Academic literature on the topic 'Maintenance strategies integrated into production'
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Journal articles on the topic "Maintenance strategies integrated into production":
1
Noyes, Daniel, and François Pérès. "Maintenance Strategies Integrated into Production Management: Towards Performance Optimisation." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 31, no. 15 (June 1998): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)40677-x.
2
Hafidi, Nouhayla, Abdellah El Barkany, Abderrahman El Mhamedi, and Morad Mahmoudi. "Integrated planning of production and maintenance for imperfect system with subcontracting strategies." International Journal of Engineering Business Management 12 (January 1, 2020): 184797902092978. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1847979020929783.
Abstract:
The purpose of this article is to deal with subcontracting strategies in the context of production, maintenance and quality integration. We study the multi-item capacitated lot-sizing problem for a production system composed of a single machine. The production system is considered imperfect, producing both conforming and non-conforming items. However, the deterioration of the system is a function of the time and production rate, which affects the quality of the manufactured items. Consequently, a quality control strategy is established, the aim is to inspect, adjust and control the manufactured items. To solve our problem, an evolutive optimization approach is proposed, namely the genetic algorithm (GA). Then, in order to adjust the parameters of GA, we use the Taguchi method. This article is one of the few documents dealing with integrated production management, maintenance and quality under subcontracting constraints that takes into account the complex aspect of the multi-item manufacturing industry. Then, a sensitivity analysis is also carried out to illustrate the robustness of the proposed control policy. Finally, we compare our results with the literature to validate our approach and highlight the advantage of subcontracting in minimizing costs.
3
Khanna, Aditi, Prerna Gautam, Biswajit Sarkar, and Chandra K. Jaggi. "Integrated vendor–buyer strategies for imperfect production systems with maintenance and warranty policy." RAIRO - Operations Research 54, no. 2 (February 27, 2020): 435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2019029.
Abstract:
Collaboration has evolved as a key component of many modern supply chains, supporting the competitive advantages of companies in a range of operations from manufacturing to sales. With this viewpoint, the present paper develops an integrated inventory model in which manufacturing is carried out at the vendor’s end so as to fulfill demand at the buyer’s doorway. As the production process is presumed to be imperfect it shifts from an “in-control” state to “out-of-control” state at any random time and yields non-conforming items. The vendor uses regular preventive maintenance actions for the efficient operation of the production system and offers free minimal repair warranty on the products sold to the buyer. Along with preventive maintenance actions the vendor also uses the rework process and restoration process as effective steps towards minimizing the imperfections of the production system. The proposed model solves the non-linear cost minimization problem through a generalized reduced gradient method by using Lingo 15.0. The aim is to jointly optimize the order size, backorder size and the number of shipments in order to minimize the integrated cost of the vendor and the buyer. Numerical analysis and sensitivity analysis is performed on key parameters that render some important supervisory insights.
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Zhao, Zhiyuan, and Qilong Yuan. "Integrated Scheduling of the Production and Maintenance of Parallel Machine Job-shop Considering Stochastic Machine Breakdowns." Journal of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering 1, no. 1 (November 30, 2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56578/jemse010103.
Abstract:
The integrated scheduling of production and maintenance can make equipment maintenance in line with the production pace, so as to effectively prevent anormal interruptions of the production process due to equipment failure, and ensure the smooth implementation of the production scheduling plan. Aiming at the parallel machine job-shop environment, and considering stochastic machine failures and different degradation speeds of parallel machines, this paper introduced the minimal maintenance and preventive maintenance strategies to establish an integrated scheduling model for production and maintenance, designed a genetic algorithm based on process coding and binary hybrid coding to solve the model, and verified the correctness of the proposed model and the effectiveness of the algorithm through an instance. This study provided an effective decision-making method for parallel machine job-shop scheduling problems.
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Gidiagba, Joachim Osheyor, Joel Leonard, Oluwaseun Ayo Ogunjobi, Kelechi Anthony Ofonagoro, and Chibuike Daraojimba. "BALANCING EFFICIENCY AND RESILIENCE: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES IN CONVENTIONAL AND UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION." Engineering Heritage Journal 7, no. 2 (July 25, 2023): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/gwk.02.2023.157.166.
Abstract:
Efficiency and resilience are critical aspects of maintenance strategies in the dynamic oil and gas industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of maintenance approaches in conventional and unconventional production, highlighting the delicate balance required between efficient operations and the ability to withstand disruptions. Through case studies, emerging technologies, and future trends, the paper explores strategies to optimize production processes while ensuring robustness against challenges. By offering insights into integrated maintenance solutions, this review contributes to informed decision-making and the advancement of sustainable practices in oil and gas production.
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Nawangsari, Lenny Christina, and Ahmad Hidayat Sutawijaya. "SOCIALIZATION OF PRODUCTION MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT TO IMPROVING THE MSMEs COMPETITIVENESS IN MERUYA SELATAN - WEST JAKARTA." ICCD 2, no. 1 (November 28, 2019): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol2.iss1.238.
Abstract:
The development of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Indonesia is increasingly rapid, this requires the existence of integrated handling in order to compete in the business world. Increasing competition makes SMEs must have an effective strategy. One strategy in the field of production management is good management of maintenance. Community service activities carried out in the South Meruya attended by 24 participants, the activity took place with an explanation relating to the Socialization & Training of Maintenance Management in Production at SMEs. Material related to Production Maintenance Management and production maintenance management processes. This training is an activity related to community economic empowerment through maintenance strategy training in SMEs business competition. In order to support the economic empowerment efforts of community counseling and training on Operational Strategies in SMEs business competition through residents who live in partner villages, it will help partner citizens know how to create maintenance strategies in SMEs business competition to improve community welfare. For this reason, this activity will provide training and assistance in operational strategies in SMEs business competition, so that partners are able to apply them in managing their business activities. The outputs that are expected to be realized from this activity are: 1. Development of knowledge of operational maintenance strategies in SMEs business competition in the residents of partner villages; 2. The formation of social care groups to make operational strategies in SMEs business competition in village.
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Cazañas, Ronald Díaz, and Daynier Rolando Delgado Sobrino. "On the Integration of Production and Maintenance Planning at the Tactical Level: Proposal of a Contribution Procedure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 474 (January 2014): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.474.35.
Abstract:
This paper deals with the problematic of the ProductionMaintenance integration and what it represents to the correct functioning of the companies. As a consequence of this, it is introduced a general contribution procedure for the integration of production and maintenance planning at the tactical level. With it, elements of the Value Analysis, the Reliability Centered Maintenance and the Fuzzy Control Theory are integrated in the context of an existing method for selecting maintenance strategies. The key outputs of the proposal consist on defining (1) the roles played by the fixed assets that do really add value to the production system, (2) the best maintenance strategy for each asset and, (3) the modifications that, if necessary, are to be made in the tactical plan of production due to potential capacity problems in the maintenance subsystem.
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Rivera-Gómez, Héctor, Joselito Medina-Marin, Francisca Santana-Robles, Oscar Montaño-Arango, Irving Barragán-Vite, and Gabriel Cisneros-Flores. "Impact of Unreliable Subcontracting on Production and Maintenance Planning Considering Quality Decline." Applied Sciences 12, no. 7 (March 26, 2022): 3379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12073379.
Abstract:
Manufacturing systems face several disturbances during production, such as sudden failures, defects, and unreliable subcontractors that reduce their production capacity. Currently, subcontracting represents an efficient alternative to support production decisions. The novelty of the study was the development of a new integrated model that properly coordinates production, subcontracting, and maintenances strategies in the context of stochastic uncertainty, quality deterioration, and random subcontracting availability. Such a set of characteristics has not been addressed before in the literature. A simulation–optimization approach was proposed to address such a stochastic model. A numerical case study was performed as an illustration of the approach and a comprehensive sensitivity analysis was performed to analyze the impact of several costs. Furthermore, the effect of the availability of the subcontractor and the producer was analyzed. The main finding of the study showed that the integrated model led to significant economic cost savings compared to other approaches that address such policies in isolation. The results also indicated that quality deterioration had a strong impact on the subcontracting rate and that the proposed joint control policy adequately coordinated these three key functions. The level of subcontracting participation was directly defined by its availability and the subcontracting cost.
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Lingegård, Sofia, Malena I. Havenvid, and Per-Erik Eriksson. "Circular Public Procurement through Integrated Contracts in the Infrastructure Sector." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (October 29, 2021): 11983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132111983.
Abstract:
Public clients’ procurement strategies are central in facilitating innovation towards sustainability. In the infrastructure sector, the three main project activities—design, production, and maintenance—are traditionally not procured in an integrated way, which results in sub-optimizations and a lack of life cycle perspective. As project actors are accustomed to traditional, non-integrated forms of contract, implementing integrated contracts imposes fundamental changes to the interdependencies among actors, resources, and activities. This study analyzes the interfaces among key project actors and the related interdependencies across design, production, and maintenance in Design–Build–Maintain contracts, and initiates a discussion on how to manage these interdependencies when implementing integrated contracts. This study of circular public procurement (CPP) focused on three infrastructure projects using integrated contracting and applied the industrial network approach (INA) to analyze interdependencies in how they may influence innovation and sustainable development. The study found significant obstacles to clients obtaining the benefits of integrated contracting and concludes that understanding interdependencies is necessary to implement integrated contracts successfully. The study contributes to the construction management literature by adapting the INA to contracting, and to the CPP literature by providing empirical evidence of sustainability and circularity in infrastructure projects.
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Schutz, Jérémie, Anis Chelbi, Nidhal Rezg, and Safa Ben Salem. "Production and maintenance strategies for parallel machines with load transfer in case of failure." Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering 25, no. 4 (October 2, 2019): 525–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jqme-07-2017-0049.
Abstract:
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to deal with the problem of integration of production and maintenance policies. In this context, the authors consider production systems made of parallel machines producing a single product over a finite horizon made of equal periods for which a forecasted demand is known. The authors investigate the impact of switching production in case of failure of any given machine.Design/methodology/approachA mathematical model is first developed to find an optimal production plan which minimizes the average total storage, shortage and production costs. Then, using this optimal production plan and taking into account the influence of the production rate on the degradation of each machine, optimal preventive maintenance (PM) policies are proposed for the situations with and without switching.FindingsOptimal production rates are determined for each production period and for each machine. Optimal PM periods are also computed for each machine.Practical implicationsUsually, in manufacturing systems, the production rate of a machine influences its failure rate. In case a machine fails, it takes a random time to repair it during which production is lost. The paper attempts to propose a switching policy (SP) according to which the lost production is compensated by all the other machines. The effects of the SP coupled with the PM strategy are shown through a numerical example.Originality/valueContrarily to previous works, the authors consider more realistic settings with a non-negligible random time for repairing failed machines. In order to compensate the lost production during the repair of a failed machine, a SP is proposed to transfer the load uniformly to all the other machines. As a result, those machines will produce at a higher production rate and will consequently have their failure rate increased. It will therefore be essential to determine an optimal PM schedule knowing that durations of these activities are not negligible. It is shown that the simultaneous implementation of periodic PM and load transfer in case of failure is the most economical integrated strategy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Maintenance strategies integrated into production":
1
Sa'ad, Aisha. "Developing integrated maintenance strategies for renewable energy sources based on analytical methods and artificial intelligence (AI) : comparisons and case study." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0080.
Abstract:
Au cours de ces récentes années, le développement des énergies renouvelables, en particulier l'énergie solaire et l'énergie éolienne, a attiré comme méthode alternative de production d'énergie, l'attention du monde entier avec une croissance exceptionnelle de sa production. Selon le rapport de Global Energy, l'énergie solaire mondiale devrait avoir atteint une capacité cumulée de 1 TW, tandis que l'énergie éolienne devrait avoir été multipliée par 3 ou 4 mégas par rapport à la production en 2020. Cette augmentation des énergies solaire et éolienne implique des investissements financiers très importants. Cependant, avec cet énorme potentiel d'investissement et l'augmentation significative de la capacité de production, il y a une responsabilité supplémentaire, souvent négligée : la gestion des centrales électriques pour assurer le coût total du cycle de vie le plus bas (Life Cycle Cost). Comme tout système de production standard, les composants de production d'énergie renouvelable (solaire et éolienne dans notre cas) sont sujets à des défaillances aléatoires qui interrompent la production et l'approvisionnement de la demande. La maintenance est identifiée comme une cause majeure d'accidents, on peut noter le manque de savoir-faire technique dans l'exploitation d'un équipement ou l'absence d'un bon plan de routine de maintenance. Dans le cadre des efforts visant à améliorer l'efficacité et la performance des centrales électriques à énergie renouvelable, nous proposons des modèles pour optimiser la production d'énergie et la maintenance dans nos études de cas sélectionnées (centrale solaire de Sokoto et parc éolien de Katsina au Nigéria). À cet égard, nous avons développé de nouvelles politiques de maintenance intégrées à la production d'énergie des systèmes d'énergie solaire et éolienne. La stratégie de maintenance préventive adoptée dans cette thèse est une stratégie de maintenance parfaite sur les composants sélectionnés pour la maintenance et une maintenance sélective imparfaite sur le système (solaire PV et éolienne). Le manque de batterie en cas de sous-production et les pertes de maintenance sont des défis considérés dans cette étude. La méthodologie que nous avons développée consiste à résoudre le problème d'optimisation de la production d'énergie et de la maintenance en utilisant la méthode théorique ainsi que la méthode d'apprentissage automatique (ANN et SVM) afin de satisfaire une demande aléatoire d'énergie pendant un horizon fini. Nous avons également étudié l'influence des conditions environnementales et opérationnelles des systèmes, puis validé les modèles par des exemples numériques et des études de sensibilité prouvant la robustesse des modèles développésThe development of renewable energy, especially solar and wind energy, over the recent years has gained global attention as an alternative method of generating energy experiencing exceptional growth in its production. In The Global Energy report, global solar energy is expected to have reached a cumulative capacity of 1TW while the wind energy is expected to have multiplied up to 3 to 4 times from mega production in the year 2020. This increase in the solar and wind power implies very significant financial investments. However, with this huge investment potential and significant increase in generation capacity, there is an additional, often overlooked responsibility: managing the power plants to ensure the lowest total life cycle cost (Life Cycle Cost). Like any standard production system, renewable energy (solar and wind energy in our case) generation components are subject to random failure, which interrupts production and supply of demand. Maintenance is identified as a major cause of accidents, lack of technical know-how of an equipment and the absence of a good maintenance routine plan. As part of the efforts to improve the efficiency and performance of renewable energy power plants, we propose models to optimize the power production and maintenance of our selected case studies (Sokoto solar plant and Katsina wind farm). In this regard, we developed new integrated maintenance policies integrated with production of the energy production from solar and wind energy systems. The preventive maintenance strategy adopted in this thesis is perfect maintenance strategy on the selected components for maintenance and an imperfect selective maintenance on the system (solar PV and wind turbine). Battery shortage in case of under-production and maintenance losses are challenges considered in this study. The methodology we developed entails solving the problem of energy production and maintenance optimization by using the theoretical method as well as machine learning method (ANN and SVM) in order to satisfy a random demand of energy during a finite horizon. We also studied the influence of environmental and operational condition of the systems and then validated the models by numerical examples and sensitivity studies proving the robustness of the developed models
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Abubakar, Aminu Sahabi. "Contribution to the development of new maintenance strategies integrated to control charts for a production process under service levels, operational, and quality constraints." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0055.
Abstract:
L'industrie de la production actuelle est caractérisée par des progrès significatifs : une augmentation massive de la haute technologie, l'émergence de clients exigeants, des marchés compétitifs, une qualité de produit variée et des demandes aléatoires ont exigé la collaboration des aspects interdépendants de la production. La production, la maintenance et la qualité sont les aspects les plus critiques du système industriel. Nous nous intéressons à l'optimisation de la maintenance qui joue un rôle essentiel dans la satisfaction du client, la durabilité et le développement des entreprises. Notre étude est centrée sur le développement de la production et de la maintenance intégrées dans une carte de contrôle de la politique de qualité. Nous proposons de nouvelles stratégies de maintenance intégrée avec une analyse approfondie des améliorations continues de la fiabilité du processus de production et traitées sous les contraintes des exigences du client (Service, qualité et coût). L'intégration et la coordination optimale de ces facteurs de production n'est pas facile et représente un défi pour les entreprises industrielles, et sont plus difficiles avec les causes multi-assignables de la variation du processus de production. Pour répondre à ce problème, ce travail de recherche a utilisé l'outil carte de contrôle en combinaison avec les principes de l'AFNOR connus sous le nom de Règle des sept comme impliqués dans la gestion de la qualité. Pour surveiller, analyser et diriger les actions de maintenance appropriées pour l'amélioration continue de la fiabilité du système le long des différents scénarios de processus multiples comme niveaux de décision. Nous utilisons les interactions entre le processus de production et la qualité du produit pour des stratégies de maintenance qui réduisent la défaillance du système de production en améliorant la fiabilité du processus et en réduisant les produits non conformes. L'étude a porté de manière significative sur la qualité, les outils de qualité et leurs applications dans le contrôle de la production et de la maintenance. La technique que nous avons utilisée pour optimiser la maintenance et le contrôle de la qualité d'un système de production intégré est un outil de carte de contrôle basé sur la mesure et l'analyse statistique des paramètres de qualité. Nous modélisons différents problèmes de production et développons une politique de contrôle pour des systèmes de production à défaillance aléatoire qui doivent satisfaire les exigences des clients de manière dynamique tout au long de l'horizon de production fini. Nous avons introduit un modèle mathématique pour minimiser les coûts totaux de production, d'inventaire, de maintenance et de contrôle de la qualité. L'optimisation de la stratégie de maintenance a été intégrée dans un outil d'information sur les cartes de contrôle. Sur la base de la variation du taux de production et de son impact sur la dégradation de la machine, le nombre de maintenance, les temps et les intervalles nécessaires à une prise de décision prudente sont déterminés par l'algorithme développé. Dans ce contexte, cette recherche présente la dérivation pour différents cas de toutes les probabilités pour le processus d'être dans ou hors de contrôle, les durées moyennes d'exécution, et les durées de cycle de restauration. Sur la base du facteur de dégradation, de nouvelles équations de taux de défaillance sont formulées, puis le taux de défaillance moyen pour chaque cas, nous avons formulé différents modèles d'optimisation des coûts de maintenance. L'approche proposée est utile pour le calcul précis et la minimisation du coût total de maintenance. Elle optimise le coût total de production en considérant tous les états possibles du processus de production dus à des causes multiples. Notre travail contribue à l'émergence de techniques de gestion de la qualité et d'amélioration des performances qui contribueront au développement des entreprises de productionThe current production industry is characterise by significant progress: a massive increase in high technology, the emergence of exigent customers, competitive markets, varied product quality, and random demands required the collaborations of the inter-related aspects of production. The production, maintenance, and quality are the most critical aspects of the industrial system. We are interested in optimising maintenance that plays a critical role in customer satisfaction, sustainability, and the development of companies. Our study is centred on developing production and maintenance integrated into a control chart of quality policy. We propose new integrated maintenance strategies with an in-depth analysis of the continuous production process reliability improvements and treated under customer requirements (Service, quality, and cost) constraints. The integration and optimal coordination of these factors of production is not easy and represent a challenge for industrial companies, and are more challenging with multi-assignable causes of production process variation. To address this problem, this research work employed the use of a control chart tool in combination with the AFNOR principles known as Rule of seven as involved in quality management. To monitor, analyses and direct appropriate maintenance actions for continuous system reliability improvements along the different multiple process scenarios as decision levels. We use the interactions between the production process and product quality for strategies of maintenance which reduce the failure of the production system by improving process reliability and reducing the no conformal products. The study Significantly focused on quality, quality tools, and their applications in production and maintenance control. The technique we used to optimise the maintenance and quality control of an integrated production system is a control chart tool based on statistical measurement and analysis of quality parameters. We model different production problems and develop a control policy for randomly failing production systems that must satisfy customer requirements dynamically throughout the finite production horizon. We introduced a mathematical model to minimise the total costs of production, inventory, maintenance, and quality control. The optimisation of the maintenance strategy was integrated into a control chart tool information. Based on the production rate variation and its impact on machine degradation the number of maintenance, times, and intervals needed for prudent decision-making is determined by the developed algorithm. In this context, this research presents the derivation for different cases of all the probabilities for the process to be in or out of control, the average run lengths, and the restoration cycle durations. Based on the degradation factor, new failure rate equations are formulated, and then the average failure rate for each case, we formulated different maintenance cost optimisation models. The proposed approach is useful for precise calculation and minimisation of the total maintenance cost. Which optimises total production cost considering all possible production process statuses due to multiple causes. Our work contributes to the emergence of quality management and performance improvement techniques that will contribute to the development of production companies
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Kibbou, El Mehdi. "Contribution à la modélisation thermomécanique des vibrations en coupe oblique et à l'établissement d'un plan optimal de maintenance intégré à la production tenant compte des conditions d'usinage." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0234.
Abstract:
Dans cette étude, on s’intéresse à un système de production par usinage qui est l’un des procédés de fabrications les plus adoptés par les différentes industries mécaniques (automobile, aéronautique, ferroviaire…). L'objectif de cette thèse pluridisciplinaire (Mécanique et Génie Industriel) est double : (1) le développement d’un nouveau modèle thermomécanique de la coupe oblique, avec vibration, en usinage à sec et (2) la maximisation du profit afin d’établir conjointement une stratégie de production et un plan de maintenance préventive. Le couplage entre l’opération d’usinage et la partie « optimisation simultanée des coûts de production et de maintenance » se fait à travers la prise en compte de l’effet des conditions de coupe sur l’état de la surface généré et sur l’usure de l’outil de coupe. Dans l’approche proposée, l’usure est prise en compte via la loi empirique de Taylor et l’état de la surface usinée est prédite à travers une nouvelle modélisation des vibrations en coupe oblique. Le premier objectif de la thèse concerne le développement d’une nouvelle modélisation thermomécanique de la coupe oblique avec vibration. Dans ce modèle analytique de coupe, le système vibratoire outil-porte outil est assimilé à un système à un seul degré de liberté dans la direction d’avance. On prend en compte le couplage entre les oscillations de l’outil, le processus thermomécanique de formation du copeau ainsi que l’effet régénératif. Ce dernier résulte de la variation de la quantité de matière à usiner entre deux passes successives. Les sorties de l’outil de la zone de coupe en fonction des conditions de coupe sont également considérées. Le couplage entre l’ensemble de ces mécanismes rend le problème à résoudre fortement non linéaire. Un algorithme de résolution permettant de réduire le temps de calcul a été mis en place. Le deuxième objectif de la thèse est réalisé par le biais du développement d’un modèle analytique. Dans ce modèle, le profit à maximiser, intègre les revenus de vente du produit fini, les coûts de production et de maintenance tout en considérant l’impact des conditions d’usinage sur les coûts de production, la qualité des pièces usinées ainsi que la dégradation du système de production. On prend donc en compte d’une manière simultanée l’impact des conditions d’usinage sur trois aspects fondamentaux pour la partie « optimisation simultanée des coûts de production et de maintenance ». Le premier concerne l’impact des conditions d’usinage sur la durée et les coûts de production. Le deuxième concerne l’impact sur la dégradation du système d’usinage et par conséquent sur le plan de maintenance optimal à adopter. Le troisième concerne l’impact sur la qualité du produit fini qui affecte directement les coûts de vente et plus précisément les coûts de reviens. Ces interactions sont prises en considération par le biais du développement d’un modèle analytique afin d’établir un plan optimal de maintenance intégrée à la production pour le système d’usinageIn this study, we are interested in a machining production system which is one of the manufacturing processes most adopted by the various mechanical industries (automotive, aviation…etc.). The objective of this multidisciplinary thesis (Mechanics and Industrial Engineering) is double: (1) the development of a new thermomechanical model of oblique cutting in dry machining and (2) the maximization of profit in order to establish a strategy production and a preventive maintenance plan.The coupling between the machining operation and the part "simultaneous optimization of production and maintenance costs" is done by considering the effect of cutting conditions on the generated surface quality and on the tool wear. In the proposed approach, wear is taken into account through Taylor's empirical law and the machined surface quality is predicted via a new model of vibrations in oblique cutting.The first objective of this work concerns the development of a new thermomechanical model of the oblique cutting with vibration. In this analytical cutting model, the vibratory system is assimilated to a system with a single degree of freedom in the tool feed direction. We take into account the coupling between tool oscillations, the thermomechanical process of chip formation as well as the regenerative effect. The latter results from the variation in the material quantity to be machined between two successive passes. The coupling between all of these mechanisms makes the problem to be solved strongly nonlinear. A resolution algorithm making it possible to reduce the computation time has been implemented.The second objective of the thesis is achieved through the development of an analytical model where the optimization consists in maximizing a profit integrating selling price of finished product, production and maintenance costs. We note the originality of this part consists in considering the impact of the machining conditions, especially the cutting speed, on the production durations and costs, the quality of the machined parts as well as the degradation of the production system. The impact of machining conditions on three fundamental aspects is therefore considered simultaneously for the "simultaneous optimization of production and maintenance costs" part. The first concerns the impact of machining conditions on production time and costs. The second concerns the impact on the degradation of the machining system and therefore on the optimal maintenance plan to be adopted. The third concerns the impact on the quality of the output product which directly affects the selling costs and more specifically the total profit. These interactions are taken into account through the development of an analytical model to establish an optimal integrated production maintenance plan for the machining system, illustrated by the optimal switching date for changing cutting speed and the optimal numbers of batches to produce before every preventive maintenance action for every production phase. Every production phase is characterized by a cutting speed
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Ouyang, Jintao. "Cumulative quantity control chart and maintenance strategies for industrial processes." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31121184.
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Li, Jin. "Simulation and Optimization of Integrated Maintenance Strategies for an Aircraft Assembly Process." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8439.
Abstract:
In this thesis, the COMAC ARJ21 fuselage’s final assembly process is used as a
case study. High production rate (i.e. number of aircraft assembled per year) with
reasonable cost is the overall aim in this example. The output of final assembly
will essentially affect the prior and subsequent processes of the overall ARJ21
production. From the collected field data, it was identified that a number of
disruptions (or bottlenecks) in the assembly sequence were caused by
breakdowns and maintenance of the (semi-)automatic assembly machines like
portable computer numerical control (CNC) drilling machine, rivet gun and
overhead crane. The focus of this thesis is therefore on the maintenance
strategies (i.e. Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM)) for these equipment and
how they impact the throughput of the fuselage assembly process.
The fuselage assembly process is modelled and analysed by using agent-based
simulation in this thesis. The agent approach allows complex process interactions
of assembly, equipment and maintenance to be captured and empirically studied.
In this thesis, the built network is modelled as the sequence of activities in each
stage. Each stage is broken down into critical activities which are parameterized
by activity lead-time and equipment used. CBM based models of uncertain
degradation and imperfect maintenance are used in the simulation study. A
scatter search is used to find multi-objective optimal solutions for the CBM
regime, where the maintenance-related cost and production rate are the
optimization objectives. In this thesis, in order to ease computation intensity
caused by running multiple simulations during the optimization and to simplify a
multi-objective formulation, multiple Min-Max weightings are applied to trace
Pareto front. The empirical analysis reviews the trade-offs between the
production rate and maintenance cost and how these objectives are influenced
by the design parameters.
6
Al-Hassan, Khalid M. "A practical maintenance framework for production equipment manufactuers and users : an analysis of maintenance strategies for SME's." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/735.
Abstract:
The work presented here concerns a Practical Maintenance Framework (PMF) for Small and Medium size Enterprises (SME's) aimed, ultimately, at implementing Total Productive Maintenance (TPM). Typically, the successful implementation of TPM requires large financial and human resource commitments, which are usually unrealistic in SME's. So it is usually the larger companies that are more willing and able to dedicate resources for TPM development. The PMF introduced in this work support SME's in four ways; the Model is simple and flexible for companies to implement, and typically it does not require a significant financial commitment during its implementation. Further improvements can be achieved shortly after implementation. Finally, the Model does not involve specialist TPM teams or committees; instead there is a single team to which every person in the company will be attached to. PMF is a framework that operates in an iterative and interactive process of improvement, review and analysis. The PMF is mainly built on a quantitative measure of performance basedo n data collection and subsequenta nalysiso f Overall Equipment Efficiency (OEE) originally introduced by Nakajima (1988). In addition, in this research, we show how a simplified version of this OEE measure can be usefully adopted in certain circumstances to calculate the efficiency of a production line. To illustrate some of our work we present and discuss results from one of many case studies, which demonstrate the value of maintenance strategies such as PMF. Both PMF and the OEE measure are shown to be effective when used to improve equipment efficiency. Finally, the research suggests a way that can help both equipment manufactures and equipment users to cooperate with an aim to produce more efficient equipment and products.
7
Edakara, Sibson Dalgo. "A novel methodology to investigate the performance of production line systems using an integrated product service system approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-novel-methodology-to-investigate-the-performance-of-production-line-systems-using-an-integrated-product-service-system-approach(9d2163cc-511c-4801-bc9c-18f2f7b5b6a2).html.
Abstract:
Production Line Systems (PLS) are ubiquitous in today’s manufacturing industry. The need for enhanced efficiencies and higher throughput in such systems has increased their complexity and size that has made performance analysis challenging for practitioners. This thesis introduces a novel approach based on Product Service System (PSS) design and analysis which simplifies Production Line System study and identifies opportunities for performance improvement that can be quantified based on the hardware and maintenance system performance. The approach involves modelling and simulation techniques based on reliability engineering principles and systems thinking. In order to apply the principles of PSS approach to PLS, it is essential to draw a comparison between PLS and PSS, so as to take account of the differences while applying the new approach; a literature review has been carried out on PSS Design and Analysis, that identified the state of the art modelling and simulation techniques in PSS. Additionally, a separate literature review on maintenance system and production line was carried out. This enabled the PSS methodology to be applied to PLS by incorporating the differences. A systems thinking approach has been employed to create the static simulation model of the integrated production line system by means of schematic representations. Key improvement areas, identified from the static simulation model have been modelled dynamically to incorporate the stochastic behaviour of the system. All the dynamic models are developed using a Discrete Event Simulation platform. These models were supported by Monte Carlo Simulation, queuing principles, probabilistical and statistical methods pertinent to reliability engineering. The novel integrated simulation model consists of a production line model and a maintenance system model. The production line model simulates two types of failures in addition to the outages in the system: breakdowns and short stops. The maintenance system model simulates the maintenance actions in the production line by considering the resources availability, repair time, and resources travelling time amongst others. In addition, the maintenance model is capable of optimizing the preventive maintenance interval for maintainable failures for cost, availability and criticality while taking into account the maintenance effectiveness value from the failure data. The simulation model is validated using an industrial case study which consists of a large production line for beer. Sensitivity studies on the simulation model enabled the case study company to focus on strategies for throughput improvement by improving the reliability and maintainability, optimal resources allocation and maintenance interval optimization in targeted areas in the large and complex system. The model developed is generic and can easily be applied to analyse other industrial production line systems. It can also be used as a design tool for new production lines.
8
Dufek, Nickolas Alois. "An Assessment of Integrated Weed Management Strategies for Purple Threeawn-Dominated Rangelands." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26635.
Abstract:
Purple threeawn (Aristida purpurea Nutt.) is a native bunch grass that is avoided by grazers. It is capable of dominating old cropland and overgrazed pastures, limiting livestock carrying capacity, and degrading wildlife habitat. Traditional management tools have had little impact on threeawn dominance in semiarid regions of the west. Our objectives were to: 1) assess fire and nitrogen treatment effects on threeawn forage quality at various phenological stages to test their potential as pretreatments in a grazing strategy and 2) examine a threeawn-dominated plant community?s response to prescribed fire, nitrogen addition, and clipping. Fire improved threeawn forage quality with greater improvements in early phenological stages. Nitrogen had little effect on forage quality. Fire and nitrogen reduced threeawn while increasing cool season grasses. Light and moderate clipping following fire did not improve the efficacy of fire. Fire appears to an effective preliminary treatment to improve the chance of herbivory.
9
Hoyningen-Huene, Wiebke von [Verfasser]. "Essays on integrated maintenance and production scheduling with stochastic failures and non-resumable jobs / Wiebke von Hoyningen-Huene." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075190509/34.
10
Alfaress, Serine. "Integrated pest management strategies for a terrestrial isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, in no-till soybean production." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13656.
Abstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Entomology
Brian P. McCornack
Robert J. Whitworth
No-till management of soybean benefits producers by lowering input costs and retaining soil moisture, but may also provide optimal conditions for increasing populations of soil-inhabiting pests. For Kansas soybean, damaging populations of soil-inhabiting isopods (Malacostraca: Isopoda) have been observed in fields under no-tillage management. To control damage to soybean stands from feeding isopods, current management strategies need to be evaluated. The objectives of my research were to evaluate the effects of chemical and cultural control combinations (seed treatment and planting date, planting date and seed size, seed treatment and natural crop residue removal, and seeding rate and seed treatment) on soybean stand densities exposed to natural isopod populations, and to evaluate the effects of burning crop residue on isopod populations and emergence rates in soybean under no-tillage management. Field studies were conducted in consecutive years (2009 and 2010) in two separate soybean fields within each year. All fields were under no-till management and had a history of damaging isopod populations. In the second chapter, we demonstrated that seed treatment with an insecticide is not a reliable strategy. Doubling normal seeding rates can potentially reduce the number of trips a grower makes across a field (single, high-density versus multiple, low-density plantings). In doing so, growers may save time and money (e.g., fuel). A high seeding rate (563,380/ha), along with a low rate (50 g a.i. / 100 kg seed) of neonicotinoid seed treatment, appears to improve soybean stands (P < 0.05). No other combinations of control methods appeared to affect stand density. In the third chapter, we show burning to be an effective strategy to directly influence isopod populations but its overall effect on soybean stands needs further investigation.
Books on the topic "Maintenance strategies integrated into production":
1
A, Rahim M., and Ben-Daya M, eds. Integrated models in production planning, inventory, quality, and maintenance. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2001.
2
Rahim, M. A., and Mohamed Ben-Daya, eds. Integrated Models in Production Planning, Inventory, Quality, and Maintenance. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1635-4.
3
Rahim, M. A. Integrated Models in Production Planning, Inventory, Quality, and Maintenance. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001.
4
Hirani, Ranomal Sanbhuji. An integrated multi-state, multi-level preventive maintenance policy for a stochastically deteriorating production system. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1997.
5
ISA--The, Instrumentation Systems and Automation Society. Integrated manufacturing solutions: Supply chain/management strategies : presented at I-X Center, Cleveland, Ohio, 25-27 June 2002. Research Triangle Park, NC: ISA - The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society, 2002.
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Coile, Russell C. The five stages of managed care: Strategies for providers, HMOs, and suppliers. Chicago, Ill: Health Administration Press, 1997.
7
Lisbeth, Sennerby-Forsse, Mitchell C. P, International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Project Group P1.09-00, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Avdelningen för energiskogsodling., and IUFRO Congress (18th : 1986 : Ljubljana, Slovenia), eds. Fuelwood production strategies: Proceedings of IUFRO Project Group P1.09.00, Integrated Research in Biomass for Energy : IUFRO XVIIIth World Congress 1986, September 9, 1986, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. Uppsala: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, Section of Energy Forestry, 1987.
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National Workshop on Nigeria's Position at the World Food Summit (1996 Abuja, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria). Integrated agricultural production in Nigeria: Strategies and mechanisms for food security : proceedings of the National Workshop on Nigeria's Position at the World Food Summit, Abuja, July 31-August 2, 1996. Abuja, Nigeria: National Agricultural Research Project, Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1997.
9
Yilbas, Bekir Sami, Umar M. Al-Turki, Tahir Ayar, and Ahmet Ziyaettin Sahin. Integrated Maintenance Planning in Manufacturing Systems. Springer, 2014.
10
Yilbas, Bekir Sami, Umar M. Al-Turki, Tahir Ayar, and Ahmet Ziyaettin Sahin. Integrated Maintenance Planning in Manufacturing Systems. Springer London, Limited, 2014.
Book chapters on the topic "Maintenance strategies integrated into production":
1
Benbouzid, Fatima, Christophe Varnier, and Nourredine Zerhouni. "Resolution of joint maintenance/production scheduling by sequential and integrated strategies." In Artificial Neural Nets Problem Solving Methods, 782–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44869-1_99.
2
May, Gökan, Nikos Kyriakoulis, Konstantinos Apostolou, Sangje Cho, Konstantinos Grevenitis, Stefanos Kokkorikos, Jovana Milenkovic, and Dimitris Kiritsis. "Predictive Maintenance Platform Based on Integrated Strategies for Increased Operating Life of Factories." In Advances in Production Management Systems. Smart Manufacturing for Industry 4.0, 279–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99707-0_35.
3
Sapcota, D., and Kashmiri Begum. "Integrated Duck Farming." In Duck Production and Management Strategies, 247–64. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6100-6_6.
4
Mughal, A., J. C. Mora, and M. Delmas. "Coupling Strategies of Integrated Biomass Refining Concept." In Clean Production, 501–48. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79940-2_22.
5
Regler, Anita. "Data-Driven Integrated Production and Maintenance Optimization." In Operations Research Proceedings, 43–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48439-2_6.
6
Pahl, Julia, Harald Rødseth, and Jan Ola Strandhagen. "Towards Smart Maintenance and Integrated Production Planning." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 765–78. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43670-3_53.
7
Murphy, Jennifer L., and Samantha Rafie. "Develop a maintenance plan." In Chronic pain and opioid management: Strategies for integrated treatment., 143–50. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000209-011.
8
Ray, Asok, and Shashi Phoha. "Integrated prognostics, maintenance and life-extending control of continuous-time production processes." In Computer-aided Maintenance, 136–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5305-2_7.
9
Ben-Daya, M., and M. A. Rahim. "Integrated Production, Quality & Maintenance Models: An Overview." In Integrated Models in Production Planning, Inventory, Quality, and Maintenance, 3–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1635-4_1.
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Altamimi, S., L. Amleh, and L. Fang. "Integrated fuzzy analytical bridge risk assessment: Multi-objective and multi-hazard framework." In Risk-Based Strategies for Bridge Maintenance, 99–107. London: CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032638294-10.
Conference papers on the topic "Maintenance strategies integrated into production":
1
Akbar, Sajjad. "Industrial Maintenance Strategies." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89148.
Abstract:
Industrial plants have become more complex due to technological advancement. This has made the task of maintenance more difficult. The maintenance costs in terms of resources and downtime loss are so high that maintenance function has become a critical factor in a plant’s profitability. Industry should devote as much forethought to the management of maintenance function as to production. Maintenance has grown from an art to a precise, technical engineering science. Planning, organizing scheduling and control of maintenance using modern techniques pays dividends in the form of reduced costs and increased reliability. The magnitude and the dimension of maintenance have multiplied due to development in the engineering technologies. Production cost and capacities are directly affected by the breakdown time. Total operating cost including the maintenance cost plays an important role in replacement dimension. The integrated system approach would bring forth the desired results of high maintenance standards. The standards once achieved and sustained, would add to the reliability of the plan and relieve heavy stresses and strains on the engineering logistic support.
2
Yan, Qi, and Hongfeng Wang. "Integrated production and maintenance strategies for a Markov-based multi-state single machine." In 2020 Chinese Automation Congress (CAC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cac51589.2020.9326527.
3
Avila Reyes, Ricardo, Miguel Machado, Mario Torre, Jitender Sharma, Gian Marcio Gey, Johnson Koa, and Thomas Edwards. "Digital Wellhead Integrated System for Production Management." In ADIPEC. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211158-ms.
Abstract:
Abstract The oil and gas industry is lagging behind many industries in the adoption of technology and digital transformation. Our industry must transform at speed and scale to reap the available benefits of such technologies. Managing well integrity through personnel physical presence at the wellsite to take recordings increases the time to react to issues, the time to collect data, and the time to implement actions, and the high field trip rates introduce an increased risk to employees. A digital wellhead integrated system (DWIS) provides information on wellhead parameters from smart instrumentation and achieves operational intelligence via edge computing. This solution improves the response time between production data and field actions to optimize and improve operational performance following workflow parameters. DWIS provides real-time monitoring, data collection, and management of well conditions, which minimizes the effects of human interactions, while providing consistent information that can be used for future health maintenance activities thus mitigating the risk of unexpected events. Cost efficient remote monitoring and control of well activities prolongs the life of the well and promotes savings. The DWIS has been deployed and successfully tested in North America, South America, and the Middle East. A single DWIS implemented with a client resulted in production gains of 400,000 bbl./yr. and reduced 10,000 miles of driving—reducing the carbon footprint in a harsh environment. By providing human intelligence at the wellsite through edge computing and smart instrumentation, data can be generated, and actions taken to reduce expensive unplanned maintenance, offline outages, resource-intensive costs, and carbon footprint. Furthermore, this infrastructure at the wellsite enables ideas for new workflow implementation such as site monitoring via computer vision and more elaborate production and optimization workflows, creating a truly intelligent asset. DWIS maintain well integrity and provide continuous monitoring to optimize oil and gas production. This DWIS supports well integrity maintenance strategies providing real-time control and well optimization enabled by smart instrumentation, surveillance systems, and intelligent workflows powered by artificial intelligence/machine learning algorithms executed at the edge and, in some instances, at the cloud level.
4
Urazov, Aibek, and Iliyas Zholshybekuly. "Integrated Production Schedule." In SPE Caspian Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/217584-ms.
Abstract:
Abstract The focus of this comprehensive study is the mitigation and prevention of incidents that may lead to potential production loss (LPO) at the Tengiz and Korolev fields, two vital components of the oil and gas industry. These fields confront numerous challenges in production and ongoing operational activities. The primary objective of this research is the development and implementation of an integrated production schedule (IPS) in conjunction with a reservoir simulation model to foresee field production performances and proactively manage production operations. The core of this process revolves around the creation of an all-encompassing IPS that covers the entire spectrum of field operations, encompassing maintenance and various capital projects. This IPS, once established, becomes the cornerstone for a reservoir simulation model that harnesses its data to predict and optimize field production performances. Consequently, this strategic integration enables the efficient administration of production activities. The principal goal of this study is to ensure that through schedule optimization, the minimization of system downtime, effective management of reserve potential, and anticipation of potential LPO scenarios become feasible. The findings derived from this research underscore the practicality and efficacy of employing IPS in tandem with a reservoir hydrodynamic model to guide the operational decisions of company. These powerful tools empower company to proactively anticipate capacity constraints, optimize whitespace utilization, and predict LPO scenarios. This proactive management strategy, which is pivotal for achieving peak performance at the Tengiz and Korolev fields, heavily relies on forecasts generated from both the IPS use cases and white space projections. The account put forth here explores the utilization of Integrated Production Schedule (IPS) in the petroleum and gas industry, suggesting a new and ground-breaking method. This approach is characterized by combining advanced modeling methodologies with an assertive attitude to counteract Lost Production Opportunities (LPO). The two-fold tactic increases understanding within this sector while also supplying beneficial enlightenment on ways field management operations could possibly be upgraded or made more efficient." Building further on the key notions and principles outlined in this synopsis, it is important to underscore the importance of implementing IPS and a reservoir simulation model within petroleum and natural gas sectors. The Tengiz and Korolev fields hold pivotal resources, thus their optimal functioning not only benefits stakeholders but also contributes vastly towards wider energy markets. Given how variable these industries can be, complications are expectedly bound to arise; hence an integrated execution of an IPS helps provide thorough countermeasures for such issues. The holistic method of Integrated Production Scheduling (IPS) offers a deliberate solution to oversee field activities. It includes everything, ranging from the routine upkeep duties to capital projects on a grand scale. Generating an IPS that extends over this broad range permits operators gain comprehensive insight into their operations. This not only boosts every day selections but also aids in long-term strategizing and distribution of resources. The inclusion of a reservoir simulation model significantly amplifies the competency of IPS. This provision helps field operators to forecast production outcomes under an array of circumstances, taking into account facets like fluid characteristics, well performance and reserve pressure. By emulating these situations, they can utilize information effectively for optimizing yield while also foreseeing possible complications. A central advantage with both IPS and reservoir simulation lies within its capacity to actively steer efforts towards output management; this is particularly relevant considering potential LPO cases. Recognizing scenarios in which productivity may be endangered allows measures in prevention ensuring continual operation flow are taken by production planning consultants proactively. Not only does such anticipatory action help reduce downtime but it credits resourceful efficiency too. Moreover, the integration of IPS and reservoir simulation plays a significant role in harnessing reserve potential. A deeper comprehension of reservoir dynamics allows operators to make educated decisions regarding both new well development and existing ones’ optimization. This enhances hydrocarbon recovery whilst consistently ensuring field sustainability. The whitespace notion is introduced as crucial within this analysis—an embodiment of surplus production capacity that may be utilized when necessary. Successful management of such whitespace permits operators swift reaction times towards abrupt demand fluctuations or unexpected productivity hurdles - an essential aspect considering oil and gas industry's rapidly shifting market environment. In summarization, the incorporation of Integrated Production Schedule along with reservoir simulation models signifies a revolutionary stride in petroleum and gas industry. It provides production consultant an advanced comprehensive method for field administration allowing them to enhance production, predict probable difficulties and make well-informed choices. This research validates not just the practicality but also the efficacy of these planning methods; its influence extends beyond Tengiz & Korolev territories into broader industry realms as well. As shifts occur within production operation dynamics, such inventive measures secure their pivotal place in aiding efficient yet lasting productivity.
5
Maharaj, Priya S., Shyam Dyal, and Kelvin Ramnath. "Health, Safety and Environmental Management Systems Auditing for an Integrated Oil and Gas Company in Trinidad and Tobago." In ASME 2002 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2002/ee-29144.
Abstract:
The Petroleum Company of Trinidad and Tobago Limited (Petrotrin) has developed and implemented a Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) Management Audit System of its Exploration and Production, and Refining and Marketing Strategic Business Units. The main objective of this internal company audit was to determine the missing ‘gaps’ or elements from the current HSE Management System and to recommend alternate HSE Management System elements to create a more efficient Management System. The audit checklists and results effectively listed the observations, problems, and compliance issues, as well as corrective actions for improvement in accordance with the ISO 14001 and HSE Guidelines of the Exploration and Production Forum and 29CFR 1910.119 - Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals, Standards as well as the Company HSE key strategic directions including: • 100% compliance with local Environmental and Safety Regulations; • Targets of zero accidents and oil spills; and • Certification HSE Management Systems, for all Company operations. Senior personnel or drivers of the management systems within the Company were interviewed using this structured approach. The results from this company wide internal audit revealed that generally the overall HSE Management Strategies have been developed, but are not fully implemented, although they are formalized in the Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety Policies of the Company. HSE is undoubtedly regarded as a priority issue within Petrotrin’s operations, however there is the need to improve the documentation of formalized HSE Management System Procedures, thereby improving the enforcement and maintenance of the management system.
6
Markov, Pavel Vladimirovich, Alexey Vladimirovich Gorshkov, and Sergey Vladimirovich Shadrin. "Complex Approach to Creation and Maintenance of Integrated Asset Models and Implementation of Digital Data Management Platform." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206536-ms.
Abstract:
Abstract The paper presents a complex approach based on the experience of the authors of this article for creating and maintaining integrated asset models (IAM) and implementing a digital data management platform. Problems of using IAM for the operational management of field development and production are that the data is not accurate, the measurements are spaced in time, and there is not enough data to understand the physical phenomena taking place. The complex approach is that to provide integrated asset models with high-quality data, it is necessary to build new processes, create new specialties and competencies, the key success factor is the combination of the experience of Customer (oil company), Internal oil-related service of Customer (geological and geophysical research), External contractor of oil-related service (the combination of experience in geological and geophysical research, experience in integrated asset modeling and operational support for field development using integrated asset modeling tools and digitalization of data management). The best way to implement the approach of creating joint Integrated Team of External and Internal oilfield service Contractors in the form of Complex Service Engineering Center, the task for which which was the organization of a cyber-physical system for collecting field data, verifying data, identifying problem areas in data, defining approaches to eliminating problem areas using tools of automation tools for working with data, the flexible management of well testing and survey programs, the operational formation of well testing and survey design for non-standard situations. Particular attention in this complex approach is paid to working with initial field data, this article provides a general scheme for verifying the various parameters of well operation and an example of its use for flow rates, as well as examples of the quality analysis of reservoir pressures based on the use of a two-dimensional one-phase proxy reservoir model and the quality analysis of GOR for a well. Based on the developed complex approach, the paper provides examples of strategic and operational problems for a field - the assessment of optimal production for a field and the assessment of oil shortfalls for a well, respectively.
7
Viale, Luca, Alessandro Paolo Daga, Luigi Garibaldi, Salvatore Caronia, and Ilaria Ronchi. "Books Trimmer Industrial Machine Knives Diagnosis: A Condition-Based Maintenance Strategy Through Vibration Monitoring via Novelty Detection." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-94547.
Abstract:
Abstract In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) is ever more exploited in all the scientific and industrial fields and is allowing significant developments in mechanical engineering too. An emblematic contribution was given in terms of safety and reliability since Machine Learning (ML) techniques permitted the monitoring and the prediction of the state of health of machinery, allowing the adoption of predictive maintenance strategies. In fact, data-driven models — based on acquisitions — attract considerable interest both thanks to its theoretical and application development. The evolution of diagnostic techniques is oriented towards Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) strategies, thus allowing improvements in terms of safety enhancement, cost reduction and increased performances. This paper proposes the development and implementation of a diagnostic/prognostic tool applied to an automated books trimmer industrial machine, implementing condition monitoring by means of accelerometers which can be integrated into a Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) system. Given its use, the core components of this production line are three knives, subjected to significant impulsive forces. Therefore, the target of the work is to infer the wear of these three knives, as they are critical elements of the machinery and have a high impact on the quality of the final product. The project was carried out in collaboration with Tecnau — an industry-leading company — which made it possible to conduct experimentation and data acquisition on their machinery. An appropriate Design Of Experiments (DOE) and the use of inferential statistical techniques — such as the ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) and the identification of significant effects — applied to the multivariate dataset allowed recognizing the most relevant features for Novelty Detection (ND). Both the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and the k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) method permitted to correctly distinguish the patterns representing the health conditions of the machinery, classifying the data in the reduced multidimensional space according to the final product quality. The results obtained in terms of accuracy are very positive and promising. This means that the developed method is able to successfully identify the state of health of the blade in spite of varying functioning parameters (book thickness and size, paper type and characteristics) and operating conditions. The algorithm speed and its integration into the industrial line make a real-time condition-based maintenance strategy possible. This diagnostic method is suitable for applications oriented to the paradigm of Industry 4.0 and the digitalization of the industrial sector, which can be integrated with the Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud systems.
8
Nathan, Kumar, M. Arif Iskandar Ghazali, M. Zahin Abdul Razak, Ismanto Marsidi, and Jamari M Shah. "Abandonment Best Practices in Unitised Area for Wells and Facilities Straddling Two Countries in Malay Basin: A Case Study." In SPE Symposium: Decommissioning and Abandonment. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208467-ms.
Abstract:
Abstract Abandonment is considered to be the last stage in the oil gas field cycle. Oil and gas industries around the world are bounded by the necessity of creating an abandonment program which is technically sound, complied to the stringent HSE requirement and to be cost-effective. Abandonment strategies were always planned as early as during the field development plan. When there are no remaining opportunities left or no commercially viable hydrocarbon is present, the field need to be abandoned to save operating and maintenance cost. The cost associated on abandonment can often be paid to the host government periodically and can be cost recoverable once the field is ready to be abandoned. In Malaysia, some of the oil producing fields are now in the late life of production thus abandonment strategies are being studied comprehensively. The interest of this paper is to share the case study of one of a field that is in its late life of production and has wells and facilities that planned to be abandon soon. The abandonment in this field is challenging because it involves two countries, as this field is in the hydrocarbon structure that straddling two countries. Series of techno-commercial discussion were held between operators of these two countries to gain an integrated understanding of the opportunity, defining a successful outcome of the opportunity and creating an aligned plan to achieve successful abandonment campaign. Thus, this paper will discuss on technical aspects of creating a caprock model, the execution strategies of abandoning the wells and facilities and economic analysis to study whether a joint campaign between the operators from two countries yields significantly lower costs or otherwise.
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Puras Trueba, Alberto, Jonathan Fernández, Carlos A. Garrido-Mendoza, Alessandro La Grotta, Jon Basurko, Nuno Fonseca, Iratxe Arrabi, Feike Savenije, and Payam Pourmand. "A Concept for Floating Offshore Wind Mooring System Integrity Management Based on Monitoring, Digital Twin and Control Technologies." In ASME 2021 40th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2021-61936.
Abstract:
Abstract Efficient operation of mooring systems is of paramount importance to reduce floating offshore wind (FOW) energy costs. MooringSense is an R&D project which explores digitization to enable the implementation of more efficient integrity management strategies (IMS) for FOW mooring systems. In this work, the MooringSense concept is presented. It includes the development of several enablers such as a mooring system digital twin, a smart motion sensor, a structural health monitoring (SHM) system and control strategies at the individual turbine and farm levels. The core of the digital twin (DT) is a high-fidelity fully coupled numerical model which integrates simulation tools to allow predictive operation and maintenance (O&M). Relevant parameters of the coupled model are updated as physical properties evolve due to damages or degradation. The DT assimilates information coming from the physical asset and environmental sensors. Besides, a smart motion sensor provides feedback of the attitude, position, and velocity of the floater to allow the computation of virtual loads in the mooring lines, the detection of damages by the SHM system and the implementation of closed-loop control strategies. Finally, the IMS takes advantage of the mooring system updated condition information to optimize O&M, reduce costs and increase energy production.
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Reddicharla, Nagaraju, Shamma Saeed Alshehhi, Amit Kumar, Sarath Konkati, Mayada Sultan Ali, and Ayman Elmansour. "A Novel Digital Framework for Intelligent and Real-Time Water Injection System Management." In SPE Water Lifecycle Management Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/219029-ms.
Abstract:
Abstract In line with ADNOC production growth strategy, water injection management is seen as one of the key field development strategies to achieve the mandated production target as it will maintain reservoir pressure as well as improve sweep efficiency and increase field recovery factor. In view of this, it is crucial to ensure an effective integrated water injection system with sufficient water supply capacity is in place. ADNOC Onshore has set-up unique digital framework to manage the system with increased levels of consistent production through increased uptime, while also reducing maintenance costs and lowering overall risk This digital framework integrated with three types of analytics that businesses use to drive their decision making. Real time monitoring has been implemented as a foundation layer for water injection system consisting of water supply wells, surface pumps and water injection wells. Descriptive Analytics uses data aggregation and data mining to provide insight into the past such as down time analysis & down time root causes. These analytics are useful because they allow us to learn from past behaviors and understand how they might influence future outcomes. The next layer is predictive Analytics, which uses statistical models and forecasting techniques to understand the future. The failure prediction models have been implemented to predict ESP failures in water supply wells and pump failures in surface pumps. This provides actionable insights based on data. The relatively new field of prescriptive analytics allows users to "prescribe" several different possible actions and guide them towards a solution. In a nutshell, these analytics are all about providing advice. Prescriptive analytics attempts to quantify the effect of future decisions to advise on possible outcomes before the decisions are made. This framework integrates all essential elements of water injection surveillance and analysis into a fully digitized intelligent system, it significantly reduces total operating costs, and substantially decreases production risks. This intelligent system has been implemented across multiple fields consisting of several hundred injectors and supply wells. Digital transformation is changing the way operates on a scale for managing water injection system. The comprehensive real-time and near-real-time reporting the system provides gives an unparalleled level of transparency into all the daily field operations that are carried out on their assets, directly and unfiltered from the sensors and digitized processes. This paper describes the unique digital framework aligned with data analytics for managing water injection system.
Reports on the topic "Maintenance strategies integrated into production":
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Brosh, Arieh, Gordon Carstens, Kristen Johnson, Ariel Shabtay, Joshuah Miron, Yoav Aharoni, Luis Tedeschi, and Ilan Halachmi. Enhancing Sustainability of Cattle Production Systems through Discovery of Biomarkers for Feed Efficiency. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592644.bard.
Abstract:
Feed inputs represent the largest variable cost of producing meat and milk from ruminant animals. Thus, strategies that improve the efficiency of feed utilization are needed to improve the global competitiveness of Israeli and U.S. cattle industries, and mitigate their environmental impact through reductions in nutrient excretions and greenhouse gas emissions. Implementation of innovative technologies that will enhance genetic merit for feed efficiency is arguably one of the most cost-effective strategies to meet future demands for animal-protein foods in an environmentally sustainable manner. While considerable genetic variation in feed efficiency exist within cattle populations, the expense of measuring individual-animal feed intake has precluded implementation of selection programs that target this trait. Residual feed intake (RFI) is a trait that quantifies between-animal variation in feed intake beyond that expected to meet energy requirements for maintenance and production, with efficient animals being those that eat less than expected for a given size and level of production. There remains a critical need to understand the biological drivers for genetic variation in RFI to facilitate development of effective selection programs in the future. Therefore, the aim of this project was to determine the biological basis for phenotypic variation in RFI of growing and lactating cattle, and discover metabolic biomarkers of RFI for early and more cost-effective selection of cattle for feed efficiency. Objectives were to: (1) Characterize the phenotypic relationships between RFI and production traits (growth or lactation), (2) Quantify inter-animal variation in residual HP, (3) Determine if divergent RFIphenotypes differ in HP, residual HP, recovered energy and digestibility, and (4) Determine if divergent RFI phenotypes differ in physical activity, feeding behavior traits, serum hormones and metabolites and hepatic mitochondrial traits. The major research findings from this project to date include: In lactating dairy cattle, substantial phenotypic variation in RFI was demonstrated as cows classified as having low RMEI consumed 17% less MEI than high-RMEI cows despite having similar body size and lactation productivity. Further, between-animal variation in RMEI was found to moderately associated with differences in RHP demonstrating that maintenance energy requirements contribute to observed differences in RFI. Quantifying energetic efficiency of dairy cows using RHP revealed that substantial changes occur as week of lactation advances—thus it will be critical to measure RMEI at a standardized stage of lactation. Finally, to determine RMEI in lactating dairy cows, individual DMI and production data should be collected for a minimum of 6 wk. We demonstrated that a favorably association exists between RFI in growing heifers and efficiency of forage utilization in pregnant cows. Therefore, results indicate that female progeny from parents selected for low RFI during postweaning development will also be efficient as mature females, which has positive implications for both dairy and beef cattle industries. Results from the beef cattle studies further extend our knowledge regarding the biological drivers of phenotypic variation in RFI of growing animals, and demonstrate that significant differences in feeding behavioral patterns, digestibility and heart rate exist between animals with divergent RFI. Feeding behavior traits may be an effective biomarker trait for RFI in beef and dairy cattle. There are differences in mitochondrial acceptor control and respiratory control ratios between calves with divergent RFI suggesting that variation in mitochondrial metabolism may be visible at the genome level. Multiple genes associated with mitochondrial energy processes are altered by RFI phenotype and some of these genes are associated with mitochondrial energy expenditure and major cellular pathways involved in regulation of immune responses and energy metabolism.
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Lee, Huey-Lin, Thomas Hertel, Brent Sohngen, and Navin Ramankutty. Towards An Integrated Land Use Database for Assessing the Potential for Greenhouse Gas Mitigation. GTAP Technical Paper, December 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.tp25.
Abstract:
This paper describes the GTAP Land Use Data Base designed to support integrated assessments of the potential for greenhouse gas mitigation. It disaggregates land use by agro-ecological zone (AEZ). To do so, it draws upon global land cover data bases, as well as state-of-the-art definition of AEZs from the FAO and IIASA. Agro-ecological zoning segments a parcel of land into smaller units according to agro-ecological characteristics, including: precipitation, temperature, soil type, terrain conditions, etc. Each zone has a similar combination of constraints and potential for land use. In the GTAP-AEZ Data Base, there are 18 AEZs, covering six different lengths of growing period spread over three different climatic zones. Land using activities include crop production, livestock raising, and forestry. In so doing, this extension of the standard GTAP Data Base permits a much more refined characterization of the potential for shifting land use amongst these different activities. When combined with information on greenhouse gas emissions, this data base permits economists interested in integrated assessment of climate change to better assess the role of land use change in greenhouse gases mitigation strategies.
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Quak, Evert-jan. Lessons Learned from Market Shaping Interventions to Stimulate Vaccine Production in LMIC. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.009.
Abstract:
This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on the lessons learned on how market shaping tools can be used to stimulate vaccine production in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with a focus on Africa. The purpose is to learn from these interventions in the context of shaping the vaccine markets in Africa to become less dependent on imports and to stimulate local production of vaccines. The rapid review concludes that it is the combination of market shaping tools (supply and demand sides) with efforts to mobilise resources and a clear industrial policy and strategy with long-term political commitment that is needed to develop fully integrated vaccine facilities in LMICs at the national and regional levels. These facilities or “vaccine manufacturing networks” in LMICs, particularly in Africa, need to sell below their production cost for many years after entering the market. This is because they compete within well-established global vaccine markets to which the low-income countries have access through pooled procurement mechanisms. This means that governments in low-income countries have arguably good access to affordable but imported vaccines while needing heavy investment and subsidies to develop competitive vaccine manufacturers. The literature on market-shaping is mainly conceptual without mentioning much empirical evidence. It has a bias on firms and presumes firm strategies to shape markets for their own benefit. The literature often underestimates the role that governments play in shaping markets. As such, this rapid review relies on other sources to investigate the interventions by governments to shape markets and how donors could support these governments in their efforts.
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Pérez Pazos, Jazmín, Lily Luna Castellanos, and Oscar Burbano Figueroa. Biomass accumulation response of cassava (Manihot esculenta C.) to NPK fertilization and biofertilizers in two soil types under greenhouse conditions. Corporación colombiana de investigación agropecuaria - AGROSAVIA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21930/agrosavia.poster.2018.2.
Abstract:
Cassava is one of the agricultural products of importance to food security in most developing countries. 50% of national production is concentrated in the Caribbean region, however, yields are low, as a consequence of the poor level of technification of the crop (MADR, 2006). The validation of practices associated with fertilization and the use of beneficial microorganisms is one of the alternatives to be included in the integrated management strategies of the crop.
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Banerjee, Onil, Martin Cicowiez, Ana Rios, and Cicero De Lima. Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture in Latin America and the Caribbean: An Application of the Integrated Economic-Environmental Modeling (IEEM) Platform. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003794.
Abstract:
In this paper, we assess the economy-wide impact of Climate Change (CC) on agriculture and food security in 20 Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) countries. Specifically, we focus on the following three channels through which CC may affect agricultural and non-agricultural production: (i) agricultural yields; (ii) labor productivity in agriculture, and; (iii) economy-wide labor productivity. We implement the analysis using the Integrated Economic-Environmental Model (IEEM) and databases for 20 LAC available through the OPEN IEEM Platform. Our analysis identifies those countries most affected according to key indicators including Gross Domestic Product (GDP), international commerce, sectoral output, poverty, and emissions. Most countries experience negative impacts on GDP, with the exception of the major soybean producing countries, namely, Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. We find that CC-induced crop productivity and labor productivity changes affect countries differently. The combined impact, however, indicates that Belize, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Paraguay would fare the worst. Early identification of these hardest hit countries can enable policy makers pre-empting these effects and beginning the design of adaptation strategies early on. In terms of greenhouse gas emissions, only Argentina, Chile and Uruguay would experience small increases in emissions.
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Bloch, G., and H. S. Woodard. regulation of size related division of labor in a key pollinator and its impact on crop pollination efficacy. Israel: United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2021.8134168.bard.
Abstract:
Despite the rapid increase in reliance on bumble bees for food production and security, there are many critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of bumble bee biology that limit their colony production, commercial management, and pollination services. Our project focuses on the social, endocrine, and molecular processes regulating body size in the two bumble bee species most important to agriculture: Bombus terrestris in Israel, and B. impatiens in the USA. Variation in body size underline both caste (queen/worker) differentiation and division of labor among workers (foragers are typically larger than nest bees), two hallmarks of insect sociality which are also crucial for the commercial rearing and crop pollination services of bumble bees. Our project has generated several fundamental new insights into the biology of bumble bees, which can be integrated into science-based management strategies for commercial pollination. Using transcriptomic and behavioral approaches we show that in spite of high flexibility, task performance (brood care or foraging) in bumble bee colonies is associated with physiological variation and differential brain gene expression and RNA editing patterns. We further showed that interactions between the brood, the queen, and the workers determine the developmental program of the larva. We identified two important periods. The first is a critical period during the first few days after hatching. Larvae fed by queens during this period develop over less days, are not likely to develop into gynes, and commonly reach a smaller ultimate body size compared to workers reared mostly or solely by workers. The facial exocrine (mandibular and hypopharangeal) glands are involved in this queen effect on larva development. The second period is important for determining the ultimate body size which is positively regulated by the number of tending workers. The presence of the queen during this stage has little, if at all, influence. We further show that stressors such as agrochemicals that interfere with foraging or brood care specific processes can compromise bumble bee colony development and their pollination performance. We also developed new technology (an RFID system) for automated collection of foraging trip data, for future deployment in agroecosystems. In spite of many similarities, our findings suggest important differences between the Eurasian model species (B. terrestris) and the North American model species (B. impatiens) that impact how management strategies translate across the two species. For example, there is a similar influence of the queen on offspring body size in both species, but this effect does not appear to be mediated by development time in B. impatiens as it is in B. terrestris. Taken together, our collaboration highlights the power of comparative work, to show that considerable differences that exist between these two key pollinator species, and in the organization of young bumble bee nests (wherein queens provide the majority of care and then transition away from brood care) relative to later stages of nest development.
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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, Boaz Shaanan, Oren Froy, Dalia Gordon, Daewoo Lee, and Yong Zhao. Interacting Domains of Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins and their Sodium Channel Binding Sites: Structure, Cooperative Interactions with Agrochemicals, and Application. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7585190.bard.
Abstract:
Integrated pest management in modern crop protection may combine chemical and biological insecticides, particularly due to the risks to the environment and livestock arising from the massive use of non-selective chemicals. Thus, there is a need for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and non-toxic to warm-blooded animals. Therefore, integration of these substances into insect pest control strategies is of major importance. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chemical insecticides if they produce a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. Based on these considerations, our major objectives were: 1) To elucidate the three-dimensional structure and toxic-site of scorpion excitatory, "depressant, and anti-insect alpha toxins. 2) To obtain an initial view to the sodium channel recognition sites of the above toxins by generating peptide decoys through a phage display system. 3) To investigate the synergism between toxins and chemical insecticides. Our approach was to develop a suitable expression system for toxin production in a recombinant form and for elucidation of toxin bioactive sites via mutagenesis. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins with pyrethroids were studied at the sodium channel level using electrophysiological methods. Objective 1 was achieved for the alpha toxin, LqhaIT Zilberberg et al., 1996, 1997; Tugarinov et al., 1997; Froy et al., 2002), and the excitatory toxin, Bj-xtrIT (Oren et al., 1998; Froy et al., 1999; unpublished data). The bioactive surface of the depressant toxin, LqhIT2, has been clarified and a crystal of the toxin is now being analyzed (unpublished). Objective 2 was not successful thus far as no phages that recognize the toxins were obtained. We therefore initiated recently an alternative approach, which is introduction of mutations into recombinant channels and creation of channel chimeras. Objective 3 was undertaken at Riverside and the results demonstrated synergism between LqhaIT or AaIT and pyrethroids (Lee et al., 2002). Furthermore, negative cross-resistance between pyrethroids and scorpion toxins (LqhaIT and AaIT) was demonstrated at the molecular level. Although our study did not yield a product, it paves the way for future design of selective pesticides by capitalizing on the natural competence of scorpion toxins to distinguish between sodium channels of insects and vertebrates. We also show that future application of anti-insect toxins may enable to decrease the amounts of chemical pesticides due to their synergism.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
Abstract:
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar, and Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.
Abstract:
Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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Private sector and food security. Commercial Agriculture for Smallholders and Agribusiness (CASA), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/20240191178.
Abstract:
The global community is facing escalating acute food insecurity crises, predominantly in Sub- Saharan Africa, due to climate change, the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and COVID-19 shocks. Related impacts on donor government budgets, domestic conflicts and limited fiscal capacity in countries already experiencing acute food insecurity, often on top of high chronic food insecurity levels, further exacerbate the issue. This policy brief examines the potential of private sector financing to alleviate acute food insecurity, through providing a targeted review of key mechanisms for mobilizing private sector investment in priority regions affected by acute food insecurity. These mechanisms include (1) donor-private sector partnerships, (2) private sector industry initiatives, and (3) standalone investors and institutions. They have been analysed through case studies and stakeholder consultations, to offer insights into the potential of private sector investment to address acute food insecurity challenges. The analysis emphasizes the role of private sector commercial investment, including short-term investments in addressing immediate food supply needs and medium- to long-term investments in enhancing the resilience of local food systems, focusing on geographies experiencing Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) Acute Food Insecurity Phases 2 and 3.1 These are acute food insecurity contexts where the private sector might still perceive a viable investment opportunity and where such investments can contribute to building more resilient food systems. Based on this initial review of mechanisms to mobilize private sector financing, the brief concludes that private sector financing has a role to play in building the resilience of medium-term food systems in order to prevent future emergencies, but that it is not suitable for addressing short-term, urgent financing needs related to acute food insecurity that is at crisis levels or near to them. Private sector investors also need significant de-risking and blended finance in countries that are most affected by acute food insecurity, as well as policy predictability and demonstrated national commitments to domestic and regional food and agriculture strategies, due to the long timeframes of, and risks for, most agricultural investments. This indicates that substantial additional donor and public sector intervention is needed to catalyse private sector investment and to direct it towards investments that will have the biggest impact on food security. Learnings from the case studies and other documents reviewed for this policy brief, along with interviews with a range of sectoral stakeholders, indicate that initiatives to mobilize private sector investment should prioritize two objectives so as to achieve the most food security impact. These will shift countries that are experiencing acute food insecurity away from exporting unprocessed agricultural production and importing consumable food and towards national and regional processing and value addition for local consumption. First, focus efforts on catalysing private investment in local agricultural processing and value addition. The missing value chain link in many acutely food-insecure countries is local processing and value addition capacity, which would also provide local off-take for domestic agricultural production. Many initiatives to date have not focused on this piece of the equation, but rather on access to inputs and smallholder farmer support. Second, leverage blended financing to mobilize local financial institutional lending to processing and value addition SMEs. Local currency lending is often the type of financing that agricultural SMEs most need: SME financing needs are not well-matched with the types of foreign currency investment that development finance institutions (DFIs) and other international investors offer, especially with regard to ticket size and return expectations. This brief also recognizes the limitations of its approach and the complexity of the dynamics around using private sector investment to alleviate acute food insecurity. Therefore, the brief concludes by highlighting critical questions for further research, including the positioning of smallholder engagement for food security, innovation in blended financing instruments, and enabling trade and agricultural policy frameworks.