Relevant bibliographies by topics / Magnitude spectrum

Academic literature on the topic 'Magnitude spectrum'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Magnitude spectrum"

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Fukushima, Yoshimitsu. "Scaling relations for strong ground motion prediction models with M2 terms." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 86, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0860020329.

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Abstract In most previous studies on the attenuation relation of strong ground motion, the increase in amplitude with earthquake magnitude was expressed by a linear relation. However, if the ω−2 source model is assumed, the corner period of the spectrum varies with the magnitude, and the scaling law of the source spectrum amplitude becomes a complicated function of magnitude. The scaling relation of the spectrum amplitude with MW can be simply approximated as a quadratic function, and the coefficient of the MW2 term should be negative. On the contrary, positive coefficients of the ML2, mbLg2, and MJ2 (MJ: magnitude of Japan Meteorological Agency) terms have been derived by regression analyses of strong ground motions. Based on the ω−2 model, semi-empirical relations between Mo and the magnitudes were derived. Further, the seismological scaling law of the source spectrum obtained from the relation between Mo and the magnitudes was approximated as a quadratic function of the magnitude, and positive coefficients of the squared magnitude terms were obtained. These results stem from the definitions of magnitude derived from amplitudes of seismograms around a specific period of 1.0 sec for ML and mbLg and of 5.0 sec for MJ.
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Rivera, Efraín, Sergio Ruiz, and Raúl Madariaga. "Spectrum of strong-motion records for large magnitude Chilean earthquakes." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 1045–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab128.

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SUMMARY We studied the broad-band spectra of the eight largest earthquakes that have occurred in Chile in the last 25 yr using strong-motion records and 1-Hz high-rate GNSS (cGNSS) data. To avoid the numerical instability problem with the double integration of the accelerograms, we computed velocity spectra integrating the acceleration time-series in the spectral domain and compared them to time-differentiated the cGNSS displacement records. To compute the velocity spectrum, we used a multitaper algorithm so as to provide stability over the entire spectral band. We found that the velocity spectra of records obtained close to the main rupture of the earthquakes are different from classical Aki and Brune spectra. The velocity spectrum of large events in Chile presents a flat trend at low frequencies produced by the near-field waves. This trend converges at low frequencies to the static displacement as determined from GNSS data. For different magnitude earthquakes, we observe a transition in the ground-velocity spectrum from a decay of ${f^{ - 1}}$ at high frequencies and a flat trend at low frequencies to a more classical model with a peak at the corner frequency. The source-station distance influences the shape of the velocity spectrum at low frequencies, but there is no simple rule for the records available at present. At intermediate frequencies, the spectra are controlled by surface waves and S waves. We found a transition in the velocity spectrum for the 2014 Iquique earthquake, which indicates a change in the decay of the spectrum for stations at distances greater than ∼200 km. Finally, we show that the flat low-frequency trend of the velocity spectra determined from accelerograms, and the peak ground-displacement (PGD) determined from GNSS data scales with the moment to the power 2/3.
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Chen, Pei-Shan, Ke-Zhong Peng, Hai-Tong Chen, and Tong-Xia Bai. "Determination of moment magnitude from acceleration spectrum." Acta Seismologica Sinica 6, no. 2 (May 1993): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02650950.

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Wahls, M. W. C., E. Kenttä, and J. C. Leyte. "Depth Profiles in Coated Paper: Experimental and Simulated FT-IR Photoacoustic Difference Magnitude Spectra." Applied Spectroscopy 54, no. 2 (February 2000): 214–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702001949429.

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Experimental photoacoustic (PA) magnitude spectra of a coated paper and the uncoated basepaper are presented. The normalized and scaled PA magnitude spectra are used to calculate difference magnitude spectra. It was decided to scale all PA magnitude spectra to (low) equal intensity at the approximately optically thin spectral range before subtraction. Then no infrared (IR) bands of identical band shape and height (as needed for common difference spectroscopy) in either PA magnitude spectrum are needed. Contributions of the two individual layers to the IR-PA magnitude spectrum of the coated paper are separated in the difference spectrum by their sign. An increasing relative contribution of the coating layer with an increasing phase modulation frequency is found. On decreasing the thermal length to a value near the coating thickness, the difference spectra increasingly show positive coating bands and negative bulk signals. The extension of the Rosencwaig–Gersho theory to a double-layered system introduced by N. C. Fernelius [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 70, 480 (1980) and J. Appl. Phys. 50, 650 (1980)] applied to synthetic spectra confirms the experimental observation. It is found that photoacoustic difference spectroscopy may provide quantitative depth-resolved spectral information due to the presented scaling procedure, and photoacoustic difference magnitude spectra of any polymeric laminate may therefore be calculated.
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Joo, Young-Bok, Hye-Seung Park, and Kyung-Moo Huh. "Automatic Inspection System for TFT-LCD Cell Defects Using Magnitude Spectrum." Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems 24, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5302/j.icros.2018.18.0099.

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Gan, Xin Ji, Xing Hua Gao, Yan Chen, and Jing Li. "Design of Single Star Simulator Based on LED Light Source." Applied Mechanics and Materials 397-400 (September 2013): 932–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.397-400.932.

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This paper use a single LED light source with wide spectrum to develop a single star simulator of compact structure and high precision. In order to select the spectrum of LED as the light source of star simulators, the spectrum range of simulated star magnitude is researched through Main Star Sequence Diagram. It is found that the spectrum between 2m~7m magnitudes is basically in accordance with the spectrum range of white light. The PWM current control system with 16 bites controller is employed to adjust LED luminescence through changing the duty ratio of PWM, which ensures the error of drive current less than 0.1%. The experiments show that the LED star simulator has the characteristics of compact structure, economical and easily controlled. The simulated precision of star magnitude attains ±0.1m .
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Bará, Salvador. "Variations on a classical theme: On the formal relationship between magnitudes per square arcsecond and luminance." International Journal of Sustainable Lighting 19, no. 2 (December 29, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.26607/ijsl.v19i2.77.

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The formal link between magnitudes per square arcsecond and luminance is discussed in this paper. Directly related to the human visual system, luminance is defined in terms of the spectral radiance of the source, weighted by the CIE V(l) luminous efficiency function, and scaled by the 683 lm/W luminous efficacy constant. In consequence, any exact and spectrum-independent relationship between luminance and magnitudes per square arcsecond requires that the last ones be measured precisely in the CIE V(l) band. The luminance value corresponding to mVC=0 (zero-point of the CIE V(l) magnitude scale) depends on the reference source chosen for the definition of the magnitude system. Using absolute AB magnitudes, the zero point luminance of the CIE V(l) photometric band is 10.96 x 104 cd·m-2.
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Yang, Jichen, Hongji Wang, Rohan Kumar Das, and Yanmin Qian. "Modified Magnitude-Phase Spectrum Information for Spoofing Detection." IEEE/ACM Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing 29 (2021): 1065–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taslp.2021.3060810.

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Yang, Jichen, and Leian Liu. "Playback speech detection based on magnitude–phase spectrum." Electronics Letters 54, no. 14 (July 2018): 901–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el.2018.0739.

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Herrmann, R. B. "Broadband Lg Magnitude." Seismological Research Letters 58, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.58.4.125.

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Abstract The application of the Nuttli (1973) definition of mbLg to observations with periods away from 1.0 seconds as suggested by Boore and Atkinson (1987) and Atkinson and Boore (1987) is studied with emphasis on observations in the 1.0 –10.0 second range and on single degree of freedom seismographs. Simulation studies indicate the efficacy of this usage, but also provides insight into the interrelated effects of the instrument, anelastic attenuation and the seismic source on observed amplitudes. In order to relate a broadband Lg magnitude to the source spectrum, a correction term must be applied to the mLg (f) relation of Herrmann and Kijko (1983).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Magnitude spectrum"

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Stark, Anthony. "Phase Spectrum Based Speech Processing and Spectral Energy Estimation for Robust Speech Recognition." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366490.

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Speech is the dominant mode of communication between humans; simple to learn, easy to use and integral for modern life. Given the importance of speech, development of a human-machine speech interface has been greatly anticipated. This challenging task is encapsulated in the digital speech processing research field. In this dissertation, two specific areas of research are considered: 1) the use of short-time Fourier spectral phase in digital speech processing and 2) use of the minimum mean square error spectral energy estimator for environment-robust automatic speech recognition. In speech processing and modelling, the short-time Fourier spectral phase has been considered of minor importance. This is because classic psychoacoustic experiments have shown speech intelligibility to be closely related to short-time Fourier spectral magnitude. Given this result, it is unsurprising that the majority of speech processing literature has involved exploitation of the short-time magnitude spectrum. Despite this, recent studies have shown useful information can be extracted from the spectral phase of speech. As a result, it is now known that spectral phase possesses much of the same intelligibility information as spectral magnitude. It is this avenue of research that is explored in greater detail within this dissertation. In particular, we investigate two phase derived quantities – the short-time instantaneous frequency spectrum and the short-time group delay spectrum. The properties of both spectra are investigated mathematically and empirically, identifying the relationship between known speech features and the underlying phase spectrum. We continue the investigation by examining two related quantities – the instantaneous frequency deviation and the group delay deviation. As a result of this research, two novel phase-based spectral representations are proposed, both of which show a high degree information applicable to speech processing.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Wojcicki, Kamil Krzysztof. "Role of the Short-Time Phase Spectrum in Speech Processing." Thesis, Griffith University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366376.

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Majority of speech processing algorithms that employ the short-time Fourier transform process the short-time magnitude spectrum, while either discarding the short-time phase spectrum or leaving it unchanged. This is in-part due to a long-standing belief among speech researchers that the short-time phase spectrum, computed over small analysis window durations of 20–40 ms, contains little useful information and is thus (mostly) unimportant for speech processing (though it is accepted that the phase spectrum does contribute to some extent to naturalness and quality aspects of speech). The above belief has been supported by numerous studies presented in the literature. Results of recent speech perception experiments suggest, however, that the phase spectrum (at small analysis window durations of 20–40 ms) does contain significant amount of useful information, provided that the analysis window function is carefully selected. It was reported that the use of non-tapered analysis windows functions (such as the rectangular window) significantly improves intelligibility of the phase spectrum. This improvement was attributed to the spectral characteristics of the non-tapered analysis windows and—in particular—to their low spectral dynamic range. The main aim of the research presented in this dissertation is to further examine the importance of the short-time phase spectrum for human speech perception. It is hoped that results of such an examination can provide an incentive for further research in this direction. Three studies that investigate the usefulness of the phase spectrum for human speech perception are presented in this thesis. These studies employ human listening tests to explore the importance of the phase spectrum for speech intelligibility, speaker dependent speech information and speech quality. In each of these studies the effect of the spectral dynamic range of an analysis window function is systematically examined.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Engineering
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Alsteris, Leigh, and n/a. "Short-Time Phase Spectrum in Human and Automatic Speech Recognition." Griffith University. School of Microelectronic Engineering, 2006. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060727.090845.

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Incorporating information from the short-time phase spectrum into a feature set for automatic speech recognition (ASR) may possibly serve to improve recognition accuracy. Currently, however, it is common practice to discard this information in favour of features that are derived purely from the short-time magnitude spectrum. There are two reasons for this: 1) the results of some well-known human listening experiments have indicated that the short-time phase spectrum conveys a negligible amount of intelligibility at the small window durations of 20-40 ms used for ASR spectral analysis, and 2) using the short-time phase spectrum directly for ASR has proven di?cult from a signal processing viewpoint, due to phase-wrapping and other problems. In this thesis, we explore the possibility of using short-time phase spectrum information for ASR by considering the two points mentioned above. To address the ?rst point, we conduct our own set of human listening experiments. Contrary to previous studies, our results indicate that the short-time phase spectrum can indeed contribute signi?cantly to speech intelligibility over small window durations of 20-40 ms. Also, the results of these listening experiments, in addition to some ASR experiments, indicate that at least part of this intelligibility may be supplementary to that provided by the short-time magnitude spectrum. To address the second point (i.e., the signal processing di?culties), it may be necessary to transform the short-time phase spectrum into a more physically meaningful representation from which useful features could possibly be extracted. Speci?cally, we investigate the frequency-derivative (or group delay function, GDF) and the time-derivative (or instantaneous frequency distribution, IFD) as potential candidates for this intermediate representation. We have performed various experiments which show that the GDF and IFD may be useful for ASR. We conduct several ASR experiments to test a feature set derived from the GDF. We ?nd that, in most cases, these features perform worse than the standard MFCC features. Therefore, we suggest that a short-time phase spectrum feature set may ultimately be derived from a concatenation of information from both the GDF and IFD representations. For best performance, the feature set may also need to be concatenated with short-time magnitude spectrum information. Further to addressing the two aforementioned points, we also discuss a number of other speech applications in which the short-time phase spectrum has proven to be very useful. We believe that an appreciation for how the short-time phase spectrum has been used for other tasks, in addition to the results of our research, will provoke fellow researchers to also investigate its potential for use in ASR.
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Alsteris, Leigh. "Short-Time Phase Spectrum in Human and Automatic Speech Recognition." Thesis, Griffith University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366602.

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Incorporating information from the short-time phase spectrum into a feature set for automatic speech recognition (ASR) may possibly serve to improve recognition accuracy. Currently, however, it is common practice to discard this information in favour of features that are derived purely from the short-time magnitude spectrum. There are two reasons for this: 1) the results of some well-known human listening experiments have indicated that the short-time phase spectrum conveys a negligible amount of intelligibility at the small window durations of 20-40 ms used for ASR spectral analysis, and 2) using the short-time phase spectrum directly for ASR has proven di?cult from a signal processing viewpoint, due to phase-wrapping and other problems. In this thesis, we explore the possibility of using short-time phase spectrum information for ASR by considering the two points mentioned above. To address the ?rst point, we conduct our own set of human listening experiments. Contrary to previous studies, our results indicate that the short-time phase spectrum can indeed contribute signi?cantly to speech intelligibility over small window durations of 20-40 ms. Also, the results of these listening experiments, in addition to some ASR experiments, indicate that at least part of this intelligibility may be supplementary to that provided by the short-time magnitude spectrum. To address the second point (i.e., the signal processing di?culties), it may be necessary to transform the short-time phase spectrum into a more physically meaningful representation from which useful features could possibly be extracted. Speci?cally, we investigate the frequency-derivative (or group delay function, GDF) and the time-derivative (or instantaneous frequency distribution, IFD) as potential candidates for this intermediate representation. We have performed various experiments which show that the GDF and IFD may be useful for ASR. We conduct several ASR experiments to test a feature set derived from the GDF. We ?nd that, in most cases, these features perform worse than the standard MFCC features. Therefore, we suggest that a short-time phase spectrum feature set may ultimately be derived from a concatenation of information from both the GDF and IFD representations. For best performance, the feature set may also need to be concatenated with short-time magnitude spectrum information. Further to addressing the two aforementioned points, we also discuss a number of other speech applications in which the short-time phase spectrum has proven to be very useful. We believe that an appreciation for how the short-time phase spectrum has been used for other tasks, in addition to the results of our research, will provoke fellow researchers to also investigate its potential for use in ASR.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Microelectronic Engineering
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Cherniavskiy, I. Y., and V. A. Vinnikov. "The assessment of radiation hazardous areas considering the spectral analysis of the neutron component." Thesis, Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2019. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/45079.

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Dias, Bruno Moreira de Souza. "Aglomerados estelares da Pequena Nuvem de Magalhães." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/14/14131/tde-08102010-151226/.

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Análise de idades e metalicidades de aglomerados estelares nas Nuvens de Magalhães traz informação para estudos sobre a evolução química e dinâmica das Nuvens. Usando-as como calibradores de modelos de populações estelares simples, esse tipo de análise é útil também para o estudo de outras galáxias. Um dos objetivos deste trabalho é derivar idades e metalicidades a partir de espectros integrados de 14 aglomerados na Pequena Nuvem de Magalhães. Busca-se o entendimento, em particular, dos aglomerados de idade intermediária/velha. A metodologia usada para isso é baseada em ajuste de espectro completo dos espectros integrados dos aglomerados, comparando-os a três bases de modelos de populações estelares simples; são usados dois códigos disponíveis na literatura para efetuar tais comparações. Desse modo, são identicados 9 aglomerados como de idade intermediária/velha e os outros 5, jovens. Destacam-se os resultados para os aglomerados com idade intermediária/velha recém identicadas: HW 1, NGC 152, Lindsay 3, 11 e 113. São conrmadas também as idades velhas de NGC 361, 419 e Kron 3 e do bem conhecido e mais velho aglomerado da Pequena Nuvem, NGC 121. Outro objetivo é determinar parâmetros físicos autoconsistentes (idade, metalicidade, distância e avermelhamento) para 7 aglomerados relativamente pouco estudados da Pequena Nuvem, com idades entre ~ 0.5 e 5 Ganos. Para isso são usadas ferramentas estatísticas que comparam CMDs modelados com os observados. Diferentemente de um ajuste visual de isócrona, essa abordagem oferece um critério objetivo e inequívoco para estabelecer quais são os CMDs sintéticos que melhor ajustam o CMD observado. Resultados preliminares mostram a eciência deste método, que determina log(idade), com incerteza de 0.10 e [Fe/H], com 0.20. Isso pode introduzir novos e importantes limites na relação idade-metalicidade da Pequena Nuvem, que é signicativamente mais complexa e menos estudada que a da Grande Nuvem.
Analysis of age and metallicity of star clusters in Magellanic Clouds brings information to studies on the chemical evolution and dynamics of the Clouds. By using them as calibrators of single stellar populations models, this type of analysis is also useful for the study of other galaxies. One of the aims of this work is to derive ages and metallicities from integrated spectra of 14 clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud. We seek for the understanding, in particular, of the intermediate/old age clusters. The method used for this purpose is based on full spectrum tting of integrated spectra of the clusters, comparing them to three sets of single stellar populations; two codes available in the literature are used to do such comparisons. Thus 9 clusters are identied as intermediate/old age clusters and 5 other as young ones. Noteworthy are the results for the clusters with intermediate/old age newly identied: HW 1, NGC 152, Lindsay 3, 11 and 113. We also conrm the old ages of NGC 361, 419 and Kron 3, and of the well-known oldest cluster of the Small Cloud, NGC 121. Another aim is to determine self-consistent physical parameters (age, metallicity, distance and reddening) for 7 relatively unstudied stellar clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud, with ages between 0.5 and 5 Gyr. We use statistical tools to compare synthetic and observed CMDs. Dierently of a visual isochrone t, this approach oers ob jective and unambiguous criteria to establish which are the synthetic CMDs that best ts the observed CMD. Preliminary results show the eciency of this method, which determines log(age), with an uncertainty of 0.10 and [Fe/H], with 0.20. This can introduce new and important constraints in the age-metallicity relation for the Small Cloud, which is signicantly more complex and less studied than the one of the Large Magellanic Cloud.
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Sestok, Charles K. (Charles Kasimer). "Speech enhancement with spectral magnitude side information." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80117.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 43-44).
by Charles Kasimer Sestok, IV.
S.M.
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ITAKURA, Fumitada, Kazuya TAKEDA, and Tran Huy DAT. "Gamma Modeling of Speech Power and Its On-Line Estimation for Statistical Speech Enhancement." Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15052.

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Vowels, Matthew James. "THE APPLICATION OF SPECTRAL AND CROSS-SPECTRAL ANALYSIS TO SOCIAL SCIENCES DATA." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/hes_etds/58.

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The primary goal of this paper is to demonstrate the application of a relatively esoteric and interdisciplinary technique, called spectral analysis, to dyadic social sciences data. Spectral analysis is an analytical and statistical technique, commonly used in engineering, that allows times series data to be analyzed for the presence of significant regular/periodic fluctuations/oscillations. These periodic fluctuations are reflected in the frequency domain as amplitude or energy peaks at certain frequencies. Furthermore, a Magnitude Squared Coherence analysis may be used to interrogate more than one time series concurrently in order to establish the degree of frequency domain correlation between the two series, as well to establish the phase (lead/lag) relationship between the coherent frequency components. In order to demonstrate the application of spectral analysis, the current study utilizes a secondary dyadic dataset comprising 30 daily reports of perceived sexual desire for 65 couples. The secondary goal of this paper is to establish a) whether there is significant periodic fluctuation in perceived levels of sexual desire for men and/or women, and at which specific frequencies, and b) how much correlation or `cross-spectral coherence' there is between partners' sexual desire within the dyads, and c) what the phase lead-lag relationship is between the partners at any of the identified frequency components. Sexual desire was found to have significant periodic components for both men and women, with a fluctuation of once per month being the most common frequency component across the groups of individuals under analysis. Mathematical models are presented in order to describe and illustrate these principal fluctuations. Partners in couples, on average, were found to fluctuate together at a number of identified frequencies, and the phase lead/lag relationships of these frequencies are presented.
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Beresford, Kathryn. "Perceptual effects of spectral magnitude distortions in a multi-channel automotive audio environment." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2010. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/2189/.

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Books on the topic "Magnitude spectrum"

1

Hardisty, J. The bedload spectrum: Introductory ideas and order of magnitude calculations. Egham: Royal Holloway & Bedford New College, Department of Geography., 1988.

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Starlight: An introduction to stellar physics for amateurs. New York: Springer, 2009.

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Levy, Barry S., David H. Wegman, Sherry L. Baron, and Rosemary K. Sokas. Occupational and Environmental Health Challenges and Opportunities. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0001.

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Occupational and environmental health covers a wide spectrum and presents many challenges and opportunities. This chapter describes categories of occupational and environmental hazards, the nature and magnitude of problems, the contexts in which occupational and environmental health problems occur, and the prevention of occupational and environmental disease and injury. In addition, the chapter covers the changing nature of work and the workforce, evolving roles of government, liability, climate change, new directions for research, and economic globalization. It also discusses additional challenges for low- and middle-income countries. A final section of the chapter describes disciplines and careers in occupational and environmental health sciences and basic sources of information.
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Spectra And Photographic Magnitudes Of Stars In Standard Regions; Volume 71. Legare Street Press, 2022.

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Sutter, Raoul, Peter W. Kaplan, and Donald L. Schomer. Historical Aspects of Electroencephalography. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0001.

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Electroencephalography (EEG), a dynamic real-time recording of electrical neocortical brain activity, began in the 1600s with the discovery of electrical phenomena and the concept of an “action current.” The galvanometer was introduced in the 1800s and the first bioelectrical observations of human brain signals were made in the 1900s. Certain EEG patterns were associated with brain disorders, increasing the clinical and scientific use of EEG. In the 1980s, technical advances allowed EEGs to be digitized and linked with videotape recording. In the 1990s, digital data storage increased and computer networking enabled remote real-time EEG reading, which made possible continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring. Manual cEEG analysis became increasingly labor-intensive, calling for methods to assist this process. In the 2000s, complex algorithms enabling quantitative EEG analyses were introduced, with a new focus on shared activity between rhythms, including phase and magnitude synchrony. The automation of spectral analysis enabled studies of spectral content.
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Chakravartty, Anjan. Science and Metaphysics, Then and Now. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651459.003.0002.

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It is widely held that while the forms of inquiry into the nature of the world that came before and gave rise to the modern sciences were thoroughly infused with philosophical considerations, the modern sciences have departed from these earlier inquiries, in part by excluding such philosophical concerns. This chapter argues that while this common view is correct in some ways, it is importantly mistaken in others. It introduces the idea of a ‘metaphysical inference,’ and contends that such inferences are inevitably involved in attempts to interpret the outputs of science, such as theories and models, so as to describe their ontological implications. Metaphysical inferences admit of different “magnitudes,” thus defining a spectrum with more empirical forms of ontology at one end, and more purely philosophical forms at the another.
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Wright, A. G. Environmental considerations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199565092.003.0012.

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Magnetic fields, with a magnitude comparable with that of the earth (10−4 tesla), affect trajectories of electrons and hence gain and collection efficiency. The inclusion of a high-permeability shield usually offers sufficient protection. Photomultiplier (PMT) performance is affected by electric field gradients generated by the proximity of a metal housing. The design criteria of such housings are discussed. Strong magnetic fields of the order of a tesla require special devices. Operation in harsh environments such as those encountered in oil well logging requires performance at high temperature (200 °C) and in situations of high shock and vibration expressed in terms of power spectral density. Rugged PMTs can meet all these requirements. Applications at cryogenic temperatures, such as liquid argon, can also be met with special PMTs.
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Book chapters on the topic "Magnitude spectrum"

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Mourad, Talbi. "Speech Enhancement Based on Stationary Bionic Wavelet Transform and Maximum A Posterior Estimator of Magnitude-Squared Spectrum." In Signals and Communication Technology, 1–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93405-7_1.

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Arimoto, N., and Y. Yoshii. "Photometric Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies in the Color-Magnitude Diagram." In Spectral Evolution of Galaxies, 309–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4598-2_23.

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Kaler, James B. "Magnitudes, Spectra, and Temperatures of Planetary Nuclei." In Planetary Nebulae, 229–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0865-9_100.

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Wagner, Martin. "Solutions to Plastic Pollution: A Conceptual Framework to Tackle a Wicked Problem." In Microplastic in the Environment: Pattern and Process, 333–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78627-4_11.

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AbstractThere is a broad willingness to act on global plastic pollution as well as a plethora of available technological, governance, and societal solutions. However, this solution space has not been organized in a larger conceptual framework yet. In this essay, I propose such a framework, place the available solutions in it, and use it to explore the value-laden issues that motivate the diverse problem formulations and the preferences for certain solutions by certain actors. To set the scene, I argue that plastic pollution shares the key features of wicked problems, namely, scientific, political, and societal complexity and uncertainty as well as a diversity in the views of actors. To explore the latter, plastic pollution can be framed as a waste, resource, economic, societal, or systemic problem. Doing so results in different and sometimes conflicting sets of preferred solutions, including improving waste management; recycling and reuse; implementing levies, taxes, and bans as well as ethical consumerism; raising awareness; and a transition to a circular economy. Deciding which of these solutions is desirable is, again, not a purely rational choice. Accordingly, the social deliberations on these solution sets can be organized across four scales of change. At the geographic and time scales, we need to clarify where and when we want to solve the plastic problem. On the scale of responsibility, we need to clarify who is accountable, has the means to make change, and carries the costs. At the magnitude scale, we need to discuss which level of change we desire on a spectrum of status quo to revolution. All these issues are inherently linked to value judgments and worldviews that must, therefore, be part of an open and inclusive debate to facilitate solving the wicked problem of plastic pollution.
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Lie, Agus Santoso, Shuichi Enokida, Tomohito Wada, and Toshiaki Ejima. "Magnitude and Phase Spectra of Foot Motion for Gait Recognition." In Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns, 390–97. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11556121_48.

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Cunado, David, Mark S. Nixon, and John N. Carter. "Using gait as a biometric, via phase-weighted magnitude spectra." In Audio- and Video-based Biometric Person Authentication, 93–102. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0015984.

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Abdelmalek, Raja, Zied Mnasri, and Faouzi Benzarti. "Signal Reconstruction Based on the Relationship Between STFT Magnitude and Phase Spectra." In Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 24–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21009-0_3.

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Pulkkinen, Juhani, Mika Lappalainen, Anna-Maija Häkkinen, Nina Lundbom, Risto A. Kauppinen, and Yrjö Hiltunen. "Quantification of Human Brain Metabolites from In Vivo 1H NMR Magnitude Spectra Using Self-Organising Maps." In Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning, 522–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-45080-1_71.

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Xu, Rong, and Lanmin Wang. "Study on Response Spectra in the Loess Region of Gansu, China." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220936.

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The effects of hypo-central distances and magnitude on the acceleration response spectra in this study are based on 24 sites in Gansu province of China, the sites all spread over the loess regions. The normalized acceleration response spectra with 5% damping were determined for 106 strong ground motions contained horizontal and vertical components, recorded at these sites in the magnitude ranging from 3.7 to 7.0. It is shown that the shape of acceleration response spectrum is affected by not only the magnitude but also the hypo-central distances. The geometric mean of the PGA of two horizontal components in the existing datasets mostly ranges between 0.0001g and 0.1g. The peak of maximum horizontal spectral acceleration is between 0.01 and 0.02s in study area. The maximum value of vertical spectral acceleration is about 0.3g. The study shows that the influence of magnitude is not obvious on spectral shape, but on the amplitude. The hypo-central distances also affect the spectral shapes as well as the amplitude. Combined with the seismic design code of this area, give a more suitable local loess site seismic design standard.
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Dolecek, Gordana Jovanovic. "Methods for Simultaneous Improvement of Comb Pass Band and Folding Bands." In Advances in Computer and Electrical Engineering, 978–94. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7598-6.ch071.

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This decimation introduces the replicas of the main signal spectrum. If the signal is not properly filtered, the overlapping of the repeated replicas of the original spectrum, called aliasing, may occur. The aliasing may destroy the useful information of the decimated signal and must be eliminated by the filter which precedes the decimation, called decimation filter. The most popular decimation filter is a comb filter, usually used in the first stage of decimation. However, its magnitude characteristic is not flat in the pass band of interest and there is not enough attenuation in the folding bands. Different methods are proposed to improve comb magnitude characteristic. This chapter presents an overview of methods for simultaneous improvement of comb magnitude characteristic in both: pass band and folding bands. The methods are divided into three main groups: sharpening-based methods, corrector-based methods, and methods based on the combination of alias rejection and compensator design methods.
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Conference papers on the topic "Magnitude spectrum"

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Rabie, Tamer, and Driss Guerchi. "Magnitude Spectrum Speech Hiding." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Signal Processing and Communications. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icspc.2007.4728527.

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Tu, Wen-hsiang, and Jeih-weih Hung. "Magnitude spectrum enhancement for robust speech recognition." In 2010 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2010.5495556.

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Hickman, G., and J. Krolik. "Multipath delay estimation using the magnitude spectrum." In 2005 Microwave Electronics: Measurements, Identification, Applications. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ssp.2005.1628677.

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Islam, Md T., A. B. Hussain, K. T. Shahid, U. Saha, and C. Shahnaz. "Speech enhancement based on noise compensated magnitude spectrum." In 2014 International Conference on Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciev.2014.6850798.

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Son, Jae Gon, Nam Chul Kim, Young Deok Chun, Jun Hyo Park, and Jun Ik Bae. "Interactive ultrasound image retrieval using magnitude frequency spectrum." In Medical Imaging 2003, edited by William F. Walker and Michael F. Insana. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.479905.

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Sun, Xuekai, Sam Zandong Sun, Tao Peng, Shiying Wu, Xiaoguang Li, and Juxing Zhang. "Gabor Deconvolution: Hyperbolic Smoothing in Logarithmic Magnitude Spectrum." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2012. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2012-0911.1.

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Prasad, N., and T. Kishore Kumar. "Speech bandwidth extension using magnitude spectrum data hiding." In 2016 International Conference on Computing, Analytics and Security Trends (CAST). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cast.2016.7914941.

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Li, Zhen, Wenjin Wu, Qin Zhang, Hui Ren, and Shilei Bai. "Speech enhancement using magnitude and phase spectrum compensation." In 2016 IEEE/ACIS 15th International Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icis.2016.7550925.

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Son, Jae Gon, Jong I. Kwak, Sang H. Kim, and Nam Chul Kim. "Content-based ultrasound image retrieval using magnitude frequency spectrum." In Medical Imaging 2001, edited by Michael F. Insana and K. Kirk Shung. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.428219.

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Li, Dali. "Seismic Time History Data Precision and Time Interval Requirement." In 2020 International Conference on Nuclear Engineering collocated with the ASME 2020 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone2020-16594.

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Abstract This paper provides the seismic time history data precision and time interval requirement for seismic dynamic analysis. U.S.NRC SRP 3.7.1 “Seismic Design Parameters” Acceptance Criteria for Design Time Histories specifies the power spectral density Nyquist Frequency, time interval, and total duration; however, it does not have the requirement for Response Spectra. The response spectrum bandwidth is inverse-proportional to time interval of the time history. For the time interval of 0.005 seconds, the bandwidth for the response spectrum is between 0.194 Hz and 80.5 Hz; the PSD Nyquist frequency is 100 Hz. For 20.48 seconds time history, 4096 data points are required. The response spectrum between 1.28 Hz and 13.6 Hz has the peak flat magnitude value; the magnitude drops to 0.707 of the peak value from 1.28 Hz to 0.194 Hz and from 13.6 Hz to 80.5 Hz. This paper also provides the time interval requirement for various response spectrum peak flat magnitude value; i.e., the response spectrum highest flat magnitude of 27.2 Hz requires a time interval of 0.0025 seconds time history. For 20.48 seconds time history, 8192 data points are required. For CSDRS, the time interval of 0.005 seconds is adequate for the frequency range of interest between 0.36 Hz and 57.2 Hz. For HRHF, the time interval of 0.0025 seconds is required to analyze the frequency range of interest between 0.36 Hz and 114.4 Hz.
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Reports on the topic "Magnitude spectrum"

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Si, Hongjun, Saburoh Midorikawa, and Tadahiro Kishida. Development of NGA-Sub Ground-Motion Model of 5%-Damped Pseudo-Spectral Acceleration Based on Database for Subduction Earthquakes in Japan. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/lien3652.

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Presented within is an empirical ground-motion model (GMM) for subduction-zone earthquakesin Japan. The model is based on the extensive and comprehensive subduction database of Japanese earthquakes by the Pacific Engineering Research Center (PEER). It considers RotD50 horizontal components of peak ground acceleration (PGA), peak ground velocity (PGV), and 5%-damped elastic pseudo-absolute acceleration response spectral ordinates (PSA) at the selected periods ranging from 0.01 to 10 sec. The model includes terms and predictor variables considering tectonic setting (i.e., interplate and intraslab), hypocentral depths (D), magnitude scaling, distance attenuation, and site response. The magnitude scaling derived in this study is well constrained by the data observed during the large-magnitude interface events in Japan (i.e., the 2003 Tokachi-Oki and 2011 Tohoku earthquakes) for different periods. The developed ground-motion prediction equation (GMPE) covers subduction-zone earthquakes that have occurred in Japan for magnitudes ranging from 5.5 to as large as 9.1, with distances less than 300 km from the source.
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POWER FLOW ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE U-RIB STIFFENED PLATES BASED ON THE CONCEPT OF STRUCTURAL INTENSITY. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/icass2020.p.061.

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Due to its advantages of good mechanical properties, simple appearance and strong adaptability, the steel box girder is being widely utilized in urban bridges. The noise radiated by steel box girders subjected to vehicle impacts has the characteristics of wide-spectrum, high-magnitude and control difficulty. U-rib stiffened roof, as a part of the steel box girder, directly bears the input load, which is the basis of studying the vibration of the steel box girder. Currently, the investigation on the vibro-acoustic performance of U-rib plates is very limited. With this regard, this paper introduces the concept of Structural Intensity (SI). The SI vector is calculated by the Finite Element (FE) method. The power flow is visualized by the self-programming post-processing code. The global and local vibration energy transmission characters of a U-rib stiffened plate under a harmonic nodal force are analyzed. Further, the influence of plate thickness is investigated. The optimum design is carried out based on the engineering standard dimensions. The research results indicate that increasing the thickness ratio of the U-rib to the baseplate is beneficial to reducing the vibration.
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