Relevant bibliographies by topics / Magnetization direction

Academic literature on the topic 'Magnetization direction'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Magnetization direction"

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Tajik, F., N. Allameh, A. A. Masoudi, and G. Palasantzas. "Nonlinear actuation of micromechanical Casimir oscillators with topological insulator materials toward chaotic motion: Sensitivity on magnetization and dielectric properties." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 32, no. 9 (September 2022): 093149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0100542.

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We have investigated the dynamical actuation of micro-electromechanical systems under the influence of attractive and repulsive Casimir forces between topological insulator plates as a function of their dielectric function and coating magnetization. The analysis of the Casimir force in the limit of strong and weak magnetization shows that the attractive force, which is produced for plate magnetizations in the same direction, is greater than the repulsive force that is produced for opposite magnetizations. However, both forces remain comparable for intermediate magnetizations. Moreover, for weak magnetization, the attractive force becomes stronger for an increasing dielectric function, while the opposite occurs for the repulsive force. On the other hand, increasing magnetization decreases the influence of the dielectric function on both the repulsive and attractive forces. Furthermore, for conservative systems, bifurcation and phase portrait analysis revealed that increasing magnetization decreases the regime of stable operation for devices with attractive forces, while their operation remains always stable under the presence of repulsive forces. Finally, for non-conservative periodically driven systems, the Melnikov function and Poincaré portrait analysis show that for magnetizations in the same direction leading to strong attractive Casimir forces, chaotic motion toward stiction is highly likely to occur preventing the long-term prediction of actuating dynamics. A remedy for this situation is obtained by the application of any magnetization in opposite directions between the interacting surfaces since the repulsive force makes it possible to prevent stiction.
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Guo, Liang Hui, Rui Gao, and Guo Li Zhang. "Estimating the Magnetization Direction of Sources through Correlation between Reduced-to-Pole Anomaly and Normalized Source Strength." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3793.

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Under the effects of remanent magnetization, total magnetization direction is different from geomagnetic field direction, which makes magnetic data processing and interpretation complexity. In this paper, we present a new approach for estimating the total magnetization direction of sources via cross-correlation between the reduced-to-pole anomaly and the normalized source strength (who is less sensitive to remanent magnetization). The geomagnetic field direction is used to calculated the normalized source strength, while various assumed total magnetization directions are used to calculated the RTP anomalies. The maximum correlation between the RTP anomalies and the normalized corresponds to the estimated total magnetization direction. Test on synthetic data showed that the new approach is simple and effective.
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Buchan, K. L., K. D. Card, and F. W. Chandler. "Multiple ages of Nipissing Diabase intrusion: paleomagnetic evidence from the Englehart area, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-038.

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Nipissing Diabase sills and baked host sediments of the Coleman Member of the Huronian Supergroup east of Englehart, Ontario, are shown to have a characteristic remanent magnetization direction (called N3) that is steeply up and to the west (D = 268.0°, I = −59.0°, k = 42, α95 = 6.0°). Petrographic study indicates that fresh pyroxene gabbro carries the N3 component at most sill sites. A baked contact test with the Coleman Member suggests that the magnetization is primary. The N3 magnetization direction is unlike either the N1 or N2 magnetization direction reported for Nipissing sills at other localities in the Southern Province. Three distinct ages of Nipissing sill emplacement are proposed. A single Nipissing sill site in the sampling area carries the N1 direction.A northeast-trending diabase dyke crosscuts both the Nipissing sills and Coleman sediments. It carries an N2 direction and has overprinted nearby intrusive and sedimentary rocks (D = 282.0°, I = 61.1°, k = 48, α95 = 5.8°). Several N3 sill sites far from the dyke may also carry a softer N2 overprint. However, the N3 and N2 directions and the direction of the present Earth's magnetic field fall near a great circle, making it difficult to separate the N2 and present-field components in such cases.
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Zhang, Henglei, Dhananjay Ravat, Yára R. Marangoni, Guoxiong Chen, and Xiangyun Hu. "Improved total magnetization direction determination by correlation of the normalized source strength derivative and the reduced-to-pole fields." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): J75—J85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0178.1.

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The knowledge of total magnetization (magnitude and direction) makes it easier to interpret magnetic anomalies. We have developed a simple crosscorrelation-based method to determine the total magnetization direction of a magnetic source from the vertical derivative of normalized source strength (dNSS) and the reduced-to-pole (RTP) magnetic fields. For most source types, the spread of the dNSS field (or its half-width) is similar to that of the RTP field computed with the correct total magnetization direction, and, thus, the comparison results in a more meaningful correlation coefficient than other functions used in the literature. We have determined the utility of our method using several compact source types (i.e., sphere, dike, horizontal sheet, vertical and horizontal cylinders, and prism). Moreover, the existing methods for determining the direction can be unstable at low latitudes due to noise amplification. A filter that isolates the main features of the anomaly of interest, when applied to both the fields being correlated, improves the performance of the method. We also implement a stabilizing amplitude threshold filter that made the method stable at low latitudes. Model tests indicate that our method estimates the total magnetization directions accurately for low inclinations of total magnetization and inducing field directions. We applied the method to estimate the total magnetization direction of magnetic anomalies in the north and central part of the Goiás Alkaline Province in central Brazil. The RTP fields from the total magnetization directions derived from our method meet the expectations of anomaly symmetry and centering on the outcrops or the edges of the alkaline intrusive bodies. In addition, we found that the resulting magnetic and gravity models of the Goiás Alkaline intrusives were consistent with the geologic model of inverted conical diatremes.
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Wang, Rongbiao, Jian Tang, Zhiyang Deng, and Yihua Kang. "Motion induced eddy current based testing method for the detection of circumferential defects under circumferential magnetization." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209357.

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Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing is widely applied in the online detection of steel pipes. Different magnetizing directions are required for the detection of defects in different directions. As the speed of online MFL testing increases, the motion induced eddy current (MIEC) effect becomes significant, and the direction of the MIEC is perpendicular to defects in the same direction as the magnetization. Therefore, the magnetic field signal generated by the MIEC perturbation is analyzed by simulation and compared with MFL signal. It is found that the amplitude of the magnetic field signal generated by the MIEC perturbation increases with the rise of the rotational speed and magnetization. In high rotational speed and strong magnetization, the amplitude of the magnetic field signal caused by MIEC perturbation is greater relative to the amplitude of the MFL signal, providing a possibility for detecting defects that are parallel to the direction of magnetization.
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Shi, Lei, Liang Hui Guo, and Feng Yi Guo. "A New Method of Cross-Correlation by Magnetic Dipole for Estimating Magnetization Direction under the Influence of Remanent Magnetization." Applied Mechanics and Materials 644-650 (September 2014): 3459–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.3459.

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Processing and interpretation of magnetic data usually require information of total magnetization direction. However, under the effects of remanent magnetization, total magnetization direction is different from induced magnetization direction, which makes data processing and interpretation complexity. In this paper, we present a new method by cross-correlation of magnetic dipole source for determination of magnetization direction from relatively isolated and approximate equiaxial-shape magnetic total field anomaly. This method calculates cross-correlation coefficient between observed magnetic total field anomaly and theoretical magnetic total field anomaly caused by a magnetic dipole source, by using a set of varying parameters of positions and total magnetization direction of dipole source for trial and error. The corresponding magnetization direction of maximum correlation coefficient is regarded as estimated total magnetization direction. Test on synthetic data indicates that this method reliably and effectively estimates the magnetization direction from relatively isolated and approximate equiaxial-shape magnetic total field anomaly.
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Pilkington, Mark, and Majid Beiki. "Mitigating remanent magnetization effects in magnetic data using the normalized source strength." GEOPHYSICS 78, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): J25—J32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2012-0225.1.

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We have developed an approach for the interpretation of magnetic field data that can be used when measured anomalies are affected by significant remanent magnetization components. The method deals with remanent effects by using the normalized source strength (NSS), a quantity calculated from the eigenvectors of the magnetic gradient tensor. The NSS is minimally affected by the direction of remanent magnetization present and compares well with other transformations of the magnetic field that are used for the same purpose. It therefore offers a way of inverting magnetic data containing the effects of remanent magnetizations, particularly when these are unknown and are possibly varying within a given data set. We use a standard 3D inversion algorithm to invert NSS data from an area where varying remanence directions are apparent, resulting in a more reliable image of the subsurface magnetization distribution than possible using the observed magnetic field data directly.
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Dannemiller, Neal, and Yaoguo Li. "A new method for determination of magnetization direction." GEOPHYSICS 71, no. 6 (November 2006): L69—L73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.2356116.

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The characterization and interpretation of magnetic anomalies rely upon knowledge of the total magnetization direction. Magnetization is usually assumed to consist solely, or primarily, of induced magnetization. The presence of strong remanent magnetization can alter the direction significantly and consequently adversely affect the interpretation, leading to erroneous sizes or shapes of causative bodies. Therefore, it is imperative to have some understanding of the total magnetization direction. We propose a method based upon the correlation between two quantities in magnetic data interpretation: the vertical gradient and the total gradient of the reduced-to-pole (RTP) field. This method is tested on both synthetic and field data sets. The results show that the method is effective in a variety of situations, including those with two-dimensional and three-dimensional dipping bodies and a field example that has a large deviation between the inducing field direction and the total magnetization direction.
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Oliveira, V. C., D. P. Sales, V. C. F. Barbosa, and L. Uieda. "Estimation of the total magnetization direction of approximately spherical bodies." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics Discussions 1, no. 2 (September 5, 2014): 1465–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npgd-1-1465-2014.

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Abstract. We have developed a fast total-field anomaly inversion to estimate the magnetization direction of multiple sources with approximately spherical shape and known centres. Our method can be applied to interpret multiple sources with different magnetization directions. It neither requires the prior computation of any transformation like reduction to the pole nor the use of regularly spaced data on a horizontal grid. The method contains flexibility to be implemented as a linear or non-linear inverse problem, which results, respectively, in a least-squares or robust estimate of the components of the magnetization vector of the sources. Applications to synthetic data show the robustness of our method against interfering anomalies and errors in the location of the sources' centre. Besides, we show the feasibility of applying the upward continuation to interpret non-spherical sources. Applications to field data over the Goiás Alkaline Province (GAP), Brazil, show the good performance of our method in estimating geological meaningful magnetization directions. The results obtained for a region of the GAP, near from the alkaline complex of Diorama, suggest the presence of non-outcropping sources marked by strong remanent magnetization with inclination and declination close to -70.35° and -19.81°, respectively. This estimated magnetization direction leads to predominantly positive reduced-to-the-pole anomalies, even for other region of the GAP, in the alkaline complex of Montes Claros de Goiás. These results show that the non-outcropping sources near from the alkaline complex of Diorama have almost the same magnetization direction of that ones in the alkaline complex of Montes Claros de Goiás, strongly suggesting that these sources have emplaced the crust almost within the same geological time interval.
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Lubnina, N. V., and N. A. Tarasov. "Paleomagnetic studies sariolyiski conglomerates of the Onega structure of the Karelian craton: Paleoproterozoic global remagnetization." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology, no. 6 (December 28, 2018): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2018-6-18-28.

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As a result of paleomagnetic studies Sariolian 2,4–2,3 Ga conglomerates of the Onega basin of the Karelian protoctaton, two characteristic components of magnetization have been separated. Mean direction of the medium-temperature component has a heap distribution and coincides with mean direction of the Svecofennian remagnetization within the Karelian protocraton. The directions of high-temperature magnetization components isolated in conglomerates have a significant spread, which indicates the primary nature of this magnetization component. Two clusters of high-temperature components associated not only with the composition of protolites, but also with different conditions of rock transformations, including their fluid saturation, are distinguished.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Magnetization direction"

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Gonzalez, Pons Juan Carlos. "Geometrical control of the magnetization direction in high-aspect ratio PdNi ferromagnetic nano-electrodes." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2008. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1086.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.
Bachelors
Sciences
Physics
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Knight, Michael Don. "Volcanic evolution of the Koolau dike complex : determined from intrusive magma flow, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and remanent magnetization directions." Thesis, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9833.

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Books on the topic "Magnetization direction"

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Saitoh, E., and K. Ando. Exchange spin current. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0003.

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This chapter introduces the concept of exchange spin current, which derives from rewriting the exchange interaction in magnets and formulating a spin-wave spin current. States of matter can be classified into several types in terms of magnetic properties. In paramagnetic and diamagnetic states, matter has no magnetic order and exhibits zero magnetization in the absence of external magnetic fields. In ferromagnetic states, the permanent magnetic moments of atoms or ions align parallel to a certain direction, and the matter exhibits finite magnetization even in the absence of external magnetic fields. In ferrimagnets, the moments align antiparallel but the cancellation is not perfect and net magnetization appears. This interaction that aligns spins is called the exchange interaction.
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Takahashi, S., and S. Maekawa. Spin Hall Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198787075.003.0012.

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This chapter discusses the spin Hall effect that occurs during spin injection from a ferromagnet to a nonmagnetic conductor in nanostructured devices. This provides a new opportunity for investigating AHE in nonmagnetic conductors. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrical current is carried by up-spin and downspin electrons, with the flow of up-spin electrons being slightly deflected in a transverse direction while that of down-spin electrons being deflected in the opposite direction; this results in an electron flow in the direction perpendicular to both the applied electric field and the magnetization directions. Since up-spin and downspin electrons are strongly imbalanced in ferromagnets, both spin and charge currents are generated in the transverse direction by AHE, the latter of which are observed as the electrical Hall voltage.
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Mørup, Steen, Cathrine Frandsen, and Mikkel F. Hansen. Magnetic properties of nanoparticles. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.20.

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This article discusses the magnetic properties of nanoparticles. It first considers magnetic domains and the critical size for single-domain behavior of magnetic nanoparticles before providing an overview of magnetic anisotropy in nanoparticles. It then examines magnetic dynamics in nanoparticles, with particular emphasis on superparamagnetic relaxation and the use of Mössbauer spectroscopy, dc magnetization measurements, and ac susceptibility measurements for studies of superparamagnetic relaxation. It also describes magnetic dynamics below the blocking temperature, magnetic interactions between nanoparticles, and fluctuations of the magnetization directions. Finally, it analyzes the magnetic structure of nanoparticles, focusing on magnetic phase transitions and surface effects, non-collinear spin structures, and magnetic moments of antiferromagnetic nanoparticles.
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Pirota, Kleber Roberto, Angela Knobel, Manuel Hernandez-Velez, Kornelius Nielsch, and Manuel Vázquez. Magnetic nanowires: Fabrication and characterization. Edited by A. V. Narlikar and Y. Y. Fu. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199533053.013.22.

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This article describes the fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanowires, focusing on the magnetic properties of patterned arrays of metallic magnetic nanowires electrodeposited into the pores of anodized-alumina membranes. It also discusses the complex magnetization processes, both in isolated nanowires and in collectively patterned arrays. After providing an overview of the state-of-the-art on fabrication techniques of nanowires, the article considers the microstructure of magnetic nanowires and the magnetic properties of single nanowires. It then examines the collective behavior of arrays where the interactions among the magnetic entities play an important role, along with the transport properties of magnetic nanowires, the temperature-dependent effects (such as magnetoelastic-induced anisotropy), and the dynamic properties of magnetization such as ferromagnetic resonance characteristics and spin-wave excitations in ferromagnetic nanowires. Finally, it presents an overview of future research directions.
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Eriksson, Olle, Anders Bergman, Lars Bergqvist, and Johan Hellsvik. Applications of Density Functional Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788669.003.0003.

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In this chapter we give examples of how density functional theory describes some of the most basic magnetic properties of a material. This involves spin and orbital moments, Heisenberg exchange parameters and magnetic form factors. Relativistic effects couple spin and orbital space and make magnetic materials anisotropic, which means that the ground state magnetization is oriented parallel or perpendicular to high symmetry directions of the crystalline structure. We also illustrate how well density functional theory describes cohesive properties and how magnetism influence these properties. These examples serve to give a general picture of how well density functional theory, as described in the previous chapters, can reproduce relevant features of magnetic materials, as well as to illustrate that the onset of spin-polarization can have drastic influence on all properties of a material.
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Satz, Helmut. The Rules of the Flock. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198853398.001.0001.

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Flocks of birds, schools of fish and swarms of locusts display amazing forms of collective motion, while huge numbers of glow worms can emit light signals with almost unbelievable synchronization. These and many other collective phenomena in animal societies take place according to laws very similar to those governing the collective behavior in inanimate nature, such as the magnetization of iron and light radiation of lasers. During recent years, this has led to the study of swarm behavior as a challenging new field of science, in which ideas from the physical world are applied in order to understand the formation and structure of animal swarms. It has thus become clear that the collective behavior of animal swarms emerges in a self-organized way, without the need of any overall director. In this book, different swarm phenomena of the animal world are presented and compared with their counterparts in physics, in a conceptual and non-technical way, addressed to a general readership.
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Book chapters on the topic "Magnetization direction"

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Foss, Clive. "Recovery of Source Magnetization Direction from Magnetic Field Data." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1–11. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10475-7_265-1.

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Foss, Clive. "Recovery of Source Magnetization Direction from Magnetic Field Data." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1310–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58631-7_265.

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Newnham, Robert E. "Introduction." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0003.

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The physical and chemical properties of crystals and textured materials often depend on direction. An understanding of anisotropy requires a mathematical description together with atomistic arguments to quantify the property coefficients in various directions. Tensors and matrices are the mathematics of choice and the atomistic arguments are partly based on symmetry and partly on the basic physics and chemistry of materials. These are subjects of this book: tensors, matrices, symmetry, and structure–property relationships. We begin with transformations and tensors and then apply the ideas to the various symmetry elements found in crystals and textured polycrystalline materials. This brings in the 32 crystal classes and the 7 Curie groups. After working out the tensor and matrix operations used to describe symmetry elements, we then apply Neumann’s Law and the Curie Principle of Symmetry Superposition to various classes of physical properties. The first group of properties is the standard topics of classical crystal physics: pyroelectricity, permittivity, piezoelectricity, elasticity, specific heat, and thermal expansion. These are the linear relationships between mechanical, electrical, and thermal variables as laid out in the Heckmann Diagram. These standard properties are all polar tensors ranging in rank from zero to four. Axial tensor properties appear when magnetic phenomena are introduced. Magnetic susceptibility, the relationship between magnetization and magnetic field, is a polar second rank tensor, but the linear relationships between magnetization and thermal, electrical, and mechanical variables are all axial tensors. As shown in Fig. 1.2, magnetization can be added to the Heckmann Diagram converting it into a tetrahedron of linear relationships. Pyromagnetism, magnetoelectricity, and piezomagnetism are the linear relationships between magnetization and temperature change, electric field, and mechanical stress. Examples of tensors of rank zero through four are given in Table 1.1. In this book we will also treat many of the nonlinear relationships such as magnetostriction, electrostriction, and higher order elastic constants. The third group of properties is transport properties that relate flow to a gradient. Three common types of transport properties relate to the movement of charge, heat, and matter. Electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and diffusion are all polar second rank tensor properties.
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A. Islam, Rashed. "Doping Effect on Piezoelectric, Magnetic and Magnetoelectric Properties of Perovskite—Ferromagnetic Magnetoelectric Composites." In Piezoelectric Actuators - Principles, Design, Experiments and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95604.

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This chapter explains the effect of compositional modification on the magnetoelectric coefficient in sintered piezoelectric – magnetostrictive composites. It was found that 15 at% doping of Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 [PZN] in Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 [PZT] enhances the piezoelectric and magnetoelectric properties of a PZT – 20 at% Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4 [NZF] composite. The effect of doping on the ferromagnetic phase was also investigated. With increases in Zn concentration, it was found that the coercive field and Curie temperature of Ni(1-x)ZnxFe2O4 [NZF] decreases, while its saturation magnetization has a maxima at 30 mole% Zn. X-ray diffraction revealed that the lattice constant of NZF increases from 8.32 Å for 0 at% Zn to 8.39 Å for 50 at% Zn. The magnetoelectric coefficient was found to have a maxima of 144 mV/cm.Oe at 30 at% Zn. To understand better, the effect of 40% (by mole) Zn substitution on structural, piezoelectric, ferromagnetic and magnetoelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 - CoFe2O4 (PZT - CFO) sintered composite is also explained. X-ray diffraction of Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 (CZF) showed the shift in almost all diffraction peaks to lower diffraction angle confirming the increase in lattice parameter in all three direction from 8.378 (for CFO) to 8.395 Å for (Co,Zn)Fe2O4 (CZF). SEM and TEM results showed defect structure (cleavage, twins, strain fields) in the CZF particle, which is a clear indication of misfit strain developed due to lattice expansion. Magnetic properties measured over temperature (5 K – 1000 K) showed increased magnetization but lower magnetic Curie temperature in PZT - CZF particle. Magnetoelectric coefficient measured as function of ferrite concentration showed an increase of more than 100% after doping the CFO phase with 40% Zn. This enhancement can be attributed to increase in the lattice strain, magnetic permeability and decrease in coercivity.
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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. "Review of Magnetic Gels as Smart Materials." In Fundamentals of Smart Materials, 84–97. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781782626459-00084.

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Chapter 8 reviews magnetic gels. Zrinyi and co-workers were the first to develop magnetically active gels, the responses of which could be vastly accelerated by an imposed magnetic field. This chapter is a compact review of magnetic gels based on related research and development performed by Zrinyi and co-workers. Note that magnetic gels are considered a member of the smart materials family and in ways are similar to soft silicon rubber magnetic composites used in our daily life as soft magnetic stickers. However, magnetic gels are softer and more stretchable and maneuverable in the magnetic field and can sustain soft actuation at the micro and nano levels. A prelude to the development of ferrogels was a classic paper on ferrohydrodynamics by Rosenzweig published in 1985. Ferrogels are chemically cross-linked polymer networks swollen by a colloidal ferrofluid. A colloidal ferrofluid, or a magnetic fluid, is a colloidal dispersion of monodomain magnetic particles. Typically the monodomain magnetic particles have typical sizes of about 10–15 nm, and they are superparamagnetic, in which magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of temperature. Magnetic gels or ferrogels belong to the general family of magnetostrictive materials, which produce strain when exposed to a magnetic field. One may also embed magnetic coils within these materials to be able to also electrically control the deformation of ferrogels. Magnetic gels belong to the family of hydrogels, polymeric gels and general polyelectrolyte gels. They are highly swollen molecular networks that are cross-linked and create a hydrophilic solid.
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Newnham, Robert E. "Stress and strain." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0012.

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Stress (force per unit area) and strain (change in length per unit length) are both symmetric second rank tensors like the dielectric constant, but they are not property tensors. Experimenters are at liberty to apply different types of forces to a specimen, therefore there is no reason that the stress tensors (and the resulting strain tensor) must conform to the crystal symmetry. Stress and strain tensors do not obey Neumann’s Law. They are sometimes called field tensors to distinguish them from property tensors like the dielectric constant. Property tensors are relationships between field tensors. For the same reason, electric and magnetic fields are first rank field tensors, as are magnetization and polarization. They do not obey the symmetry principles as first rank property tensors such as pyroelectricity or the magnetocaloric effect are required to do. In arbitrary coordinate systems, the state of stress in a specimen is described by nine components of the stress tensor: The first subscript refers to the direction of the force, the second to the normal to the face on which the force acts. To prevent translational motion, each force is balanced by an equal and opposite force on the reverse side of the specimen. Stress component X22 is a tensile stress in which both the force and the normal are along Z2, and X12 is a shear stress in which a force along Z1 acts on a face normal to Z2. For static equilibrium, the torques must be balanced, otherwise rotation occurs; this means that the stress tensor must be symmetric with X12 = X21, X13 = X31, and X23 = X32. Thus the stress state is specified by six independent components: three tensile stresses X11, X22, and X33, and three shear components X12, X13, and X23. For an arbitrary axial system (new axes) the general stress tensor can be rewritten as a 6 × 1 column matrix: The first three components in the column matrix are tensile stresses along Z'1, Z '2, Z '3, and the last three are shear stresses about Z '1, Z '2, Z '3. Both the tensor and matrix forms are widely used in the literature.
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Newnham, Robert E. "Magnetic phenomena." In Properties of Materials. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198520757.003.0016.

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In this chapter we deal with a number of magnetic properties and their directional dependence: pyromagnetism, magnetic susceptibility, magnetoelectricity, and piezomagnetism. In the course of dealing with these properties, two new ideas are introduced: magnetic symmetry and axial tensors. Moving electric charge generates magnetic fields and magnetization. Macroscopically, an electric current i flowing in a coil of n turns per meter produces a magnetic field H = ni amperes/meter [A/m]. On the atomic scale, magnetization arises from unpaired electron spins and unbalanced electronic orbital motion. The weber [Wb] is the basic unit of magnetic charge m. The force between two magnetic charges m1 and m2 is where r is the separation distance and μ0 (=4π×10−7 H/m) is the permeability of vacuum. In a magnetic field H, magnetic charge experiences a force F = mH [N]. North and south poles (magnetic charges) separated by a distance r create magnetic dipole moments mr [Wb m]. Magnetic dipole moments provide a convenient way of picturing the atomistic origins arising from moving electric charge. Magnetization (I) is the magnetic dipole moment per unit volume and is expressed in units of Wb m/m3 = Wb/m2. The magnetic flux density (B = I + μ0H) is also in Wb/m2 and is analogous to the electric displacement D. All materials respond to magnetic fields, producing a magnetization I = χH, and a magnetic flux density B = μH where χ is the magnetic susceptibility and μ is the magnetic permeability. Both χ and μ are in henries/m (H/m). The permeability μ = χ + μ0 and is analogous to electric permittivity. χ and μ are sometimes expressed as dimensionless quantities (x ̅ and μ ̅ and ) like the dielectric constant, where = x ̅/μ0 and = μ ̅/μ0. Other magnetic properties will be defined later in the chapter. A schematic view of the submicroscopic origins of magnetic phenomena is presented in Fig. 14.1. Most materials are diamagnetic with only a weak magnetic response induced by an applied magnetic field.
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SPOERER, A., and R. DO PRADO. "MULTI-DIRECTIONAL MAGNETIZATION WITHOUT ELECTRIC CONTACTS: A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR MAGNETIC PARTICLE TESTING." In Non-destructive Testing '92, 471–75. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89791-6.50100-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Magnetization direction"

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Reis, Andre L. A., Vanderlei C. Oliveira, and Valeria C. F. Barbosa. "Equivalent layer technique for estimating magnetization direction." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2019. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2019-3216745.1.

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Dannemiller, Neal, and Yaoguo Li. "A new method for determination of magnetization direction." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2004. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1845294.

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Haney, Matthew, and Yaoguo Li. "Total magnetization direction and dip from multiscale edges." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1817361.

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Rigoti, Caesar Augusto. "Implementation of a method for determination of magnetization direction." In 11th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF 2009, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, 24-28 August 2009. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Brazilian Geophysical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/sbgf2009-171.

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Gonzalez, Shayane P., Valeria C. F. Barbosa, and Vanderlei C. Oliveira. "Estimate of the remanent magnetization direction via equivalent layer." In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2020. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segam2020-3428268.1.

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Augusto Rigoti, Caesar. "Implementation Of A Method For Determination Of Magnetization Direction." In 11th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.195.1911_evt_6year_2009.

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Sakurai, S., N. Soda, and M. Kobayashi. "Nonellipsoidal shapes with demagnetizing energy being independent on direction of magnetization." In INTERMAG Asia 2005: Digest of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2005.1464488.

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Liu, Y., Q. Zhan, B. Wang, S. Mao, and R. Li. "Modulation of magnetization direction in flexible multiferroic heterostructures towards flexible spintronics." In 2015 IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.2015.7156524.

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Gauthey, T., P. Gangl, and M. Hage Hassan. "Multi-Material Topology Optimization with Continuous Magnetization Direction for motors design." In 2022 International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icem51905.2022.9910654.

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Mogi, H., and T. Kumano. "AC magnetostriction hysteresis and magnetization direction in grain oriented silicon steel." In IEEE International Magnetics Conference. IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/intmag.1999.837283.

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