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Journal articles on the topic 'Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Kurhanewicz, J. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers of Prostate Cancer." AACR Education book 2008, no. 1 (April 12, 2008): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/aacr.edb-08-8146.

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2

Candiota, Ana Paula, and Carles Arús. "Establishing Imaging Biomarkers of Host Immune System Efficacy during Glioblastoma Therapy Response: Challenges, Obstacles and Future Perspectives." Metabolites 12, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12030243.

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This hypothesis proposal addresses three major questions: (1) Why do we need imaging biomarkers for assessing the efficacy of immune system participation in glioblastoma therapy response? (2) Why are they not available yet? and (3) How can we produce them? We summarize the literature data supporting the claim that the immune system is behind the efficacy of most successful glioblastoma therapies but, unfortunately, there are no current short-term imaging biomarkers of its activity. We also discuss how using an immunocompetent murine model of glioblastoma, allowing the cure of mice and the generation of immune memory, provides a suitable framework for glioblastoma therapy response biomarker studies. Both magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance-based metabolomic data (i.e., magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging) can provide non-invasive assessments of such a system. A predictor based in nosological images, generated from magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging analyses and their oscillatory patterns, should be translational to clinics. We also review hurdles that may explain why such an oscillatory biomarker was not reported in previous imaging glioblastoma work. Single shot explorations that neglect short-term oscillatory behavior derived from immune system attack on tumors may mislead actual response extent detection. Finally, we consider improvements required to properly predict immune system-mediated early response (1–2 weeks) to therapy. The sensible use of improved biomarkers may enable translatable evidence-based therapeutic protocols, with the possibility of extending preclinical results to human patients.
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Mills, S. J., G. Thompson, and A. Jackson. "Advanced magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of cerebral metastases." Cancer Imaging 12, no. 1 (2012): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2012.0012.

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4

Bragin, A. G. "Prevention of epileptogenesis as a future strategy for the treatment of epilepsy." Almanac of Clinical Medicine 47, no. 7 (December 22, 2019): 614–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-028.

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Epilepsy affects more than 70 million people worldwide. From 30 to 40% of the patients are resistant to existing medication. This paper describes the current state of the treatment of epilepsy and proposes a future approach to preventative treatment at earlier stages of epileptogenesis. For preventative treatment biomarkers are needed that predict the development of epilepsy at its earlier stages. Pathological high frequency oscillations are the only acceptable biomarker of epileptogenesis. However, the main limitation of this biomarker is the necessity of implanting of recording electrodes. The search for noninvasive biomarkers of epileptogenesis is one of the hot topics in epilepsy research. There are two potentially interesting directions in this area: search for inflammatory biomarkers in the peripheral blood and analysis of different parameters of imaging methods. In this paper we present approaches for identification of potential epileptogenesis biomarkers by magnetic resonance imaging. Some of magnetic resonance imaging parameters correlate with the existence of pathological high frequency oscillations, may indirectly reflect ongoing inflammation process in the brain and be potential biomarkers of epileptogenesis.
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5

Moura Cunha, Guilherme, Patrick J. Navin, Kathryn J. Fowler, Sudhakar K. Venkatesh, Richard L. Ehman, and Claude B. Sirlin. "Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging for chronic liver disease." British Journal of Radiology 94, no. 1121 (May 1, 2021): 20201377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20201377.

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Chronic liver disease (CLD) has rapidly increased in prevalence over the past two decades, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Historically, the clinical gold standard for diagnosis, assessment of severity, and longitudinal monitoring of CLD has been liver biopsy with histological analysis, but this approach has limitations that may make it suboptimal for clinical and research settings. Magnetic resonance (MR)-based biomarkers can overcome the limitations by allowing accurate, precise, and quantitative assessment of key components of CLD without the risk of invasive procedures. This review briefly describes the limitations associated with liver biopsy and the need for non-invasive biomarkers. It then discusses the current state-of-the-art for MRI-based biomarkers of liver iron, fat, and fibrosis, and inflammation.
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Kollewe, Katja, Sonja Körner, Reinhard Dengler, Susanne Petri, and Bahram Mohammadi. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Neurology Research International 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/608501.

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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapidly progressing neurodegenerative disorder which is incurable to date. As there are many ongoing studies with therapeutic candidates, it is of major interest to develop biomarkers not only to facilitate early diagnosis but also as a monitoring tool to predict disease progression and to enable correct randomization of patients in clinical trials. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made substantial progress over the last three decades and is a practical, noninvasive method to gain insights into the pathology of the disease. Disease-specific MRI changes therefore represent potential biomarkers for ALS. In this paper we give an overview of structural and functional MRI alterations in ALS with the focus on task-free resting-state investigations to detect cortical network failures.
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7

Kamagata, Koji, Christina Andica, Ayumi Kato, Yuya Saito, Wataru Uchida, Taku Hatano, Matthew Lukies, et al. "Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 14, 2021): 5216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105216.

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There has been an increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases with the rapid increase in aging societies worldwide. Biomarkers that can be used to detect pathological changes before the development of severe neuronal loss and consequently facilitate early intervention with disease-modifying therapeutic modalities are therefore urgently needed. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising tool that can be used to infer microstructural characteristics of the brain, such as microstructural integrity and complexity, as well as axonal density, order, and myelination, through the utilization of water molecules that are diffused within the tissue, with displacement at the micron scale. Diffusion tensor imaging is the most commonly used diffusion MRI technique to assess the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. However, diffusion tensor imaging has several limitations, and new technologies, including neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, diffusion kurtosis imaging, and free-water imaging, have been recently developed as approaches to overcome these constraints. This review provides an overview of these technologies and their potential as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and disease progression of major neurodegenerative diseases.
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8

Song, Jae W., Athanasios Pavlou, Jiayu Xiao, Scott E. Kasner, Zhaoyang Fan, and Steven R. Messé. "Vessel Wall Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers of Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis." Stroke 52, no. 1 (January 2021): 193–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.120.031480.

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Background and Purpose: Intracranial atherosclerotic disease is a common cause of stroke worldwide. Intracranial vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging may be able to identify imaging biomarkers of symptomatic plaque. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the strength of association of imaging features of symptomatic plaque leading to downstream ischemic events. Effects on the strength of association were also assessed accounting for possible sources of bias and variability related to study design and magnetic resonance parameters. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched up to October 2019. Two independent reviewers extracted data on study design, vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging techniques, and imaging end points. Per-lesion odds ratios (OR) were calculated and pooled using a bivariate random-effects model. Subgroup analyses, sensitivity analysis, and evaluation of publication bias were also performed. Results: Twenty-one articles met inclusion criteria (1750 lesions; 1542 subjects). Plaque enhancement (OR, 7.42 [95% CI, 3.35–16.43]), positive remodeling (OR, 5.60 [95% CI, 2.23–14.03]), T1 hyperintensity (OR, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.27–3.32]), and surface irregularity (OR, 4.50 [95% CI, 1.39–8.57]) were significantly associated with downstream ischemic events. T2 signal intensity was not significant ( P =0.59). Plaque enhancement was significantly associated with downstream ischemic events in all subgroup analyses and showed stronger associations when measured in retrospectively designed studies ( P =0.02), by a radiologist as a rater ( P <0.001), and on lower vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging spatial resolution sequences ( P =0.02). Conclusions: Plaque enhancement, positive remodeling, T1 hyperintensity, and surface irregularity emerged as strong imaging biomarkers of symptomatic plaque in patients with ischemic events. Plaque enhancement remained significant accounting for sources of bias and variability in both study design and instrument. Future studies evaluating plaque enhancement as a predictive marker for stroke recurrence with larger sample sizes would be valuable.
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9

Barnes, Josephine, Jo Foster, and Nick C. Fox. "Structural magnetic resonance imaging-derived biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease." Biomarkers in Medicine 1, no. 1 (June 2007): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/17520363.1.1.79.

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10

Reeder, Scott B. "Emerging quantitative magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of hepatic steatosis." Hepatology 58, no. 6 (October 11, 2013): 1877–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.26543.

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11

Mankodi, Ami, William Kovacs, Gina Norato, Nathan Hsieh, W. Patricia Bandettini, Courtney A. Bishop, Hirity Shimellis, et al. "Respiratory magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers in Duchenne muscular dystrophy." Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology 4, no. 9 (July 28, 2017): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acn3.440.

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12

Zhang, Zhuoli, Junxia Li, Shengyong Wu, Ying Liu, Xiangzhi Zhou, Zhaoyang Fan, Debiao Li, and Yi Huan. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging/Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Biomarkers Evaluation of Stunned Myocardium in Canine Model." Investigative Radiology 46, no. 4 (April 2011): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/rli.0b013e31820218a4.

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13

Chen, Yongsheng, E. Mark Haacke, and Jun Li. "Peripheral nerve magnetic resonance imaging." F1000Research 8 (October 28, 2019): 1803. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19695.1.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used extensively in revealing pathological changes in the central nervous system. However, to date, MRI is very much underutilized in evaluating the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This underutilization is generally due to two perceived weaknesses in MRI: first, the need for very high resolution to image the small structures within the peripheral nerves to visualize morphological changes; second, the lack of normative data in MRI of the PNS and this makes reliable interpretation of the data difficult. This article reviews current state-of-the-art capabilities in in vivo MRI of human peripheral nerves. It aims to identify areas where progress has been made and those that still require further improvement. In particular, with many new therapies on the horizon, this review addresses how MRI can be used to provide non-invasive and objective biomarkers in the evaluation of peripheral neuropathies. Although a number of techniques are available in diagnosing and tracking pathologies in the PNS, those techniques typically target the distal peripheral nerves, and distal nerves may be completely degenerated during the patient’s first clinic visit. These techniques may also not be able to access the proximal nerves deeply embedded in the tissue. Peripheral nerve MRI would be an alternative to circumvent these problems. In order to address the pressing clinical needs, this review closes with a clinical protocol at 3T that will allow high-resolution, high-contrast, quantitative MRI of the proximal peripheral nerves.
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14

Hu, Menghan, Matthew K. Schindler, Blake E. Dewey, Daniel S. Reich, Russell T. Shinohara, and Ani Eloyan. "Experimental design and sample size considerations in longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging-based biomarker detection for multiple sclerosis." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 29, no. 9 (February 19, 2020): 2617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280220904392.

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Several modeling approaches have been developed to quantify differences in multiple sclerosis lesion evolution on magnetic resonance imaging to identify the effect of treatment on disease progression. These studies have limited clinical applicability due to onerous scan frequency and lengthy study duration. Efficient methods are needed to reduce the required sample size, study duration, and sampling frequency in longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies. We develop a data-driven approach to identify parameters of study design for evaluation of longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of multiple sclerosis lesion evolution. Our design strategies are considerably shorter than those described in previous studies, thus having the potential to lower costs of clinical trials. From a dataset of 36 multiple sclerosis patients with at least six monthly magnetic resonance imagings, we extracted new lesions and performed principal component analysis to estimate a biomarker that recapitulated lesion recovery. We tested the effect of multiple sclerosis disease modifying therapy on the lesion evolution index in three experimental designs and calculated sample sizes needed to appropriately power studies. Our proposed methods can be used to calculate required sample size and scan frequency in observational studies of multiple sclerosis disease progression as well as in designing clinical trials to find effects of treatment on multiple sclerosis lesion evolution.
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15

Zhang, Tong, Yawei Zhou, Guohua Su, Dianfeng Shi, Subash C. B. Gopinath, Thangavel Lakshmipriya, and Shujing Li. "Hydrocephaly Analysis Supported by Computerized Tomography and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2019 (September 30, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5872347.

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Hydrocephalus is widely known as “hydrocephaly” or “water in the brain,” a building up of abnormal cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricles. Due to this abnormality, the size of the head becomes larger and increases the pressure in the skull. This pressure compresses the brain and causes damage to the brain. Identification by imaging techniques on the hydrocephalus is mandatory to treat the disease. Various methods and equipment have been used to image the hydrocephalus. Among them, computerized tomography (CT) scan and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) are the most considered methods and gives accurate result of imaging. Apart from imaging, cerebrospinal fluid-based biomarkers are also used to identify the condition of hydrocephalus. This review is discussed on “hydrocephalus” and its imaging captured by CT scan and NMR to support the biomarker analysis.
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16

Caciagli, Lorenzo, Fenglai Xiao, Britta Wandschneider, and Matthias J. Koepp. "Imaging Biomarkers of Anti-Epileptic Drug Action: Insights from Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Current Pharmaceutical Design 23, no. 37 (February 9, 2018): 5727–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666170809113636.

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17

Köcher, Simone S., Stephan Düwel, Christian Hundshammer, Steffen J. Glaser, Franz Schilling, Josef Granwehr, and Christoph Scheurer. "Ab InitioSimulation of pH-Sensitive Biomarkers in Magnetic Resonance Imaging." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 122, no. 40 (September 17, 2018): 7983–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04665.

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18

Hockings, Paul, Christoffer Laustsen, Jaap A. Joles, Patrick B. Mark, and Steven Sourbron. "Special issue on magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of renal disease." Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics, Biology and Medicine 33, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10334-019-00822-7.

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19

Leung, Doris G. "Advancements in magnetic resonance imaging‐based biomarkers for muscular dystrophy." Muscle & Nerve 60, no. 4 (May 14, 2019): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.26497.

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20

Uddin, Md Nasir, Madalina Tivarus, Heather Adams, Erika Little, Giovanni Schifitto, and Marc B. Lande. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Childhood Primary Hypertension." Hypertension 77, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15242.

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Primary hypertension in youth and young adulthood is associated with decreased neurocognitive test performance both in midlife and during youth itself, leading to concern of subsequent cognitive decline and dementia in later life. The early vascular effects of hypertension in youth are likely involved in the pathogenesis of hypertensive target organ damage to the brain, but the potential impact of antihypertensive treatment from youth on subsequent cognitive health is not known. This review will highlight the need to answer the question of whether treatment of hypertension from early in life would slow cognitive decline in adulthood, and will then outline, for the nonneurologist, magnetic resonance imaging techniques potentially useful in the study of the pathogenesis of decreased cognition in hypertensive youth and for use as potential biomarkers for early antihypertensive treatment interventions.
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21

Cecil, Kim M. "Pediatric Exposures to Neurotoxicants: A Review of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy Findings." Diagnostics 12, no. 3 (March 5, 2022): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12030641.

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Heavy metals, including lead and manganese, air pollution, pesticides, environmental tobacco smoke, and flame retardants are among the known and suspected environmental neurotoxicant exposures examined with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based studies of pediatric populations. Many studies feature morphological changes associated with the exposures while others employ magnetic resonance spectroscopy, diffusion imaging, task-based, and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging to reveal abnormal metabolic concentrations, white matter disorganization, and atypical patterns of activation. Some studies follow pregnant women and their offspring throughout the lifespan with collection of individual specimens as exposure biomarkers. Others innovatively make use of public databases to obtain relevant exposure biomarkers while taking advantage of these studies in their efforts to monitor developmental features in large, population-based, imaging cohorts. As exposures to neurotoxicants in the womb and throughout childhood have life-long impacts on health and well-being, the importance of these innovative neuroimaging investigations is ever increasing.
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22

Boehm, Brock E., Monica E. York, Gyorgy Petrovics, Indu Kohaar, and Gregory T. Chesnut. "Biomarkers of Aggressive Prostate Cancer at Diagnosis." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 22, 2023): 2185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032185.

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In the United States, prostate cancer (CaP) remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in men. CaP is predominantly indolent at diagnosis, with a small fraction (25–30%) representing an aggressive subtype (Gleason score 7–10) that is prone to metastatic progression. This fact, coupled with the criticism surrounding the role of prostate-specific antigenin prostate cancer screening, demonstrates the current need for a biomarker(s) that can identify clinically significant CaP and avoid unnecessary biopsy procedures and psychological implications of being diagnosed with low-risk prostate cancer. Although several diagnostic biomarkers are available to clinicians, very few comparative trials have been performed to assess the clinical effectiveness of these biomarkers. It is of note, however, that a majority of these clinical trials have been over-represented by men of Caucasian origin, despite the fact that African American men have a 1.7 times higher incidence and 2.1 timeshigher rate of mortality from prostate cancer. Biomarkers for CaP diagnosis based on the tissue of origin include urine-based gene expression assays (PCA3, Select MDx, ExoDx Prostate IntelliScore, Mi-Prostate Score, PCA3-PCGEM1 gene panel), blood-based protein biomarkers (4K, PHI), and tissue-based DNA biomarker (Confirm MDx). Another potential direction that has emerged to aid in the CaP diagnosis include multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) and bi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (bpMRI), which in conjunction with clinically validated biomarkers may provide a better approach to predict clinically significant CaP at diagnosis. In this review, we discuss some of the adjunctive biomarker tests along with newer imaging modalities that are currently available to help clinicians decide which patients are at risk of having high-grade CaP on prostate biopsy with the emphasis on clinical utility of the tests across African American (AA) and Caucasian (CA) men.
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Yue, John K., Pavan S. Upadhyayula, Lauro N. Avalos, Hansen Deng, and Kevin K. W. Wang. "The Role of Blood Biomarkers for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Diagnosis of Traumatic Brain Injury." Medicina 56, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56020087.

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Background and Objectives: The annual global incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is over 10 million. An estimated 29% of TBI patients with negative computed tomography (CT−) have positive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI+) findings. Judicious use of serum biomarkers with MRI may aid in diagnosis of CT-occult TBI. The current manuscript aimed to evaluate the diagnostic, therapeutic and risk-stratification utility of known biomarkers and intracranial MRI pathology. Materials and Methods: The PubMed database was queried with keywords (plasma OR serum) AND (biomarker OR marker OR protein) AND (brain injury/trauma OR head injury/trauma OR concussion) AND (magnetic resonance imaging/MRI) (title/abstract) in English. Seventeen articles on TBI biomarkers and MRI were included: S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B; N = 6), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; N = 3), GFAP/ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1; N = 2), Tau (N = 2), neurofilament-light (NF-L; N = 2), alpha-synuclein (N = 1), and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor peptide (AMPAR; N = 1). Results: Acute GFAP distinguished CT−/MRI+ from CT−/MRI− (AUC = 0.777, 0.852 at 9–16 h). GFAP discriminated CT−/diffuse axonal injury (DAI+) from controls (AUC = 0.903). Tau correlated directly with number of head strikes and inversely with white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), and a cutoff > 1.5 pg/mL discriminated between DAI+ and DAI− (sensitivity = 74%/specificity = 69%). NF-L had 100% discrimination of DAI in severe TBI and correlated with FA. Low alpha-synuclein was associated with poorer functional connectivity. AMPAR cutoff > 0.4 ng/mL had a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 92% for concussion and was associated with minor MRI findings. Low/undetectable S100B had a high negative predictive value for CT/MRI pathology. UCH-L1 showed no notable correlations with MRI. Conclusions: An acute circulating biomarker capable of discriminating intracranial MRI abnormalities is critical to establishing diagnosis for CT-occult TBI and can triage patients who may benefit from outpatient MRI, surveillance and/or follow up with TBI specialists. GFAP has shown diagnostic potential for MRI findings such as DAI and awaits further validation. Tau shows promise in detecting DAI and disrupted functional connectivity. Candidate biomarkers should be evaluated within the context of analytical performance of the assays used, as well as the post-injury timeframe for blood collection relative to MRI abnormalities.
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Stadlbauer, Andreas, Max Zimmermann, Gertraud Heinz, Stefan Oberndorfer, Arnd Doerfler, Michael Buchfelder, and Karl Rössler. "Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for clinical routine assessment of microvascular architecture in glioma." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 37, no. 2 (July 21, 2016): 632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16655549.

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Knowledge about the topological and structural heterogeneity of the microvasculature is important for diagnosis and monitoring of glioma. A vessel caliber and type-dependent temporal shift in the magnetic resonance imaging signal forms the basis for vascular architecture mapping. This study introduced a clinically feasible approach for assessment of vascular pathologies in gliomas using vascular architecture mapping. Sixty consecutive patients with known or suspected gliomas were examined using vascular architecture mapping as part of the routine magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Maps of microvessel radius and density, which adapted to the vasculature-dependent temporal shift phenomenon, were calculated using a costume-made software tool. Microvessel radius and density were moderately to severely elevated in a heterogeneous, inversely correlated pattern within high-grade gliomas. Additionally, three new imaging biomarkers were introduced: Microvessel type indicator allowing differentiation between supplying arterial and draining venous microvasculature in high-grade gliomas. Vascular-induced bolus peak time shift may presumably be sensitive for early neovascularization in the infiltration zone. Surprisingly, curvature showed significant changes in peritumoral vasogenic edema which correlated with neovascularization in the tumor core of high-grade gliomas. These new magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers give insights into complexity and heterogeneity of vascular changes in glioma; however, histological validations in more well-defined patient populations are required.
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Ziegler, David A., and Suzanne Corkin. "New Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers Advance the Characterization of Parkinson Disease." US Neurology 09, no. 01 (2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/usn.2013.09.01.8.

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The pathophysiology of idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD) is traditionally characterized as substantia nigra degeneration, but careful examination of the widespread neuropathologic changes suggests individual differences in neuronal vulnerability. A major limitation to studies of disease progression in PD has been that conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide relatively poor contrast for the structures that are affected by the disease, and thus are not typically used in experimental or clinical studies. Here, we review the current state of structural MRI as applied to the analysis of the PD brain. We also describe a new multispectral MRI method that provides improved contrast for the substantia nigra and basal forebrain, which we recently used to show that these structures display different trajectories of volume loss early in the disease.
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Khalaf, Asseel. "Magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of gastrointestinal motor function and fluid distribution." World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology 6, no. 4 (2015): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.4291/wjgp.v6.i4.140.

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27

Filippi, Massimo, and Maria A. Rocca. "New magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis." Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics 6, no. 2 (January 30, 2012): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/17530059.2012.657624.

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28

Li, L. Z., R. Zhou, H. N. Xu, L. Moon, T. Zhong, E. J. Kim, H. Qiao, et al. "Quantitative magnetic resonance and optical imaging biomarkers of melanoma metastatic potential." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 16 (April 6, 2009): 6608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0901807106.

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29

Shephard, R. J. "Relation of Biomarkers and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Marathon Running." Yearbook of Sports Medicine 2010 (January 2010): 143–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0162-0908(09)79488-7.

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30

Ziegler, David A., and Suzanne Corkin. "New Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers Advance the Characterisation of Parkinson’s Disease." European Neurological Review 8, no. 2 (2013): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/enr.2013.08.02.85.

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The pathophysiology of idiopathic Parkinson’s disease (PD) is traditionally characterised as substantia nigra degeneration, but careful examination of the widespread neuropathological changes suggests individual differences in neuronal vulnerability. A major limitation to studies of disease progression in PD has been that conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques provide relatively poor contrast for the structures that are affected by the disease, and thus are not typically used in experimental or clinical studies. Here, we review the current state of structural MRI as applied to the analysis of the PD brain. We also describe a new multispectral MRI method that provides improved contrast for the substantia nigra and basal forebrain, which we recently used to show that these structures display different trajectories of volume loss early in the disease.
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31

Dickerson, Bradford C. "Advances in quantitative magnetic resonance imaging-based biomarkers for Alzheimer disease." Alzheimer's Research & Therapy 2, no. 4 (2010): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/alzrt45.

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32

Mousavi, Negareh, Andrew Czarnecki, Kanwal Kumar, Nazanin Fallah-Rad, Matthew Lytwyn, Song-Yee Han, Andrew Francis, et al. "Relation of Biomarkers and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Marathon Running." American Journal of Cardiology 103, no. 10 (May 2009): 1467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.01.294.

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33

Gennaro, Kyle, Kristin Porter, Jennifer Gordetsky, Samuel Galgano, and Soroush Rais-Bahrami. "Imaging as a Personalized Biomarker for Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification." Diagnostics 8, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics8040080.

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Biomarkers provide objective data to guide clinicians in disease management. Prostate-specific antigen serves as a biomarker for screening of prostate cancer but has come under scrutiny for detection of clinically indolent disease. Multiple imaging techniques demonstrate promising results for diagnosing, staging, and determining definitive management of prostate cancer. One such modality, multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), detects more clinically significant disease while missing lower volume and clinically insignificant disease. It also provides valuable information regarding tumor characteristics such as location and extraprostatic extension to guide surgical planning. Information from mpMRI may also help patients avoid unnecessary biopsies in the future. It can also be incorporated into targeted biopsies as well as following patients on active surveillance. Other novel techniques have also been developed to detect metastatic disease with advantages over traditional computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, which primarily rely on defined size criteria. These new techniques take advantage of underlying biological changes in prostate cancer tissue to identify metastatic disease. The purpose of this review is to present literature on imaging as a personalized biomarker for prostate cancer risk stratification.
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Schillaci, O., L. Travascio, C. Bruni, G. Bazzocchi, A. Testa, F. G. Garaci, M. Melis, R. Floris, and G. Simonetti. "Molecular Imaging and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease." Neuroradiology Journal 21, no. 6 (December 2008): 755–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/197140090802100603.

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Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. Magnetic resonance (MR) or computed tomography (CT) imaging is recommended for routine evaluation of dementias. The development of molecular imaging agents and the new techniques of MR for AD are critically important for early diagnosis, neuropathogenesis studies and assessing treatment efficacy in AD. Neuroimaging using nuclear medicine techniques such as SPECT, PET and MR spectroscopy has the potential to characterize the biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. The present review summarizes the results of radionuclide imaging and MR imaging in AD.
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Pennati, Francesca, Caterina Salito, Irene Borzani, Giulia Cervellin, Simone Gambazza, Riccardo Guarise, Maria Chiara Russo, Carla Colombo, and Andrea Aliverti. "Quantitative multivolume proton-magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cystic fibrosis lung disease: comparison with clinical indicators." European Respiratory Journal 53, no. 5 (February 28, 2019): 1702020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02020-2017.

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This cross-sectional study aims to verify the relationship between quantitative multivolume proton-magnetic resonance imaging (1H-MRI) and clinical indicators of ventilatory abnormalities in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease.Non-enhanced chest MRI, spirometry and multiple breath washout was performed by 28 patients (10–27 years) with CF lung disease. Images acquired at end-inspiration and end-expiration were registered by optical flow to estimate expiratory–inspiratory proton-density change (Δ1H-MRI) as a measure of regional ventilation. Magnetic resonance images were also evaluated using a CF-specific scoring system.Biomarkers of CF ventilation impairment were defined from the Δ1H-MRI as follows: Δ1H-MRI median, Δ1H-MRI quartile coefficient of variation (QCV) and percentage of low-ventilation volume (%LVV). Imaging biomarkers correlated to all the clinical measures of ventilation abnormality, with the strongest correlation between Δ1H-MRI median and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (r2=0.44, p<0.001), Δ1H-MRI QCV and lung clearance index (LCI) (r2=0.51, p<0.001) and %LVV and LCI (r2=0.66, p<0.001). Correlations were also found between imaging biomarkers of ventilation and morphological scoring.The study showed a significant correlation between quantitative multivolume MRI and clinical indicators of CF lung disease. MRI, as a non-ionising imaging technique, may be particularly attractive in CF care for longitudinal evaluation, providing a new imaging biomarker to detect early ventilatory abnormalities.
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Arora, Abishek, and Neeta Bhagat. "Insight into the Molecular Imaging of Alzheimer’s Disease." International Journal of Biomedical Imaging 2016 (2016): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7462014.

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Alzheimer’s disease is a complex neurodegenerative disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Earlier it was diagnosed only via clinical assessments and confirmed by postmortem brain histopathology. The development of validated biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease has given impetus to improve diagnostics and accelerate the development of new therapies. Functional imaging like positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides a means of detecting and characterising the regional changes in brain blood flow, metabolism, and receptor binding sites that are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Multimodal neuroimaging techniques have indicated changes in brain structure and metabolic activity, and an array of neurochemical variations that are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Radiotracer-based PET and SPECT potentially provide sensitive, accurate methods for the early detection of disease. This paper presents a review of neuroimaging modalities like PET, SPECT, and selected imaging biomarkers/tracers used for the early diagnosis of AD. Neuroimaging with such biomarkers and tracers could achieve a much higher diagnostic accuracy for AD and related disorders in the future.
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Zhao, Dongxu, Jian Cao, Lei Zhang, Shaohua Zhang, and Song Wu. "Targeted Molecular Imaging Probes Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Diagnosis and Treatment." Biosensors 12, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12050342.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most commonly malignant tumor and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the world, and the early diagnosis and treatment of patients with HCC is core in improving its prognosis. The early diagnosis of HCC depends largely on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI has good soft-tissue resolution, which is the international standard method for the diagnosis of HCC. However, MRI is still insufficient in the diagnosis of some early small HCCs and malignant nodules, resulting in false negative results. With the deepening of research on HCC, researchers have found many specific molecular biomarkers on the surface of HCC cells, which may assist in diagnosis and treatment. On the other hand, molecular imaging has progressed rapidly in recent years, especially in the field of cancer theranostics. Hence, the preparation of molecular imaging probes that can specifically target the biomarkers of HCC, combined with MRI testing in vivo, may achieve the theranostic purpose of HCC in the early stage. Therefore, in this review, taking MR imaging as the basic point, we summarized the recent progress regarding the molecular imaging targeting various types of biomarkers on the surface of HCC cells to improve the theranostic rate of HCC. Lastly, we discussed the existing obstacles and future prospects of developing molecular imaging probes as HCC theranostic nanoplatforms.
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Peters, Dana C., Jérôme Lamy, Albert J. Sinusas, and Lauren A. Baldassarre. "Left atrial evaluation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance: sensitive and unique biomarkers." European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging 23, no. 1 (October 29, 2021): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jeab221.

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Abstract Left atrial (LA) imaging is still not routinely used for diagnosis and risk stratification, although recent studies have emphasized its importance as an imaging biomarker. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is able to evaluate LA structure and function, metrics that serve as early indicators of disease, and provide prognostic information, e.g. regarding diastolic dysfunction, and atrial fibrillation (AF). MR angiography defines atrial anatomy, useful for planning ablation procedures, and also for characterizing atrial shapes and sizes that might predict cardiovascular events, e.g. stroke. Long-axis cine images can be evaluated to define minimum, maximum, and pre-atrial contraction LA volumes, and ejection fractions (EFs). More modern feature tracking of these cine images provides longitudinal LA strain through the cardiac cycle, and strain rates. Strain may be a more sensitive marker than EF and can predict post-operative AF, AF recurrence after ablation, outcomes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, stratification of diastolic dysfunction, and strain correlates with atrial fibrosis. Using high-resolution late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), the extent of fibrosis in the LA can be estimated and post-ablation scar can be evaluated. The LA LGE method is widely available, its reproducibility is good, and validations with voltage-mapping exist, although further scan–rescan studies are needed, and consensus regarding atrial segmentation is lacking. Using LGE, scar patterns after ablation in AF subjects can be reproducibly defined. Evaluation of ‘pre-existent’ atrial fibrosis may have roles in predicting AF recurrence after ablation, predicting new-onset AF and diastolic dysfunction in patients without AF. LA imaging biomarkers are ready to enter into diagnostic clinical practice.
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Cerrito, Lucia, Maria Elena Ainora, Carolina Mosoni, Raffaele Borriello, Antonio Gasbarrini, and Maria Assunta Zocco. "Prognostic Role of Molecular and Imaging Biomarkers for Predicting Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment Efficacy." Cancers 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2022): 4647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14194647.

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Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide and the fourth cause of tumor-related death. Imaging biomarkers are based on computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and contrast-enhanced ultrasound, and are widely applied in HCC diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Unfortunately, in the field of molecular biomarkers, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is still the only recognized tool for HCC surveillance in both diagnostic and follow-up purposes. Other molecular biomarkers have little roles in clinical practice regarding HCC, mainly for the detection of early-stage HCC, monitoring the response to treatments and analyzing tumor prognosis. In the last decades no important improvements have been achieved in this field and imaging biomarkers maintain the primacy in HCC diagnosis and follow-up. Despite the still inconsistent role of molecular biomarkers in surveillance and early HCC detection, they could play an outstanding role in prognosis estimation and treatment monitoring with a potential reduction in health costs faced by standard radiology. An important challenge resides in identifying sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarkers for advanced HCC for prognostic evaluation and detection of tumor progression, overcoming imaging biomarker sensitivity. The aim of this review is to analyze the current molecular and imaging biomarkers in advanced HCC.
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Momeni, Fatemeh, Amir B. Ghaemmaghami, Majid Nejati, Mohammad Hossein Pourhanifeh, Laleh Shiri Sichani, Omid Reza Tamtaji, Mohammad Momeni, Alireza Khosravi, Masoud Etemadifar, and Hamed Mirzaei. "Joint Application of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Biochemical Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 39 (November 24, 2020): 6703–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666191014162713.

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Multiple Sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disorder associated with spinal cord and brain, chiefly affects the white matter. Regarding the complexity as well as heterogenic etiology of this disease, the treatment of MS has been a challenging issue up to now. Researchers are working to develop new therapeutic strategies and drugs as complementary therapies. MS diagnosis significantly depends on the findings of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination. In this imaging technique, gadolinium is used as a contrast agent to reveal active plaques intending to destroy the bloodbrain barrier. It also detects plaques that are not correlated with the neurological symptoms. It has been attempted to determine biomarkers related to different dimensions of MS in various organizational hierarchy levels of the human anatomy (i.e., cells, proteins, RNA, and DNA). These biomarkers are appropriate diagnostic tools for MS diagnosis. In this review, we summarized the application of MRI and biochemical biomarkers to monitor MS patients. Moreover, we highlighted the joint application of MRI and biomarkers for the diagnosis of MS subjects.
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41

Otani, Rafael Tomio Vicentini, Joyce Yuri Silvestre Yamamoto, Douglas Mendes Nunes, Mônica Santoro Haddad, and Jacy Bezerra Parmera. "Magnetic resonance and dopamine transporter imaging for the diagnosis of Parkinson´s disease: a narrative review." Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 80, no. 5 suppl 1 (May 2022): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0004-282x-anp-2022-s130.

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ABSTRACT Background: the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be challenging, especially in the early stages, albeit its updated and validated clinical criteria. Recent developments on neuroimaging in PD, altogether with its consolidated role of excluding secondary and other neurodegenerative causes of parkinsonism, provide more confidence in the diagnosis across the different stages of the disease. This review highlights current knowledge and major recent advances in magnetic resonance and dopamine transporter imaging in aiding PD diagnosis. Objective: This study aims to review current knowledge about the role of magnetic resonance imaging and neuroimaging of the dopamine transporter in diagnosing Parkinson's disease. Methods: We performed a non-systematic literature review through the PubMed database, using the keywords "Parkinson", “magnetic resonance imaging”, “diffusion tensor”, “diffusion-weighted”, “neuromelanin”, “nigrosome-1”, “single-photon emission computed tomography”, “dopamine transporter imaging”. The search was restricted to articles written in English, published between January 2010 and February 2022. Results: The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease remains a clinical diagnosis. However, new neuroimaging biomarkers hold promise for increased diagnostic accuracy, especially in earlier stages of the disease. Conclusion: Future validation of new imaging biomarkers bring the expectation of an increased neuroimaging role in the diagnosis of PD in the following years.
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42

Hemnes, Anna, Alexander M. K. Rothman, Andrew J. Swift, and Lawrence S. Zisman. "Role of biomarkers in evaluation, treatment and clinical studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension." Pulmonary Circulation 10, no. 4 (October 2020): 204589402095723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2045894020957234.

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Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a complex disease resulting from the interplay of myriad biological and environmental processes that lead to remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature with consequent pulmonary hypertension. Despite currently available therapies, there remains significant morbidity and mortality in this disease. There is great interest in identifying and applying biomarkers to help diagnose patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, inform prognosis, guide therapy, and serve as surrogate endpoints. An extensive literature on potential biomarker candidates is available, but barriers to the implementation of biomarkers for clinical use in pulmonary arterial hypertension are substantial. Various omic strategies have been undertaken to identify key pathways regulated in pulmonary arterial hypertension that could serve as biomarkers including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic approaches. Other biologically relevant components such as circulating cells, microRNAs, exosomes, and cell-free DNA have recently been gaining attention. Because of the size of the datasets generated by these omic approaches and their complexity, artificial intelligence methods are being increasingly applied to decipher their meaning. There is growing interest in imaging the lung with various modalities to understand and visualize processes in the lung that lead to pulmonary vascular remodeling including high resolution computed tomography, Xenon magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Such imaging modalities have the potential to demonstrate disease modification resulting from therapeutic interventions. Because right ventricular function is a major determinant of prognosis, imaging of the right ventricle with echocardiography or cardiac magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in the evaluation of patients and may also be useful in clinical studies of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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43

Sorensen, A. Gregory. "Magnetic Resonance As a Cancer Imaging Biomarker." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 20 (July 10, 2006): 3274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.06.6597.

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Cancer is a diverse disease with many manifestations. Magnetic resonance (MR) has a wide range of sensitivities, and therefore has often been used to study cancer in humans in numerous different ways, most typically with MR spectroscopy and MR imaging. This article is not an exhaustive catalog of the use of MR in cancer, but will briefly highlight some of the many promising MR methods that have been developed, proposed, or used to focus on the problem of detecting and characterizing cancer, its treatments, and adverse effects.
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Massaad, Elie, John H. Shin, and Wende N. Gibbs. "The Prognostic Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers in Mild Traumatic Injury." JAMA Network Open 4, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e211824. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.1824.

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Simms, Roslyn, and Steven Sourbron. "Recent findings on the clinical utility of renal magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfaa125.

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46

Bayram, Ece, Jessica Z. K. Caldwell, and Sarah J. Banks. "Current understanding of magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers and memory in Alzheimer's disease." Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions 4, no. 1 (January 2018): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2018.04.007.

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47

Quattrone, Andrea, Alessia Sarica, Domenico La Torre, Maurizio Morelli, Basilio Vescio, Salvatore Nigro, Gaetano Barbagallo, et al. "Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers Distinguish Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus From Progressive Supranuclear Palsy." Movement Disorders 35, no. 8 (May 12, 2020): 1406–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.28087.

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Sauvaget, Frederic, and Irene Litvan. "Toward magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers for progressive supranuclear palsy and multisystem atrophy." Movement Disorders 27, no. 14 (December 2012): 1711–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mds.25196.

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49

Ng, Samuel ES, Angela MS Low, Kok Kee Tang, Winston EH Lim, and Robert K. Kwok. "Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: Correlating Magnetic Resonance Imaging Biomarkers with Clinical Response." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 38, no. 9 (September 15, 2009): 803–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v38n9p803.

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Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH) is a debilitating condition of the elderly. The patient is typically “wet, wobbly and wonky”, to different degrees of the triad. The diagnosis is supported by the radiologic finding of dilated ventricles, determined by an elevated Evan’s Index (EI) without a demonstrable cause. Patients with newly diagnosed NPH typically respond to ventriculo-peritoneal shunting (VPS). NPH-related dementia is possibly the only surgically reversible dementia. An elevated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow rate (FR) is associated with a positive response to shunting. However, post-shunting EI and FRs are unpredictable. Of late, intracranial apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) quantification via Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) has been emerging as a possible marker in NPH diagnosis. A local study, conducted on a national level, to study the relationship of EI, FR and ADC to pre- and post-shunt clinical measurements has just ended. This review seeks to reconcile the current thinking of NPH, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) quantification and clinical evaluation, and in the process shed some light on major pathophysiological determinants of the disease.
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Ciurleo, Rosella, Giuseppe Di Lorenzo, Placido Bramanti, and Silvia Marino. "Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: An In Vivo Molecular Imaging Biomarker for Parkinson’s Disease?" BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/519816.

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta which leads to dysfunction of cerebral pathways critical for the control of movements. The diagnosis of PD is based on motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, akinesia, muscular rigidity, postural instability, and resting tremor, which are evident only after the degeneration of a significant number of dopaminergic neurons. Currently, a marker for early diagnosis of PD is still not available. Consequently, also the development of disease-modifying therapies is a challenge. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a quantitative imaging technique that allows in vivo measurement of certain neurometabolites and may produce biomarkers that reflect metabolic dysfunctions and irreversible neuronal damage. This review summarizes the abnormalities of cerebral metabolites found in MRS studies performed in patients with PD and other forms of parkinsonism. In addition, we discuss the potential role of MRS as in vivo molecular imaging biomarker for early diagnosis of PD and for monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic interventions.
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