Relevant bibliographies by topics / Magnetic particles

Academic literature on the topic 'Magnetic particles'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Magnetic particles"

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Xu, Zhiqiang, Heng Wu, Qiuliang Wang, Liyin Yi, and Jun Wang. "Simulation Study on the Motion of Magnetic Particles in Silicone Rubber-Based Magnetorheological Elastomers." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (July 18, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8182651.

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Magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is an intelligent composite material and has been widely used in various fields such as vibration reduction and sensing. MRE has an excellent magnetorheological effect through the chaining of its internal magnetic particles. Current studies on MREs mainly focus on the preparation of materials and characterization of mechanical properties. However, very few studies have been conducted on the mechanism of magnetic particle motion during MRE curing. Based on the silicone rubber-based MRE, the motion mechanism of magnetic particles during curing was explored through numerical simulation. First, we analyzed the magnetic force and viscous force of magnetic particles in MRE and discussed the equations of motion of magnetic particles under applied magnetic field. Further, we established a uniform magnetic field model through the finite element method and simulated the motion of two magnetic particles under the magnetic field. Finally, we discussed the effects of particle distribution angles, particle radii, applied magnetic field strength, and distance between particles on particle velocity and displacement. The results show that the distance between particles has the greatest influence on the motion of magnetic particles, and the size of the distance between particles will affect the contact time of the particles, thus affecting the chain formation of magnetic particles in the MRE.
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Farsi, Chouki, Salah Amroune, Mustafa Moussaoui, Barhm Mohamad, and Houria Benkherbache. "High-Gradient Magnetic Separation Method for Weakly Magnetic Particles: an Industrial Application." METALLOFIZIKA I NOVEISHIE TEKHNOLOGII 41, no. 8 (October 25, 2019): 1103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mfint.41.08.1103.

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LI, X. L., K. L. YAO, and Z. L. LIU. "CLUSTER MOVING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION OF NANO-SIZED MAGNETIC PARTICLE AGGREGATION IN AN APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 27 (October 30, 2009): 5307–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209053230.

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We used the cluster moving Metropolis Monte Carlo method combined with image and statistical analyses to simulate magnetized magnetic particle (or magnetic carried particle) aggregation in a uniform magnetic field. Once the particles aggregate together they permanently attach to one another. The dynamics of aggregation is characterized in terms of mean particle size, fractal dimensions, distribution of orientations and radial distribution function for different sized particles. From small to large diameters, the distribution of orientations gradually approaches the orientation of the magnetic field, the larger particles forming chain-like clusters, the smaller ones forming clusters with branched and looped shapes. The fractal dimensions of each diameter indicate fluctuations of 20, 40 and 100 nm during the process. For the polydisperse system, the radial distribution function shows that the peaks shift by integer multiples of the average diameter. This indicates that particles larger than average are the most common to be found forming clusters; the behavior of small particles is not the main factor in cluster formation because they generally attach themselves to the larger-particle clusters. The evolution of the aggregation as a whole can help to analyze the particle configuration in the magnetic separation and magnetic targeting process.
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Ido, Yasushi, Keisuke Asakura, and Hitoshi Nishida. "Behavior of both Nonmagnetic Particles and Magnetic Particles in Magnetic Compound Fluids in a Micro-Tube with Axial Flow under Rotating Magnetic Field." Materials Science Forum 856 (May 2016): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.856.9.

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Behaviors of both micrometer-size nonmagnetic abrasive particles and micrometer-size magnetic particles in a magnetic fluid are investigated by using the discrete particle method which is based on the simplified Stokes dynamics. Sheet-like clusters of nonmagnetic particles and sheet-like clusters of magnetic particles alternately appear one after another in the axis direction when the flow velocity is small.
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Peng, Xiao Ling, Hai Biao Wei, Xiao Yang, Rui Ping Yue, and Hong Liang Ge. "Influence of the Magnetic Interaction among Particles on Distributions of Magnetic Fluids Using Computer Simulations." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 1595–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.1595.

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Magnetic fluid is a stable colloidal dispersion of ferromagnetic particles in a liquid carrier. Once a magnetic field is applied to magnetic fluids (MF), various structures of MF are formed. A detailed understanding of structures and particle distributions in gradient magnetic fields is much important. But very few works have been done on this. In the present study, the effects of magnetic field gradient and magnetic interaction among magnetic particles on the structures of MF are investigated using a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation. The results show that a gradient distribution of magnetic particles is formed under gradient magnetic fields. However, as the interaction between magnetic particles increases, the distribution gradient decreases, accompanied by the formation of chain-like clusters. Moreover, with increasing the magnetic interaction, particle distribution changes from grass-like clusters to needle-like ones.
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Xia, Q., and V. Zharkova. "Particle acceleration in coalescent and squashed magnetic islands." Astronomy & Astrophysics 635 (March 2020): A116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936420.

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Aims. Particles are known to have efficient acceleration in reconnecting current sheets with multiple magnetic islands that are formed during a reconnection process. Using the test-particle approach, the recent investigation of particle dynamics in 3D magnetic islands, or current sheets with multiple X- and O-null points revealed that the particle energy gains are higher in squashed magnetic islands than in coalescent ones. However, this approach did not factor in the ambient plasma feedback to the presence of accelerated particles, which affects their distributions within the acceleration region. Methods. In the current paper, we use the particle-in-cell (PIC) approach to investigate further particle acceleration in 3D Harris-type reconnecting current sheets with coalescent (merging) and squashed (contracting) magnetic islands with different magnetic field topologies, ambient densities ranging between 108 − 1012 m−3, proton-to-electron mass ratios, and island aspect ratios. Results. In current sheets with single or multiple X-nullpoints, accelerated particles of opposite charges are separated and ejected into the opposite semiplanes from the current sheet midplane, generating a strong polarisation electric field across a current sheet. Particles of the same charge form two populations: transit and bounced particles, each with very different energy and asymmetric pitch-angle distributions, which can be distinguished from observations. In some cases, the difference in energy gains by transit and bounced particles leads to turbulence generated by Buneman instability. In magnetic island topology, the different reconnection electric fields in squashed and coalescent islands impose different particle drift motions. This makes particle acceleration more efficient in squashed magnetic islands than in coalescent ones. The spectral indices of electron energy spectra are ∼ − 4.2 for coalescent and ∼ − 4.0 for squashed islands, which are lower than reported from the test-particle approach. The particles accelerated in magnetic islands are found trapped in the midplane of squashed islands, and shifted as clouds towards the X-nullpoints in coalescent ones. Conclusions. In reconnecting current sheets with multiple X- and O-nullpoints, particles are found accelerated on a much shorter spatial scale and gaining higher energies than near a single X-nullpoint. The distinct density and pitch-angle distributions of particles with high and low energy detected with the PIC approach can help to distinguish the observational features of accelerated particles.
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Jia, Ran, Biao Ma, Changsong Zheng, Liyong Wang, Xin Ba, Qiu Du, and Kai Wang. "Magnetic Properties of Ferromagnetic Particles under Alternating Magnetic Fields: Focus on Particle Detection Sensor Applications." Sensors 18, no. 12 (November 26, 2018): 4144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124144.

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The electromagnetic wear particles detection sensor has been widely studied due to its ability to monitor the wear status of equipment in real time. To precisely estimate the change of the magnetic energy of the sensor coil caused by the wear particles, the magnetic property models of wear particles under the alternating magnetic field was established. The models consider the hysteresis effect and the eddy current effect of the wear particles. The analysis and experimental results show that with the increase of the effective field frequency, the change of the magnetic energy caused by the wear particles gradually decrease, which makes the induced electromotive force output by the sensor reduce with the decrease of the particle speed, so a signal compensation method is presented to obtain a unified signal when the same wear particle passing through the sensor in different speeds. The magnetic coupling effect between the two adjacent wear particles is analyzed. The result illustrates that the change of the magnetic energy caused by the dual wear particles system is larger than the sum of the energy variation caused by two independent wear particles, and with the increase of the interparticle distance, the magnetic coupling effect gradually weakens and disappears.
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Nyang’au, Wilson Ombati, Tamara Kahmann, Thilo Viereck, and Erwin Peiner. "MEMS-Based Cantilever Sensor for Simultaneous Measurement of Mass and Magnetic Moment of Magnetic Particles." Chemosensors 9, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9080207.

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This study presents a measurement approach suitable for the simultaneous determination of both the mass mp and magnetic moment µp of magnetic particles deposited on a micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) resonant cantilever balance, which is operated in parallel to an external magnetic field-induced force gradient F′(z). Magnetic induction B(z) and its second spatial derivative δ2B/δz2 is realized, beforehand, through the finite element method magnetics (FEMM) simulation with a pair of neodymium permanent magnets configured in a face-to-face arrangement. Typically, the magnets are mounted in a magnet holder assembly designed and fabricated in-house. The resulting F′ lowers the calibrated intrinsic stiffness k0 of the cantilever to k0-F′, which can, thus, be obtained from a measured resonance frequency shift of the cantilever. The magnetic moment µp per deposited particle is determined by dividing F′ by δ2B/δz2 and the number of the attached monodisperse particles given by the mass-induced frequency shift of the cantilever. For the plain iron oxide particles (250 nm) and the magnetic polystyrene particles (2 µm), we yield µp of 0.8 to 1.5 fA m2 and 11 to 19 fA m2 compared to 2 fA m2 and 33 fA m2 nominal values, respectively.
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Liberti, Paul, and Maria A. Pino. "5597531 Resuspendable coated magnetic particles and stable magnetic particle suspensions." Magnetic Resonance Imaging 15, no. 5 (January 1997): IX. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0730-725x(97)89732-9.

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Santos da Silva, Safire Torres, Nikola Jerance, and Harijaona Lalao Rakotoarison. "Simulating metallic contamination in permanent magnets used in magnetic sensors." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 38, no. 5 (September 2, 2019): 1683–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-12-2018-0515.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a model for simulating contamination by ferromagnetic particles in sensors that use permanent magnets. This topic is especially important for automotive applications, where magnetic sensors are extensively used and where metallic particles are present, particularly because of friction between mechanical parts. The aim of the model is to predict the particle accumulation and its effect on the sensor performance. Design/methodology/approach Magnetostatic moment method is used to calculate particles' magnetization and magnetic field. Magnetic saturation is included and Newton–Raphson method is used to solve the non-linear system. Magnetic force on particles is calculated as a gradient of energy. Dynamic simulation provides the positions of agglomerated particles. Findings A simulation of magnetic park lock sensor shows a significant impact of ferromagnetic particles on sensor's accuracy. Moreover, gains on computational time because of model optimizations are reported. Research limitations/implications Only magnetic force and gravity are taken into account for particle dynamics. Mechanical forces such as friction and particle interactions might be considered in future works. Practical implications This paper provides the possibility to evaluate and improve magnetic sensor design with respect to particles contamination. Originality/value The paper presents a novel simulation tool developed to answer the growing need for reliable and fast prediction of magnetic position sensors’ degradation in the presence of metallic particles.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Magnetic particles"

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Hunt, Andrew. "Airborne magnetic particles." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.333692.

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Giles, Rory. "Novel magnetic particles for bioassays." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066313/document.

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Les particules superparamagnétiques constituent un outil puissant pour de nombreuses applications biomédicales, ce potentiel est souvent restreint à cause de leur stabilité limitée dans les milieux biologiques ou du piégeage orientationnel sous champ magnétique. Dans cette thèse, ces problèmes ont été résolus en créant une nouvelle génération de particules à interfaces liquides fonctionnalisées. Ces particules sont formulées en utilisant des émulsions de ferrofluides qui incorporent des phospholipides fonctionnalisés, notamment biotinylés pour permettre la capture de streptavidine. La taille est contrôlée grâce à la microfluidique, permettant la production d'émulsions uniformes. L'utilisation de streptavidine fluorescente révèle que la capture est influencée par les propriétés du cosurfactant et du ligand ainsi que par le nombre de ligands disponibles. La mobilité des ligands est démontrée par l'adhésion observée entre les gouttelettes liées par de la streptavidine et le mouvement des billes couvertes de streptavidine capturées à l'interface. Enfin, le potentiel de ces particules est exploré en créant un dosage pour le diagnostic. La présence d'analytes en solution est indiquée par l’agglutination. Dans ce travail l'agglutination est provoquée par la complexation entre des émulsions biotinylés et la streptavidine (ou des billes couvertes de streptavidine). L’utilisation de gouttelettes de taille calibrée permet de compter avec précision des agrégats spécifiques par cytométrie de flux, la limite de détection étant dans la gamme femtomolaire. Cela surpasse la gamme picomolaire atteint généralement par des billes solides
Colloidal superparamagnetic particles are a powerful tool in biotechnology, yet their applications are often hindered by limited stability in biological media or by orientation trapping under applied magnetic fields. In this thesis, these problems are addressed by developing novel magnetic particles bearing ligands at a liquid interface. Magnetic particle analogues are formulated using ferrofluidic emulsions, which incorporate functionalised phospholipids. Droplet size is controlled using microfluidic membrane emulsification to produce highly uniform populations. Ligands are modelled using biotinylated lipids, permitting the capture of streptavidin at the droplet interface. Fluorescently labelled proteins reveal that capture efficiency is influenced by the cosurfactant interfacial activity and the polymer spacer length of the ligand. Overall, capture saturation is found to be related to the number of ligands available at the interface. Ligand mobility is demonstrated by the formation of adhesion plaques between streptavidin cross-linked droplets and the motion of streptavidin coated beads caught at the interface. Finally, an application is explored by creating a new immunoassay. Polyvalent proteins or beads crosslink ligand functionalised droplets forming aggregates. Using size calibrated droplets specific aggregates can be accurately counted using flow cytometry and the limit of detection is found to be in the femtomolar range, this surpasses the picomolar range typically achieved using solid beads
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Suh, Su Kyung Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Controlled synthesis of magnetic particles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/70458.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, February 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Magnetic particles have been used for many applications demanding a broad range of particles morphologies and chemistries. Superparamagnetism is advantageous over ferromagnetism because it enables us to control and recover magnetic nanoparticles during and after chemical processing. Superparamagnetic particles have an oriented magnetic moment under a magnetic field but lose this behavior in the absence of a field. Ferromagnetic materials can be superparamagnetic when they consist of a single size domain, which is on the order of 10s of nanometers. However, since the magnetic force is proportional to the volume of the particle, one needs to apply higher gradient of magnetic field to recover smaller particles. Therefore, large particles are preferred for easy manipulation using external forces. For this reason, the synthesis of large, superparamagnetic particles is very important and is desirable for future applications. The purpose of this work is (1) to examine the three synthesis methods of superparamagnetic units, (2) to understand the behavior of particles created using these methods as well as the synthesis mechanisms, and (3) to investigate the potential applications of these particles. Large paramagnetic particles can be made by assembling superparamagnetic nanoparticles. We developed a method for the process-dependent clustering of monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles using a solvent evaporation method from solid-in-oilin- water (S/O/W) type emulsions. When polymers that are incompatible with the nanoparticle coatings were included in the emulsion formulation, monolayer- and multilayer-coated polymer beads and partially coated Janus beads were prepared. The precise number of nanoparticle layers depended on the polymer/magnetic nanoparticle ratio in the oil droplet phase parent emulsion. The magnetic nanoparticle superstructures responded to the application of a modest magnetic field by forming regular chains with alignment of nonuniform structures (e.g., toroids and Janus beads) in accordance with theoretical predictions and with observations in other systems. In addition, we synthesized non-spherical magnetic microparticles with multiple functionalities, shapes and chemistries. Particle synthesis is performed in two steps; polymeric microparticles homogenously functionalized with carboxyl groups were generated AA % using stop-flow lithography, and then in situ co-precipitation was used to grow magnetic nanoparticle at these carboxyl sites. With successive growth of magnetic nanoparticles, we obtained polymeric particles with saturations magnetization up to 42 emu per gram of microparticle, which is significantly greater than what can be obtained commercially. We also investigated the physical properties of magnetic nanoparticles grown in polymeric microparticles, and provide an explanation of the properties. Lastly, we used experimentation and modeling to investigate the synthesis of opaque microparticles made via stop-flow lithography. Opaque magnetic beads incorporated into hydrogel microparticles during synthesis changed the height and the degree of cross-linking of the polymer matrices formed. The effect of the concentration of the opaque material on the particle height was determined experimentally, and agreed well with model predictions based on the photopolymerization process over a wide range of UV absorbance. We also created particles with two independent anisotropies, magnetic and geometric, by applying magnetic fields during particle synthesis. Our work provides a platform for rational design of lithographic patterned opaque particles and also a new class of structured magnetic microparticles. Overall, this work demonstrates three strategies for creating magnetic substrates containing superparamagnetic nanoparticles and characterization of their resulting properties.
by Su Kyung Suh.
Ph.D.
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Goodluck, Olufemi W. (Olufemi Waheed). "Magnetic separation of strongly magnetic particles using alternating field." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65920.

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Dilanson, Nadea. "Halfsphere Derivatisation of Magnetic Micro Particles." Thesis, Mälardalen University, Mälardalen University, Department of Biology and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-1415.

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Abstract

 

This exam project is an effort to derivatize one side of magnetic beads with one kind of molecule  , and another one on the opposite side. First the surface of the sphere is loaded with a suitable linker with, e.g. amino or hydroxyl groups. In the second step, these groups are derivatized with a photosensitive protecting group such as Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl. In the third step, the particles are placed on a surface and then irradiated with UltraViolet light (320 nm) from above, which will cleave off the Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl on the upper half, while leaving in place the ones at the lower half. The linker groups of the upper half can now be derivatized by other reagents of choice. The remaining Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl groups can be removed by suspending the particles in a solvent and then exposing them to UltraViolet light. Finally the linker groups on this half of the particles can be derivatized by a second reagent.

Magnetic particles were marked with FITC, two different kinds of magnetic particles were selected, sikastar-NH2 function and sikastar-COOH function. Five different solvents were used to wash the magnetic particles and remove the bounded FITC, solvents are Acetone, 1-butanol, DMSO, 4-propanol, and Urea. Magnetic particles sikastar-NH2 and sikastar-COOH were washed with Tween 20 and SDS to remove non-specific binding of FITC. Sikastar particles were treated with IgG*FITC in constant presence of the following solvents: PBS*10, Pluronic-F127, Tween 20. Pegylation of sikastar particles got done to reduce non-specific binding. Derivatisation of Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl got done and specific bindning of IgG*FITC to micromer particles got done by protein thiolation.

When a different concentration of FITC was tested to control specific and non-specific binding to sikastar functions, we observed that we had a specific binding to sikastar-NH2 in the lowest concentration. In choice of magnetic particles we had specific binding with sikastar-NH2. Using a different solvents Acetone, 1-butanol, 4-propanol, and Urea  to remove bounded FITC, sikastar-NH2 showed stronger fluoresence than sikastar-COOH after washing because of specific binding and it was difficult to remove FITC with Acetone, 1-butanol,  4-propanol,and Urea, on the other hand DMSO could remove bounded FITC from sikastar particles. When we washed magnetic particles sikastar-NH2 and sikastar-COOH with Tween 20 and SDS to remove non-specific binding of FITC, we could see that magnetic particles showed fluoresence in both functions due to non-specific binding. When sikastar particles got treated with IgG*FITC in constant presence of solvents PBS*10, Pluronic-F127, and Tween 20, we had a specific binding between sikastar particles and IgG*FITC in a presence of pluronic-F127. Pegylation of sikastar particles with a different kind of a PEG was possibl to reduce non-specific bindning. The derivatisation of Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl could be done in a N2 environment, and Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl-sikastar-NH2 could be radiated with UltraViolet light to remove Nitroveratryloxycarbonyl. Also thiolation method could be used to perform specific binding of IgG*FITC to micromer particles.

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Dean, Barbara. "Spin dynamics of fine magnetic particles." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 1991. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19258/.

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A computer model of fine magnetic particles has been developed based on the Landau-Lifshitz equation. It is a dynamic model which allows the detailed behaviour of the magnetic moments during magnetisation changes to be investigated. The model was initially used to study gyroremanent magnetisation (GRM) which is observed in magnetic rocks. Stephenson proposed that GRM was caused by the gyroscopic precession of the moments. In collaboration with Stephenson a model was developed to show the complex motion of the moments in an alternating field and it was found that positive and negative cycles of the field produced an asymmetry in the motion. This asymmetry leads to one of the easy magnetisation directions being favoured so that when the field is cycled to zero a remanence is produced, the observed GRM. The model was then extended to include thermal agitation through the addition of a random field term in the simulation. It was found that in the absence of thermal agitation two particles always moved coherently but when thermal agitation was included other modes appeared. This work showed the importance of ncluding thermal agitation in any micromagnetic model. The model was then used to simulate ferromagnetic resonance on a single particle and the results precisely matched the results predicted by analytical theory. The effect of particle anisotropy and alignment on the response was then investigated and the computed results agreed with experimental measurements. The model was further extended to include dipolar interactions firstly in a chain of spheres and then on an array of particles. Results agreed very well with experimental measurements on tapes with different packing densities and have helped to indicate the local fields acting in an assembly of fine magnetic particles.
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Tarrant, Lee. "A study of high gradient magnetic separation of strongly magnetic particles." Thesis, University of Salford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265394.

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Tejwani, Saurabh. "Thermodynamic and transport properties of non-magnetic particles in magnetic fluids." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54584.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Magnetic composites, obtained on associating magnetic fluid with non-magnetic particles, offer interesting opportunities in separations, assemblies and other applications, where the microstructure of the composite can be altered reversibly by an external field without altering the composition. The goal of our work in this area is to develop computational and simulation tools to assist in the in-depth understanding of the thermodynamic and transport properties of such non-magnetic nanoparticles immersed in magnetic fluids under varying magnetic field conditions. Also, in this work we have studied the relaxation and magnetization characteristics of magnetic nanoparticle clusters in presence of low external magnetic fields. Theoretical analysis of such a complex system is difficult using conventional theories, and hence we have used Monte Carlo Simulations to explore these effects. We simulated the interactions between non-magnetic particles (1000 nm) and magnetic nanoparticles (10 nm and 20 nm diameter) dispersed in organic phase. We observed that the presence of the non-magnetic particle in the system induces magnetic non-homogeneity. The magnetic nanoparticles present in the equatorial place of the non-magnetic particle with reference to the applied magnetic field have a higher magnetization as compared to the particles in the polar region. This effect was much more dominant for 20 nm particles than 10nm particles, because the magnetic inter-particle interactions are much stronger for the larger particles. We have also studied the effect of radial distance from the nonmagnetic particle on the magnetization and radial distribution function characteristics of the magnetic nanoparticles.
(cont.) We have evaluated the magnetophoretic forces the non-magnetic particles experience when subjected to magnetic field gradient. We have identified such forces arising from the inter-particle interactions between the magnetic nanoparticles. These forces were found to be significant for larger magnetic particles, smaller non-magnetic particles and lower magnetic fields. Diffusion coefficients were evaluated for non-magnetic nanoparticles in magnetic fluids using Brownian Dynamics Simulation. The chain-like structures formed by magnetic nanoparticles introduce anisotropy in the system with the diffusion coefficients higher along the direction of applied external magnetic field and lower in the perpendicular direction. It was observed that the anisotropy increases with higher magnetic particle concentration and larger non-magnetic particles. Anisotropy is negligible for small sized magnetic particles for which the inter-particle interaction is smaller, increases with increasing magnetic particle size and becomes constant thereafter. Results were compared with theoretical predictions. Néel Relaxation was studied for magnetic nanoparticle clusters. Chain-like, spherical and planar clusters were evaluated for the relaxation times. For chain-like structures the relaxation times increase significantly on increasing the chain length and particle size. For spherical clusters the relaxation times were fairly similar to that of individual magnetic nanoparticles. Hence, such a fast relaxation makes them ideal candidates for HGMS separations, since they will be released quickly from the magnetic wires during the elution step.
(cont.) Also, we studied the magnetization characteristics of rectangular and hexagonal packing arrangements of magnetic clusters in presence of remnant fields. The hexagonal arrangement revealed a novel oscillatory behavior. A theoretical model was developed to predict the magnetic particle size beyond which the oscillations are observed.
by Saurabh Tejwani.
Ph.D.
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Wells, S. "Preparation and properties of ultrafine magnetic particles." Thesis, Bangor University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237506.

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Li, Keran. "Surfactant-free synthesis of magnetic latex particles." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10211/document.

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Ce travail de thèse décrit l'élaboration de latex hybrides oxyde de fer (OF)/polymère par polymérisation en émulsion sans tensioactif. Des nanoparticules d'OF cationiques ont été tout d'abord synthétisées par co-précipitation de sels de fer dans l'eau. Des latex hybrides magnétiques ont été ensuite obtenus par deux voies de polymérisation. La première consiste en la synthèse de particules de latex de morphologie 'carapace' par polymérisation en émulsion Pickering du styrène et du méthacrylate de méthyle (MMA). Un comonomère auxiliaire (acide (méth)acrylique ou acide 2-acrylamido-2-méthyl-1-propane sulfonique) a été utilisé pour favoriser l'adsorption des OF à la surface des particules de polymère produites. Les analyses par MET indiquent la présence d'OF à la surface des particules de polymère (structure carapace). L'analyse thermogravimétrique a permis de quantifier l'efficacité d'incorporation des OF, i.e. la fraction d'OF initialement introduits effectivement adsorbés à la surface des particules. L'efficacité d'incorporation augmente avec la quantité de comonomère auxiliaire, le pH et la concentration en OF et dépend de la nature du monomère hydrophobe. Dans la deuxième voie, les OF ont été encapsulés par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée par transfert de chaîne réversible par addition-fragmentation (RAFT) en émulsion aqueuse. La stratégie utilisée repose sur l'utilisation de macroagents RAFT amphiphiles comportant des groupements acide carboxylique connus pour interagir avec la surface des OF. L'interaction entre les macroRAFTs et les OF a été étudiée à travers le tracé de l'isotherme d'adsorption. Des analyses SAXS et DLS indiquent la formation de clusters d'oxyde de fer. Ces derniers ont été ensuite engagés dans la polymérisation en émulsion du styrène ou d'un mélange de MMA et d'ABu (ratio massique : 90/10) pour former une écorce de polymère à leur surface. Les particules carapace et les OF encapsulés affichent un comportement superparamagnétique
This work describes the elaboration of polymer/iron oxide (IO) hybrid latexes through surfactant-free emulsion polymerization. Cationic iron oxide nanoparticles stabilized by nitrate counterions were first synthesized by the co-precipitation of iron salts in water. Magnetic hybrid latexes were next obtained by two polymerization routes carried out in the presence of IO. The first route consists in the synthesis of polymer latexes armored with IO via Pickering emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene (St). An auxiliary comonomer (namely methacrylic acid, acrylic acid or 2-acrylamido-2-methy-1- propane sulfonic acid) was used to promote IO particle adhesion to the surface of the generated polymer particles. TEM showed the presence of IO at the surface of the polymer particles and the successful formation of IO-armored polymer particles. TGA was used to quantify the IO incorporation efficiency, which corresponds to the fraction of IO effectively located at the particle surface. The incorporation efficiency increased with increasing the amount of auxiliary comonomer, suspension pH and IO content or with increasing monomer hydrophobicity. In the second route, IO encapsulation was investigated via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated emulsion polymerization. The developed strategy relies on the use of water-soluble amphipathic macromolecular RAFT agents containing carboxylic acid groups, designed to interact with IO surface. The interaction between the macroRAFT agents and IO was investigated by the study of the adsorption isotherms. Both DLS and SAXS measurements indicated the formation of dense IO clusters. These clusters were then engaged in the emulsion polymerization of St or of MMA and nbutyl acrylate (90/10 wt/wt) to form a polymer shell at their surface. Both IO-armored latex particles and polymer-encapsulated clusters display a superparamagnetic behavior
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Books on the topic "Magnetic particles"

1

International Workshop on Studies of Magnetic Properties of Fine Particles and their Relevance to Materials Science (1991 Rome, Italy). Magnetic properties of fine particles: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Studies of Magnetic Properties of Fine Particles and their Relevance to Materials Science, Rome, Italy, November 4-8, 1991. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, 1992.

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Magnetic particle inspection: A practical guide. London: Chapman & Hall, 1993.

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Gélinas, Stéphanie. Preparation of magnetic carriers through functionalization of nanosized maghemite particles. Montreal, QC: Department of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering, McGill University, 1999.

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Bandyopadhyay, Bibek. Fine particle magnetism. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors, 2002.

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Jaroensutasinee, K. Chaotic motion of charged particles in non-uniform magnetic fields. [s.l.]: typescript, 1994.

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Spinks, Joseph Michael. Dynamic simulation of particles in a magnetorheological fluid. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2008.

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1959-, Brown Michael Riley, Canfield Richard C, and Pevtsov Alexei A, eds. Magnetic helicity in space and laboratory plasmas. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union, 1999.

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Seymour, Percy. The elementary particles as stable and unstable localized energy modes in electrified space-time. Plymouth: William Day Planetarium, 1989.

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Demokritov, Sergej O. Magnonics: From Fundamentals to Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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Bortignon, P. F. Giant resonances: Nuclear structure at finite temperature. Australia: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Magnetic particles"

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Mørup, S., and S. Linderoth. "Amorphous Magnetic Particles." In Nanophase Materials, 595–611. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1076-1_61.

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Hadjipanayis, G. C., S. Gangopadhyay, L. Yiping, C. M. Sorensen, and K. J. Klabunde. "Ultrafine Magnetic Particles." In NATO ASI Series, 497–510. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2590-9_54.

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Zhang, X. X., A. Roig, J. M. Hernàndez, E. Molins, J. Tejada, and R. F. Ziolo. "Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline CoFe2O4 Particles." In Magnetic Hysteresis in Novel Magnetic Materials, 383–87. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5478-9_40.

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Rahman, Md Mahbubor, and Abdelhamid Elaissari. "Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Magnetic Latex." In Hybrid Latex Particles, 237–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2010_59.

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Papaefthymiou, Georgia C. "Single-Magnetic-Domain Particles." In Nanomagnetism, 121–57. Boca Raton: Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315157016-5.

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Wernsdorfer, Wolfgang. "MQT of Magnetic Particles." In Macroscopic Quantum Coherence and Quantum Computing, 195–205. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1245-5_20.

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Lovejoy, David. "Magnetic particles, their characteristics and application." In Magnetic Particle Inspection, 117–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1536-0_6.

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Li, Yunzi, Paivo Kinnunen, Alexander Hrin, Mark A. Burns, and Raoul Kopelman. "Magnetic Particle Biosensors." In Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Particles, 197–239. First edition. | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315117058-9.

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Trohidou, K. N., J. A. Blackman, and D. Kechrakos. "Monte Carlo Simulations of Small Interacting Magnetic Particles." In Magnetic Hysteresis in Novel Magnetic Materials, 37–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5478-9_3.

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Müller, Rainer H., Martin Lück, Stephan Harnisch, and Kai Thode. "Intravenously Injected Particles." In Scientific and Clinical Applications of Magnetic Carriers, 135–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6482-6_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Magnetic particles"

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Satoh, Akira. "Dependence of the Regime of Aggregate Structures of Magnetic Rod-Like Particles on the Magnetic Model." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65352.

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In the present study, we attempt to discuss the dependence of the regime of the aggregate structures of magnetic rod-like particles on the magnetic model. Moreover, we briefly discuss the characteristic magneto-rheological properties of each magnetic model. Three representative magnetic models are here addressed for a magnetic rod-like particle, that is, (a) a spherocylinder particle with a dipole moment at the particle center (dipole model), (b) a spherocylinder particle with a plus and a minus charge at the center of each hemi-sphere (charge model) and (c) a spherocylinder with a dipole moment in a direction normal to the particle axis direction at the particle center (hematite model). For each magnetic model, molecular simulations based on the Monte Carlo method have been performed in order to elucidate the influences of magnetic particle-particle and particle-field interactions on the aggregate structures of magnetic spherocylinder particles in thermodynamic equilibrium. For the case of the dipole model, long stable raft-like clusters are gradually formed with increasing magnetic particle-particle interaction strength, and these raft-like clusters dissociate into the formation of chain-like clusters with increasing magnetic field strength. For the case of the charge model, long and thick chain-like clusters are more significantly formed with increasing magnetic interactions, and the thick chain-like clusters in the field direction become further thicker with increasing magnetic field strength. For the hematite model, long raft-like clusters are formed and these clusters still remain and incline in the field direction in a strong magnetic field situation. From these results, it is evident that the different magnetic model gives rise to the significantly different regime of the aggregate structures. Moreover, Brownian dynamics simulations have been conduced in order to clarify the dependence of the magneto-rheological characteristics on the regime of the above-mentioned particle aggregates. Among these magnetic models, the charge model yields the largest magneto-rheological effect, whereas the hematite model provides the negative viscosity due to the magnetic properties of particles.
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Satoh, Akira. "Phase Change and Magneto-Rheology of a Suspension Composed of Magnetic Rod-Like Particles." In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51263.

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Magnetic particle suspensions have a great potential as an application in engineering fields and therefore a variety of studies on these functional fluid have been conducted in various fields, including the traditional fluid engineering field and the recent bioengineering field such as an application to a drug delivery system. The main application target in the fluid engineering field may be mechanical dampers and actuators. Magneto-rheological properties significantly depend on the formation of aggregates of magnetic particles. In the present study, we focus on a ferromagnetic rod-like particle suspension to discuss the phase change of aggregate structures of magnetic rod-like particles and the magneto-rheological properties that are strongly dependent on the formation of aggregate structures. The characteristics of the phase change are mainly investigated by Monte Carlo simulations for thermodynamic equilibrium and the magneto-rheological properties are done by Brownian dynamics simulations in a simple shear flow situation. From the latter simulations, we discuss mainly the dependence of the magneto-rheological effect on the phase change of aggregate structures. In a weak applied magnetic field, magnetic rod-like particles tend to aggregate to form raft-like clusters if the magnetic particle-particle interaction is much stronger than thermal energy. If the magnetic field strength is increased, these raft-like clusters drastically dissociate into single-moving particles at a certain value of the magnetic field strength, that is, the phase change in aggregate structures arises. The net viscosity and viscosity components exhibit complex dependence on the magnetic field strength, which is mainly due to the raft-like cluster formation of magnetic particles.
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Kang, Tae Gon, Martien A. Hulsen, and Jaap M. J. den Toonder. "Dynamics of Elliptic Magnetic Particles in Simple Shear Flow." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-36007.

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A two-dimensional direct simulation method, based on the Maxwell stress tensor and a fictitious domain method, has been employed to investigate the dynamics of elliptic paramagnetic particles suspended in a non-magnetic incompressible Newtonian fluid. A single-particle problem is chosen to investigate the rotational behavior of the particle in the presence of both shear flow and a uniform magnetic field applied externally. The dynamic of the elliptic particle is found to be significantly affected by a dimensionless number called the Mason number, the ratio of the viscous force to the magnetic force acting on the particle. We found a critical Mason number separating two regimes with different particle dynamics. Below the critical number the particle reaches an equilibrium position after finite rotation. Above the critical number, however, the particle rotates continuously. As for the multi-particle problem in the presence of an external field and imposed shear flow, three regimes of the Mason number were found, showing different topology of the chain of particles and fluid flow due to the combined effect of the magnet and viscous forces.
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WEIZENECKER, JÜRGEN, BERNHARD GLEICH, JÜRGEN RAHMER, and JÖRN BORGERT. "PARTICLE DYNAMICS OF MONO-DOMAIN PARTICLES IN MAGNETIC PARTICLE IMAGING." In Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Magnetic Particle Imaging. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814324687_0001.

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Wu, Xinyu, and Huiying Wu. "A Numerical Study on Separation Characteristics of Magnetic Particles in Magnetophoretic Chip Microchannels." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18528.

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In this paper, a two-dimensional dynamic model describing the separation behaviors of magnetic particles in magnetophoretic chip microchannels integrated with double-side symmetric and asymmetric soft magnets is proposed and solved with the combining use of the finite element method and the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The dynamic characteristics of magnetic particles during the separation process, including the trajectories of magnetic particles, the capture time and capture efficiency are analyzed. The impacts of the geometrical configurations, fluid velocity and magnetic field intensity are also studied. The results show that the trajectories of the magnetic particles in microchannels are oscillatory because of the alternative magnetic force and this oscillation is more obvious for asymmetric positions of the soft magnets. The oscillatory motion of the particle leads to the increase of the moving distance and delay of the capture time. The capture time depends on the geometrical configurations, the initial positions and the dynamic characteristics of the particles. It is also found that under the same strength of magnetic fields there is nearly no difference on the capture efficiency for symmetric and asymmetric configurations. With the increase of fluid velocity, the capture efficiency drops drastically at low flow rates and decreases slowly at high flow rates. The distance between soft magnets and microchannel walls has the similar influence on capture efficiency. It is expected that the results presented in this paper are helpful for the design and optimization of magnetophoretic separation microsystems.
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Sakuda, Yasuhiro, Masayuki Aoshima, and Akira Satoh. "3D Monte Carlo Simulations of Aggregate Structures in a Magnetic Colloidal Suspension Composed of Plate-Like Particles With Magnetic Moment Normal to the Particle Axis." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-38500.

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We have investigated the internal aggregate structures of a colloidal suspension composed of magnetic plate-like particles with a magnetic moment normal to the particle axis by means of three-dimensional Monte Carlo simulations. In concrete, we have attempted to clarify the influences of the magnetic field strength, magnetic interactions between particles, and volumetric fraction of particles, on particle aggregation phenomena. In order to discuss quantitatively the aggregate structures of particles, we have focused on the radial distribution and orientational pair correlation function. For no applied magnetic field cases, long column-like clusters are formed as magnetic particle-particle interactions increase. Characteristics of these clusters are that particles incline in a certain direction with their magnetic moments alternating in direction between the neighboring particles. For applied magnetic field cases, the magnetic moments of the particles incline in the magnetic field direction, so that the columnar clusters are not formed. The brick wall-like aggregates are formed as the influences of the magnetic field and magnetic particle-particle interactions become significantly dominant.
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Satoh, Akira, and Yasuhiro Sakuda. "Quasi-2D Monte Carlo Simulations of a Colloidal Dispersion Composed of Magnetic Plate-Like Particles With Magnetic Moment Normal to the Particle Axis." In ASME 2008 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2008-67137.

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We have investigated aggregation phenomena of a colloidal dispersion composed of magnetic plate-like particles by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Such plate-like particles have been modeled as disk-like particles which have a magnetic moment normal to the particle axis at the particle center, with the section shape of a spherocylinder. The main objective of the present study is to clarify the influences of magnetic field strength and magnetic interactions between particles on particle aggregation phenomena. We have concentrated our attention on a quasi-2D system from an application point of view such as development of surface changing technology using such magnetic plate-like particles. A magnetic field was applied along a direction perpendicular to the plane of the monolayer. Internal structures of particle aggregates have been discussed quantitatively in terms of radial distribution and orientational pair correlation functions. The main results obtained here are summarized as follows. For the case of strong magnetic interactions between particles, the particles form long column-like clusters with their magnetic moments alternating in direction between the neighboring particles. These tendencies appear under circumstances of a weak applied magnetic field. However, as the magnetic field strength increases, the particles incline toward the magnetic field direction, so that the particles do not form such clusters.
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Cuadra, Rafael, and Akira Satoh. "Experiment on Negative Magneto-Rheological Characteristics to Verify the Theoretical Prediction Based on the Orientational Distribution Function." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65353.

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In a suspension composed of spindle-like hematite particles (α-Fe2O3), the previous theoretical study based on the orientational distribution function has shown that the viscosity due to the magnetic properties of spindle-like hematite particles exhibits negative magneto-rheological characteristics in a certain situation of the orientational distribution of the particles under a certain applied magnetic field circumstance. This is mainly because the spindle-like hematite particles have a unique characteristic in that they are magnetized in a direction normal to the particle axis direction. This weak magnetic characteristic yields an advantage to the suspension in that it is relatively straightforward to synthesize a stable dispersion of such hematite particles because the electric double layer functions well for preventing the particles from aggregating. The negative magneto-rheological effect has also energetically been investigated by a simulation approach based on the Brownian dynamics and these simulation results clearly show that the negative magneto-rheological characteristics certainly arise in a multi-particle suspension system. From this background, in the previous experimental study, we synthesized a suspension composed of spindle-like hematite particles and measured the viscosity due to the magnetic properties of the particles in a simple shear flow. This first simple experiment has succeeded in verifying that the negative magneto-rheological characteristics surely arise in an actual hematite particle suspension. The present study further advances the experimental investigation of the negative magneto-rheological effect in order to obtain the more detailed data of these negative magneto-rheological characteristics. The viscosity due to the magnetic properties was measured using a cone-plate-type rheometer, located in the uniform area of the magnetic field, under various conditions of the magnetic field strength and the shear rate of a shear flow. The viscosity of hematite-glycerol-water dispersions becomes negative, attains to a minimum value, after that starts to increase, and finally becomes positive with increasing magnetic field strength. These characteristics of the negative viscosity are in good agreement with the theoretical prediction that was obtained by the orientational distribution function.
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Bell, Nicole F. "Magnetic Moments of Dirac Neutrinos." In PARTICLES AND NUCLEI: Seventeenth Internatinal Conference on Particles and Nuclei. AIP, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2220408.

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Asmatulu, R., B. Zhang, and N. Nuraje. "Guiding the Nonmagnetic Particles by Magnetic Nanoparticles in a Microfluidic Device Using External Magnetic Fields." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12340.

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A microfluidic device was fabricated via UV lithography technique to separate nonmagnetic fluoresbrite carboxy microspheres (∼4.5 μm) from the ferrofluids made of magnetic nanoparticles (∼10 nm). A mixture of microspheres and ferrofluid was injected to lithographically developed Y shape micro channels, and then by applying the external magnet field, the fluoresbrite carboxy microspheres and ferrofluids were clearly separated into different channels because of the magnetic force acting on those nonmagnetic particles. During the fabrication, a number of different parameters, such as UV exposure times, UV power level and photoresist thickness were tested to optimize for our needs. In addition, in the magnetic field testing, different pumping speeds, and particle concentrations associated with the various distances between the magnet and the microfluidic system were studied for an efficient separation.
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Reports on the topic "Magnetic particles"

1

Chandrasekhar, Venkat. Coherent Dynamics of Magnetic Particles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada398315.

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Whitesides, George M., Donald E. Ingber, Mara Prentiss, and Younan Xia. Synthesis and Manipulation of Biofunctional Magnetic Particles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada469435.

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I.Y. Dodin and N.J. Fisch. Motion of Charged Particles near Magnetic Field Discontinuities. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/768663.

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Lin, Shizeng. Annual Report on Numerical Study of Emergent magnetic particles in Rare earth magnets. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1501781.

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Graham, C. D., Kaatz Jr., and Forrest. Preparation and Properties of Arrays of Very Small Magnetic Particles. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada179781.

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Berk, Herbert L., and Boris N. Breizman. 12th IAEA Technical Meeting on Energetic Particles in Magnetic Confinement Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1121083.

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Vassilev, Vassil, Mariana Hadzhilazova, Peter Djondjorov, and Ivaïlo Mladenov Mladenov. Motion of Particles in the Equatorial Plane of a Magnetic Dipole Field. GIQ, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/giq-15-2014-283-291.

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Van Allen, James A. Energetic Particles and Magnetic Fields in the Earth's Magnetosphere and Interplanetary Space. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628212.

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Mahurin, Shannon, Mengdawn Cheng, and Paula Cable-Dunlap. Collection of Aerosol Particles in a Single-Stage, High Gradient Magnetic Collector. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1876303.

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Fulmer, P., J. Kim, A. Manthiram, and J. M. Sanchez. Chemical synthesis of magnetic Fe-B and Fe-Co-B particles and chains. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/334201.

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