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Journal articles on the topic 'Main pipelines'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Raczyński, P., and K. Warnke. "Ultrasonic diagnostics of main pipelines." Advances in Materials Science 17, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/adms-2017-0020.

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Abstract The main pipelines, like many engineering structures, are subject to high operational safety standards. The safety of their operation is supervised by various institutions from the operator, including supervisors such as the Office of Technical Inspection. Safe operation requires knowledge of their technical condition and trends. One of the important sources of information on the condition of pipelines is their periodic inspection carried out with so-called smart pigs. As a result of the inspection, the operator expects the following questions to be answered: what is the condition of the pipeline examined; where and what metal losses are occurring in its construction; what are the hazards causing these damages for the safety of the pipeline operation; what is the rate of increase in the size of metal losses in the pipeline wall. This article presents technical solutions and methodology to answer the above questions.

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2

Kitaev, S. V., N. M. Darsalia, I. R. Baykov, and O. V. Smorodova. "THE MAIN GAS PIPELINES DEFECTS ANALYZING BY OPERATION PERIOD AND EXTENSION." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 6 (January 20, 2019): 93–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2018-6-93-99.

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The gas pipeline system of PJSC «Gazprom» is at the stage of long-term operation. Most of the pipelines exceed the standard service life of 33 years, while considerable resources are required to maintain the trunk gas pipelines in an efficient state. The article analyzes the defectiveness of gas mains by the example of LLC «Gazprom transgaz Ufa». The company’s gas pipeline system consists of a wide range of diameters pipes ranging from DN 400 to DN 1400 mm. Its structure is dominated by pipelines with a diameter of DN 400, 500, 700, 1400 mm, which share exceeds 86 %. An integral Gini index is proposed for monitoring the differentiation of defects along the length of the line pipe of the main gas pipelines. By the value of the proposed indicator, it is possible to analyze and compare the sections of gas pipelines among themselves, to identify the signs that affect the development of defects along the line pipe of the main gas pipelines.

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3

Котляревский and Vladimir Kotlyarevskiy. "Condition Forecasting of Underground Main Pipelines in Permafrost Regions." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 3 (June 25, 2013): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/444.

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The problems relating to assessment of pipelines operated in the permafrost were analyzed and the need to resolve them was justified. Possible methods and software tools allowing the systematic approach implementation to forecasting the stress state of pipelines were presented. The strength prediction algorithm of main pipelines upon deformation due to the soil subsidence in the thawing areoles in permafrost sections was shown. The calculation of thawing and subsidence zone is based on existing rules with adaptation to underground pipelines. For operation safety control the alternative calculations of main oil pipeline durability for real conditions of the route section in the Amur region district have been executed.

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4

Salnikov, A. V., and A. A. Ignatik. "Application of the combined probabilisticstatistical methods of quantitative assessment of strength and durability of main pipelines with single and combined defects." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 5 (November 17, 2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2019-5-115-124.

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Main gas and oil pipelines are the most important objects of the fuel and energy complex of the state. They are subjected to strict requirements for reliable and safe operation. Therefore, it is necessary to assess their strength (current strength) and durability (prediction strength) when operating main pipelines. The wall of the pipes of the existing main pipelines is subjected to various loads and influences. To prevent pipeline failure, strength and durability calculations are performed. The parameters of the load and mechanical resistance of the pipes are taken into account when calculating. Therefore, the "load — resistance" model is used to quantify the reliability of the main pipeline. This paper presents the main theoretical provisions of the methodology for assessing the strength and durability of trunk pipelines with single and combined defects in the framework of a combined probabilistic-statistical approach, and also an example of the use of the technique for a section of a trunk pipeline examined by an inline flaw detector.

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5

Karmanova, S. V., I. S. Glushankova, G. S. Arzamasova, and A. A. Cherepanov. "Investigation of Thermal Destruction Processes of Waste Insulation of Main Gas Pipelines." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 10 (October 5, 2018): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-10-28-33.

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The possibility of applying the thermal method for neutralizing waste re-insulation during the major overhaul of main gas pipelines is considered. The initial composition of the organic part of the waste is shown. The thermal effects observed during the decomposition of waste in a controlled atmosphere, the composition of waste gases and the results of thermal analysis of waste samples resulting from the replacement of insulation of gas pipelines selected for maintenance and repair of linear sections of main gas pipelines are examined. Ways of solving the problem of elimination of waste generated during the gas pipeline overhaul are suggested.

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6

Makharadze, Leon. "Lifting Non-Return Valves and Pipe Fittings for Pressure Main Hydraulic Transport Systems." Works of Georgian Technical University, no. 1(523) (March 25, 2022): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36073/1512-0996-2022-1-173-182.

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The purpose of lifting non-return valves and pipe fastening devices for pressure main hydraulic transport systems (for water pipes, pulse pipelines, oil pipelines, oil product pipelines) is to provide restraints during transient modes and hydraulic shocks in similar systems. The lift of the retractable valve is a hollow connected to a damping device, and the demodulator is made in the form of telescopically interlocked cylinders, the central cylinder of which is rigidly mounted on a hollow chord. The device for fixing the pressure main pipeline, which contains a concrete support, with a part partially recessed into the ground, is different. Its aboveground part is made in the form of horizontal and vertical openings with covers, while in the openings along the perimeter of the pipeline near the opening cover, arcuate bobbins are connected by means of springs, in which damping elements of spherical shape having different masses are freely located.

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7

Muravyeva, Liudmila, and Nikolai Vatin. "Risk Assessment for a Main Pipeline under Severe Soil Conditions on Exposure to Seismic Forces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 635-637 (September 2014): 468–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.635-637.468.

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Main Pipelines of the Russian Federation are critical energy facilities that make a significant contribution to the operation of power industry as a whole. Earthquakes are almost always followed by an increase in the accident rate on pipelines. Therefore, there is a reason to suppose that seismic forces (even minor ones) accelerate failure occurrence in a number of pipeline sections and serve as “the last straw” that causes accidents. The pipelines incur the most severe damage when the route is co directional to the seismic strain vector.

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8

Anatoliy, Bazhenov, Bondareva Galina, Grivennaya Natalia, Malygin Sergey, and Goryainov Mikhail. "Main Pipelines Corrosion Monitoring Device." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 50 (January 2017): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/50/1/012032.

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9

Bondarenko, O. G. "THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS AND FEATURES OF THE LOW-FREQUENCY WAVE PROCESS IN THE STRETCHED PIPELINES." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 1(42) (June 27, 2019): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-1(42)-5-23.

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The problem of determining the technical condition of various pipeline systems, ensuring their reliable аnd safe operation has recently become the subject of geopolitics. In this situation, constant monitoring of their technical condition is essential for the maintenance of pipelines. However, it is technically difficult to monitor the technical state of pipelines by conventional methods of non-destructive testing (NDT). An analysis of the essence of the wave process in diagnosing the technical condition of long pipelines by low-frequency ultrasound directed waves is performed. The types of modes of directed waves and peculiarities of the wave process in the solid medium of the pipeline are given. Dispersed diagrams of ound velocities for different modes of directed waves are considered, on the basis of which their main features are formulated in the diagnosis of the technical state of extended pipelines. The analysis of the wave process in the long pipeline from the position of the acoustic location of its solid medium by low-frequency directional waves is made, the model of the active localization system is developed in diagnosing the technical state of the pipeline, the principles of excitation and displacement of the particles of the medium of the pipe wall are considered in the distribution of longitudinal, twisted and bending mods of low-frequency ultrasonic directed waves. When choosing the frequency and mode of the directed wave to diagnose the technical state of long pipes, it is necessary to take into account that the directed wave is the result of the interaction of the vibrations generated by the transducers with the pipe surface. A significant factor determining the efficiency of energy transfer from the antenna to the body of the drainage pipeline is the harmonization of the internal resistance of the converter and the load due to the static force of pressing the piezoelectric transducers to the pipe surface. When creating systems of low-frequency ultrasonic diagnostics of long-distance pipelines directed waves it is necessary to take into account the main features of the wave process, which has a complicated mechanism of propagation over the thickness of the pipe wall.

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10

Mehdiyev, F. R. "Detection of oil losses in main pipeline damage." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2021-3-31-39.

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The enterprises and companies dealing with the oil transportation and operation of oil pipeline pay special attention to the improvement of methods for spill detection and prevention of oil losses. The improvement of the methods and means of failure prevention, development of reliable ways of pipeline protection from corrosion, as well as the methods of well-timed specifiction of damage point and loss elimination are necessary for efficient control of oil losses in the failures. The paper analyzes the reasons for occurring failures in the main pipelines. The graphic-analytical method for definition of damage point within the pipeline is presented as well.

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11

Eminov, R. A., and E. I. Huseynli. "GENERAL CONCEPT FOR DEVELOPMENT OF UNIVERSAL LASER SCANNERS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND EXPLOITATION OF MAIN GAS PIPELINES." Kontrol'. Diagnostika, no. 254 (2019): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14489/td.2019.08.pp.054-059.

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The article is devoted on development of general concept for development of diagnostic-geodesy laser scanners useful for both the geodesy support of construction and exploitation of main gas pipelines. The carried out review of existing works on such an extension of functional capabilities of laser scanners in direction of combination of geodesy and diagnostic functions of laser at the stages of construction and exploitation of gas pipelines shown absence of any works in such direction. The possibility of technical realization of such extension of functions of laser scanner are considered. The general task on development of laser scanners operating in infrared band for construction and exploitation of gas pipelines is formulated. Optimization of functioning regime of laser scanner working in regime of detection of gas leaks in main gas pipelines is carried out. Synthesis of specialized laser scanner capable to realize functions of geodesy laser scanner during pipeline construction and functions of diagnostics that is detection of gas leaks in stage of pipeline exploitation is carried out. It is shown that technical realization of calculated optimum interrelation between main functional parameters of the system can be realized during serial measurements by organization of adaptive control of laser beam power depending on distance between measuring instrument and gas pipeline. At the same time the system should be equipped by laser distance meter included into gas leak detection system operating in adaptive regime.

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12

Razboynikov, Aleksandr A., and Nikolay S. Barsukov. "Improving the methodology for technical assessment of the linear part of main gas pipelines." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2019-3-102-111.

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Today evaluation of the technical assessment of the linear part of main gas pipeline is one of the most important tasks of pipeline operation. However, many assessment methodologies provide only a partial picture of the technical condition and don’t take into account the conditions for pipeline laying. This article discusses the improvement of methods for technical assessment of main gas pipelines.

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13

Котляревский, Vladimir Kotlyarevskiy, Ларионов, Valeriy Larionov, Александров, Anatoliy Aleksandrov, Сущев, and Sergey Sushchev. "Assessment of Seismic Vulnerability of the Main Pipelines in Information Deficiency Conditions." Safety in Technosphere 2, no. 1 (February 25, 2013): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/208.

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Operation in difficult climatic conditions and the large extent of the main gas and oil pipelines causes the need of search of new decisions for ensuring the reliable and safe operation of pipeline transport objects. The technique offered in this article is based on the plotting of seismic vulnerability function of the main pipeline embedded in soil by calculated dynamic analysis of stresseddeformed state in conditions of experimental information lack.

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14

Ignatik, А. А. "Application of Vibrating Wire Strain Gages for Evaluating Main Pipeline Stress-Strain State." Oil and Gas Technologies 137, no. 6 (2021): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2021-137-6-57-61.

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The use of anti-turbulent and depressant additives makes it possible to increase the efficiency of oil pipelines trThis article considers the physical basis of the vibrating wire method of monitoring the stress-strain state of the pipe walls. A laboratory experiment performed on a stand for measuring pipe strains during its bending by vibrating wire strain gages is described. The values of longitudinal strains obtained by vibrating wire and electrical strain gage methods are compared. The geometric task of determining the deflection of the strain gage wire when it is installed in the circumferential direction on pipelines of different diameters is solved in order to assess the reliability of the strain gage readings. The main points of the methodology for evaluating the stress-strain state of main pipelines by the vibrating wire method are considered and the classification of pipeline section functional state is proposed.

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15

Nuriddinov, B. B., F. M. Mugallimov, I. F. Mugallimov, and B. F. Mugallimov. "Problems of safe operation of pipelines with high flow rates of the pumped product and the main solutions." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032063.

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Abstract The process of cleaning and diagnostics of pipelines with high flow rates of the pumped product causes some difficulties due to the uncontrolled increase in the speed of the in-line device, and as a result, such sharp changes in speed lead to the loss of diagnostic data in many sections of the pipeline, cleaning is performed with less efficiency. This article discusses in detail the problems of operating pipelines with high flow rates of the pumped product and the main solutions. The problems of uneven movement of in-line devices in pipelines with high flow rates are considered in more detail. Special attention is paid to the problems of experience in the operation and use of in-line diagnostic devices in Russia and abroad. The process of cleaning and diagnostics of pipelines with high flow rates of the pumped product causes some difficulties due to the uncontrolled increase in the speed of the in-line device, and as a result, such sharp changes in speed lead to the loss of diagnostic data in many sections of the pipeline, cleaning is performed with less efficiency. Possible solutions to these problems are described in detail, such as: the correct choice of the in-line device used, bypassing part of the pumped product through bypass holes, reducing the volume of pumping of the transported product during cleaning and in-line diagnostics, creating back pressure at the end of the pipeline.

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16

Savin, I. A., and M. Akhmedeev. "Connection of the Steel Pipes Having a Polymeric Covering on Internal and External Surfaces." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.766.

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The article investigates the issues of pipeline transport and the methods of protecting pipelines from corrosion, as well as the manufacture of pipes with internal and external coatings and proceeding construction of pipelines. The main objective of this article is to obtain a reliable and durable pipeline with internal and external coatings, as well as to preserve pipeline capacity and ease its installation.

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17

Bolonnyi, V. Т. "Modification of Mode Parameters of Main Oil Pipelines under the Condition of Depressurizing." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 1(74) (March 31, 2020): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2020-1(74)-26-35.

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The characteristics of Ukrainian oil transportation system are presented; the emergency risks of Ukrainian oil pipelines are established. The analysis of the accident rate of oil pipeline transportation in Ukraine, Russia and the USA was carried out. The processes of initiation and progression of man-made emergencies in Ukraine during the oil pipelines operation are considered. The article presents the technique of specifying the incidental pressure in a pipeline, depending on the amount of oil loss at the site of oil leaks. It gives an opportunity to calculate the amount of oil loss and to evaluate the environmental hazards caused by oil pipeline transportation emergencies. It is based on the equations of motion and continuity of fluid flow. This technique makes it possible to calculate the pressure at each point of a pipeline in transient mode caused by changes in pressure at the beginning and at the end of the section and the emergence of concentrated oil offtake. It also gives an opportunity to monitor the change in mode parameters along the pipeline under conditions of pipeline depressurization. Maximum discrepancy in calculation results becomes typical when the range of fluctuations is maximal. It has been established that discrepancy increases when the distance from the source of perturbation becomes bigger. The discrepancy in calculation results is practically non-existent for the pressure fluctuations at the point of perturbation start (). Based on the results of calculations, the author constructs a graph of pressure change of the oscillatory process in the oil pipeline caused by the jump in the pressure at the beginning and at the end of the section, and the presence of probable leaks at the certain point of the pipeline route. The line section of the main oil pipelines is the most dangerous part since all emergencies are associated with emergency processes of different intensity in the form of outflow of oil into the environment, and are dangerous because of system breakdowns can take place. Both the process of the generation of the oil pollution zone and its time period depend on the amount of oil leakage, its intensity and depth of the oil pipeline.

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18

Zhang, Bo, Rui Gong, Tao Wang, and Zhuo Wang. "Causes and Treatment Measures of Submarine Pipeline Free-Spanning." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 5 (May 8, 2020): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050329.

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Submarine pipelines, as arteries for offshore oil and gas transportation, play a particularly important role in the exploitation of offshore oil and gas resources. Since the world’s first submarine pipelines were laid in the Gulf of Mexico, numerous failures have been caused by pipeline free-spanning. This paper provides a review of the causes and treatment measures for the free span of submarine pipeline. Various factors cause the free span of submarine pipelines, including wave flow scouring, fluctuations in seabed topography, residual stress or thermal stress of pipelines, and human activities. The scour of the wave current is the main factor affecting free span; the research on sediment starting and equilibrium depth during scour is reviewed in-depth. For the span treatment of submarine pipelines, the main measures available at present include the re-digging trench burying, structural support, covering bionic water plants, and choke plate self-burying. For each, the principle, advantages, disadvantages, and research are discussed. This review provides a convenient resource for understanding the causes of submarine free-spanning pipelines and choosing suitable treatment measures.

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19

Seth, Debtanu, Bappaditya Manna, Jagdish Telangrao Shahu, Tiago Fazeres-Ferradosa, Francisco Taveira Pinto, and Paulo Jorge Rosa-Santos. "Buckling Mechanism of Offshore Pipelines: A State of the Art." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9101074.

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The buckling analysis of an offshore pipeline refers to the analysis of temperature-induced uplift and lateral buckling of pipelines by analytical, numerical, and experimental means. Thus, the current study discusses different research performed on thermal pipe-buckling and the different factors affecting the pipeline’s buckling behaviour. The current study consists of the dependency of the pipe-buckling direction on the seabed features and burial condition; the pre-buckling and post-buckling load-displacement behaviour of the pipeline; the effect of soil weight, burial depth, axial resistance, imperfection amplitude, temperature difference, interface tensile capacity, and diameter-to-thickness ratio on the uplift and lateral resistance; and the failure mechanism of the pipeline. Moreover, the effect of external hydrostatic pressure, bending moment, initial imperfection, sectional rigidity, and diameter-to-thickness ratio of the pipeline on collapse load of the pipeline during buckling were also included in the study. This work highlights the existing knowledge on the topic along with the main findings performed up to recent research. In addition, the reference literature on the topic is given and analysed to contribute to a broad perspective on buckling analysis of offshore pipelines. This work provides a starting point to identify further innovation and development guidelines for professionals and researchers dealing with offshore pipelines, which are key infrastructures for numerous maritime applications.

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20

DROŹDZIEL, Paweł, Tetiana VITENKO, Liubomyr ZHOVTULIA, Andrii YAVORSKYI, Andrii OLIINYK, Ihor RYBITSKYI, Liubomyr POBEREZHNY, Pavlo POPOVYCH, Oksana SHEVCHUK, and Vasyl POPOVYCH. "Non-contact method of estimation of stress-strain state of underground pipelines during transportation of oil and gas." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 109 (December 1, 2020): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2020.109.2.

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Development and implementation of contactless methods for determining the stress-strain state of pipelines in the process of transportation of energy hydrocarbons is important for ensuring its safe operation. The authors developed a method for determining the change in the stress-strain state of the underground part of the main oil and gas pipelines according to the data about the displacement of a certain set of points of the axis of the pipeline. This study was conducted on a linear section of the main gas pipeline, where a landslide in 2010 created a force pressure on the pipeline, resulting in a pipeline rupture.

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21

Vilkys, Tadas, and Vitalijus Rudzinskas. "THE MAIN GAS PIPELINES MECHANICAL DAMAGE INFLUENCE ON SAFE OPERATION / MAGISTRALINIO DUJOTIEKIO MECHANINIŲ PAŽEIDIMŲ ĮTAKA SAUGIAM EKSPLOATAVIMUI." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 7, no. 6 (April 1, 2016): 658–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2015.888.

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The influence of mechanical damage of the gas transmission pipelines on safe pipelines operation was researched in the article. The paper presents the main pipelines damage types with actual parameters and influence on operational parameters. The main pipeline Kaunas – Kaliningrad part, which was removed as no longer usable, was analysed. This damaged part was removed and changed to a new part by a responsible company. The hardness measurement and micro hardness measurement, chemical analysis, impact strength test, metallography analysis with an optical microscope were used in experiments. The analysed pipeline part was also regenerated by the computer software ANSYS, which works by the finite elements method. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama magistralinių dujotiekių mechaninių pažeidimų įtaka saugiam jų eksploatavimui. Darbe pateikti pagrindiniai vamzdynų pažeidimo tipai su jiems būdingais bruožais ir įtaka eksploataciniams parametrams. Ištirta magistralinio dujotiekio Kaunas – Kaliningradas dalis, kuri buvo pašalinta, kaip nebetinkama naudojimui. Tyrimams pasitelktas kietumo ir mikrokietumo matavimas, cheminės analizės tyrimas, smūginio tąsumo bandymas. Mikrostruktūros tyrimams naudotas optinis mikroskopas. Tiriamasis objektas buvo atkurtas kompiuterinės programos, veikiančios baigtinių elementų metodu, ANSYS erdvėje.

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22

Bai, Yang, Peng Bo Cui, Qi Zhang, and Lei Wu. "Study on the Selection Pipelines into the Comprehensive Pipeline Trench in Urban Rail Transit Construction." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 1622–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.1622.

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It is the main problem that how to select pipelines into the urban underground comprehensive pipeline trench. There are numerous pipelines can be brought into comprehensive trench nowadays, determined the solution which pipelines are brought into comprehensive trench needs to take many factors such as economy, technology, safety, and daily maintenance management. Established the model of selection schemes , firstly sorted and enumerated, then used DHGF (Delphi-Hierarchy-Grey-Fuzzy) method to evaluate pipeline trench schemes quantitatively and analysed the problem effectively and feasibly.

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23

Neganov, Dmitry A. "Complex strength analysis of main pipelines." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 9, no. 2 (April 30, 2019): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2019-9-2-128-136.

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24

Komarov, V. A., N. N. Nigrey, D. A. Bronnikov, and A. A. Nigrey. "Mortise terrorism on the main pipelines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 944 (January 2018): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/944/1/012054.

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25

Krasovskii, A. Ya, I. V. Lokhman, and I. V. Orynyak. "Stress-corrosion failures of main pipelines." Strength of Materials 44, no. 2 (March 2012): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11223-012-9366-5.

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26

Zaderigolova, M. M., and V. A. Kalinin. "Geodynamic safety of main gas pipelines." Equipment and Technologies for Oil and Gas Complex, no. 2 (2021): 75–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.33285/1999-6934-2021-2(122)-75-78.

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27

Davitashvili, Teimuraz. "On liquid phase hydrates formation in pipelines in the course of gas non-stationary flow." E3S Web of Conferences 230 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123001006.

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Nowadays, when the emphasis is on alternative means of energy, natural gas is still used as an efficient and convenient fuel both in the home (for heating buildings and water, cooking, drying and lighting) and in industry together with electricity. In industrial terms, gas is one of the main sources of electricity generation in both developed and developing countries. Pipelines are the most popular means of transporting natural gas domestically and internationally. The main reasons for the constipation of gas pipelines are the formation of hydrates, freezing of water plugs, pollution, etc. It is an urgent task to take timely measures against the formation of hydrates in the pipeline. To stop gas hydrate formation in gas transporting pipelines, from existing methods the mathematical modelling with hydrodynamic method is more acceptable. In this paper the problem of prediction of possible points of hydrates origin in the main pipelines taking into consideration gas non-stationary flow and heat exchange with medium is studied. For solving the problem the system of partial differential equations governing gas non-stationary flow in main gas pipeline is investigated. The problem solution for gas adiabatic flow is presented.

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28

Maliavina, Olga, Anatolii Yakunin, Viktoriia Hrankina, and Viktoria Milanko. "Development of statistical modeling of the pipelines' reliability projections of the main heat networks, according to the period of operation and diameter." EUREKA: Physics and Engineering, no. 2 (March 31, 2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2461-4262.2022.002302.

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Using the method of statistical modeling of pipeline reliability, the statistical model for forecasting the dependence of the failure parameter of pipelines of main heating networks on the service life and diameter was developed and analyzed. This method includes two techniques. The first allows to obtain predictive dependences of pipeline reliability indicators for systems that include sections of different diameters with different service life periods and actual data on damage over several years. The second increases the correctness of the obtained dependences by optimizing the service life step in the study of damage to heat pipes. As a result of the study, the dependence of the reliability of main pipelines on the service life and diameter was established. The condition and forecast values of the specified indicator of reliability of main heat pipelines, and also dynamics and range of its changes are defined. The average value of the failure rate parameter increases from 0.23 1/km year (diameter 300 mm) to 0.62 1/km year (diameter 800 mm), which is 2.7 times larger than the pipes with the diameter 300 mm. The multiplicity of changes in the value of the parameter of the flow of failures was also established in accordance with the change in the diameter of the pipelines. According to the developed statistical model the dependence for calculation of the forecast of quantity of damages of the main heat pipelines according to their service life, diameter and length is established. This will increase the reliability of heating systems and effectively plan the cost of material, technical and labor resources. The given method can be used to assess the forecast of the reliability of pipelines, respectively, of their diameters for other engineering systems and networks

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29

Sultanov, Karim Sultanovich, and Nikolai Ivanovich Vatin. "Wave Theory of Seismic Resistance of Underground Pipelines." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 18, 2021): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041797.

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The object of the research is an underground straight horizontal pipeline subjected to seismic impact. The research method was analytical. The results were compared with the experimental results of other authors and computer calculations. It was shown that the main disadvantage of the dynamic theory of seismic resistance of underground pipelines is the neglect of the dynamic stress state in soil under seismic wave propagation. The next drawback of the dynamic theory is an inaccurate, approximate accounting for the displacement of the soil medium to which the underground pipeline is embedded. The complete interaction process includes the stages of nonlinear changes in the interaction force (the friction force) by manifesting its peak value and the Coulomb friction. The contact layer of soil undergoes shear deformations until complete structural destruction of the soil contact layer. The interaction force is the friction force, and its peak value does not appear. The seismic resistance of underground pipelines should be considered based on the theory of propagating seismic waves in a soil medium and the interaction of seismic waves with underground pipelines, i.e., based on the wave theory of seismic resistance of underground pipelines. A one-dimensional coupled problem of seismic resistance of underground pipelines under seismic impacts was posed based on the wave theory. An algorithm and a program for the numerical solution of the stated wave problems were developed using the method of characteristics and the method of finite differences. An analysis of the laws of interaction of underground pipelines with soil under seismic influences shows that it is necessary to use in the calculations the laws of interaction that account for the complete interaction processes observed in experiments. The analysis of the obtained numerical solutions and the posed coupled problems of the wave theory of seismic resistance of underground pipelines show the occurrence mechanisms of longitudinal stresses in underground pipelines under seismic influences. The results of calculations stated that an account for the dynamic stress normal to the underground pipeline’s outer surface leads to multiple increases in longitudinal stress in the underground pipeline. This multiple increase is due to the transformation of the interaction force into an active frictional force, resulting from a greater strain in soil than the one in the underground pipeline. Based on the analysis results, a theory of the seismic wave propagation process in an underground pipeline and surrounding soil was proposed.

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Shotskiy, S. A., and S. L. Golofast. "Analysis of the Linear Section Risk Level Including Changes in the Pipe Material Strength Properties during Main Oil Pipeline Operations." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 3 (March 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-3-7-14.

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Strength properties of the pipe material are random variables and have a statistical straggling that differs for pipe products of different grades. Distribution of these properties significantly effects on the results of calculating the current level of strength reliability and risk of linear sections for the main pipelines. The reliability of such calculations results depends not only on the distribution that obeys the strength properties of the pipe material at the surveyed section, but also on the dispersion limits of these properties. At present, the main pipelines have significant service lives. Due to this, when making assessment of the technical condition, safety, and risk level of linear sections, the issue is raised of how stable the distribution is related to the pipe steel strength properties with an increase of the service life for the main pipeline. The results of studies are presented concerning the actual distribution and limits of dispersion for the strength properties of pipe steel grade 17G1S after a long-term operation of the main pipeline. It is established that the regularities and strength properties dissipation limits for the material of a pipe made of the above steel are changing with time. Based on the results of the study, a practical example is considered related to the assessment of the effect of the identified changes on the probability of failure and the risk level for one of sections at the linear part of the main oil pipeline. The results obtained in the work substantiate the need in considering changes in the distribution of strength properties that arises with an increase in the main pipelines service life. The outlined approach allows to increase the reliability of risk assessment results for the main pipelines having long-term service life.

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Bol’shakov, A. M., A. V. Burnashev, and V. M. Efimov. "MONITORING OF THE TOUGHNESS OF THE MATERIAL OF THE MAIN GAS PIPELINE AFTER LONG TERM OPERATION IN ARCTIC CONDITIONS." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 85, no. 6 (July 10, 2019): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2019-85-6-64-68.

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The problems of ensuring the reliability and safe operation of long-running hazardous industrial facilities, in particular gas pipelines, after 50 years of operation are considered. The goal of the work is developing a method for assessing metal embrittlement of long-running main gas pipelines (MG) using a non-destructive method for monitoring and improving operational reliability. Experimental studies of the samples of the pipes of the main gas pipelines revealed the parameters most sensitive to the processes of structural degradation. The applicability of those parameters to assessing the degree of degradation is substantiated. Analysis of the results of mechanical and acoustic studies revealed correlation with an essentially large value of the correlation coefficient. Based on this correlation, a method for assessing the toughness has been developed. The experimentally obtained limit values of the studied characteristics at which the operation of the structure becomes dangerous are presented. A flowchart has been developed for monitoring changes in the toughness of the gas pipeline steel after long-term operation. The experimental results and developed method for estimating the limiting state of the gas pipeline material were used during technical diagnostics of non-project sections of the Mastach — Berge — Yakutsk gas pipeline to determine real operational characteristics and form a database of the studied indicators for their further monitoring. The proposed method will improve the efficiency of accumulated information on the structural reliability and provide the possibility of assessing the degree of pipe metal degradation without conducting mechanical tests and making samples in the process of technical diagnostics thus reducing the material costs for conducting scheduled maintenance of the pipelines.

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Shi, Yuanling, and Pingsong Zhang. "Modeling and Dynamic Performance Analysis of Hydraulic Top Drive Main Transmission System with Long Hydraulic Pipelines." Geofluids 2022 (April 16, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1304176.

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Hydraulic top drive is the main power component used to drive drilling tools rotating to drill a hole for drilling rigs. Its main transmission system was built with hydraulic power source and hydraulic actuators. During the drilling procession, the hydraulic top drive is mounted on a derrick, and moving along its vertical guide rails. The hydraulic power station is usually placed on the drilling platform or the ground. In that way, long pipelines are needed to connect the hydraulic pumps and hydraulic motors. Thus, the effects on the performance of hydraulic top drive should not be neglected. A mathematical model of hydraulic top drive main transmission with differential equation of hydraulic units and state space equation of hydraulic long pipelines was deduced in this research. A simulation model was built using the AMESim software. And field drilling test of the hydraulic top drive was carried out in Songliao Basin Drilling Project (SK-II) well site. To verify and modify the virtual model, a comparison analysis was performed by setting the parameters and load of the three methods at the same values. The result of comparison shows that the simulation results are very close to the theoretical results and field drilling test data. Thus, the dynamic characteristics could be analyzed by this simulation model. Dynamic characteristics of the hydraulic top drive with different length and various diameters of pipelines were studied. The simulation results demonstrate that pipeline lengths and pipeline diameters affect the system in different laws, and it needs to comprehensively consider the system response speed, overshoot, and steady-state characteristics when choosing the size of pipelines for hydraulic top drive.

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Ларионов, Валерий, Valeriy Larionov, Сергей Сущев, Sergey Sushchev, А. Шакурова, and A. Shakurova. "Method of Accidents Risk Analysis on Main Gas Pipelines in Areas of Active Tectonic Faults." Safety in Technosphere 6, no. 5 (February 21, 2018): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a8556e91865a8.60471287.

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The considerable part of the Russian Federation’s territory is characterized by high seismic activity. More than 20% of the territory belongs to earthquake zones where earthquake shocks exceeding 7 on the Richter scale are possible, about 5% of the territory is vulnerable to seismic impact with intensity up to 8–9. Beside that the intensive development of mining industry and also hydroelectric development can lead to technogenic earthquakes. During strong earthquakes sometimes emerge faults (breaks) of land constituting essential danger to engineering constructions, in particular to the main pipelines in active tectonic fault zones, where soil displacements up to several meters are possible. In this work a method of failures risk assessment for main gas pipelines in zones with active tectonic faults has been presented. The method is based on correlation dependence of accident risk on the frequency of earthquake in the considered area and probability for exit of seismic fault to the surface during earthquakes of different intensity. The dependence of accident probability on a gas pipeline from the seismic event intensity has been proved. Accident frequency was defined with due regard to gas pipelines’ accidents intensity for the last 10 years, and frequency of earthquakes near constructions. Earthquakes incidence was accepted according to the maps for general seismic zoning OSR‑97. The need for fault existence accounting has been confirmed by statistical data’ calculation and analysis. The example for risk calculation on a main gas pipeline has been presented. The considered method can be used at the main pipelines design in seismically dangerous areas, and also for assessment the efficiency of actions for decreasing the risks indicators for extended linear objects in zones where these ones cross over active tectonic faults.

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Pintilie, Alexandru, Melat Bormambet, and Viorel Bogdan Rădoiu. "Stresses and Strains in Main Gas Pipelines due to Ramifications." Advanced Materials Research 1111 (July 2015): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1111.163.

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In this paper is presented a study of stresses and strains due ramification to consumers of main gas pipeline. It's numerically analyzed the influence of main pipe's ramification due to modification of mechanical and geometrical parameters. Modeled loads are based on evaluation of internal forces of thin shell and induced loads by circular weld thermal field. The study of stresses and strain it's made using finite elements method by a static tri dimensional analysis performed both for evaluation of stresses and strains in presence and absence of internal pressure. The obtained results represent a comparative factor for technical regulation in the safety assessment in operation of natural gas pipelines.

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Melnikov, D. I., M. Yu Zemenkova, and S. Yu Podorozhnikov. "Use of collapsible pipelines for joint work with main oil product pipelines." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 952 (November 13, 2020): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/952/1/012015.

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Han, Yang, Yu-Chun Tao, Hai Yan, Zhi-Zhen Peng, Peng-Fei Liang, and Ning Xu. "Research on Application of Pulsed Eddy Current Testing in Nuclear Power Plant Pipelines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2087, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2087/1/012020.

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Abstract The condensate pipelines, main water supply pipelines, drain pipelines, and partial extraction pipelines of nuclear power plants are all coated with coatings on the outside of the pipelines to improve heat exchange efficiency. At present, the detection methods of ferromagnetic pipelines are mainly conventional ultrasound and ultrasonic guided waves. It is necessary to remove the insulation layer of the outer wall of the pipeline before the inspection, which leads to a prolonged inspection period and increased labor costs. This paper uses the measured and calculated values of the induced voltage to establish the optimal parameter inversion problem and combines the coupling relationship between the parameters to propose a reliable pulsed eddy current detection method for the relative wall thickness of ferromagnetic pipes. Using the pulsed eddy current detection method for the relative wall thickness of ferromagnetic pipelines proposed in this paper, the scanning detection of nuclear power plant steel pipes is compared with conventional ultrasonic testing. The detection results are reliable and suitable for non-destructive testing and evaluation of nuclear power plant ferromagnetic pipeline wall thickness corrosion thinning.

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Алешков, А. А., and Г. А. Цветков. "Современные проблемы обеспечения физической безопасности магистральных трубопроводов." ТЕНДЕНЦИИ РАЗВИТИЯ НАУКИ И ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ 70, no. 2 (2021): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/lj-02-2021-66.

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This article discusses the methodology for ensuring the physical safety of main pipelines, based on the assessment of the cumulative impact of all the hazards that occur during the operation of facilities of the pipeline transport system. The statistics of pipeline accidents in various regions of the world are analyzed. In general terms, the concept of the main directions and methods of protecting objects of the fuel and energy complex from anthropogenic interference is described. The necessity of creating an integrated information and measuring safety system for solving problems of protection and ensuring the safe operation of pipelines is shown.

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Shalay, V. V., M. O. Myznikov, M. I. Gildebrandt, and E. V. Khodoreva. "About the need to replace pumping equipment or impellers of main pumps when pumping capacity of oil and petroleum products changes." Omsk Scientific Bulletin. Series Aviation-Rocket and Power Engineering 6, no. 1 (2022): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25206/2588-0373-2022-6-1-22-28.

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The article presents the results of a study related to determining the need to replace pumping equipment or impellers of main pumps to increase efficiency while reducing pumping volumes. Calculations are carried out on the example of a technological section of a specific oil pipeline. The paper demonstrates an approach to assessing the economic feasibility of replacing pumping equipment or upgrading it in conditions of changing transportation volumes. The calculation method can be applied to any oil pipelines and product pipelines.

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Doroshenko, Ya V., О. М. Karpash, and B. N. Hozhaiev. "The Investigation of the Composition of Pipeline Gas-liquid Flows and the Effect of Their Harmful Impurities on the Modes of Pumping, Energy Requirements of Transportation n." Prospecting and Development of Oil and Gas Fields, no. 4(73) (December 30, 2019): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9973-2019-4(73)-35-45.

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Based on the analysis of the composition of gas-liquid flows of various pipelines (trunk, field and gathering gas pipelines, oil pipelines, heat pipelines, water pipelines), it is established that diverse harmful impurities are contained in the interior of almost all operated metal pipelines, regardless of the purpose of pipelines use. In most cases, pipelines contain a complex multicomponent mixture of harmful impurities of various origins: gas conden-sate, water, machine oil, products of in-line corrosion, rock particles removed from the well, incrustation exfoliat-ed from the pipes, paraffins, various mineral salts, sludge deposits, sand, soil, biofilm, etc. The types and properties of distinctive harmful impurities positioned in the interior of various metal pipelines are described; the reasons for their presence in pipeline gas-liquid flows are determined. Depending on the purpose of the pipeline, harmful im-purities can be accumulated in its interior, be sedimentated on the internal walls or move in the flow of the trans-ported product. The parameters influencing significantly the accumulation in the interior of various pipelines and the sedimentation of various harmful impurities on the inner walls of pipelines are considered. Possible locations of their accumulation or sedimentation are presented. The analysis of the negative consequences that occur in the case of accumulation or sedimentation of harmful impurities in the interior of the pipelines, their movement along the pipeline and collision with the wall of shaped elements (bends, T-bends, adapters, etc.) is made. The author presents the main criteria according to which the hydraulic condition of pipelines polluted with harmful impuri-ties is evaluated, and on which energy requirements of transportation depend.

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Sheludchenko, Bogdan, Iryna Slusarenko, Oleh Pluzhnikov, Vladyslav Shubenko, Victor Biletsky, and Viktor Borovskyi. "Analytical Criterion for the Strength of Bonded-Dispersed Gels During Pipeline Transportation." Scientific Horizons 24, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(2).2021.9-15.

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Modern pipeline systems, both main and industrial, allow transporting a wide range of liquid and gaseous substances, including a variety of solid bulk materials, minerals, building materials and mixtures. However, the development of pipeline transport systems today is hindered by the lack of theoretical developments in the implementation of practical engineering projects for the creation of both main and industrial product pipelines for various purposes. Therefore, the further development of the theory of flows of various substances in pipelines and the creation of universal methods for engineering calculations of design parameters of pipeline systems based on this theory are priority tasks for the further development of product pipeline transport. The studies were carried out in accordance with the condition of stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure of the gel flow into sol. Such a stochastic transformation of the coagulation-thixotropic structure can be observed both when reaching the mode that determines the turbulent motion of a viscous colloidal solution, and somewhat earlier – at the stages of the laminar flow regime of the solution. Based on the formal phenomenological analysis, it has been determined that during the transition of the laminar mode of motion of the Newton fluid flow in a cylindrical tube to the turbulent mode, the transported structured gel flow is guaranteed to collapse into a colloidal sol. Based on the example of a typical design calculation of a technological (production) pipeline for the transportation of motor oils of the SAE-10 and SAE-40 grades, the optimal conditional internal diameters of the product pipeline were determined. The compliance of the design structural parameters of the pipelines with the corresponding physical and mechanical properties of the transported liquids was established. The proposed methods of engineering calculations of design parameters for technical objects of pipeline transport should expand and supplement the regulatory documentation for the preparation of projects for the construction of both main product pipelines and technological “interoperable” production pipelines

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But, V. S., S. Yu Maksimov, and O. I. Olejnik. "Cracking susceptibility of welded joints in repair structures on main gas pipelines." Paton Welding Journal 2014, no. 11 (November 28, 2014): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tpwj2014.11.03.

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42

Pavlou, Dimitrios. "FRP pipeline performance in tensional and torsional S-lay installation loads." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1201, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1201/1/012044.

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Abstract The loading conditions of a composite pipeline is the main factor for its dimensioning. During S-lay offshore installation of multilayered FRP pipelines, severe tensional and torsional loads take place in the above sea part of the pipeline. Since the wall pipe is multilayered and the material properties of the laminae and the laminate is anisotropic, the maximum stresses depend on the stacking sequence. In the present work, an analytical model is proposed for calculating the capacity of multilayered FRP pipelines to carry axial and torsional loads. Numerical results for typical multilayered filament wound E-Glass/Epoxy pipelines under axial tension and torsion are provided and discussed.

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Krizsky, Vladimir N., Pavel N. Alexandrov, Alexey A. Kovalskii, and Sergey V. Victorov. "Determination Transition Resistance of Cathode-Polarized Main Pipeline on Magnetometery Data." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 1729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.6.102.

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The article deals with the inverse problem of determining the transient resistance of the main pipeline insulating coating. For this, UAV measurements of the magnetic induction vector modulus of the magnetic field excited by the system of electrochemical cathodic protection of pipelines are used. The solution method is based on Tikhonov's method for finding the extremal of the regularizing functional. The developed algorithm is implemented in software. The results of computational experiments are presented.

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Semenenko, Ye V., Ye S. Lapshin, M. M. Liah, and S. V. Dziuba. "TECHNOLOGICAL PIPELINES CALCUCATION FEATURES FOR HIGH-VISION OIL PRODUCTS TRANSPORTATION." Metallurgicheskaya i gornorudnaya promyshlennost, №6, 2018, no. 6 (2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33101/s064567890.

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Purpose. Scientific basis substantiation for the technological calculation of main pipelines. Which are pumping high viscosity non-Newtonian liquids, taking into account the peculiarities behavior of the full Buckingham equation solution in various intervals of the values included in it. Methodology. The modern methods analysis for calculating rational parameters of the high viscosity non-Newtonian fluid viscosity transportation modes which made it possible to substantiate the specificity of the rheological characteristics of these liquids, taking into account the possibility of controlling their rheological properties by introducing surface-active reagents or a heterogeneous medium of lower viscosity. Findings. The scientific and methodological support for the calculation of the rational parameters of high viscosity non-Newtonian liquids transportation modes for main pipelines is substantiated, in order to ensure an increase in the efficiency of their operation. At the same time, the dependencies proposed in the work take into account the possibility of evaluating changes in the main pipelines operation parameters and modes with forced regulation by the rheological parameters of the pumped medium. Originality. Based on the modern methods of technological calculations of the main pipelines operation parameters analysis, the hydrodynamic feature of the high viscosity non-Newtonian fluids is determined, which is that the dependence of the hydraulic slope on the initial tangential stress and costs are expressed by a linear superposition of the terms containing these values, and the proportional coefficients are independent from the rheological characteristics of the environment, the properties of the transported and the pipeline diameter. Practical value. It consists in improved methods for calculating rational parameters for the transportation of slurries, slurries and high viscosity liquids in main pipelines. These methods allow to determine the pipeline diameter value, the choice of pumps indicators, taking into account the effective viscosity, as well as the initial tangential stress of high viscosity non-Newtonian fluid in order to reduce the energy intensity of transportation, save resources and improve the environmental safety of industrial areas. Key words: high viscosity non-Newtonian fluid, rheological characteristics, main pipeline, technological calculation

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45

Zharkov, V. V., T. V. Savitskaya, and A. M. Sverchkov. "Study of the Influence of Factors of the State of Oil Trunk Pipelines on the Degree of Accident Risk." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2021): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-10-71-76.

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The article examines the current state of the oil industry in Russia. The main reasons for depressurization of the main oil pipelines and oil product pipelines are analyzed, domestic and foreign methods for assessing the pipeline accidents risk are considered. Review of domestic and foreign software products is carried out allowing to assess the accidents risk. The software application was developed for solving the problems of scoring the factors of influence of the state of the main oil pipelines and main oil product pipelines on the degree of accidents risk. The software application is based on the methodology of the same name. Five groups of factors are considered: external anthropogenic impacts, corrosion, natural influences, structural and technological factors, defects of the pipe body and welds. In order to test the software application, the article presents a calculation for three different sections of the main oil pipeline, one of which passes through the river. The influence of various factors on the final value of the score was investigated. The largest number of options was studied in the group of constructive and technological factors. For clarity, the calculation results are presented in the form of graphs. Based on the data obtained, it is concluded that the underwater area is the safest. The analysis of the dependence of the load amplitude on the number of cycles is carried out. Repetitive scores were identified for different loads and number of cycles. It is established that the operation of a pipeline with a multiple small excess of the load poses the same risk of accident as the operation with a high amplitude of the load with a small number of cycles. The developed software application is an efficient software product, the main purpose of which is not only to obtain the final result, but, also, to study the influence of various factors on the degree of accidents risk for operating and projected pipelines.

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46

Gorshkova, O. О. "WELDING OF MAIN OIL AND GAS PIPELINES." Современные наукоемкие технологии (Modern High Technologies), no. 2 2020 (2020): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17513/snt.37906.

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Yagafarova, G. G., L. Z. Rolnik, L. R. Akchurina, A. Kh Safarov, and L. A. Nasyrova. "PREVENTION OF BIOGENIC CORROSION OF MAIN PIPELINES." Problems of Gathering, Treatment and Transportation of Oil and Oil Products, no. 5 (November 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ntj-oil-2020-5-110-120.

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Banakhevych, Yu V., and R. Yu Banakhevych. "Defects identification of the main gas pipelines." JOURNAL OF HYDROCARBON POWER ENGINEERING 6, no. 1 (June 24, 2019): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/2311-1399-2019-1(11)-22-29.

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This paper describes a typical case of diagnosing and determining the causes of the formating of longitudinal cracks on the outer surface of the pipe, analyzes the current state of diagnosis of main gas pipelines. There is shown the importance of timely and correct response to diagnostic results. There is considered the experience in carrying out measures to optimize the repair processes of main gas pipelines by clearly establishing the timing of both evaluating the results of internal pipe diagnostics and the formating of repair plans, substantiating the criteria for choosing defects for repair and establishing a unified approach to theprocess, including technical documentation.

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Ainabekov, A., U. Suleimenov, K. Avramov, A. Moldagaliyev, M. Kambarov, T. Serikbayev, and Kh Abshenov. "Experimental vibration analysis of prestressed main pipelines." Journal of Mechanical Engineering 19, no. 1 (March 31, 2016): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/pmach2016.01.021.

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Troitsky, V. A. "Monitoring Of Technical Condition Of Main Pipelines." Техническая диагностика и неразрушающий контроль 2017, no. 3 (September 28, 2017): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/tdnk2017.03.04.

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