." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 2549–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-346.
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The penetration of the apple leaf cuticle by ascospores of Venturia inaequalis was studied by using ultrastructural and cytochemical techniques. A time-course developmental sequence is presented. Attachment of ascospores to the leaf surface appears to be by a mucilaginous substance and is followed by germination and penetration pore formation. The penetration pore is a circular opening adjacent to the leaf. It appears to form by degradation of the fungal wall and is bordered by a thickening of fungal wall material. Above the penetration pore, an infection sac forms from invagination and extension of the fungal plasmalemma. This structure has been reported only in V. inaequalis. Infection sac development initiates when the fungal plasmalemma appears to be forced into a dome shape. The dome flattens out and the membrane folds back upon itself, circumscribing the margin of the pore. The folded membrane becomes apposed, resulting in a circular belt of junctional structures which morphologically resemble molluscan septate junctions. As the infection sac enlarges, additional junctions form wherever the infection sac membrane abuts with the fungal plasmalemma. Selective staining with phosphotungstic acid revealed that the infection sac membrane becomes differentiated from the fungal plasmalemma. The infection sac enlarges and accumulates a dense matrix that appears to penetrate into the cuticle, causing ultrastructural changes in host tissues. The infection hypha, which is an extension of the infection sac membrane, breaches the cuticle without any apparent mechanical pressure.
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Struik, P. C., B. Deinum, and J. M. P. Hoefsloot. "Effects of temperature during different stages of development on growth and digestibility of forage maize (Zea mays L.)." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 33, no. 4 (November 1, 1985): 405–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v33i4.16832.
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Growth and digestibility of forage maize were studied when it was exposed to low (18 degrees C day/12 degrees night) or high (30 degrees /24 degrees ) temperatures during the following periods of development: from sowing to the 8-leaf stage; from the 8-leaf stage to grain set; during grain filling. Organic matter digestibility values ranged from 69.5 to 74.1 and differences were caused by differences in cell-wall content and in cell-wall digestibility. Differences were greatest around anthesis but declined thereafter. High temperatures during the period from 8-leaf stage until grain set were most effective in reducing the digestibility. Final amounts of indigestible cell wall were similar for all treatments. Amounts of cellular contents varied only slightly. Amount of truly digestible cell wall was reduced by high temperatures during vegetative growth. Differences in proportion or digestibility of plant fractions resulted only in small differences in whole-plant digestibility. Temperature affected digestibility much less than it affected yield. High temperatures were needed for a prolonged period to obtain a noticeable reduction of digestibility. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Smith, L. G., B. Greene, B. Veit, and S. Hake. "A dominant mutation in the maize homeobox gene, Knotted-1, causes its ectopic expression in leaf cells with altered fates." Development 116, no. 1 (September 1, 1992): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.1.21.
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Dominant mutations of the Knotted-1 (Kn1) homeobox gene of maize alter the differentiation and growth of cells associated with leaf veins. By analyzing Kn1 transcripts and KN1 protein, we show that the gene is not expressed at high levels during the development of wild-type leaves. Instead, Kn1 is expressed in apical meristems of vegetative and floral shoots, and is downregulated as leaves and floral organs are initiated. Kn1 is also expressed in relatively undifferentiated cells within developing vascular bundles, as well as ground tissue, in immature, unelongated axes of wild-type vegetative and floral shoots. In Kn1-N2 mutant plants, quantitative, but not qualitative differences are apparent in Kn1 transcripts and KN1 protein, consistent with previous observations that dominant Kn1 mutations map to non-coding regions of the gene. Kn1 is expressed ectopically in vascular bundles within developing mutant leaves in a pattern that correlates with the phenotypic alterations produced by the Kn1-N2 mutation. Thus, Kn1 apparently alters the fates of leaf cells in which it is ectopically expressed from an early stage of leaf development. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that Kn1 functions in its wild-type context as a regulator of cell determination.
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Voznesenskaya, Elena V., Nouria K. Koteyeva, Simon D. X. Chuong, Hossein Akhani, Gerald E. Edwards, and Vincent R. Franceschi. "Differentiation of cellular and biochemical features of the single-cell C4 syndrome during leaf development in Bienertia cycloptera (Chenopodiaceae)." American Journal of Botany 92, no. 11 (November 2005): 1784–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.92.11.1784.
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Wargent, Jason J., Vasilis C. Gegas, Gareth I. Jenkins, John H. Doonan, and Nigel D. Paul. "UVR8 in Arabidopsis thaliana regulates multiple aspects of cellular differentiation during leaf development in response to ultraviolet B radiation." New Phytologist 183, no. 2 (April 27, 2009): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02855.x.
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Sukiasyan, Astgik Rafikovna. "DIFFERENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSE ON DROUGHT BY ZONES OF THE GROWTH OF MAIZE LEAVES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (January 26, 2019): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019024458.
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The effect of drought on the antioxidant system of maize protection taking into account the geo-ecological factors of their growth was studied. The samples studied grew in the coastal areas of the Debet, Shnogh and Araks rivers of Republic of Armenia. Antioxidant activity was determined by four biochemical parameters, depending on the degree of optimum relative soil moisture (mild – 43% and severe – 34%). The selection of plant material was carried out during the growing season at the test sites in clear dry weather. Combining the kinematic analysis of maize leaf growth zones with biochemical measurements allowed investigating the correlation between the regulation of cellular processes of cell division and cell elongation and molecular redox regulation in response to drought. The biochemical analysis of the antioxidant activity system in both control samples and those subjected to moderate and severe drought allowed us to associate drought tolerance and stress tolerance with redox regulation by zones of maize leaf growth. It has been established that stress tolerant maize is less affected by the drought in the zone of meristem since here they are better protected in drought conditions. The content of malonic dialdehide in all areas of growth of corn samples was slightly lower under control conditions but increased in response to drought. In the control samples, a decrease of concentration of the ferric reducing ability of plasma in the direction from the zone of the meristem to the zone of mature is noticeable, keeping the same tendency during drought. By the concentration of polyphenols and flavonoids, a steady decrease is observed along the axis of growth of the leaf of maize and a gradual increase with the development of stress of water deficiency.
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Farooq, Muhammad, Tariq Aziz, Abdul Wahid, Dong-Jin Lee, and Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "Chilling tolerance in maize: agronomic and physiological approaches." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 6 (2009): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08427.
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Maize is a C4 plant species with higher temperature optima than C3 plant species. Growth and productivity of maize are severely constrained by chilling stress. Here, we review the effects of chilling stress on growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, anatomy, and photosynthesis in maize. Several management strategies to cope with chilling stress are also proposed. In maize, chilling stress is known to reduce leaf size, stem extension and root proliferation, disturb plant water relations, and impede nutrient uptake. Chilling stress in maize is a complex phenomenon with physiological and biochemical responses at both cellular and whole-organ level. CO2 assimilation by leaves is reduced mainly due to membrane damage, photoinhibition, and disturbed activity of various enzymes. Enhanced metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway increases the oxidative load on tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Injury caused by ROS to macromolecules under chilling stress is one of the major deterrents to growth. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes, including glycinebetaine, proline, and organic acids, are crucial in sustaining cellular function under chilling stress. Plant growth substances such as salicylic acid, gibberellic acid, and abscisic acid modulate the response of maize to chilling stress. Polyamines and several enzymes act as antioxidants and reduce the adverse effects of chilling stress. Chilling tolerance in maize can be managed through the development and selection of chilling-tolerant genotypes by breeding and genomic approaches. Agronomic approaches such as exogenous application of growth hormones and osmoprotectants to seeds or plants, and early vigour, can also aid in chilling tolerance.
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Gu, Q., C. Ferrandiz, M. F. Yanofsky, and R. Martienssen. "The FRUITFULL MADS-box gene mediates cell differentiation during Arabidopsis fruit development." Development 125, no. 8 (April 15, 1998): 1509–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.125.8.1509.
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Fruit morphogenesis is a process unique to flowering plants, and yet little is known about its developmental control. Following fertilization, fruits typically undergo a dramatic enlargement that is accompanied by differentiation of numerous distinct cell types. We have identified a mutation in Arabidopsis called fruitfull (ful-1), which abolishes elongation of the silique after fertilization. The ful-1 mutation is caused by the insertion of a DsE transposable enhancer trap element into the 5′ untranslated leader of the AGL8 MADS-box gene. beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene expression in the enhancer trap line is observed specifically in all cell layers of the valve tissue, but not in the replum, the septum or the seeds, and faithfully mimics RNA in situ hybridization data reported previously. The lack of coordinated growth of the fruit tissues leads to crowded seeds, a failure of dehiscence and, frequently, the premature rupture of the carpel valves. The primary defect of ful-1 fruits is within the valves, whose cells fail to elongate and differentiate. Stomata, which are frequent along the epidermis of wild-type valves, are completely eliminated in the ful mutant valves. In addition to the effect on fruit development, ful cauline leaves are broader than those of wild type and show a reduction in the number of internal cell layers. These data suggest that AGL8/FUL regulates the transcription of genes required for cellular differentiation during fruit and leaf development.
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Boyce, Kylie J., Howard Chang, Cletus A. D'Souza, and James W. Kronstad. "An Ustilago maydis Septin Is Required for Filamentous Growth in Culture and for Full Symptom Development on Maize." Eukaryotic Cell 4, no. 12 (December 2005): 2044–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/ec.4.12.2044-2056.2005.
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ABSTRACT During maize infection, the fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis undergoes a dimorphic transition from budding, yeast-like cells to a filamentous dikaryon that proliferates in the host. This transition is regulated by mating and environmental signals. Septation is likely to be important in the growth of the infectious dikaryon because of the need to maintain specific cellular compartments during dikaryotic growth. Recently, we found that the transcript level for a septin gene was influenced by the conserved cyclic AMP (cAMP)/protein kinase A signaling pathway that participates in regulating dimorphism in U. maydis. In this study, we describe the detailed analysis of the function of this septin gene, designated sep3, in the growth, development, and pathogenesis of U. maydis. We show that sep3 is required for normal cellular morphology and the division of budding haploid cells. The gene is also required for lipid-induced filamentous growth in culture but not during the formation of mating filaments on agar medium or in planta. Strains with a deletion in sep3 have a reduction in symptom development in maize, with filamentous cells in planta displaying morphological defects. In addition, sep3 influences the differentiation of hyphae into teliospores and the germination of these teliospores to produce the meiotic haploid progeny that complete the disease life cycle. Finally, the deletion of sep3 was found to influence the multiple budding phenotype of a mutant with a defect in the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A. This result is consistent with a link between sep3 and the control of morphogenesis by cAMP signaling. Overall, this study highlights the importance of regulating septation and changes in morphology during phytopathogenesis.
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Housh, Alexandra B., Michaela S. Matthes, Amber Gerheart, Stacy L. Wilder, Kun-Eek Kil, Michael Schueller, James M. Guthrie, Paula McSteen, and Richard Ferrieri. "Assessment of a 18F-Phenylboronic Acid Radiotracer for Imaging Boron in Maize." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030976.
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Boron (B) is an essential plant micronutrient. Deficiencies of B have drastic consequences on plant development leading to crop yield losses and reductions in root and shoot growth. Understanding the molecular and cellular consequences of B deficiency is challenging, partly because of the limited availability of B imaging techniques. In this report we demonstrate the efficacy of using 4-fluorophenylboronic acid (FPBA) as a B imaging agent, which is a derivative of the B deficiency mimic phenylboronic acid (PBA). We show that radioactively labelled [18F]FPBA (t½=110 m) accumulates at the root tip, the root elongation zone and at lateral root initiation sites in maize roots, and also translocates to the shoot where it accumulates along the leaf edges. Treatment of maize seedlings using FPBA and PBA causes a shortened primary root phenotype with absence of lateral roots in a dose-dependent manner. The primary root defects can be partially rescued by the addition of boric acid indicating that PBA can be used to induce B deficiency in maize and that radioactively labelled FPBA can be used to image sites of B demand on a tissue level.
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Sachs, T. "The Role of Auxin in the Polar Organisation of Apical Meristems." Functional Plant Biology 20, no. 5 (1993): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9930541.
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Auxin is a correlative signal, coordinating leaf development with vascular differentiation and other developmental processes throughout the plant. It has a unique influence on the orientation of the differentiation of the cambium and its products. The problem considered was whether auxin has similar correlative roles in the development of meristematic stems. Seedlings of Pisum sativum L. were decapitated and the buds in the axil of the lower bract were used in all experiments. The lower stem internodes of these buds were ≤ 2 mm long and grew to about 50 mm in 6 d. The elongation of a stem internode continued even in the absence of all young leaves. However, vascular differentiation and transverse parenchyma growth correlated with the presence of developing leaves. Auxin replaced leaf effects on all stem tissues. The influence of both leaves and auxin were limited to the direction of the roots and to the sectors of the stem below the point of auxin application. This polarity differed from that of more mature tissues in requiring a direct contact with the roots. Another characteristic of minute stem internodes was that changes of orientation, expressed by cell shape and the axis of vascular differentiation, did not occur readily. However, at a narrow competence window local hormone applications did cause the formation of new stem-like axes. It is concluded that auxin is a correlative signal even within shoot apices and that the information it carries has an essential directional com- ponent. This directionality has not been studied at the cellular level.
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Williams-Carrier, R. E., Y. S. Lie, S. Hake, and P. G. Lemaux. "Ectopic expression of the maize kn1 gene phenocopies the Hooded mutant of barley." Development 124, no. 19 (October 1, 1997): 3737–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.124.19.3737.
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The homeobox gene, knotted1, (kn1) is expressed in shoot meristems and is required for maintaining indeterminacy and preventing cellular differentiation. Awns, extensions of the bract-like lemma found in all grass inflorescences, are normally determinate structures. We show that ectopic expression of kn1 in the barley awn is sufficient to direct the development of ectopic meristems, forming inflorescence-like structures. This homeotic transformation is similar to the phenotype produced by misexpression of the barley hvknox3 gene, associated with the dominant Hooded mutant (Muller, K. J., Romano, N., Gerstner, O., Garcia-Maroto, F., Pozzi, C., Salamini, F. and Rohde, W. (1995) Nature 374, 727–730). We suggest that the inverse polarity of the ectopic flowers seen in Hooded and transgenic kn1 plants results from the transformation of the awn into reiterative inflorescence axes. We observed that the protein and mRNA localization of the transgene, driven by a constitutive promoter, is similar to the expression pattern of hvknox3 in awns of Hooded mutants, suggesting posttranscriptional regulation.
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Souza, Silvana Cristina P. M. de, Jane Elizabeth Kraus, Rosy Mary S. Isaias, and Lea de Jesus Neves. "Anatomical and ultrastructural aspects of leaf galls in Ficus microcarpa L.f. (Moraceae) induced by Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal (Thysanoptera)." Acta Botanica Brasilica 14, no. 1 (April 2000): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062000000100006.
Full textAbstract:
Several species of Ficus present leaf galls and the goal of this research is to study the structural alterations involved in the formation of leaf galls caused by Gynaikothrips ficorum on F. microcarpa, an ornamental plant. The galls of young and mature leaves were separated into two developmental stages based on the presence of lesions on leaf lamina and the degree of leaf folding. Swellings of the lamina were observed in young and mature leaves during gall development which coincided with the areas of cellular hypertrophy and tissue hyperplasia. Swellings were detected in a greater amount and more precociously on young leaves when compared to mature ones. In young leaves, the cecidogenetic responses were quicker and led to further structural differences because younger cells are not completely differentiated. Cell hypertrophy and tissue hyperplasia were striking processes involved in the ontogenesis of the studied gall, similar to other galls induced by thrips. Nevertheless, in spite of the numerous sites of feeding and the wide area of attack, F microcarpa galls can be considered rudimentary, since no new tissue differentiation was observed.
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Dawe, R. K., and M. Freeling. "The role of initial cells in maize anther morphogenesis." Development 116, no. 4 (December 1, 1992): 1077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.4.1077.
Full textAbstract:
The near absence of cell movement in plants makes clonal analysis a particularly informative method for reconstructing the early events of organ formation. We traced the patterns of cell division during maize anther development by inducing sector boundaries that preceded the earliest events of anther initiation. In doing this, we were able to estimate the smallest number of cells that are fated to form an anther, characteristic cell division patterns that occur during anther morphogenesis, and the relationship between the pre-existing symmetry of the initial cells and the final symmetry of the mature anther. Four general conclusions are made: (1) anthers are initiated from small groups of 12 or fewer cells in each of two floral meristematic layers; (2) the early growth of the anther is more like a shoot than a glume or leaf; (3) cell ancestry does not dictate basic structure and (4) the orientation of initial cells predicts the orientation of the four pollen-containing microsporangia, which define the axes of symmetry on the mature anther. The final point is discussed with other data, and an explanation involving a ‘structural template’ is invoked. The idea is that the orientation of initial cells within the floral meristem establishes an architectural pattern into which anther cells are recruited without regard to their cellular lineages. The structural template hypothesis may prove to be generally applicable to problems of pattern formation in plants.
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Cheng, P. C., and D. C. Wright. "Effects of 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-s-triazine-2,4 (1H, 3H) dione triethanolamine (DPX-3778) treatment on the floral development of maize." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 327–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-047.
Full textAbstract:
In a series of experiments to determine the physiological effects of a triazanone antidehiscence chemical, 3-(p-chlorophenyl)-6-methoxy-s-triazine-2,4 (1H, 3H) dione triethanolamine (DPX-3778), sex determination of the tassels of corn (Zea mays subsp. mays) was altered depending on the concentration and timing of application. Multiple applications of 0.005% (w/v) DPX-3778 to the leaf sheath of maize plants, or the addition of 1 ppm DPX-3778 to hydroponic growth medium, approximately 4 weeks before anthesis, caused reversion of staminate inflorescences to pistillate inflorescences. In addition to the normally developed gynoecium of the upper floret, DPX-3778 treatment resulted in the full development of the lower floret gynoecium in ear spikelets. These results could be duplicated in Northern Teosinte (Zea mays subsp. mexicana, race Nobogame). DPX-3778 could thus be useful for investigating the cellular and developmental physiology of stamens and gynoecia in corn and other monoecious grass species.
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Li, Yongsheng, Xingrong Wang, Yue Li, Yanjun Zhang, Zuowang Gou, Xusheng Qi, and Jinlin Zhang. "Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed the Common and Divergent Responses of Maize Seedling Leaves to Cold and Heat Stresses." Genes 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2020): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11080881.
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Temperature stresses (TS), including cold and heat stress, adversely affect the growth, development, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). To clarify the molecular mechanisms of the tolerance of maize seedling leaves to TS, we applied transcriptomic sequencing of an inbred maize line, B73, with seedlings exposed to various temperature conditions, including normal temperature (NT, 25 °C), cold (4, 10, and 16 °C), and heat (37, 42, and 48 °C) stresses. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in different comparison between the NT sample and each temperature-stressed sample, with 5358, 5485, 5312, 1095, 2006, and 4760 DEGs responding to TS of 4, 10, 16, 37, 42, and 48 °C, respectively. For cold and heat stresses, 189 DEGs enriched in the hydrogen peroxidase metabolic process, cellular modified amino acid metabolic process, and sulfur compound metabolic process were common. The DEGs encoding calcium signaling and reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes demonstrated similar expression characterizations, whereas the DEGs encoding transcription factors, such as ERF, ARF, and HSF, hormone signaling, and heat shock proteins, displayed divergent expression models, implying both common and divergent responses to cold and heat stresses in maize seedling leaves. Co-expression network analysis showed that functional DEGs associated with the core regulators in response to cold and heat stresses were significantly correlated with TS, indicating their vital roles in cold and heat adaptation, respectively. Our investigation focused on the response to gradient TS, and the results presented a relatively comprehensive category of genes involved in differential TS responses. These will contribute a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of maize seedling leaf responses to TS and provide valuable genetic resources for breeding TS tolerant varieties of maize.
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Mattsson, J., Z. R. Sung, and T. Berleth. "Responses of plant vascular systems to auxin transport inhibition." Development 126, no. 13 (July 1, 1999): 2979–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.13.2979.
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To assess the role of auxin flows in plant vascular patterning, the development of vascular systems under conditions of inhibited auxin transport was analyzed. In Arabidopsis, nearly identical responses evoked by three auxin transport inhibitor substances revealed an enormous plasticity of the vascular pattern and suggest an involvement of auxin flows in determining the sites of vascular differentiation and in promoting vascular tissue continuity. Organs formed under conditions of reduced auxin transport contained increased numbers of vascular strands and cells within those strands were improperly aligned. In leaves, vascular tissues became progressively confined towards the leaf margin as the concentration of auxin transport inhibitor was increased, suggesting that the leaf vascular system depends on inductive signals from the margin of the leaf. Staged application of auxin transport inhibitor demonstrated that primary, secondary and tertiary veins became unresponsive to further modulations of auxin transport at successive stages of early leaf development. Correlation of these stages to anatomical features in early leaf primordia indicated that the pattern of primary and secondary strands becomes fixed at the onset of lamina expansion. Similar alterations in the leaf vascular responses of alyssum, snapdragon and tobacco plants suggest common functions of auxin flows in vascular patterning in dicots, while two types of vascular pattern alterations in Arabidopsis auxin transport mutants suggest that at least two distinct primary defects can result in impaired auxin flow. We discuss these observations with regard to the relative contributions of auxin transport, auxin sensitivity and the cellular organisation of the developing organ on the vascular pattern.
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Mishra, Ajay Kumar, Tomáš Kocábek, Vishnu Sukumari Nath, Praveen Awasthi, Ankita Shrestha, Uday Kumar Killi, Jernej Jakse, Josef Patzak, Karel Krofta, and Jaroslav Matoušek. "Dissection of Dynamic Transcriptome Landscape of Leaf, Bract, and Lupulin Gland in Hop (Humulus lupulus L.)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010233.
Full textAbstract:
The hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) produces several valuable secondary metabolites, such as prenylflavonoid, bitter acids, and essential oils. These compounds are biosynthesized in glandular trichomes (lupulin glands) endowed with pharmacological properties and widely implicated in the beer brewing industry. The present study is an attempt to generate exhaustive information of transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanisms involved in biosynthesis and regulation of these compounds, developmental changes including trichome development at three development stages, namely leaf, bract, and mature lupulin glands. Using high-throughput RNA-Seq technology, a total of 61.13, 50.01, and 20.18 Mb clean reads in the leaf, bract, and lupulin gland libraries, respectively, were obtained and assembled into 43,550 unigenes. The putative functions were assigned to 30,996 transcripts (71.17%) based on basic local alignment search tool similarity searches against public sequence databases, including GO, KEGG, NR, and COG families, which indicated that genes are principally involved in fundamental cellular and molecular functions, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. The expression levels of all unigenes were analyzed in leaf, bract, and lupulin glands tissues of hop. The expression profile of transcript encoding enzymes of BCAA metabolism, MEP, and shikimate pathway was most up-regulated in lupulin glands compared with leaves and bracts. Similarly, the expression levels of the transcription factors and structural genes that directly encode enzymes involved in xanthohumol, bitter acids, and terpenoids biosynthesis pathway were found to be significantly enhanced in lupulin glands, suggesting that production of these metabolites increases after the leaf development. In addition, numerous genes involved in primary metabolism, lipid metabolism, photosynthesis, generation of precursor metabolites/energy, protein modification, transporter activity, and cell wall component biogenesis were differentially regulated in three developmental stages, suggesting their involvement in the dynamics of the lupulin gland development. The identification of differentially regulated trichome-related genes provided a new foundation for molecular research on trichome development and differentiation in hop. In conclusion, the reported results provide directions for future functional genomics studies for genetic engineering or molecular breeding for augmentation of secondary metabolite content in hop.
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Sajjad, A. M., T. Bahsir, S. Saeed, M. Iqbal, and S. Islam. "Zeamatin-Like Protein (ZLP) Gene is Associated with Resistance against A. niger in Maize (Zea mays L.)." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 49, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0013.
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Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) constitutes one of the most important crops worldwide with multi-billion dollar annual revenue. The plant is however a good substrate for growth, development and activity of filamentous fungi. A large number of fungal species causes spoilage and accumulation of mycotoxins. Plants restrict the hyphal growth by producing pathogenesis related proteins. So far 17 groups of such proteins are identified. PR-5 group comprises of the thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), which have diverse modes of actions and act at various stages of fungal attack. Zeamatin-like protein (ZLP) is a member of TLPs, which is basically localized in seeds with enhanced expression during physiological growth and cellular differentiation. However a basal quantity is found in the leaves of many crop plants. Here we report the response of maize plant tissues against A. niger inoculation by measuring the variation in expression profile of a zeamatin-like gene. Conventional PCR coupled with RT-qPCR identifies a significant change in the expression magnitude of ZLP in pre- and post-inoculated plant samples. SDS-PAGE, followed by antimicrobial activities against A. niger, E.coli, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, S. aureus and S. typhimurium, however, do not register a direct relationship with enhancement in gene expression. It is in line with the fact that response to pathogenesis in plants is a multigenic activity involving a series of responsible/induced genes. The assay developed is useful in primary sorting out of the maize hybrids with respect to their resistance against Aspergillus spp., especially in areas with high rate of incidence of fungal pathogenesis.
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Zenda, Tinashe, Songtao Liu, Xuan Wang, Hongyu Jin, Guo Liu, and Huijun Duan. "Comparative Proteomic and Physiological Analyses of Two Divergent Maize Inbred Lines Provide More Insights into Drought-Stress Tolerance Mechanisms." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 18, 2018): 3225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103225.
Full textAbstract:
Drought stress is the major abiotic factor threatening maize (Zea mays L.) yield globally. Therefore, revealing the molecular mechanisms fundamental to drought tolerance in maize becomes imperative. Herein, we conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis of two maize inbred lines contrasting in drought stress tolerance based on their physiological and proteomic responses at the seedling stage. Our observations showed that divergent stress tolerance mechanisms exist between the two inbred-lines at physiological and proteomic levels, with YE8112 being comparatively more tolerant than MO17 owing to its maintenance of higher relative leaf water and proline contents, greater increase in peroxidase (POD) activity, along with decreased level of lipid peroxidation under stressed conditions. Using an iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification)-based method, we identified a total of 721 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs). Amongst these, we fished out five essential sets of drought responsive DAPs, including 13 DAPs specific to YE8112, 107 specific DAPs shared between drought-sensitive and drought-tolerant lines after drought treatment (SD_TD), three DAPs of YE8112 also regulated in SD_TD, 84 DAPs unique to MO17, and five overlapping DAPs between the two inbred lines. The most significantly enriched DAPs in YE8112 were associated with the photosynthesis antenna proteins pathway, whilst those in MO17 were related to C5-branched dibasic acid metabolism and RNA transport pathways. The changes in protein abundance were consistent with the observed physiological characterizations of the two inbred lines. Further, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis results confirmed the iTRAQ sequencing data. The higher drought tolerance of YE8112 was attributed to: activation of photosynthesis proteins involved in balancing light capture and utilization; enhanced lipid-metabolism; development of abiotic and biotic cross-tolerance mechanisms; increased cellular detoxification capacity; activation of chaperones that stabilize other proteins against drought-induced denaturation; and reduced synthesis of redundant proteins to help save energy to battle drought stress. These findings provide further insights into the molecular signatures underpinning maize drought stress tolerance.
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Cui, Jiawen, Weichao Lu, Zhaogeng Lu, Shixiong Ren, Beibei Zhao, Li Wang, Nianjun Teng, and Biao Jin. "Identification and Analysis of microRNAs in the SAM and Leaves of Populus tomentosa." Forests 10, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020130.
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The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a crucial tissue located at the tops of plants which can continually grow and differentiate to develop into all aboveground parts. SAM development is controlled by a series of complicated molecular regulation networks, among which microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes play key roles. However, little is known about these miRNAs in woody plants. In this study, we used small RNA (sRNA) sequencing to build four libraries derived from shoot tips and mature leaf tissues of Populus tomentosa, and identified 99 known miRNA families. In addition, 193 known miRNAs, including phytohormone-, developmental-, and cellular process-related miRNAs, showed significant differential expression. Interestingly, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of miR172, miR164, and miR393 expression showed marked changes in expression patterns during the development of shoot tips. The target genes of these miRNAs were involved in the regulation of hormone responses and stem cell function. In particular, the miR172 target APETALA2 (AP2), involved in the maintenance of stem cells in the shoot apex, was expressed specifically during the initial active stage of development. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanisms of miRNAs involved in SAM development and differentiation in tree species.
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Kozeko, L. Ye, and E. L. Kordyum. "Tissue specificity of expression of heat shock gene ATHSP70-10 in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings under normal and stress conditions." Vìsnik Harkìvsʹkogo nacìonalʹnogo agrarnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ Bìologiâ 2020, no. 3 (October 30, 2020): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35550/vbio2020.03.037.
Full textAbstract:
Mitochondrial heat shock proteins of HSP70 family support protein homeostasis in mitochondria under normal and stress conditions. They provide folding and complex assembly of proteins encoded by mitochondrial genome, as well as import of cytosolic proteins to mitochondria, their folding and protection against aggregation. There are reports about organ-specificity of mitochondrial HSP70 synthesis in plants. However, tissue specificity of their functioning remains incompletely characterized. This problem was studied for mitochondrial AtHSP70-10 in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings using a transgenic line with uidA signal gene under normal conditions, as well as high temperature and water deficit. Under normal conditions, histochemical GUS-staining revealed the expression of AtHSP70-10 in cotyledon and leaf hydathodes, stipules, central cylinder in root differentiation and mature zones, as well as weak staining in root apex and root-shoot junction zone. RT-PCR analysis of wild-type seedlings exposed to 37°C showed rapid upregulation of AtHSP70-10, which reached the highest level within 2 h. In addition, the gradual development of water deficit for 5 days caused an increase in transcription of this gene, which became more pronounced after 3 days and reached a maximum after 5 days of dehydration. Histochemical analysis showed complete preservation of tissue localization of AtHSP70-10 expression under both abiotic factors. The data obtained indicate the specific functioning of mitochondrial chaperone AtHSP70-10 in certain plant cellular structures.
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Wedeking, Rita, Anne-Katrin Mahlein, Ulrike Steiner, Erich-Christian Oerke, Heiner E. Goldbach, and Monika A. Wimmer. "Osmotic adjustment of young sugar beets (Beta vulgaris) under progressive drought stress and subsequent rewatering assessed by metabolite analysis and infrared thermography." Functional Plant Biology 44, no. 1 (2017): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp16112.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this work was to provide the chronology of physiological and metabolic alterations occurring under drought and demonstrate how these relate to a phenotypic approach (infrared thermal imaging, IRT). This should provide tools to tailor phenotyping approaches for drought tolerance and underlying metabolic alterations. In the present study, destructive analysis of growth and cell morphology, water status, osmotic adjustment, metabolic changes and membrane damage were combined with non-destructive determination of leaf temperature using infrared thermography (IRT) in 6-week-old sugar beets subjected to progressive drought stress and subsequent rewatering. Different methods were suitable for the characterisation of the dynamic development of distinct stress phases: although IRT allowed detection of initial impairment of transpiration within 1 day of drought stress, destructive methods allowed us to distinguish a phase of metabolic adjustment including redirection of carbon flow into protective mechanisms and a subsequent phase of membrane destabilisation and cellular damage. Only the combination of invasive and non-invasive methods allowed for the differentiation of the complete sequence of physiological changes induced by drought stress. This could be especially beneficial for the selection of phenotypes that are adapted to early drought. During rewatering, sugar beet shoots rapidly re-established water relations, but membrane damage and partial stomatal closure persisted longer, which could have an impact on subsequent stress events. During the onset of secondary growth, taproots required more time to recover the water status and to readjust primary metabolites than shoots.
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"Control of cellular differentiation in maize leaves." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 350, no. 1331 (October 30, 1995): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1995.0137.
Full textAbstract:
Mature maize leaves exhibit a series of parallel veins that are surrounded by concentric rings of bundle sheath and mesophyll cells. To identify genes that control cellular differentiation patterns in the leaf, we have isolated a group of mutations that specifically disrupt the differentiation of a single cell-type. In bundle sheath defective ( bsd ) mutant plants, bundle sheath cells fail to differentiate yet mesophyll and all other leaf cell-types develop normally. Morphological and functional characterization of specific bsd mutants ( bsd1, bsd2, bsd3, pg14 and g2 ) reveals that they differ in the degree to which bundle sheath cell differentiation is perturbed. Mutant analysis predicts roles for BSD gene products in normal development.
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Xiong, Chao, Brajesh K. Singh, Ji-Zheng He, Yan-Lai Han, Pei-Pei Li, Li-Hua Wan, Guo-Zhong Meng, et al. "Plant developmental stage drives the differentiation in ecological role of the maize microbiome." Microbiome 9, no. 1 (August 13, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01118-6.
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Abstract Background Plants live with diverse microbial communities which profoundly affect multiple facets of host performance, but if and how host development impacts the assembly, functions and microbial interactions of crop microbiomes are poorly understood. Here we examined both bacterial and fungal communities across soils, epiphytic and endophytic niches of leaf and root, and plastic leaf of fake plant (representing environment-originating microbes) at three developmental stages of maize at two contrasting sites, and further explored the potential function of phylloplane microbiomes based on metagenomics. Results Our results suggested that plant developmental stage had a much stronger influence on the microbial diversity, composition and interkingdom networks in plant compartments than in soils, with the strongest effect in the phylloplane. Phylloplane microbiomes were co-shaped by both plant growth and seasonal environmental factors, with the air (represented by fake plants) as its important source. Further, we found that bacterial communities in plant compartments were more strongly driven by deterministic processes at the early stage but a similar pattern was for fungal communities at the late stage. Moreover, bacterial taxa played a more important role in microbial interkingdom network and crop yield prediction at the early stage, while fungal taxa did so at the late stage. Metagenomic analyses further indicated that phylloplane microbiomes possessed higher functional diversity at the early stage than the late stage, with functional genes related to nutrient provision enriched at the early stage and N assimilation and C degradation enriched at the late stage. Coincidently, more abundant beneficial bacterial taxa like Actinobacteria, Burkholderiaceae and Rhizobiaceae in plant microbiomes were observed at the early stage, but more saprophytic fungi at the late stage. Conclusions Our results suggest that host developmental stage profoundly influences plant microbiome assembly and functions, and the bacterial and fungal microbiomes take a differentiated ecological role at different stages of plant development. This study provides empirical evidence for host exerting strong effect on plant microbiomes by deterministic selection during plant growth and development. These findings have implications for the development of future tools to manipulate microbiome for sustainable increase in primary productivity.
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Farber, Charles, John S. Bennett, Tianyi Dou, Yousef Abugalyon, Dillon Humpal, Lee Sanchez, Katie Toomey, Michael Kolomiets, and Dmitry Kurouski. "Raman-Based Diagnostics of Stalk Rot Disease of Maize Caused by Colletotrichum graminicola." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (August 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.722898.
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Stalk rot caused by Colletotrichum graminicola is a disease of worldwide importance. Stalk rot is difficult to detect at the early stages of infection because the fungus colonizes the tissues inside the maize stem. Current diagnostic methods are time-consuming, laborious, and destructive to the stem tissue. We utilized Raman spectroscopy to follow the development of stalk rot in three different maize genotypes grown either in the field or the greenhouse. We then used the acquired spectra to calibrate statistical models to differentiate amongst the different disease timepoints and the genotypes themselves. This non-invasive spectroscopic method enabled high-accuracy identification of stalk rot based on both stalk and leaf spectra. We additionally found that leaf spectra were favorable for identifying maize by genotype. Finally, we identified Raman bands that showed correlation with the sizes of stalk rot-associated lesions in the stems. We demonstrated that Raman spectroscopy is a viable tool for detection of stalk rot disease, as well as potent for the differentiation of maize genotypes.
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Kneuper, Irina, William Teale, Jonathan Edward Dawson, Ryuji Tsugeki, Eleni Katifori, Klaus Palme, and Franck Anicet Ditengou. "Auxin biosynthesis and cellular efflux act together to regulate leaf vein patterning." Journal of Experimental Botany, December 2, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eraa501.
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Abstract Our current understanding of vein development in leaves is based on canalization of the plant hormone auxin into self-reinforcing streams which determine the sites of vascular cell differentiation. By comparison, how auxin biosynthesis affects leaf vein patterning is less well understood. Here, after observing that inhibiting polar auxin transport rescues the sparse leaf vein phenotype in auxin biosynthesis mutants, we propose that the processes of auxin biosynthesis and cellular auxin efflux work in concert during vein development. By using computational modeling, we show that localized auxin maxima are able to interact with mechanical forces generated by the morphological constraints which are imposed during early primordium development. This interaction is able to explain four fundamental characteristics of midvein morphology in a growing leaf: (i) distal cell division; (ii) coordinated cell elongation; (iii) a midvein positioned in the center of the primordium; and (iv) a midvein which is distally branched. Domains of auxin biosynthetic enzyme expression are not positioned by auxin canalization, as they are observed before auxin efflux proteins polarize. This suggests that the site-specific accumulation of auxin, as regulated by the balanced action of cellular auxin efflux and local auxin biosynthesis, is crucial for leaf vein formation.
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Jayaraj, K. Lakshmi, U. Bhavyashree, T. P. Fayas, K. K. Sajini, M. K. Rajesh, and Anitha Karun. "Histological studies of cellular differentiation during somatic embryogenesis of coconut plumule-derived calli." Journal of Plantation Crops 43, no. 3 (November 26, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.19071/jpc.2015.v43.i3.2853.
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<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p>Since coconut is one of the most recalcitrant species to generate <em>in vitro</em>, it is necessary to study in detail about the cellular changes that occur during somatic embryogenesis to enhance our knowledge about this phenomenon. In the present study, coconut plumular tissues, the shoot meristem including leaf primordia, were used as explants for <em>in vitro </em>regeneration studies. Histological studies were carried out in different stages of plumule culture. No noticeable growth was observed in 15 days old cultures. After 30 days, meristematic cells could be identified. Abundance of meristematic cells, foremost to the development of callus structures, was observed after 45 days. After 75 days, globular friable calli were formed and histological studies revealed the presence of meristematic centers which eventually formed somatic embryos. The histological study of matured somatic embryos formed after 120 days of callus initiation showed a clear meristematic zone of parenchyma cells, surrounded by vascular bundles. Histological studies, carried out for certain abnormalities like compact calli, abnormal somatic embryoids with rudimentary shoots and multiplied roots, revealed the presence of intact cotyledonary leaves which seemed to inhibit the apical meristem development of somatic embryoids. The presence of vascular bundles in the early stages of callus formation might lead to the direct formation of meristemoids. These results could aid future studies leading to enhanced control of the somatic embryogenic process and greater efficiency of somatic embryo and plantlet formation in coconut.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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Sánchez-Vicente, Inmaculada, Tamara Lechón, María Fernández-Marcos, Luis Sanz, and Oscar Lorenzo. "Nitric Oxide Alters the Pattern of Auxin Maxima and PIN-FORMED1 During Shoot Development." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (April 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.630792.
Full textAbstract:
Hormone patterns tailor cell fate decisions during plant organ formation. Among them, auxins and cytokinins are critical phytohormones during early development. Nitric oxide (NO) modulates root architecture by the control of auxin spatial patterns. However, NO involvement during the coordination of shoot organogenesis remains unclear. Here, we explore the effect of NO during shoot development by using a phenotypic, cellular, and genetic analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana and get new insights into the characterization of NO-mediated leaf-related phenotypes. NO homeostasis mutants are impaired in several shoot architectural parameters, including phyllotactic patterns, inflorescence stem elongation, silique production, leaf number, and margin. Auxin distribution is a key feature for tissue differentiation and need to be controlled at different levels (i.e., synthesis, transport, and degradation mechanisms). The phenotypes resulting from the introduction of the cue1 mutation in the axr1 auxin resistant and pin1 backgrounds exacerbate the relationship between NO and auxins. Using the auxin reporter DR5:GUS, we observed an increase in auxin maxima under NO-deficient mutant backgrounds and NO scavenging, pointing to NO-ASSOCIATED 1 (NOA1) as the main player related to NO production in this process. Furthermore, polar auxin transport is mainly regulated by PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1), which controls the flow along leaf margin and venations. Analysis of PIN1 protein levels shows that NO controls its accumulation during leaf development, impacting the auxin mediated mechanism of leaf building. With these findings, we also provide evidence for the NO opposite effects to determine root and shoot architecture, in terms of PIN1 accumulation under NO overproduction.
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Fu, Mengxia, and Jiangping Song. "Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Cellular Heterogeneity of Cardiovascular Diseases." Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine 8 (June 11, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.643519.
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“A world in a wild flower, and a bodhi in a leaf,” small cells contain huge secrets. The vasculature is composed of many multifunctional cell subpopulations, each of which is involved in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular diseases. Single-cell transcriptomics captures the full picture of genes expressed within individual cells, identifies rare or de novo cell subpopulations, analyzes single-cell trajectory and stem cell or progenitor cell lineage conversion, and compares healthy tissue and disease-related tissue at single-cell resolution. Single-cell transcriptomics has had a profound effect on the field of cardiovascular research over the past decade, as evidenced by the construction of cardiovascular cell landscape, as well as the clarification of cardiovascular diseases and the mechanism of stem cell or progenitor cell differentiation. The classification and proportion of cell subpopulations in vasculature vary with species, location, genotype, and disease, exhibiting unique gene expression characteristics in organ development, disease progression, and regression. Specific gene markers are expected to be the diagnostic criteria, therapeutic targets, or prognostic indicators of diseases. Therefore, treatment of vascular disease still has lots of potentials to develop. Herein, we summarize the cell clusters and gene expression patterns in normal vasculature and atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, and pulmonary hypertension to reveal vascular heterogeneity and new regulatory factors of cardiovascular disease in the use of single-cell transcriptomics and discuss its current limitations and promising clinical potential.
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Sun, Sheng-Ren, Jian-Sheng Chen, Er-Qi He, Mei-Ting Huang, Hua-Ying Fu, Jia-Ju Lu, and San-Ji Gao. "Genetic variability and molecular evolution of maize yellow mosaic virus populations from different geographic origins." Plant Disease, October 12, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-20-1013-re.
Full textAbstract:
Maize yellow mosaic virus (MaYMV) hosted in various gramineous plants was assigned to the genus Polerovirus (family Luteoviridae) in 2018. However, little is known about its genetic diversity and population structure. In this study, 509 sugarcane leaf samples with mosaic symptoms were collected in 2017-2019 from eight sugarcane-growing provinces in China. RT-PCR results revealed that four positive-sense RNA viruses were found to infect sugarcane, and the incidence of MaYMV among samples from Fujian, Sichuan, and Guangxi provinces was 52.1%, 9.8%, and 2.5%, respectively. Based on 82 partial MaYMV sequences and 46 whole-genome sequences from different host plants, phylogenetic analysis revealed that MaYMV populations are very closely associated with their source geographical regions (China, Africa, and South America). Pairwise identity analysis showed significant variability in genome sequences among MaYMV isolates with genomic nucleotide identities of 91.1-99.9%. In addition to codon mutations, insertions/deletions also contributed to genetic variability in individual coding regions, especially in the readthrough protein (P3-P5 fusion protein). Low gene flow and significant genetic differentiation of MaYMV were observed among the three geographical populations, suggesting that environmental adaptation is an important evolutionary force that shapes the genetic structure of MaYMV. Genes in the MaYMV genome were subject to strong negative or purification selection during evolution, except for the movement protein (MP), which was under positive selection pressure. This finding suggests that the MP may play an important role in MaYMV evolution. Taken together, our findings provide basic information for the development of an integrated disease management strategy against MaYMV.
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Ren, Rui, Jie Gao, Dongmei Yin, Kai Li, Chuqiao Lu, Sagheer Ahmad, Yonglu Wei, Jianpeng Jin, Genfa Zhu, and Fengxi Yang. "Highly Efficient Leaf Base Protoplast Isolation and Transient Expression Systems for Orchids and Other Important Monocot Crops." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (February 15, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.626015.
Full textAbstract:
Versatile protoplast platforms greatly facilitate the development of modern botany. However, efficient protoplast-based systems are still challenging for numerous horticultural plants and crops. Orchids are globally cultivated ornamental and medicinal monocot plants, but few efficient protoplast isolation and transient expression systems have been developed. In this study, we established a highly efficient orchid protoplast isolation protocol by selecting suitable source materials and optimizing the enzymatic conditions, which required optimal D-mannitol concentrations (0.4–0.6 M) combined with optimal 1.2% cellulose and 0.6% macerozyme, 5 μM of 2-mercaptoethanol and 6 h digestion. Tissue- and organ-specific protoplasts were successfully isolated from young leaves [∼3.22 × 106/g fresh weight (FW)], flower pedicels (∼5.26 × 106/g FW), and young root tips (∼7.66 × 105/g FW) of Cymbidium orchids. This protocol recommends the leaf base tissues (the tender part of young leaves attached to the stem) as better source materials. High yielding viable protoplasts were isolated from the leaf base of Cymbidium (∼2.50 × 107/g FW), Phalaenopsis (1.83 × 107/g FW), Paphiopedilum (1.10 × 107/g FW), Dendrobium (8.21 × 106/g FW), Arundina (3.78 × 106/g FW) orchids, and other economically important monocot crops including maize (Zea mays) (3.25 × 107/g FW) and rice (Oryza sativa) (4.31 × 107/g FW), which showed marked advantages over previous mesophyll protoplast isolation protocols. Leaf base protoplasts of Cymbidium orchids were used for polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated transfection, and a transfection efficiency of more than 80% was achieved. This leaf base protoplast system was applied successfully to analyze the CsDELLA-mediated gibberellin signaling in Cymbidium orchids. We investigated the subcellular localization of the CsDELLA-green fluorescent protein fusion and analyzed the role of CsDELLA in the regulation of gibberellin to flowering-related genes via efficient transient overexpression and gene silencing of CsDELLA in Cymbidium protoplasts. This protoplast isolation and transient expression system is the most efficient based on the documented results to date. It can be widely used for cellular and molecular studies in orchids and other economically important monocot crops, especially for those lacking an efficient genetic transformation system in vivo.
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Kieu Trang, Bui, and Nguyen Thi Xuan. "Jak-Stat Signaling Pathway Related Gene Expressions and Blood Biochemical indicators in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia." VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 36, no. 1 (March 24, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4197.
Full textAbstract:
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a type of acute leukemia, which has the highest death rate among blood cancers and caused by a specific (15; 17) chromosomal translocation, resulting in a fusion gene PML/RARα. Klotho gene plays a role in preventing aging, inflammation and cancer. CTLA4, PD1 and LAG3 are immunosuppressive receptors located on surface of T cells and considered as a negative regulation of immune response. These genes regulate immune cell activity through several signalling moleculars such as STATs and NF-κB. In this study, to additionally determine the difference between APL and other leukemia, we performed experiments to measure mRNA expression of above genes by using realtime-PCR. Results showed that mRNA levels of KL, CTLA4, PD1 and LAG3 genes were lower, while expressions of STAT1, STAT3, STAT5 and STAT6 genes were significantly higher in APL patients than healthy controls. In addition, IκB-α gene expression was unaltered on APL cells. The results of this study would partially contribute to an understanding of the differences in JAK-STAT signaling associated gene expressions between APL and other leukemia groups. This is important to apply for effective chemotherapy for each type of leukemia.
Keywords
Acute promyelocytic leukemia, klotho, CTLA4, IκB-α, LAG3, PD1, STAT.
References
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