Journal articles: 'Magneto-inertial sensors'

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Germanotta, Marco, Ilaria Mileti, Ilaria Conforti, Zaccaria Del Prete, Irene Aprile, and Eduardo Palermo. "Estimation of Human Center of Mass Position through the Inertial Sensors-Based Methods in Postural Tasks: An Accuracy Evaluation." Sensors 21, no. 2 (2021): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21020601.

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The estimation of the body’s center of mass (CoM) trajectory is typically obtained using force platforms, or optoelectronic systems (OS), bounding the assessment inside a laboratory setting. The use of magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) allows for more ecological evaluations, and previous studies proposed methods based on either a single sensor or a sensors’ network. In this study, we compared the accuracy of two methods based on MIMUs. Body CoM was estimated during six postural tasks performed by 15 healthy subjects, using data collected by a single sensor on the pelvis (Strapdown Integration Method, SDI), and seven sensors on the pelvis and lower limbs (Biomechanical Model, BM). The accuracy of the two methods was compared in terms of RMSE and estimation of posturographic parameters, using an OS as reference. The RMSE of the SDI was lower in tasks with little or no oscillations, while the BM outperformed in tasks with greater CoM displacement. Moreover, higher correlation coefficients were obtained between the posturographic parameters obtained with the BM and the OS. Our findings showed that the estimation of CoM displacement based on MIMU was reasonably accurate, and the use of the inertial sensors network methods should be preferred to estimate the kinematic parameters.

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Tong, Junze, Shaocen Shi, Fuchao Wang, and Dapeng Tian. "Application of a Soft-Switching Adaptive Kalman Filter for Over-Range Measurements in a Low-Frequency Extension of MHD Sensors." Aerospace 12, no. 3 (2025): 192. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace12030192.

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The increasing demand for image quality in aerospace remote sensing has led to higher performance requirements for inertial stabilization platforms equipped with image sensors, particularly in terms of bandwidth. To achieve wide-bandwidth control in optical stabilization platforms, engineers employ magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) sensors as key components to enhance system performance because of their wide measurement bandwidth (5–1000 Hz). While MHD sensors offer a wide-frequency response, they are limited by a narrow measuring range and low sensitivity at low frequencies, making them unsuitable as standalone sensors. To address the challenges of over-range measurement and the loss of low-frequency signals, in this study, we developed a soft-switching adaptive Kalman filter method, which enables us to dynamically adjust the fusion weights in the Kalman filter so we can obtain wide-band measurement signals even when the MHD sensor experiences over-range conditions. The proposed method was validated with fusion experiments involving a fiber-optic gyroscope and an MHD sensor; the results demonstrate its ability to expand the sensing bandwidth, regardless of the operating conditions of the MHD sensor.

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Crabolu, M., D. Pani, L. Raffo, and A. Cereatti. "Estimation of the center of rotation using wearable magneto-inertial sensors." Journal of Biomechanics 49, no. 16 (2016): 3928–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.11.046.

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Horenstein, Rachel E., Yohann R. Goudeau, Cara L. Lewis, and Sandra J. Shefelbine. "Using Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units to Pervasively Measure Hip Joint Motion during Sports." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174970.

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The use of wireless sensors to measure motion in non-laboratory settings continues to grow in popularity. Thus far, most validated systems have been applied to measurements in controlled settings and/or for prescribed motions. The aim of this study was to characterize adolescent hip joint motion of elite-level athletes (soccer players) during practice and recreationally active peers (controls) in after-school activities using a magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU) system. Opal wireless sensors (APDM Inc., Portland OR, USA) were placed at the sacrum and laterally on each thigh (three sensors total). Hip joint motion was characterized by hip acceleration and hip orientation for one hour of activity on a sports field. Our methods and analysis techniques can be applied to other joints and activities. We also provide recommendations in order to guide future work using MIMUs to pervasively assess joint motions of clinical relevance.

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Rossanigo, R., S. Bertuletti, V. Camomilla, et al. "Estimation of running biomechanical parameters using magneto-inertial sensors: a preliminary investigation." Gait & Posture 97 (October 2022): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.063.

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Wells, Denny, Jacqueline Alderson, Valentina Camomilla, Cyril Donnelly, Bruce Elliott, and Andrea Cereatti. "Elbow joint kinematics during cricket bowling using magneto-inertial sensors: A feasibility study." Journal of Sports Sciences 37, no. 5 (2018): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1512845.

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NAITO, Hisashi, Kodai SEKINE, Yuga IWAKIRI, and Shinobu TANAKA. "Calibration method of wearable magneto-inertial sensors for measurement of human body movement." Proceedings of Conference of Hokuriku-Shinetsu Branch 2019.56 (2019): D034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmehs.2019.56.d034.

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Campolo, Domenico, Fabrizio Taffoni, Domenico Formica, Giuseppina Schiavone, Flavio Keller, and Eugenio Guglielmelli. "Inertial-Magnetic Sensors for Assessing Spatial Cognition in Infants." IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering 58, no. 5 (2011): 1499–503. https://doi.org/10.1109/TBME.2011.2105871.

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This paper describes a novel approach to the assessment of spatial cognition in children. In particular we present a wireless instrumented toy embedding magneto-inertial sensors for orientation tracking, specifically developed to assess the ability to insert objects into holes. To be used in naturalistic environments (e.g. daycares), we also describe an in-field calibration procedure based on a sequence of manual rotations, not relying on accurate motions or sophisticated equipment. The final accuracy of the proposed system, after the mentioned calibration procedure, is derived by direct comparison with a gold-standard motion tracking device. In particular, both systems are subjected to a sequence of ten single-axis rotations (approximately 90 deg, back and forth), about three different axes. The root-mean-square of the angular error between the two measurements (gold-standard vs. proposed systems) was evaluated for each trial. In particular, the average rms error is under 2 deg. This study indicates that a technological approach to ecological assessment of spatial cognition in infants is indeed feasible. As a consequence, prevention through screening of large number of infants is at reach.

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Aman, E. E. "Development of constructive-kinematic model of micromechanical accelerometers." Issues of radio electronics, no. 10 (October 31, 2019): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21778/2218-5453-2019-10-17-20.

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The article discusses the problem of improving the quality and competitiveness of MEMS based on the structural kinematic model built on new physical principles and laws. The relevancy is conditioned by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No.328 dated 15 April 2014 «On Approval of the State Program of the Russian Federation «Development of Industry and Improvement of its Competitive Ability». Russian MEMS-sensors, being part of import substitution, need a wide nomenclature of sensitive elements differing by construction principles, with an option of using the domestic element base and a partial refusal from conventional decisions. An example of the said solutions is a «converted» power sensor operating in the self-oscillations mode, which has simplified engineering manufacture solutions and guaranteed high power characteristics. The paper discusses algorithm for development of constructive-kinematic model of primary inertial sensor with magneto-electric or electro-magnetic compensatory converter.

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Koskov, M. A., and A. S. Ivanov. "Magnetic system of uniaxial inertial ferrofluid accelerometer." Vestnik IGEU, no. 6 (December 28, 2022): 26–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2072-2672.2022.6.026-036.

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Today, a physical problem of engineering design of inertial magnetic fluid accelerometers to measure dynamic processes is relevant. The main drawback of modern sensors is the nonlinear characteristic of the forced response, which limits the application area of the sensors to the case of quasi-static action (tilt angle sensor). The reason of nonlinearity is the design of the magneto-mechanical system of the elastic suspension of the inertial mass made in the form of a pair of permanent ring magnets. This drawback can be eliminated by designing an axisymmetric electromagnetic system that generates a magnetic field with a linear intensity gradient along the symmetry axis. Thus, the paper is devoted to this problem and experimental approvement of the results on a laboratory sensor prototype. The Monte Carlo algorithm is used to calculate electromagnetic system containing permanent magnets and magnetizing coils. The algorithm is implemented using the C++ programming language. Measurements of the most important parameters of the magnetic field from the point of view of the purpose of the study are carried out on the assembled model of the electromagnetic system of the accelerometer. The calculation of electromagnetic system that generate permanent magnetic field with linear intensity gradient along the symmetry axis is carried out. The applicability of the Monte Carlo method to solve similar engineering problems is shown. The measurements of the magnetic field strength of a given configuration have been made. The force of the magnetic field acting on the test sensitive element with a constant magnetic moment is measured. A comparison of the calculated magnetic field with the field of a real system is carried out. It shows satisfactory agreement between the calculated data and the real ones. A linear dependence of the restoring force on the displacement coordinate of a body with a constant magnetic moment from the equilibrium position is shown. The linearization of the response of the mechanical part of the magnetic fluid accelerometer is achieved by choosing the desired configuration of its electromagnetic system, which allows making reliable measurements of both static and dynamic quantities.

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Bouvier, B., A. Savescu, S. Duprey, and R. Dumas. "Benefits of functional calibration for estimating elbow joint angles using magneto-inertial sensors: preliminary results." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 17, sup1 (2014): 108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2014.931444.

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Campolo, Domenico, Fabrizio Taffoni, Domenico Formica, et al. "Embedding inertial-magnetic sensors in everyday objects: Assessing spatial cognition in children." Journal of integrative neuroscience 11, no. 1 (2012): 103–16. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219635212500070.

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This paper describes an interdisciplinary approach to the assessment of children development of spatial cognition, with a focus on the technology. An instrumented toy (blockbox) is presented which embeds magneto-inertial sensors for orientation tracking, specifically developed to assess the ability to insert objects into holes. The functional specifications are derived from experimental protocols devised by neuroscientists to assess spatial cognition skills in children. Technological choices are emphasized with respect to ecological requirements. Adhoc calibration procedures are presented which are suitable to unstructured environments. Preliminary results based on experimental trials carried out at a day-care on typically developing children (12-36 months old) show how the instrumented objects can be used effectively in a semi-automatic fashion (i.e. rater-independent) to derive accurate measurements such as orientation errors and insertion time which are relevant to the object insertion task. This study indicates that a technological approach to ecological assessment of spatial cognition in children is indeed feasible and maybe useful for identification and early assessment of developmental delay.

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Koskov, Mikhail, Sergey Somov, Olga Krylasova, and Aleksey Ivanov. "Inertial Ferrofluidic Sensor for Vibration, Displacement and Impulse Measurement with a Linear Output Signal." Problems of the Regional Energetics, no. 4(64) (November 2024): 80–89. https://doi.org/10.52254/1857-0070.2024.4-64.07.

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The aim of the work is to develop the uniaxial ferrofluid sensor suitable for use either as an accelerometer for low-frequency vibrations or as a ballistic device or seismic sensor for shock loads. The goal is achieved by solving the following problems: development of a magnetic suspension system with a linear axial gradient of the magnetic field strength, calculation of the viscous friction force of the magnetic fluid filling the coaxial layer between the magnetic cylinder and the non-magnetic body wall, manufacturing of the sensor and its static and dynamic tests. The most significant result of the work is the experimental confirmation of the linearity of the electromechanical system of the sensor, corresponding to the model representations of a linear dissipative oscillating system with one degree of freedom. The significance of the obtained results lies in the appearance of cheap and simple linear inertial sensors. The principle of operation of the sensor is based on the registration of the motion of an inert mass deviating from the equilibrium position under the action of an external force to be measured. The inert mass, consisting of ring permanent magnets, levitates in a coaxial layer of magneto-fluid lubricant. The sensor, depending on its parameters, can measure either quasi-static force, or force impulse, or coordinate displacement, which is in demand in monitoring systems for critical structures and buildings, as well as in navigation systems for vehicles operating under conditions of small, slowly changing accelerations (microgravity).

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Wang, Cuo, Xingfei Li, Ke Kou, and Chunguo Long. "Optimization of magnetic hat for quartz flexible accelerometer." Sensor Review 36, no. 1 (2016): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-04-2015-0067.

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Purpose – This study aims to ameliorate the strength and uniformity of the magnetic field in the air-gap of quartz flexible accelerometers. Quartz flexible accelerometers (QFAs), a type of magneto-electric inertial sensors, have wide applications in inertial navigation systems, and their precision, linearity and stability performance are largely determined by the magnetic field in operation air-gap. To enhance the strength and uniformity of the magnetic field in the air-gap, a magnetic hat structure has been proposed to replace the traditional magnetic pole piece which tends to produce stratiform magnetic field distribution. Design/methodology/approach – Three-dimensional analysis in ANSYS workbench helps to exhibit magnetic field distribution for the structures with a pole piece and a magnetic hat, and under the hypothesis of cylindrical symmetry, two-dimensional finite element optimization by ANSYS APDL gives an optimal set of dimensions of the magnetic hat. Findings – Three structures of the QFA with a pole piece, a non-optimized magnetic hat and an optimized magnetic hat are compared by the simulation in ANSYS Maxwell and experiments measuring the electromagnetic rebalance force. The results show that the optimized hat can supply stronger and more uniform magnetic field, which is reflected by larger and more linear rebalance force. Originality/value – To the authors ' knowledge, the magnetic hat and its dimension optimization have rarely been reported, and they can find significant applications in designing QFAs or other similar magnetic sensors.

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Cockcroft, John, Jacobus Muller, and Cornie Scheffer. "Robust tracking of bicycle crank angles using magneto-inertial sensors, domain constraints and functional frame alignment techniques." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part P: Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology 232, no. 1 (2016): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1754337116652048.

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Ricci, Luca, Domenico Formica, Laura Sparaci, et al. "A New Calibration Methodology for Thorax and Upper Limbs Motion Capture in Children Using Magneto and Inertial Sensors." Sensors 14, no. 1 (2014): 1057–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s140101057.

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Jardak, Nabil, Ronan Adam, and Sébastien Changey. "A Gyroless Algorithm with Multi-Hypothesis Initialization for Projectile Navigation." Sensors 21, no. 22 (2021): 7487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21227487.

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Projectiles are subjected to a high acceleration shock at launch (20,000 g and higher) and can spin very fast. Thus, the components of onboard navigation units must therefore withstand such constraints in addition to being inexpensive. This makes only a few inertial sensors suitable for projectiles navigation. Particularly, rate gyroscopes which are gun-hardened and have an appropriate operating range are not widely available. On the other hand, magneto-resistive sensors are inexpensive and can satisfy both gun-hardening and operating range requirements, making them an alternative for angular estimation in guided projectiles. This paper presents a gyroless navigation algorithm for projectiles. The lack of gyroscope is handled by the usage of attitude kinematics computed over past attitude estimates of the filter, coupled with a measurement model based on magnetometer and GPS observations of the attitude. The observability of the attitude when considering non-calibrated magnetometers and its dependency on the initialization is addressed. Then, to cope with the initialization dependency of the filter, we proposed a multi-hypothesis initialization algorithm. In terms of performance, the algorithm is shown to provide a high-rate navigation solution with an interesting performance.

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Provenzale, Cecilia, Nicola Di Stefano, Alessia Noccaro, and Fabrizio Taffoni. "Assessing the Bowing Technique in Violin Beginners Using MIMU and Optical Proximity Sensors: A Feasibility Study." Sensors 21, no. 17 (2021): 5817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175817.

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Bowing is the fundamental motor action responsible for sound production in violin playing. A lot of effort is required to control such a complex technique, especially at the beginning of violin training, also due to a lack of quantitative assessments of bowing movements. Here, we present magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) and an optical sensor interface for the real-time monitoring of the fundamental parameters of bowing. Two MIMUs and a sound recorder were used to estimate the bow orientation and acquire sounds. An optical motion capture system was used as the gold standard for comparison. Four optical sensors positioned on the bow stick measured the stick–hair distance. During a pilot test, a musician was asked to perform strokes using different sections of the bow at different paces. Distance data were used to train two classifiers, a linear discriminant (LD) classifier and a decision tree (DT) classifier, to estimate the bow section used. The DT classifier reached the best classification accuracy (94.2%). Larger data analysis on nine violin beginners showed that the orientation error was less than 2°; the bow tilt correlated with the audio information (r134=−0.973, 95% CI −0.981,−0.962, p<0.001). The results confirmed that the interface provides reliable information on the bowing technique that might improve the learning performance of violin beginners.

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Tramontano, Marco, Valeria Belluscio, Elena Bergamini, et al. "Vestibular Rehabilitation Improves Gait Quality and Activities of Daily Living in People with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial." Sensors 22, no. 21 (2022): 8553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218553.

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Neurorehabilitation research in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) showed how vestibular rehabilitation (VR) treatments positively affect concussion-related symptoms, but no studies have been carried out in patients with severe TBI (sTBI) during post-acute intensive neurorehabilitation. We aimed at testing this effect by combining sensor-based gait analysis and clinical scales assessment. We hypothesized that integrating VR in post-acute neurorehabilitation training might improve gait quality and activity of daily living (ADL) in sTBI patients. A two-arm, single-blind randomized controlled trial with 8 weeks of follow-up was performed including thirty sTBI inpatients that underwent an 8-week rehabilitation program including either a VR or a conventional program. Gait quality parameters were obtained using body-mounted magneto-inertial sensors during instrumented linear and curvilinear walking tests. A 4X2 mixed model ANOVA was used to investigate session–group interactions and main effects. Patients undergoing VR exhibited improvements in ADL, showing early improvements in clinical scores. Sensor-based assessment of curvilinear pathways highlighted significant VR-related improvements in gait smoothness over time (p < 0.05), whereas both treatments exhibited distinct improvements in gait quality. Integrating VR in conventional neurorehabilitation is a suitable strategy to improve gait smoothness and ADL in sTBI patients. Instrumented protocols are further promoted as an additional measure to quantify the efficacy of neurorehabilitation treatments.

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Nez, Alexis, Laetitia Fradet, Frédéric Marin, Tony Monnet, and Patrick Lacouture. "Identification of Noise Covariance Matrices to Improve Orientation Estimation by Kalman Filter." Sensors 18, no. 10 (2018): 3490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103490.

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Magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) are a promising way to perform human motion analysis outside the laboratory. To do so, in the literature, orientation provided by an MIMU is used to deduce body segment orientation. This is generally achieved by means of a Kalman filter that fuses acceleration, angular velocity, and magnetic field measures. A critical point when implementing a Kalman filter is the initialization of the covariance matrices that characterize mismodelling and input error from noisy sensors. The present study proposes a methodology to identify the initial values of these covariance matrices that optimize orientation estimation in the context of human motion analysis. The approach used was to apply motion to the sensor manually, and to compare the orientation obtained via the Kalman filter to a measurement from an optoelectronic system acting as a reference. Testing different sets of values for each parameter of the covariance matrices, and comparing each MIMU measurement with the reference measurement, enabled identification of the most effective values. Moreover, with these optimized initial covariance matrices, the orientation estimation was greatly improved. The method, as presented here, provides a unique solution to the problem of identifying the optimal covariance matrices values for Kalman filtering. However, the methodology should be improved in order to reduce the duration of the whole process.

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Brasiliano, Paolo, Guido Mascia, Paolo Di Feo, et al. "Impact of Gait Events Identification through Wearable Inertial Sensors on Clinical Gait Analysis of Children with Idiopathic Toe Walking." Micromachines 14, no. 2 (2023): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14020277.

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Idiopathic toe walking (ITW) is a gait deviation characterized by forefoot contact with the ground and excessive ankle plantarflexion over the entire gait cycle observed in otherwise-typical developing children. The clinical evaluation of ITW is usually performed using optoelectronic systems analyzing the sagittal component of ankle kinematics and kinetics. However, in standardized laboratory contexts, these children can adopt a typical walking pattern instead of a toe walk, thus hindering the laboratory-based clinical evaluation. With these premises, measuring gait in a more ecological environment may be crucial in this population. As a first step towards adopting wearable clinical protocols embedding magneto-inertial sensors and pressure insoles, this study analyzed the performance of three algorithms for gait events identification based on shank and/or foot sensors. Foot strike and foot off were estimated from gait measurements taken from children with ITW walking barefoot and while wearing a foot orthosis. Although no single algorithm stands out as best from all perspectives, preferable algorithms were devised for event identification, temporal parameters estimate and heel and forefoot rocker identification, depending on the barefoot/shoed condition. Errors more often led to an erroneous characterization of the heel rocker, especially in shoed condition. The ITW gait specificity may cause errors in the identification of the foot strike which, in turn, influences the characterization of the heel rocker and, therefore, of the pathologic ITW behavior.

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Le Moing, Anne-Gaëlle, Andreea Mihaela Seferian, Amélie Moraux, et al. "A Movement Monitor Based on Magneto-Inertial Sensors for Non-Ambulant Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A Pilot Study in Controlled Environment." PLOS ONE 11, no. 6 (2016): e0156696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156696.

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Truppa, Luigi, Michelangelo Guaitolini, Pietro Garofalo, Carlo Castagna, and Andrea Mannini. "Assessment of Biomechanical Response to Fatigue through Wearable Sensors in Semi-Professional Football Referees." Sensors 21, no. 1 (2020): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21010066.

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Quantifying muscle fatigue is a key aspect of everyday sport practice. A reliable and objective solution that can fulfil this task would be deeply important for two main reasons: (i) it would grant an objective indicator to adjust the daily training load for each player and (ii) it would provide an innovative tool to reduce the risk of fatigue-related injuries. Available solutions for objectively quantifying the fatigue level of fatigue can be invasive for the athlete; they could alter the performance or they are not compatible with daily practice on the playground. Building on previous findings that identified fatigue-related parameters in the kinematic of the counter-movement jump (CMJ), this study evaluates the physical response to a fatigue protocol (i.e., Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1) in 16 football referees, by monitoring CMJ performance with wearable magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMU). Nineteen kinematic parameters were selected as suitable indicators for fatigue detection. The analysis of their variations allowed us to distinguish two opposites but coherent responses to the fatigue protocol. Indeed, eight out of sixteen athletes showed reduced performance (e.g., an effective fatigue condition), while the other eight athletes experienced an improvement of the execution likely due to the so-called Post-Activation Potentiation. In both cases, the above parameters were significantly influenced by the fatigue protocol (p < 0.05), confirming their validity for fatigue monitoring. Interesting correlations between several kinematic parameters and muscular mass were highlighted in the fatigued group. Finally, a “fatigue approximation index” was proposed and validated as fatigue quantifier.

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Rossanigo, Rachele, Marco Caruso, Stefano Bertuletti, et al. "Base of Support, Step Length and Stride Width Estimation during Walking Using an Inertial and Infrared Wearable System." Sensors 23, no. 8 (2023): 3921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23083921.

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The analysis of the stability of human gait may be effectively performed when estimates of the base of support are available. The base of support area is defined by the relative position of the feet when they are in contact with the ground and it is closely related to additional parameters such as step length and stride width. These parameters may be determined in the laboratory using either a stereophotogrammetric system or an instrumented mat. Unfortunately, their estimation in the real world is still an unaccomplished goal. This study aims at proposing a novel, compact wearable system, including a magneto-inertial measurement unit and two time-of-flight proximity sensors, suitable for the estimation of the base of support parameters. The wearable system was tested and validated on thirteen healthy adults walking at three self-selected speeds (slow, comfortable, and fast). Results were compared with the concurrent stereophotogrammetric data, used as the gold standard. The root mean square errors for the step length, stride width and base of support area varied from slow to high speed between 10–46 mm, 14–18 mm, and 39–52 cm2, respectively. The mean overlap of the base of support area as obtained with the wearable system and with the stereophotogrammetric system ranged between 70% and 89%. Thus, this study suggested that the proposed wearable solution is a valid tool for the estimation of the base of support parameters out of the laboratory.

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Bertoli, Matilde, Andrea Cereatti, Diana Trojaniello, et al. "Estimation of spatio-temporal parameters of gait from magneto-inertial measurement units: multicenter validation among Parkinson, mildly cognitively impaired and healthy older adults." BioMedical Engineering OnLine 17, no. 1 (2018): 58. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-018-0488-2.

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Background: The use of miniaturized magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) allows for an objective evaluation of gait and a quantitative assessment of clinical outcomes. Spatial and temporal parameters are generally recognized as key metrics for characterizing gait. Although several methods for their estimate have been proposed, a thorough error analysis across different pathologies, multiple clinical centers and on large sample size is still missing. The aim of this study was to apply a previously presented method for the estimate of spatio-temporal parameters, named Trusted Events and Acceleration Direct and Reverse Integration along the direction of Progression (TEADRIP), on a large cohort (236 patients) including Parkinson, mildly cognitively impaired and healthy older adults collected in four clinical centers. Data were collected during straight-line gait, at normal and fast walking speed, by attaching two MIMUs just above the ankles. The parameters stride, step, stance and swing durations, as well as stride length and gait velocity, were estimated for each gait cycle. The TEADRIP performance was validated against data from an instrumented mat.Results: Limits of agreements computed between the TEADRIP estimates and the reference values from the instrumented mat were − 27 to 27 ms for Stride Time, − 68 to 44 ms for Stance Time, − 31 to 31 ms for Step Time and − 67 to 52 mm for Stride Length. For each clinical center, the mean absolute errors averaged across subjects for the estimation of temporal parameters ranged between 1 and 4%, being on average less than 3% (< 30 ms). Stride length mean absolute errors were on average 2% (≈ 25 mm). Error comparisons across centers did not show any significant difference. Significant error differences were found exclusively for stride and step durations between healthy elderly and Parkinsonian subjects, and for the stride length between walking speeds.Conclusions: The TEADRIP method was effectively validated on a large number of healthy and pathological subjects recorded in four different clinical centers. Results showed that the spatio-temporal parameters estimation errors were consistent with those previously found on smaller population samples in a single center. The combination of robustness and range of applicability suggests the use of the TEADRIP as a suitable MIMU-based method for gait spatio-temporal parameter estimate in the routine clinical use. The present paper was awarded the "SIAMOC Best Methodological Paper 2017".

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Caruso, Marco, Angelo Maria Sabatini, Marco Knaflitz, Ugo Della Croce, and Andrea Cereatti. "Extension of the Rigid-Constraint Method for the Heuristic Suboptimal Parameter Tuning to Ten Sensor Fusion Algorithms Using Inertial and Magnetic Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 18 (2021): 6307. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21186307.

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Abstract The orientation of a magneto-inertial measurement unit can be estimated using a sensor fusion algorithm (SFA). However, orientation accuracy is greatly affected by the choice of the SFA parameter values which represents one of the most critical steps. A commonly adopted approach is to fine-tune parameter values to minimize the difference between estimated and true orientation. However, this can only be implemented within the laboratory setting by requiring the use of a concurrent gold-standard technology. To overcome this limitation, a Rigid-Constraint Method (RCM) was proposed to estimate suboptimal parameter values without relying on any orientation reference. The RCM method effectiveness was successfully tested on a single-parameter SFA, with an average error increase with respect to the optimal of 1.5 deg. In this work, the applicability of the RCM was evaluated on 10 popular SFAs with multiple parameters under different experimental scenarios. The average residual between the optimal and suboptimal errors amounted to 0.6 deg with a maximum of 3.7 deg. These encouraging results suggest the possibility to properly tune a generic SFA on different scenarios without using any reference. The synchronized dataset also including the optical data and the SFA codes are available online.

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Trojaniello, Diana, Andrea Cereatti, Elisa Pelosin, et al. "Estimation of step-by-step spatio-temporal parameters of normal and impaired gait using shank-mounted magneto-inertial sensors: application to elderly, hemiparetic, parkinsonian and choreic gait." Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 11, no. 1 (2014): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-0003-11-152.

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Paradisi, Francesco, Eugenio Di Stanislao, Aurora Summa, Stefano Brunelli, M. Traballesi, and Giuseppe Vannozzi. "Upper body accelerations during level walking in transtibial amputees." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 43, no. 2 (2018): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364618792745.

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Background: The observation of upper body movement is gaining interest in the gait analysis community. Recent studies involved the use of body-worn motion sensors, allowing translation of laboratory measurements to real-life settings in the context of patient monitoring and fall prevention. Objectives: It was shown that amputee persons demonstrate altered acceleration patterns due to the presence of prosthetic components, while no information is available on how accelerations propagate upwards to the head during level walking. This descriptive study aims to fill this gap. Study design: Original research report. Methods: Twenty definitive prosthesis users with transtibial amputation and 20 age-matched able-bodied individuals participated in the study. Three magneto-inertial measurement units were placed at head, sternum and pelvis level to assess acceleration root mean square. Three repetitions of the 10-m walking test were performed at a self-selected speed. Results: Acceleration root mean square was significantly larger at pelvis and head level in individuals with amputation than in able-bodied participants, mainly in the transverse plane ( p < 0.05). Differences were also observed in how accelerations propagate upwards, highlighting that a different motor strategy is adopted in amputee persons gait to compensate for increased instability. Conclusion: The obtained parameters allow an objective mobility assessment of amputee persons that can integrate with the traditional clinical approach. Clinical relevance Transtibial amputees exhibit asymmetries due to the sound limb’s support prevalence during gait: this is evidenced by amplified accelerations on the transverse plane and by related differences in upper body movement control. Assessing these accelerations and their attenuations upwards may be helpful to understand amputee’s motor strategies and to improve prosthetic training.

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Crabolu, M., D. Pani, L. Raffo, and A. Cereatti. "Humerus length estimation using a magneto-inertial sensor." Gait & Posture 57 (September 2017): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.07.074.

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Caruso, Marco, Angelo Maria Sabatini, Marco Knaflitz, Marco Gazzoni, Ugo Della Croce, and Andrea Cereatti. "Orientation Estimation Through Magneto-Inertial Sensor Fusion: A Heuristic Approach for Suboptimal Parameters Tuning." IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 3 (2021): 3408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.3024806.

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Caruso, Marco, Angelo Maria Sabatini, Marco Knaflitz, Marco Gazzoni, Ugo Della Croce, and Andrea Cereatti. "Orientation Estimation Through Magneto-Inertial Sensor Fusion: A Heuristic Approach for Suboptimal Parameters Tuning." IEEE Sensors Journal 21, no. 3 (2020): 3408–19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4457500.

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Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units (MIMUs) are a valid alternative tool to optical stereophotogrammetry in human motion analysis. The orientation of a MIMU may be estimated by using sensor fusion algorithms. Such algorithms require input parameters that are usually set using a trial-and-error (or grid-search ) approach to find the optimal values. However, using trial-and-error requires a known reference orientation, a circumstance rarely occurring in real-life applications. In this article, we present a way to suboptimally set input parameters, by exploiting the assumption that two MIMUs rigidly connected are expected to show no orientation difference during motion. This approach was validated by applying it to the popular complementary filter by Madgwick et al. and tested on 18 experimental conditions including three commercial products, three angular rates, and two dimensionality motion conditions. Two main findings were observed: i) the selection of the optimal parameter value strongly depends on the specific experimental conditions considered, ii) in 15 out of 18 conditions the errors obtained using the proposed approach and the trial-and-error were coincident, while in the other cases the maximum discrepancy amounted to 2.5 deg and less than 1.5 deg on average. This work was supported by the Mobilise-D project that has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 820820. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). Content in this publication reflects the authors’ view and neither IMI nor the European Union, EFPIA, or any Associated Partners are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

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Simonetti, Emeline, Elena Bergamini, Giuseppe Vannozzi, Joseph Bascou, and Hélène Pillet. "Estimation of 3D Body Center of Mass Acceleration and Instantaneous Velocity from a Wearable Inertial Sensor Network in Transfemoral Amputee Gait: A Case Study." Sensors 21, no. 9 (2021): 3129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21093129.

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The analysis of the body center of mass (BCoM) 3D kinematics provides insights on crucial aspects of locomotion, especially in populations with gait impairment such as people with amputation. In this paper, a wearable framework based on the use of different magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU) networks is proposed to obtain both BCoM acceleration and velocity. The proposed framework was validated as a proof of concept in one transfemoral amputee against data from force plates (acceleration) and an optoelectronic system (acceleration and velocity). The impact in terms of estimation accuracy when using a sensor network rather than a single MIMU at trunk level was also investigated. The estimated velocity and acceleration reached a strong agreement (ρ > 0.89) and good accuracy compared to reference data (normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) < 13.7%) in the anteroposterior and vertical directions when using three MIMUs on the trunk and both shanks and in all three directions when adding MIMUs on both thighs (ρ > 0.89, NRMSE ≤ 14.0% in the mediolateral direction). Conversely, only the vertical component of the BCoM kinematics was accurately captured when considering a single MIMU. These results suggest that inertial sensor networks may represent a valid alternative to laboratory-based instruments for 3D BCoM kinematics quantification in lower-limb amputees.

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Crabolu, M., D. Pani, L. Raffo, M. Conti, P. Crivelli, and A. Cereatti. "In vivo identification of the shoulder joint centre of rotation using a magneto-inertial sensor." Gait & Posture 49 (September 2016): S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.07.043.

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Giordano, Noemi, Samanta Rosati, Gabriella Balestra, and Marco Knaflitz. "A Wearable Multi-Sensor Array Enables the Recording of Heart Sounds in Homecare." Sensors 23, no. 13 (2023): 6241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23136241.

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The home monitoring of patients affected by chronic heart failure (CHF) is of key importance in preventing acute episodes. Nevertheless, no wearable technological solution exists to date. A possibility could be offered by Cardiac Time Intervals extracted from simultaneous recordings of electrocardiographic (ECG) and phonocardiographic (PCG) signals. Nevertheless, the recording of a good-quality PCG signal requires accurate positioning of the stethoscope over the chest, which is unfeasible for a naïve user as the patient. In this work, we propose a solution based on multi-source PCG. We designed a flexible multi-sensor array to enable the recording of heart sounds by inexperienced users. The multi-sensor array is based on a flexible Printed Circuit Board mounting 48 microphones with a high spatial resolution, three electrodes to record an ECG and a Magneto-Inertial Measurement Unit. We validated the usability over a sample population of 42 inexperienced volunteers and found that all subjects could record signals of good to excellent quality. Moreover, we found that the multi-sensor array is suitable for use on a wide population of at-risk patients regardless of their body characteristics. Based on the promising findings of this study, we believe that the described device could enable the home monitoring of CHF patients soon.

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Vernigorov, Yuriy, Valeriy Lebedev, Kirill Leletko, Anatoliy Kochubey Anatoliy Anatol'evich, and Georgy Demin. "INDUCTION METHOD FOR PARAMETER INVESTIGATIONS OF DISPERSION FERROMAGNETICS." Bulletin of Bryansk state technical university 2020, no. 4 (2020): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/1999-8775-2020-4-4-10.

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The purpose of investigations consists in the definition of the dependence of induction electromotive force (EF) upon magnetic and inertial properties of ferromagnetic particles of magneto-vibrating layer, and also upon induction gradient, frequency of a variable component and induction of a direct component of an electromagnetic field.  There is offered an induction method for investigations of dispersion ferromagnetic parameters. A principle of operation and basic elements of the design of an experimental plant which allows investigating the impact of the parameters of electromagnetic fields of different topology upon magnetic-vibrating layer characteristics is developed. Two electromagnets with the common inter-pole area are a basic element of the experimental plant realizing the formation of the magneto-vibrating layer of high-dispersion powders. Electromagnet poles were located in such a way that force lines of constant and alternating magnetic fields were mutually perpendicular. A cluster, in the course of its motion relative to coils of an induction sensor, guides an EF in it, a value of which depends upon a magnetic moment of the cluster, speed, amplitude and frequency of its motion. There are obtained analytical expressions for the EF guided in an induction sensor moving by a magnetic dipole.  It is shown that a basic contribution to the induction EF is carried out by a magnetic dipole at oscillatory-translation; at changing parameters of an electro-magnetic field changes a motion character of powder material particles.  It is proved that the experimental estimate of kinematic characteristics of powder particles in a magnetic-oscillating layer is possible through an induction method.

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Antonacci, Carla, Umile Giuseppe Longo, Ara Nazarian, Emiliano Schena, and Arianna Carnevale. "Monitoring Scapular Kinematics through Wearable Magneto-Inertial Measurement Units: State of the Art and New Frontiers." Sensors 23, no. 15 (2023): 6940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23156940.

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Monitoring shoulder kinematics, including the scapular segment, is of great relevance in the orthopaedic field. Among wearable systems, magneto-inertial measurement units (M-IMUs) represent a valid alternative for applications in unstructured environments. The aim of this systematic literature review is to report and describe the existing methods to estimate 3D scapular movements through wearable systems integrating M-IMUs. A comprehensive search of PubMed, IEEE Xplore, and Web of Science was performed, and results were included up to May 2023. A total of 14 articles was included. The results showed high heterogeneity among studies regarding calibration procedures, tasks executed, and the population. Two different techniques were described, i.e., with the x-axis aligned with the cranial edge of the scapular spine or positioned on the flat surface of the acromion with the x-axis perpendicular to the scapular spine. Sensor placement affected the scapular motion and, also, the kinematic output. Further studies should be conducted to establish a universal protocol that reduces the variability among studies. Establishing a protocol that can be carried out without difficulty or pain by patients with shoulder musculoskeletal disorders could be of great clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to monitor 3D scapular kinematics in unstructured settings or during common clinical practice.

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Guaitolini, Michelangelo, Federica Aprigliano, Andrea Mannini, Silvestro Micera, Vito Monaco, and Angelo Maria Sabatini. "Ambulatory Assessment of the Dynamic Margin of Stability Using an Inertial Sensor Network." Sensors 19, no. 19 (2019): 4117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194117.

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Loss of stability is a precursor to falling and therefore represents a leading cause of injury, especially in fragile people. Thus, dynamic stability during activities of daily living (ADLs) needs to be considered to assess balance control and fall risk. The dynamic margin of stability (MOS) is often used as an indicator of how the body center of mass is located and moves relative to the base of support. In this work, we propose a magneto-inertial measurement unit (MIMU)-based method to assess the MOS of a gait. Six young healthy subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill at different velocities while wearing MIMUs on their lower limbs and pelvis. We then assessed the MOS by computing the lower body displacement with respect to the leading inverse kinematics approach. The results were compared with those obtained using a camera-based system in terms of root mean square deviation (RMSD) and correlation coefficient (ρ). We obtained a RMSD of ≤1.80 cm and ρ ≥ 0.85 for each walking velocity. The findings revealed that our method is comparable to camera-based systems in terms of accuracy, suggesting that it may represent a strategy to assess stability during ADLs in unstructured environments.

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Caruso, Marco, Angelo Maria Sabatini, Marco Knaflitz, Ugo Della Croce, and Andrea Cereatti. "Extension of the Rigid-Constraint Method for the Heuristic Suboptimal Parameter Tuning to Ten Sensor Fusion Algorithms Using Inertial and Magnetic Sensing." Sensors 21, no. 18 (2021): 6307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186307.

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The orientation of a magneto-inertial measurement unit can be estimated using a sensor fusion algorithm (SFA). However, orientation accuracy is greatly affected by the choice of the SFA parameter values which represents one of the most critical steps. A commonly adopted approach is to fine-tune parameter values to minimize the difference between estimated and true orientation. However, this can only be implemented within the laboratory setting by requiring the use of a concurrent gold-standard technology. To overcome this limitation, a Rigid-Constraint Method (RCM) was proposed to estimate suboptimal parameter values without relying on any orientation reference. The RCM method effectiveness was successfully tested on a single-parameter SFA, with an average error increase with respect to the optimal of 1.5 deg. In this work, the applicability of the RCM was evaluated on 10 popular SFAs with multiple parameters under different experimental scenarios. The average residual between the optimal and suboptimal errors amounted to 0.6 deg with a maximum of 3.7 deg. These encouraging results suggest the possibility to properly tune a generic SFA on different scenarios without using any reference. The synchronized dataset also including the optical data and the SFA codes are available online.

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Caruso, Marco, Angelo Maria Sabatini, Daniel Laidig, et al. "Analysis of the Accuracy of Ten Algorithms for Orientation Estimation Using Inertial and Magnetic Sensing under Optimal Conditions: One Size Does Not Fit All." Sensors 21, no. 7 (2021): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21072543.

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The orientation of a magneto and inertial measurement unit (MIMU) is estimated by means of sensor fusion algorithms (SFAs) thus enabling human motion tracking. However, despite several SFAs implementations proposed over the last decades, there is still a lack of consensus about the best performing SFAs and their accuracy. As suggested by recent literature, the filter parameters play a central role in determining the orientation errors. The aim of this work is to analyze the accuracy of ten SFAs while running under the best possible conditions (i.e., their parameter values are set using the orientation reference) in nine experimental scenarios including three rotation rates and three commercial products. The main finding is that parameter values must be specific for each SFA according to the experimental scenario to avoid errors comparable to those obtained when the default parameter values are used. Overall, when optimally tuned, no statistically significant differences are observed among the different SFAs in all tested experimental scenarios and the absolute errors are included between 3.8 deg and 7.1 deg. Increasing the rotation rate generally leads to a significant performance worsening. Errors are also influenced by the MIMU commercial model. SFA MATLAB implementations have been made available online.

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De Bartolo, Daniela, Valeria Belluscio, Giuseppe Vannozzi, et al. "Sensorized Assessment of Dynamic Locomotor Imagery in People with Stroke and Healthy Subjects." Sensors 20, no. 16 (2020): 4545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164545.

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Dynamic motor imagery (dMI) is a motor imagery task associated with movements partially mimicking those mentally represented. As well as conventional motor imagery, dMI has been typically assessed by mental chronometry tasks. In this paper, an instrumented approach was proposed for quantifying the correspondence between upper and lower limb oscillatory movements performed on the spot during the dMI of walking vs. during actual walking. Magneto-inertial measurement units were used to measure limb swinging in three different groups: young adults, older adults and stroke patients. Participants were tested in four experimental conditions: (i) simple limb swinging; (ii) limb swinging while imagining to walk (dMI-task); (iii) mental chronometry task, without any movement (pure MI); (iv) actual level walking at comfortable speed. Limb swinging was characterized in terms of the angular velocity, frequency of oscillations and sinusoidal waveform. The dMI was effective at reproducing upper limb oscillations more similar to those occurring during walking for all the three groups, but some exceptions occurred for lower limbs. This finding could be related to the sensory feedback, stretch reflexes and ground reaction forces occurring for lower limbs and not for upper limbs during walking. In conclusion, the instrumented approach through wearable motion devices adds significant information to the current dMI approach, further supporting their applications in neurorehabilitation for monitoring imagery training protocols in patients with stroke.

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García-de-Villa, Sara, Ana Jiménez-Martín, and Juan Jesús García-Domínguez. "A database of physical therapy exercises with variability of execution collected by wearable sensors." Scientific Data 9, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41597-022-01387-2.

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AbstractThis document introduces the PHYTMO database, which contains data from physical therapies recorded with inertial sensors, including information from an optical reference system. PHYTMO includes the recording of 30 volunteers, aged between 20 and 70 years old. A total amount of 6 exercises and 3 gait variations were recorded. The volunteers performed two series with a minimum of 8 repetitions in each one. PHYTMO includes magneto-inertial data, together with a highly accurate location and orientation in the 3D space provided by the optical system. The files were stored in CSV format to ensure its usability. The aim of this dataset is the availability of data for two main purposes: the analysis of techniques for the identification and evaluation of exercises using inertial sensors and the validation of inertial sensor-based algorithms for human motion monitoring. Furthermore, the database stores enough data to apply Machine Learning-based algorithms. The participants’ age range is large enough to establish age-based metrics for the exercises evaluation or the study of differences in motions between different groups.

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CARUSO, MARCO, ANGELO M. SABATINI, MARCO KNAFLITZ, MARCO GAZZONI, Croce U. Della, and ANDREA CEREATTI. "Accuracy of the Orientation Estimate Obtained Using Four Sensor Fusion Filters Applied to Recordings of Magneto-Inertial Sensors Moving at Three Rotation Rates." October 7, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857655.

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Abstract Magneto-Inertial technology is a well-established alternative to optical motion capture for human... motion analysis applications since it allows prolonged monitoring in free-living conditions. Magneto and Inertial Measurement Units (MIMUs) integrate a triaxial accelerometer, a triaxial gyroscope and a triaxial magnetometer in a single and lightweight device. The orientation of the body to which a MIMU is attached can be obtained by combining its sensor readings within a sensor fusion framework. Despite several sensor fusion implementations have been proposed, no well-established conclusion about the accuracy level achievable with MIMUs has been reached yet. The aim of this preliminary study was to perform a direct comparison among four popular sensor fusion algorithms applied to the recordings of MIMUs rotating at three different rotation rates, with the orientation provided by a stereophotogrammetric system used as a reference. A procedure for suboptimal determination of the parameter filter values was also proposed. The findings highlighted that all filters exhibited reasonable accuracy (rms errors < 6.4°). Moreover, in accordance with previous studies, every algorithm's accuracy worsened as the rotation rate increased. At the highest rotation rate, the algorithm from Sabatini (2011) showed the best performance with errors smaller than 4.1° rms. This work was supported by the Mobilise-D project, that has received funding from the Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement No. 820820. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program and the European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA). Content in this publication reflects the authors’ view and neither IMI nor the European Union, EFPIA, or any Associated Partners are responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained herein.

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Carnevale, Arianna, Umile Giuseppe Longo, Emiliano Schena, et al. "Wearable systems for shoulder kinematics assessment: a systematic review." BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 20, no. 1 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12891-019-2930-4.

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Abstract Background Wearable sensors are acquiring more and more influence in diagnostic and rehabilitation field to assess motor abilities of people with neurological or musculoskeletal impairments. The aim of this systematic literature review is to analyze the wearable systems for monitoring shoulder kinematics and their applicability in clinical settings and rehabilitation. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar and IEEE Xplore was performed and results were included up to July 2019. All studies concerning wearable sensors to assess shoulder kinematics were retrieved. Results Seventy-three studies were included because they have fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results showed that magneto and/or inertial sensors are the most used. Wearable sensors measuring upper limb and/or shoulder kinematics have been proposed to be applied in patients with different pathological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, osteoarthritis, rotator cuff tear. Sensors placement and method of attachment were broadly heterogeneous among the examined studies. Conclusions Wearable systems are a promising solution to provide quantitative and meaningful clinical information about progress in a rehabilitation pathway and to extrapolate meaningful parameters in the diagnosis of shoulder pathologies. There is a strong need for development of this novel technologies which undeniably serves in shoulder evaluation and therapy.

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Sassi, Martina, Arianna Carnevale, Matilde Mancuso, Emiliano Schena, Leandro Pecchia, and Umile Giuseppe Longo. "Machine‐learning models for shoulder rehabilitation exercises classification using a wearable system." Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, August 18, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ksa.12431.

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AbstractPurposeThe objective of this study is to train and test machine‐learning (ML) models to automatically classify shoulder rehabilitation exercises.MethodsThe cohort included both healthy and patients with rotator‐cuff (RC) tears. All participants performed six shoulder rehabilitation exercises, following guidelines developed by the American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Therapists. Each exercise was repeated six times, while wearing a wearable system equipped with three magneto‐inertial sensors. Six supervised machine‐learning models (k‐Nearest Neighbours, Support Vector Machine, Decision Tree, Random Forest (RF), Logistic Regression and Adaptive Boosting) were trained for the classification. The algorithms' ability to accurately classify exercise activities was evaluated using the nested cross‐validation method, with different combinations of outer and inner folds.ResultsA total of 19 healthy subjects and 17 patients with complete RC tears were enroled in the study. The highest classification performances were achieved by the RF classifier, with an accuracy of 89.91% and an F1‐score of 89.89%.ConclusionThe results of this study highlight the feasibility and effectiveness of using wearable sensors and ML algorithms to accurately classify shoulder rehabilitation exercises. These findings suggest promising prospects for implementing the proposed wearable system in remote home‐based monitoring scenarios. The ease of setup and modularity of the system reduce user burden enabling patient‐driven sensor positioning.Level of EvidenceLevel III.

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Crabolu, M., D. Pani, L. Raffo, M. Conti, P. Crivelli, and A. Cereatti. "In vivo estimation of the shoulder joint center of rotation using magneto-inertial sensors: MRI-based accuracy and repeatability assessment." BioMedical Engineering OnLine 16, no. 1 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12938-017-0324-0.

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Basel, Joseph, Emeline Simonetti, Elena Bergamini, and Hélène Pillet. "'On the impact of the identification of inertial sensors location on the estimation of segment and body centers of mass in transfemoral amputees: a sensitivity study' - Dataset." September 29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4058430.

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Gait data of a subject with transfemoral amputation. The subject was equipped with a set of 5 magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) (Xsens Technologies B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands, 100 sample·s-1) located on the trunk (over the sternum), both prosthetic and sound thighs (ThighP, ThighS) and shanks (ShankP, ShankS) and a set of 59 reflective markers positioned on the patient’s anatomical landmarks. The participant was asked to walk in a straight line at his natural speed along an 8 m pathway with three force plates (AMTI, Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc, Massachussets, USA, 1000 Hz) in its middle. Data acquisition was performed over a total of 6 trials. For each trial, only the prosthetic stride performed at steady state walking speed and occurring on the force plates was considered. All relevant data are within the structure “Data.mat”. This structure array contains reference acceleration data from the force platforms, position data of the segments center of mass (SCoM) and of the MIMUs obtained using the positions of optical motion capture (OMC) markers and data fromMIMUs. All data are already synchronized.

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Basel, Joseph, Emeline Simonetti, Elena Bergamini, and Hélène Pillet. "'On the impact of the erroneous identification of inertial sensors' locations on segments and whole body centers of mass accelerations in transfemoral amputees: a sensitivity study' - Dataset." September 29, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4058434.

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Gait data of a subject with transfemoral amputation. The subject was equipped with a set of 5 magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMUs) (Xsens Technologies B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands, 100 sample·s-1) located on the trunk (over the sternum), both prosthetic and sound thighs (ThighP, ThighS) and shanks (ShankP, ShankS) and a set of 59 reflective markers positioned on the patient’s anatomical landmarks. The participant was asked to walk in a straight line at his natural speed along an 8 m pathway with three force plates (AMTI, Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc, Massachussets, USA, 1000 Hz) in its middle. Data acquisition was performed over a total of 6 trials. For each trial, only the prosthetic stride performed at steady state walking speed and occurring on the force plates was considered. All relevant data are within the structure “Data.mat”. This structure array contains reference acceleration data from the force platforms, position data of the segments center of mass (SCoM) and of the MIMUs obtained using the positions of optical motion capture (OMC) markers and data fromMIMUs. All data are already synchronized.

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Iverson, Jana M., Emily R. Britsch, Joshua L. Schneider, et al. "Reaching While Learning to Sit: Capturing the Kinematics of Co‐Developing Skills at Home." Developmental Psychobiology 66, no. 6 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dev.22527.

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ABSTRACTThis study examined the co‐development of infant reaching and postural control across the transition to arms‐free sitting at home. We observed infants with typical likelihood (TL; n = 24) and elevated likelihood (EL; n = 20) for autism at four biweekly sessions spanning the transition to arms‐free sitting (infant age = 4.5–8 months at first session). At each session, infants sat on a pressure‐sensitive mat with external support or independently, wore magneto‐inertial sensors on both wrists, and reached for toys presented at midline. Analyses focused on characterizing and comparing control of sitting during reaching actions and standard kinematic metrics of reaching during Supported versus Independent Sitting. Although EL infants achieved arms‐free sitting later than TL peers, there were no group differences on any measures. Across sessions, infants’ control of the sitting posture during concurrent reaching movements improved in both contexts, though they were less stable as they reached when sitting independently compared to when sitting with support. A similar effect was apparent in the kinematics of reaches, with overall improvement over time, but evidence of poorer control in Independent relative to Supported Sitting. Taken together, these findings underscore the mutually influential and dynamic relations between emerging skills and well‐established behaviors.

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Scalera, Giovanni Marco, Maurizio Ferrarin, Alberto Marzegan, and Marco Rabuffetti. "Assessment of Stability of MIMU Probes to Skin-Marker-Based Anatomical Reference Frames During Locomotion Tasks: Effect of Different Locations on the Lower Limb." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (December 22, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.721900.

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Soft tissue artefacts (STAs) undermine the validity of skin-mounted approaches to measure skeletal kinematics. Magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMU) gained popularity due to their low cost and ease of use. Although the reliability of different protocols for marker-based joint kinematics estimation has been widely reported, there are still no indications on where to place MIMU to minimize STA. This study aims to find the most stable positions for MIMU placement, among four positions on the thigh, four on the shank, and three on the foot. Stability was investigated by measuring MIMU movements against an anatomical reference frame, defined according to a standard marker-based approach. To this aim, markers were attached both on the case of each MIMU (technical frame) and on bony landmarks (anatomical frame). For each MIMU, the nine angles between each versor of the technical frame with each versor of the corresponding anatomical frame were computed. The maximum standard deviation of these angles was assumed as the instability index of MIMU-body coupling. Six healthy subjects were asked to perform barefoot gait, step negotiation, and sit-to-stand. Results showed that (1) in the thigh, the frontal position was the most stable in all tasks, especially in gait; (2) in the shank, the proximal position is the least stable, (3) lateral or medial calcaneus and foot dorsum positions showed equivalent stability performances. Further studies should be done before generalizing these conclusions to different motor tasks and MIMU-body fixation methods. The above results are of interest for both MIMU-based gait analysis and rehabilitation approaches using wearable sensors-based biofeedback.

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De, Bartolo Daniela, Valeria Belluscio, Giuseppe Vannozzi, et al. "Sensorized Assessment of Dynamic Locomotor Imagery in People with Stroke and Healthy Subjects." August 13, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164545.

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Dynamic motor imagery (dMI) is a motor imagery task associated with movements partially mimicking those mentally represented. As well as conventional motor imagery, dMI has been typically assessed by mental chronometry tasks. In this paper, an instrumented approach was proposed for quantifying the correspondence between upper and lower limb oscillatory movements performed on the spot during the dMI of walking vs. during actual walking. Magneto-inertial measurement units were used to measure limb swinging in three different groups: young adults, older adults and stroke patients. Participants were tested in four experimental conditions: (i) simple limb swinging; (ii) limb swinging while imagining to walk (dMI-task); (iii) mental chronometry task, without any movement (pure MI); (iv) actual level walking at comfortable speed. Limb swinging was characterized in terms of the angular velocity, frequency of oscillations and sinusoidal waveform. The dMI was effective at reproducing upper limb oscillations more similar to those occurring during walking for all the three groups, but some exceptions occurred for lower limbs. This finding could be related to the sensory feedback, stretch reflexes and ground reaction forces occurring for lower limbs and not for upper limbs during walking. In conclusion, the instrumented approach through wearable motion devices adds significant information to the current dMI approach, further supporting their applications in neurorehabilitation for monitoring imagery training protocols in patients with stroke.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Magneto-inertial sensors'

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