Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Magnetic flux'

Local studies of magnetic flux line (vortex) distribution in superconducting thin films and their pinning by natural and artificial defects have been performed using low-temperature magnetic force microscopy (LT-MFM). Taken a 100 nm thin NbN film as an example, the depinning of vortices from natural defects under the influence of the force that the MFM tip exerts on the individual vortex was visualized and the local pinning force was estimated. The good agreement of these results with global transport measurements demonstrates that MFM is a powerful and reliable method to probe the local variation of the pinning landscape. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the presence of an ordered array of 1-μm-sized ferromagnetic permalloy dots being in a magneticvortex state underneath the Nb film significantly influences the natural pinning landscape of the superconductor leading to commensurate pinning effects. This strong pinning exceeds the repulsive interaction between the superconducting vortices and allows vortex clusters to be located at each dot. Additionally, for industrially applicable YBa$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\delta} thin films the main question discussed was the possibility of a direct correlation between vortices and artificial defects as well as vortex imaging on rough as-prepared thin films. Since the surface roughness (droplets, precipitates) causes a severe problem to the scanning MFM tip, a nanoscale wedge polishing technique that allows to overcome this problem was developed. Mounting the sample under a defined small angle results in a smooth surface and a monotonic thickness reduction of the film along the length of the sample. It provides a continuous insight from the film surface down to the substrate with surface sensitive scanning techniques.

The formation of magnetic flux concentrations in the Sun is still a matter of debate. One observable manifestations of such concentrations is sunspots. A mechanism able to spontaneously form magnetic flux concentrations in strongly stratified hydromagnetic turbulence and in the presence of a weak magnetic field is the negative effective magnetic pressure instability (NEMPI). This instability is caused by the local suppression of the turbulence by the magnetic field. Due to the complexity of the system, and in order to understand the fundamental physics behind the instability, the study started by considering simplified conditions. In this thesis we aim to move towards the complexity of the Sun. Here we want to know whether the instability can develop under rotation and in the case of a polytropic stratification instead of the simpler isothermal stratification. We perform different kinds of simulations, namely direct numerical simulations (DNS)and mean field simulations (MFS) of strongly stratified turbulence in the presence of weak magnetic fields. We then study separately the effects of rotation and the change in stratification. It is found that slow rotation can suppress the instability. For Coriolis numbers larger than $0.1$ the MFS no longer result in growth, whereas the DNS start first with adecreaseof the growth rate of the instability % with the speed-up of rotation is alleviated and then, for $\Co > 0.06$, an increase owing to the fact that rotation leads to  the onset of the dynamo instability, which couples with NEMPI in a combined system. In fact, the suppression implies a constraint on the depth where the instability can operate in the Sun. Since rotation is very weak in the uppermost layers of the Sun, the formation of the flux concentration through this instability might be a shallow phenomenon. The same constraint is found when we study the effects of polytropic stratificationon NEMPI. In this case, the instability also develops, but it is much more concentrated in the upper parts of the simulation domain than in the isothermal case. In contrast to the isothermal case, where the density scale height is constant inthe computational domain, polytropic layers decrease their stratification deeper down, so it becomes harder for NEMPI to operate. With these studies we confirm that NEMPI can form magnetic flux concentrations even in the presence of weak rotation and for polytropic stratification. When applied to the Sun, the effects of rotation and the change of stratification constrain the depth where NEMPI can develop to the uppermost layers, where the rotational influence is weak and the stratification is strong enough.

Abstract This thesis studies the long-term evolution of the photospheric magnetic field using surface flux transport simulations. The photospheric magnetic field and magnetic activity are tightly connected to space weather, and affect the whole heliosphere including the Earth. However, due to a lack of reliable observations our understanding of the long-term evolution of the photospheric magnetic field is still poor. Surface flux transport models, which are capable of simulating the evolution of the whole surface field from observations of solar activity, can be used to study the field in times when direct observations are not available. In this thesis we validate our surface flux transport model, optimize its parameters and test its sensitivity to uncertainties in parameter values and input data. We find a need to extend the model with a decay term to properly model the deep and long minimum between solar cycles 23 and 24, and simulate the photospheric magnetic field of cycles 21–24 using magnetographic observations as input. We also study consequences of hemispherically asymmetric activity, and show that activity in one hemisphere is enough to maintain polar fields in both hemispheres through cross-equatorial flow of magnetic flux. We develop a new method to reconstruct active regions from calcium K line and sunspot polarity observations. We show that this reconstruction is able to accurately capture the correct axial dipole moment of active regions. We study the axial dipole moments of observed active regions and find that a significant fraction of them have a sign opposite to the sign expected from Hale’s and Joy’s laws, proving that the new reconstruction method has an advantage over existing methods that rely on Hale’s and Joy’s laws to define polarities. We show one example of a long simulation covering solar cycles 15–21, demonstrating that using the active region reconstruction and surface flux transport model presented in this thesis it is possible to simulate the large-scale evolution of the photospheric magnetic field over the past century
Original papers The original publications are not included in the electronic version of the dissertation. Virtanen, I. O. I., Virtanen, I. I., Pevtsov, A. A., Yeates, A., & Mursula, K. (2017). Reconstructing solar magnetic fields from historical observations. II. Testing the surface flux transport model. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 604, A8. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730415 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2017103050356 Virtanen, I. O. I., Virtanen, I. I., Pevtsov, A. A., & Mursula, K. (2018). Reconstructing solar magnetic fields from historical observations. III. Activity in one hemisphere is sufficient to cause polar field reversals in both hemispheres. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 616, A134. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732323 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe201902205813 Virtanen, I. O. I., Virtanen, I. I., Pevtsov, A. A., Bertello, L., Yeates, A., & Mursula, K. (2019). Reconstructing solar magnetic fields from historical observations. IV. Testing the reconstruction method. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 627, A11. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201935606 http://jultika.oulu.fi/Record/nbnfi-fe2019091828628 Virtanen, I. O. I., Virtanen, I. I., Pevtsov, A. A., & Mursula, K. (2019) Axial dipole moment of solar active regions in cycles 21-24. Manuscript

Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography (MREIT) reconstructs images of electrical conductivity distribution based on magnetic flux density (B) measurements. Magnetic flux density is generated by an externally applied current on the object and measured by a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanner. With the measured data and peripheral voltage measurements, the conductivity distribution of the object can be reconstructed. There are two types of reconstruction algorithms. First type uses current density distributions to reconstruct conductivity distribution. Object must be rotated in MRI scanner to measure three components of magnetic flux density. These types of algorithms are called J-based reconstruction algorithms. The second type of reconstruction algorithms uses only one component of magnetic flux density which is parallel to the main magnetic field of MRI scanner. This eliminates the need of subject rotation. These types of algorithms are called B-based reconstruction algorithms. In this study four of the B-based reconstruction algorithms, proposed by several research groups, are examined. The algorithms are tested by different computer models for noise-free and noisy data. For noise-free data, the algorithms work successfully. System SNR 30, 20 and 13 are used for noisy data. For noisy data the performance of algorithm is not as satisfactory as noise-free data. Twice differentiation of z component of B (Bz) is used for two of the algorithms. These algorithms are very sensitive to noise. One of the algorithms uses only one differentiation of Bz so it is immune to noise. The other algorithm uses sensitivity matrix to reconstruct conductivity distribution.

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・論文博士
博士(理学)
乙第11770号
論理博第1464号
新制||理||1442(附属図書館)
23825
UT51-2006-C692
名古屋大学大学院理学研究科宇宙理学第２類
(主査)教授 柴田 一成, 教授 長田 哲也, 助教授 戸谷 友則
学位規則第4条第2項該当

Flux is continually emerging on the Sun, making its way from the solar interior up into the atmosphere. Emergence occurs on small-scales in the quiet Sun where magnetic fragments emerge, interact and cancel and on large-scales in active regions where magnetic fields emerge and concentrate to form sunspots. This thesis has been concerned with the large-scale emergence process and in particular the results from previous solar flux emergence modelling endeavours. Modelling uses numerical methods to evolve a domain representing simplified layers of the Sun’s atmosphere, within which the subsurface layer contains magnetic flux. The flux is initialised such that it will rises towards the surface at the start of the simulation. Once the flux reaches the solar surface, it can only emerge into the atmosphere if a magnetic buoyancy instability occurs, after which it expands rapidly both vertically and horizontally. The aim of this thesis is to test the robustness of these general findings from simulations to date upon the seed magnetic field. More explicitly, we have used three-dimensional numerical simulations to investigate how variations in the subsurface magnetic field modify the emergence process and the resulting atmospheric field. We initially consider a simple constant twist flux tube for the seed field and vary the tube’s magnetic field strength and degree of twist. Additionally, we have examined the effects of using non-constant twist flux tubes as the seed field by choosing two different profiles for the twist that are functions of the tube’s radius. Finally, we have investigated the effects of increasing the complexity of the seed field by positioning two flux tubes below the solar surface and testing two different configurations for the tubes. In both cases, the magnetic fields of the two tubes are such that, once the tubes come into contact with each other, reconnection occurs and a combined flux system is formed. From our investigations, we conclude that the general emergence results given by previous simulations are robust. However, for constant twist tubes with low field strength and twist, the buoyancy instability fails to be launched when the tubes reach the photosphere and they remain trapped in the low atmosphere. Similarly, when the non-constant twist profile results in a low tension force throughout the tube, we find that the buoyancy instability is not initialised.

Magnetic flux continually emerges from the Sun, rising through the solar interior, emerging at the photosphere in the form of sunspots and expanding into the atmosphere. Observations of sunspot rotations have been reported for over a century and are often accompanied by solar eruptions and flaring activity. In this thesis, we present 3D numerical simulations of the emergence of twisted flux tubes from the uppermost layers of the solar interior, examining the rotational movements of sunspots in the photospheric plane. The basic experiment introduces the mechanism and characteristics of sunspot rotation by a clear calculation of rotation angle, vorticity, magnetic helicity and energy, whereby we find an untwisting of the interior portion of the field, accompanied by an injection of twist into the atmospheric field. We extend this model by altering the initial field strength and twist of the sub-photospheric tube. This comparison reveals the rotation angle, helicity and current show a direct dependence on field strength. An increase in field strength increases the rotation angle, the length of fieldlines extending into the atmosphere, and the magnetic energy transported to the atmosphere. The fieldline length is crucial as we predict the twist per unit length equilibrates to a lower value on longer fieldlines, and hence possesses a larger rotation angle. No such direct dependence is found when varying the twist but there is a clear ordering in rotation angle, helicity, and energy, with more highly twisted tubes undergoing larger rotation angles. We believe the final angle of rotation is reached when the system achieves a constant degree of twist along the length of fieldlines. By extrapolating the size of the modelled active region, we find rotation angles and rates comparable with those observed. In addition, we explore sunspot rotation caused by sub-photospheric velocities twisting the footpoints of flux tubes.

This study investigates the multipolar expansion of the magnetic flux density in toroidal harmonics, with the main purpose of identifying a valid procedure for the calculation of the multipole coefficients. Because of the analytical complexities introduced by the toroidal coordinates system, numerous verifications are necessary to validate the expressions of the magnetic flux density components. The methodology developed for the evaluation of the multipole coefficients is based on fitting procedures. The only requirement for the application of this technique is the knowledge of the magnetic flux density values (or of the scalar potential) in defined points of a toroidal shape surface. Furthermore, a possible numerical strategy is introduced for the acquisition of the magnetic flux density values on the points of the mentioned grid.

The object of the study is a superconducting film magnetic flux transformer comprising two square shaped loops with the tapering active strips and a magnetosensitive film element between them. It is shown that splitting of the active strips into parallel micro- and nanosized superconducting branches and slits increases the gain factor of the transformer, i. е., the concentration of an external magnetic field on the magnetosensitive element, by a factor of more than six. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35455

In this thesis I have worked with the quantity of solar magnetic helicity both observationally and theoretically. The aim of the observational work was to recognize the most probable origin sites of (halo) CMEs and investigate whether and how changes in magnetic helicity flux can be temporally connected to the CMEs. The target of the theoretical work was to study the magnetic helicity evolution related to the motion of magnetic bipoles inside a square initially and later a convective hexagonal cell.

A Finite Element model was built to analyze and examine a 2-D axisymmetric MR damper. This model has been validated with the experimental data. The results obtained in this thesis will help designers to create more efficient and reliable MR dampers. We can create some design analysis to change the shape of the piston in the damper or other parameters in the model. The main benefit of this research is to show a 2-D MR damper and generate the magnetic flux density along the MR Fluid gap. We can detect saturation by looking at the nodal solution for the magnetic flux density. Increasing the current in the model, results in an increase in magnetic induction. We studied four different configurations of an MR damper piston in order to determine how changing the shape of the piston affects the maximum force that the damper can provide. In designing MR dampers, the designer always faces the challenge of providing the largest forces in the most compact and efficient envelope. Therefore, it is important to identify the configuration that gives more force in less space. In chapter 4, shows the magnetic flux density contour before and after reaching the rheological saturation. By increasing the current, the color spectrum of the magnetic flux density will shift from the MR fluid gap to the piston centerline. In chapter 5, we provided a reasonably good amount of force in model 4 at 1.4 Amps, but it reaches saturation before the other models. For cases with power constraint or heat build up limitations, this model could work the best among the four designs that we considered. For cases where higher electrical currents can be tolerated, model 3 would be the most advantageous design, since it provides the largest force among the four models.
Master of Science

Energy distribution in a conventional magnetic component is generally not at a designer's disposal. In a conventional toroidal inductor, the energy density is inversely proportional to the square of the radius. Thus, a designer would be unable to prescribe uniform field distribution to fully utilize the inductor volume for storing magnetic energy. To address this problem a new inductor design, called a "constant-flux" inductor, is introduced in this thesis. This new inductor has the core and windings configured to distribute the magnetic flux and energy relatively uniformly throughout the core volume to achieve power density higher than that of a conventional toroidal inductor. The core of this new inductor design is made of concentric cells of magnetic material, and the windings are wound in the gaps between the cells. This structure is designed to avoid crowding of the flux, thus ensuring lower core energy losses. In addition, the windings are patterned for shorter length and larger area of cross-section to facilitate lower winding energy losses. Based on this approach, a set of new, constant flux inductor/transformer designs has been developed. This design set is based on specific input parameters are presented in this thesis. These parameters include the required inductance, peak and rms current, frequency of operation, permissible dc resistance, material properties of the core such as relative permeability, maximum permissible magnetic flux density for the allowed core loss, and Steinmetz parameters to compute the core loss. For each constant flux inductor/transformer design, the winding loss and core loss of the magnetic components are computed. In addition, the quality factor is used as the deciding criterion for selection of an optimized inductor/transformer design. The first design presented in this thesis shows that for the same maximum magnetic field intensity, height, total stored energy, and material, the footprint area of the new five-cell constant-flux inductor is 1.65 times less than that of an equivalent conventional toroidal inductor. The winding loss for the new inductor is at least 10% smaller, and core loss is at least 1% smaller than that in conventional inductors. For higher energy densities and taller inductors, an optimal field ratio of the dimensions of each cell (α = Rimin/Rimax) and a larger number of cells is desired. However, there is a practical difficulty in realizing this structure with a larger number of cells and higher field ratio α. To address this problem, an inductor design is presented that has a footprint area of a three-cell constant-flux inductor (α = 0.6) that is 1.48 times smaller in comparison to an equivalent conventional toroidal inductor. For the same maximum magnetic flux density, height, material, and winding loss, the energy stored in this new three-cell constant-flux inductor (α = 0.6) is four times larger than that of an equivalent conventional toroidal inductor. Finally, new designs for application-specific toroidal inductors are presented in this thesis. First, a constant-flux inductor is designed for high-current, high-power applications. An equivalent constant-flux inductor to a commercially available inductor (E70340-010) was designed. The height of this equivalent inductor is 20% less than the commercial product with the same inductance and dc resistance. Second, a constant-flux inductor design of inductance 1.2 µH was fabricated using Micrometal-8 for the core and flat wire of 0.97 mm x 0.25 mm for the conductor. The core material of this inductor has relative permeability < 28 and maximum allowed flux density of 3600 Gauss. The dc resistance of this new, constant flux inductor was measured to be 14.4 mΩ.
Master of Science

Archeomagnetic field models may provide important insights to the geodynamo. Here we investigate the existence and mobility of reversed flux patches (RFPs) in an archeomagnetic field model. We introduce topological algorithms to define, identify, and track RFPs. In addition, we explore the relations between RFPs and dipole changes and apply robustness tests to the RFPs. In contrast to previous definitions, patches that reside on the geographic equator are adequately identified based on our RFPs definition. Most RFPs exhibit a westward drift and migrate toward higher latitudes. Undulations of the magnetic equator and RFPs oppose the axial dipole moment (ADM). Filtered models show a tracking behavior similar to the nonfiltered model, and surprisingly new RFPs occasionally emerge. The advection and diffusion of RFPs have worked in unison to yield the decrease of the ADM at recent times. The absence of RFPs in the period 550-1440 A.D. is related to a low in intermediate degrees of the geomagnetic power spectrum. We thus hypothesize that the RFPs are strongly dependent on intermediate spherical harmonic degrees 4 and above. Filtered models and comparison with the GUFM1 model suggest that RFPs are robust features of the geomagentic field for the last millennia.
Modelos do campo arqueomagnético podem fornecer importantes informações sobre o geodínamo. Nesta dissertação, estudou-se a existência e a mobilidade de lóbulos de fluxo reverso (RFPs, em inglês) no campo arqueomagnético. Testes de robustez foram aplicados para diferentes modeles. Além disso, foram exploradas as relações entre RFPs e as variações do momento do dipolo axial (ADM, em inglês). Para tanto, foram desenvolvidos algoritmos topológicos para definir, identificar e mapear os RFPs em modelos do campo arqueomagnético (modelo CALS3k.4b e modelo GUFM1). O equador magnético foi usado para definir a polaridade ao invés do equador geográfico. Uma vez que cada ponto da grade de 1 grau x 1 grau de latitude/longitude é associado com um hemisfério magnético e uma polaridade (normal ou reversa), o passo seguinte é identificar os picos de lóbulos de fluxo reverso. No passo final de identificação um critério de intensidade é imposto para evitar lóbulos que possuem intensidade muito baixa. Para mapear lóbulos de fluxo reverso no tempo, foi codificado um algoritmo que calcula a distancia de cada lobulo para todos os lóbulos do próximo intervalo de tempo. Diferentemente das definições anteriores, lóbulos que residem no equador geográfico são adequadamente identificados com a nova definição de RFPs. A maioria dos RFPs exibe deriva para Oeste e mais de 75% deles migram em direção a altas latitudes. Ondulações do equador magnético e RFPs resultam de campo com momento oposto ao ADM. Modelos filtrados apresentam resultados de mapeamento semelhantes aos de modelos não-filtrados, e em alguns casos, surgem nos modelos filtrados novos RFPs. Resultados dos modelos CALS3k.4b e GUFM1 para o período de 1840 AD até 1990 AD mostram concordância para o mapeamento de lóbulos de fluxo reverso com maiores similaridades para os filtros mais fortes. Os resultados desta dissertação são compatíveis com a ideia que a advecção e a difusão de RFPs tem operado em conjunto causando o decréscimo do ADM nos últimos séculos. A ausência de RFPs no período de 550-1440 AD sendo relacionada a baixos valores nos graus intermediários do espectro de potencia. Dessa forma, sugere-se que os RFPs são fortemente dependentes dos harmônicos esféricos de graus 4 e acima. Modelos filtrados e comparações com o modelo GUFM1 sugerem que lóbulos de fluxo reverso são feições robustas do campo magnético terrestre nos últimos milênios.

Abstract The aim of this research work is to develop a tool for condition monitoring of squirrel-cage motors using axial magnetic flux measurements, and to design a diagnostics system for electrical motors. The basic theory of the measurements and systems was found through literature reviews and was further developed from the experimental results of this research work. Fluxgate magnetometers and Hall effect sensors are not reliable enough for condition monitoring purposes, but measurements by flux coil sensors can reach adequate reliability. The useful frequency area of the flux coil sensor is from about 0.2 Hz to 15 kHz, an area is well applicable for condition monitoring of squirrel-cage motors. Output voltage is frequency dependent, increasing towards higher frequencies. Sufficient sensitivity is usually reached by a flux coil sensor having a diameter of about 30 cm and the number of turns of about 200. Sensitivity can be improved by increasing the diameter or number of turns of the coil. The sensor should be placed axially centred on the end of the motor, and measurements should be made with the loaded motor in steady operation. Output voltage is typically from the microvolt to millivolt level, however, installation inside the motor can increase it from tens of millivolts to some volts. The dynamic resolution requirement of measurement is about 70 dB and the highest line resolution needed for the spectrum analysis is about 3200 lines. Time base signal can be used to study rapid disturbances of flux caused by mechanical loading or switching of the frequency converter. Various motor failures cause specific variation to the frequency distribution of flux, so spectrum analysis is well applicable for condition monitoring. Reference measurement of each motor is required because stator winding factors, installation tolerances, operating conditions and mechanical load affect leakage flux. A broken rotor bar failure can be detected from the amplitude difference between the supply frequency and its rotor bar induced sideband. A broken rotor end ring failure can be detected by the amplitude difference between the slip frequency and the supply frequency. However, it was found that the stator current spectrum is a more reliable method of detecting both these rotor failures. The supply voltage asymmetry can also be evaluated by specific sidebands of axial flux. Turn to turn failure of the stator winding was most reliably detected by sidebands around the rotor slot pass frequencies. Equations for frequency converter supplied motors are the bases for similar equations, but the supply frequency is replaced by the output current frequency of the converter. The developed diagnostics system design for condition monitoring of ac motors includes stator current, flux coil, temperature, vibration, partial discharge, bearing current and voltage measurements. At the system diagnosis stage these measurable signals are divided to time base and frequency base signals and for each of them a fault indicator is determined. For flux coil measurements four fault indicators were found: rotor bar failure ratio, rotor end ring failure ratio, stator winding turn to turn ratio and supply voltage asymmetry operation ratio. With these failure indicators we determine failure location, state and cause. From this information a lifetime prediction of the motor is made. The results of this work are used to analyse flux coil measurements of squirrel-cage motors. In addition the research has led to a special application to monitor electric motors using an on-line condition monitoring system for paper machines and power plants.

The conversion from low speed to high speed and vice versa in various forms, including rotary and linear motion, is a requirement for a wide range of applications. For example, wind power generation requires a conversion of low speed rotation of turbine blades to high speed generator rotation, and ocean wave power generation is achievable by conversion of low speed linear motion to either high speed rotation or high speed linear motion. Mechanical gearboxes, hydraulic and pneumatic actuators are commonly used to achieve these conversions. However, these systems suffer from reliability issues, high maintenance requirements, noise, and lack of overload protection. As an alternative, electromagnetic actuators overcome most of the issues related to the mechanical, hydraulic and pneumatic mechanisms. However, magnetic shear stress is constraint by current density and magnetic saturation. Recently, magnetic gearboxes have been proposed, which rely only on magnetic loading. They provide speed and force conversion like their mechanical counterparts, but without thermal constraints (current density limits). Unlike mechanical gears, magnetic gear contact-less operation enables it to operate without lubrication and with low noise, and higher efficiency. Its reliance on magnetic loading also provides overload protection. This dissertation focuses on investigating two new types of magnetic gears; first a magnetically-geared lead screw is proposed, which converts a low speed linear motion to a high speed rotary motion. The proposed actuator is a combination of two previously proposed actuators, the linear magnetic gear and the magnetic lead screw. Unlike these two topologies, the translator part of the proposed magnetically geared lead screw is made entirely of low-cost ferromagnetic steel. Therefore, the translator stroke length can be long without requiring more magnet material. In the second part of this dissertation, an axial flux magnetic gear is proposed that has an integrated outer stator. This axial flux magnetically-geared motor is unique in that the stator shares the high-speed rotor with the magnetic gear, so there is no need for a separate rotor. The high speed and low speed rotors use a flux-focusing typology. The stator is mounted outside the axial flux magnetic gear. This makes the design mechanically less complex. It also enables the stator to be cooled more easily. In the last part of this dissertation, analytical-based models are proposed for a linear permanent magnet coupling and magnetic lead screw. These models help to find the upper bound of the similar devices, which require a scaling analysis. Numerical methods like finite element analysis are accurate and effective enough for modeling various electromechanical and electromagnetic devices. However, these simulations are usually computationally expensive; they require a considerable amount of memory and time, especially when considering 3D finite element simulation. The proposed analytical models offer exact field solution while significantly reducing the computational time. Detailed analysis of two magnetic gears is given under their corresponding chapters. Preliminary experimental results are also provided. The analytical-based model is presented and verified by FEA results. A summary of research contributions and future works is outlined.

This work deals with simple fluxmeter which is able, together with other device, to show hysteresis loop. Hysteresis loop is a graphic expression of dependence of magnetic induction on intensity of magnetic field. Oscilloscope is used to display the hysteresis loop. This device is fully sufficient for the display. The measured objects are solenoids from various kinds of materials with the same shape. The main aim of this work is the design, realization and description of the fluxmeter. The fluxmeter consists of several partial blocks. The first one, on which this work is focused, is signal generator which is able to generace different kinds of signal. The generated signal comes on primary winding of solenoid where a magnetic field on a given intensity rises. An amplifier is used to obtain the sufficient intensity. Next thing this work is focused on is the design of the integrator which is necessary for the correct function of the fluxmeter. As suggested, there is shown the block diagram of linking of individual parts. There are described the measured results at the end of this work.

Les particules superparamagnétiques constituent un outil puissant pour de nombreuses applications biomédicales, ce potentiel est souvent restreint à cause de leur stabilité limitée dans les milieux biologiques ou du piégeage orientationnel sous champ magnétique. Dans cette thèse, ces problèmes ont été résolus en créant une nouvelle génération de particules à interfaces liquides fonctionnalisées. Ces particules sont formulées en utilisant des émulsions de ferrofluides qui incorporent des phospholipides fonctionnalisés, notamment biotinylés pour permettre la capture de streptavidine. La taille est contrôlée grâce à la microfluidique, permettant la production d'émulsions uniformes. L'utilisation de streptavidine fluorescente révèle que la capture est influencée par les propriétés du cosurfactant et du ligand ainsi que par le nombre de ligands disponibles. La mobilité des ligands est démontrée par l'adhésion observée entre les gouttelettes liées par de la streptavidine et le mouvement des billes couvertes de streptavidine capturées à l'interface. Enfin, le potentiel de ces particules est exploré en créant un dosage pour le diagnostic. La présence d'analytes en solution est indiquée par l’agglutination. Dans ce travail l'agglutination est provoquée par la complexation entre des émulsions biotinylés et la streptavidine (ou des billes couvertes de streptavidine). L’utilisation de gouttelettes de taille calibrée permet de compter avec précision des agrégats spécifiques par cytométrie de flux, la limite de détection étant dans la gamme femtomolaire. Cela surpasse la gamme picomolaire atteint généralement par des billes solides
Colloidal superparamagnetic particles are a powerful tool in biotechnology, yet their applications are often hindered by limited stability in biological media or by orientation trapping under applied magnetic fields. In this thesis, these problems are addressed by developing novel magnetic particles bearing ligands at a liquid interface. Magnetic particle analogues are formulated using ferrofluidic emulsions, which incorporate functionalised phospholipids. Droplet size is controlled using microfluidic membrane emulsification to produce highly uniform populations. Ligands are modelled using biotinylated lipids, permitting the capture of streptavidin at the droplet interface. Fluorescently labelled proteins reveal that capture efficiency is influenced by the cosurfactant interfacial activity and the polymer spacer length of the ligand. Overall, capture saturation is found to be related to the number of ligands available at the interface. Ligand mobility is demonstrated by the formation of adhesion plaques between streptavidin cross-linked droplets and the motion of streptavidin coated beads caught at the interface. Finally, an application is explored by creating a new immunoassay. Polyvalent proteins or beads crosslink ligand functionalised droplets forming aggregates. Using size calibrated droplets specific aggregates can be accurately counted using flow cytometry and the limit of detection is found to be in the femtomolar range, this surpasses the picomolar range typically achieved using solid beads

Local Hall probe measurements of the superconducting and magnetically ordered [RE]Ni₂B₂C series of materials are presented. These include HoNi₂B₂C, ErNi₂B₂C TmNi₂B₂C and YNi₂B₂C. Measurements in YNi₂B₂C are presented as a non-magnetic control member of the series against which the data from the magnetically ordered members may be compared. In HoNi₂B₂C an α-axis incommensurate order is confirmed to cause a dramatic enhancement of bulk pinning between around 5 K and 6 K. Samples of low quality show no evidence of such an enhancement, although these poorer samples show a higher intensity of incommensurate magnetic ordering.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 107 p. : ill. (some col.) Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-51).

The rapid development of second generation (2G) high temperature superconducting (HTS) wires in the last decade has made it possible to wind high quality 2G HTS coils. These 2G HTS coils show promise for future applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) magnets, electrical machines, magnetic levitation trains, energy storage, etc. 2G HTS coils can be operated using either dc current or ac current. Several important issues have yet to be resolved, such as how to properly magnetise an HTS coil under dc conditions, or how to minimise losses under ac conditions. These problems should be carefully studied before the 2G HTS coils can be widely applied in scientific and industrial applications. This thesis focuses on emerging HTS flux pump technology for HTS coils operating in a dc environment. HTS flux pump technology applies a travelling magnetic wave to fully magnetise an HTS coil, which is both efficient and economical, and has in recent years been proven feasible. However, the underlying physics of this technology are so far poorly understood. In order to study the influence of a travelling magnetic wave on HTS films such as YBa2Cu3O7-δ, two types of circular-type magnetic flux pump (CTMFP) devices were proposed and built. These novel devices generate an annular-shape travelling magnetic wave. The first type was the original CTMFP magnet, which produces the longest wavelength of travelling wave. The second type was the updated CTMFP magnet, which can produce a shorter wavelength of travelling wave (1/2 of the original CTMFP magnet in the six phase connection and 1/4 in the three phase connection). A 2 inch diameter round shape YBCO thin film (200 nm thick of the YBCO layer) and a 46 mm× 46 mm square shape YBCO tape (1.0 µm thick of the YBCO layer, with a hole of Φ26 mm in the centre) were tested. When using a round shape YBCO thin film and the original CTMFP magnet, it was found that the travelling wave tends to decrease the existing critical magnetic gradient inside the YBCO film. The experiment was repeated under different conditions, such as zero-field cooling (ZFC), field cooling (FC), delta-shape trapped field, etc. A simulation based on the H-formulation using FEM software revealed that, after application of the travelling wave, the current density distribution inside the round shape YBCO sample was disturbed, becoming much lower than its critical current density JC. This discovery is interesting because the Bean model suggests that the current density inside a type-II superconductor should be equal to either +JC or - JC (the critical state model). It was found that a round shape YBCO sample follows the Bean model prediction for the homogeneous oscillating field (homogeneous in space), which suggests that the travelling wave is more efficient for transporting the magnetic flux inside YBCO film, compared to a homogeneous oscillating field. An updated CTMFP magnet was designed and built to investigate the influence of the degree of field inhomogeneity on the change of an existing critical magnetic gradient. The results were compared between the six phase connection (1/2 wavelength of the original CTMFP magnet) and the three phase connection (1/4 wavelength of the original CTMFP magnet). It was found that with a travelling wave of consistent amplitude, by shortening the wavelength, the change of magnetic gradient is made stronger. The result supports the assumption that the field inhomogeneity in space may have an important influence on the magnetisation of a YBCO sample. Additionally, in the case of a three phase connection (1/4 wavelength), by reversing the direction of the travelling wave, a different magnetisation profile was obtained, which suggests that the experiment may have detected a macroscopic “magnetic coupling” phenomenon. However, this result needs further study before it can be confirmed. The square shape YBCO sample was tested by applying a travelling wave in a dc background field under FC conditions. The square shape YBCO sample has a centre hole (Φ26 mm), which is closest to the condition of an HTS coil (single layer instead of multi-layer). However, in the experiment there was no clear change of magnetic flux inside the superconducting loop after application of the travelling wave. This might be attributed to the fact that, the field inhomogeneity is not strong enough to cause flux migration in the experiments, and the YBCO layer is relatively thicker which increases the difficulties. Moreover, the width of the superconducting region is relatively small (10 mm), in order to help magnetic flux migrate into the superconducting loop, the field inhomogeneity must be strong enough in the superconducting region, which increases the technical difficulties. However, this might be able to be accomplished by increase the amplitude of the travelling waves. Some experiments will be carried out in the future. The experimental findings in this thesis can not only aid in understanding the mechanism of HTS flux pump technology for an HTS coil, but also can help in understanding ac loss from a coil exposed to a travelling wave. As was suggested by the experimental results, the magnetisation of the YBCO film due to the travelling wave is very different from the magnetisation induced by a homogeneous oscillating field. Under operational conditions, such as inside an HTS motor, the HTS coils experience a travelling wave rather than a homogeneous oscillating field. This thesis discusses the difference in resultant ac loss from a travelling wave and a homogeneous oscillating field of the same amplitude. It was found that, for the round shape YBCO sample, the ac loss from a travelling wave is about 1/3 of the loss from a homogeneous oscillating field. The regions in which the ac loss occurred are also different between a travelling wave and a homogeneous oscillating field. These results suggest that the travelling wave cannot be equated to a homogeneous oscillating field when calculating ac loss. In conclusion, this thesis studies two novel experimental devices, built to study the magnetisation of YBCO films under the influence of a travelling wave. Several novel electromagnetic behaviours were observed in the YBCO films under the influence of a travelling wave, which may help improve understanding of HTS flux pump technology for an HTS coil, and the ac loss induced by a travelling wave.