Relevant bibliographies by topics / Magnetic field monitoring

Academic literature on the topic 'Magnetic field monitoring'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 July 2024

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Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Magnetic field monitoring":

1

Blum, Cletus C., Timothy C. White, Edward A. Sauter, Duff C. Stewart, Paul A. Bedrosian, and Jeffrey J. Love. "Geoelectric monitoring at the Boulder magnetic observatory." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems 6, no. 2 (November 2, 2017): 447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gi-6-447-2017.

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Abstract. Despite its importance to a range of applied and fundamental studies, and obvious parallels to a robust network of magnetic-field observatories, long-term geoelectric field monitoring is rarely performed. The installation of a new geoelectric monitoring system at the Boulder magnetic observatory of the US Geological Survey is summarized. Data from the system are expected, among other things, to be used for testing and validating algorithms for mapping North American geoelectric fields. An example time series of recorded electric and magnetic fields during a modest magnetic storm is presented. Based on our experience, we additionally present operational aspects of a successful geoelectric field monitoring system.
2

Barmet, Christoph, Nicola De Zanche, and Klaas P. Pruessmann. "Spatiotemporal magnetic field monitoring for MR." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 60, no. 1 (July 2008): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.21603.

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Hardy, Jason, and Edward Boje. "Distribution Pole Monitoring Using Magnetic Field Characterization." SAIEE Africa Research Journal 110, no. 3 (September 2019): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/saiee.2019.8732786.

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Wilm, Bertram J., Zoltan Nagy, Christoph Barmet, S. Johanna Vannesjo, Lars Kasper, Max Haeberlin, Simon Gross, et al. "Diffusion MRI with concurrent magnetic field monitoring." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 74, no. 4 (July 17, 2015): 925–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.25827.

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Thomas, A. W., D. J. Drost, and F. S. Prato. "Magnetic field exposure and behavioral monitoring system." Bioelectromagnetics 22, no. 6 (2001): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.67.

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Klyukhin, Vyacheslav, Austin Ball, Felix Bergsma, Henk Boterenbrood, Benoit Curé, Domenico Dattola, Andrea Gaddi, et al. "The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems." Symmetry 14, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010169.

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This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes at a radius of 2.9148 m outside the barrel hadron calorimeter at ±0.006 m from the coil median XY-plane. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system at Z-coordinates of −2.835 and +2.831 m and a radius of 0.651 m from the solenoid axis. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using ten three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect (Hall probes). These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, four 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector at distances X = ±0.959 m and Z-coordinates of −2.899 and +2.895 m. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke in 11 XY-planes of the azimuthal sector at 270°. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks in grooves of 30 mm wide and 12–13 mm deep and consist of 7–10 turns of 45 wire flat ribbon cable. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m2 in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m2 in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.
7

Wan, Dong, Ningchen Ma, Taochuang Zhao, Xiaojing Cui, Zhaosu Wang, Hulin Zhang, and Kai Zhuo. "Magnetorheological Elastomer-Based Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanosensor for Monitoring Magnetic Field." Nanomaterials 11, no. 11 (October 23, 2021): 2815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11112815.

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The adaptable monitoring of the ubiquitous magnetic field is of great importance not only for scientific research but also for industrial production. However, the current detecting techniques are unwieldly and lack essential mobility owing to the complex configuration and indispensability of the power source. Here, we have constructed a self-powered magnetic sensor based on a subtle triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that consists of a magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). This magnetic sensor relies on triboelectrification and electrostatic induction to produce electrical signals in response to the MRE’s deformation induced by the variational magnetic field without using any external power sources. The fabricated magnetic sensor shows a fast response of 80ms and a desirable sensitivity of 31.6 mV/mT in a magnetic field range of 35–60 mT as well as preliminary vectorability enabled by the multichannel layout. Our work provides a new route for monitoring dynamic magnetic fields and paves a way for self-powered electric-magnetic coupled applications.
8

Wong, P. S., M. A. Janoska, C. Light, and R. W. McCourt. "Long term magnetic field monitoring near power lines." IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 12, no. 2 (April 1997): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/61.584414.

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9

Meijers, P. C., D. H. Malschaert, and M. Veljkovic. "Monitoring fatigue crack growth using magnetic stray field measurements." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2647, no. 18 (June 1, 2024): 182018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2647/18/182018.

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Abstract To monitor the growth of fatigue cracks in steel specimens, several methods exists. In this paper, the magnetic stray field, which is generated by the magnetisation of the specimen, was measured during loading to investigate how to utilise this data to reliably monitor fatigue crack initiation and growth. Data was collected in a series of fatigue tests on Compact Tension specimens with different force ratios. The evolution of the mean value of the dominant stray field component displayed a sensitivity to stress, plastic deformation and displacement of the specimen. By analysing the stress field induced by the loading, these three causes were distinguished from another. Crack initiation was marked by a large change of the mean magnetic stray field. Moreover, the amplitude of the magnetic stray field components showed a clear peak, at which moment 20% of the life time of the specimen is remaining, indicating that the magnetic stray field might provide a useful method to monitor the evolution of fatigue cracks.
10

Chen, Rui, Jie Jiao, Ziyun Chen, Yuhang Wang, Tingyu Deng, Wenning Di, Shunliang Zhu, et al. "Power Batteries Health Monitoring: A Magnetic Imaging Method Based on Magnetoelectric Sensors." Materials 15, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051980.

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With the popularity of electric vehicles, the ever-increasing demand for high-capacity batteries highlights the need for monitoring the health status of batteries. In this article, we proposed a magnetic imaging technique (MIT) to investigate the health status of power batteries nondestructively. This technique is based on a magnetic sensor array, which consists of a 16-channel high-performance magnetoelectric sensor, and the noise equivalent magnetic induction (NEB) of each channel reaches 3–5 pT/Hz1/2@10 Hz. The distribution of the magnetic field is imaged by scanning the magnetic field variation of different positions on the surface. Therefore, the areas of magnetic anomalies are identified by distinguishing different magnetic field abnormal results. and it may be possible to classify the battery failure, so as to put forward suggestions on the use of the battery. This magnetic imaging method expands the application field of this high-performance magnetoelectric sensor and contributes to the battery’s safety monitoring. Meanwhile, it may also act as an important role in other nondestructive testing fields.
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Journal articles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Magnetic field monitoring":

1

Sipilä, Pekka [Verfasser]. "Real-Time Magnetic Field Monitoring in Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Pekka Sipilä." Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1069050512/34.

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2

Lui, Zheng. "Stray magnetic field based health monitoring of electrical machines." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/4105.

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Electrical machines are widely used in industrial and transportation applications which are essential to industrial processes. However, the lack of reliability and unpredictable life cycles of these machines still present opportunities and challenges for condition monitoring research. The breakdown of an electrical machine leads to expensive repairs and high losses due to downtime. The motivation of this research is to improve the reliability of electrical machines and to classify different kinds of failures via non-intrusive methods for condition-based maintenance and early warning of failure. Major potential failure types in electrical machines are winding and mechanical failures, which are caused by dynamic load state, component ageing and harsh working environments. To monitor and characterise these abnormal situations in the early stages, this thesis proposes stray magnetic field-based condition monitoring allowing fault diagnosis with the help of finite element models and advanced signal processing technology. By investigating the interaction between stray flux variations and machine failure, different kinds of faults can be classified and distinguished via numerical and experimental studies. A non-intrusive stray flux monitoring system has been developed and can provide both static and transient stray flux information and imaging. The designed monitoring system is based on a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor used to capture low stray flux fields outside the electrical machine's frame. Compared with other monitoring systems, its small size, low cost, non-inventive and ease of setting up make the designed system more attractive for in many long-term monitoring applications. Additionally, integration with the wireless sensor network (WSN) means that the latter's unique characteristics makes the proposed system suitable for electrical machine monitoring in industrial applications replacing existing expensive wired systems. The proposed system can achieve real-time data collection and on-line monitoring with the help of spectrogram and independent component analysis. Three cases studies are conducted to validate the proposed system with different failures and loading states, using load fatigue, winding short-circuit failure and mechanical testing. In these case studies, electrical and mechanical failures and dynamic loads are investigated, collecting stray flux information with different kinds and sizes of electrical machines using both simulation and experimental approaches. Stray flux information is collected for different situations of winding failure, unbalanced load and bearing failures. Comprehensive transient feature extraction using spectrogram is implemented with respect to multiple failures and load variations. Spectrograms of stray flux can provide time-frequency information allowing the discrimination of different failures and load states. Different faults can be distinguished through independent component analysis of stray flux data. Compared with traditional and current detection strategies, stray flux-based monitoring can not only provide failure indicator and better resolution but also gives location information. Additionally, by applying different feature extraction methods, different failure types can be separated based on stray flux information, which is likely to be difficult to achieve using traditional monitoring approaches. However, stray flux monitoring systems suffer from issue of noise and instability, and more case studies and investigations are needed for further refinement.
3

Aleksandrova, Alina. "Magnetic Field Monitoring in the SNS Neutron EDM Experiment." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/physastron_etds/68.

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It is a well known fact that the visible universe is made almost entirely of baryonic matter. Yet, this is also one of the greatest puzzles that physicists are trying to solve: Where did all of this matter come from in the first place? The Standard Model (SM) of particle physics predicts a baryon asymmetry that is much smaller than what is observed in nature. In order to try and explain this discrepancy, Sakharov (1967) postulated three necessary conditions for baryogenesis in the early universe. One of these is the requirement that charge conjugation (C) and the product of C and parity (P) symmetries are violated. Because the SM fails to generate the observed baryon asymmetry, additional sources of CP violation are needed in order to help reconcile theory and observation. Thus, physicists have been looking for extensions to the SM in search of an answer. The presence of a neutron Electric Dipole Moment (nEDM) would signal a new source of CP violation. A non-vanishing nEDM would provide evidence for the breaking of both parity (P) and time-reversal symmetry (T). Because CPT symmetry is assumed to be conserved and has not been found to be broken, this would signal CP violation. To look for an nEDM, stored ultracold neutrons are placed in parallel and anti-parallel magnetic and electric fields and the Larmor precession frequency is carefully measured. A difference in the precession frequency of the neutrons in the two states of the fields would signal the existence of an nEDM. The current upper limit of the nEDM was set by the RAL-Sussex-ILL collaboration and stands at dn < 3.0x10-26 e cm (90% CL). Currently a new cryogenic apparatus is under construction at the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) which aims to reduce the current upper limit by two orders of magnitude. A central problem to all neutron EDM experiments is the generation of a highly uniform and stable magnetic field. Because the suppression of systematic effects that arise from magnetic field nonuniformities and temporal drifts is vital to the success of these experiments, it is important to have the ability to precisely control and monitor the magnetic field gradients inside of the experimental volume. However, it is not always possible to measure the field gradients within the region of interest directly. To remedy this issue in the SNS nEDM experiment, a field monitoring system has been designed and tested that will allow for the reconstruction of the field gradients inside of the fiducial volume using noninvasive measurements of the field components at discrete locations external to this volume. This document will outline the theoretical framework of our method and present the results of experimental and simulated studies performed and the engineering design for such a field monitoring system.
4

Sun, Xu, and 孫旭. "Development of power system monitoring by magnetic field sensing with spintronic sensors." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196015.

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This dissertation presents novel application of spintronic sensors in power system monitoring. Spintronic sensors including giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors and tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) sensors are advanced in magnetic field sensing. In power industry, power-frequency magnetic fields are produced by electric power sources, equipment and power lines. Thus it is impossible for monitoring the power system by sensing the emanated magnetic field. In Chapter 2, a novel concept based on magnetoresistive (MR) sensors is proposed for transmission line monitoring. A proof-of-concept laboratory setup was constructed and a series of experiments were carried out for demonstration. The result shows the feasibility of using this power system monitoring method in reality. In order to handle complicated transmission line configuration with the proposed method, an improved current monitoring technology is proposed in Chapter 3. It is realized by developing a current source reconstruction method based on stochastic optimization strategy. This concept of current monitoring by magnetic field sensing and current source reconstruction was experimentally implemented and verified in our laboratory setup. A typical model of 500 kV three-phase transmission lines was simulated to further corroborate this technology. The reconstruction results for the 500 kV transmission lines verify the feasibility and practicality of this novel current monitoring technology based on magnetic field sensing at the top of a transmission tower for monitoring overhead transmission lines. Chapter 4 offers further improvement of the transmission-line monitoring technology. Improved technology can measure simultaneously both electrical and spatial parameters of multiple lines in real-time in a non-contact way. Two typical models of high-voltage three-phase transmission lines were simulated and the resulting magnetic fields were calculated. A source reconstruction method was developed to reconstruct the spatial and electrical parameters from the magnetic field emanated by the overhead transmission lines. The reconstruction results for the 500 kV and 220 kV transmission lines verify the feasibility and practicality of this non-contact transmission-line monitoring technology based on magnetic field sensing. As well as the high-voltage transmission-line, the technology is applied in underground power cable operation-state monitoring and energization-status identification in Chapter 5. The magnetic field distribution of the cable was studied by using finite element method (FEM) for the power cable operating in different states, i.e. current-energized state (the cable is energized and carries load current) and voltage-energized state (the cable is energized but carries no load current). Application of this method was demonstrated on an 11 kV cable with metallic outer sheath. The results highly matched with the actual source parameters of the cable. An experimental setup was constructed and the test results were used for demonstration this method. In order to enhance the applicability of the proposed power system monitoring technology in practice, magnetic flux concentrators (MFC) and magnetic shielding are studied and designed for MR sensors in Chapter 6.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
5

Sipilä, Pekka [Verfasser], Florian [Akademischer Betreuer] Wiesinger, Alexander W. [Akademischer Betreuer] Koch, and Gerhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Wachutka. "Real-Time Magnetic Field Monitoring in Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Pekka Sipilä. Gutachter: Alexander W. Koch ; Gerhard Wachutka. Betreuer: Florian Wiesinger." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1019588381/34.

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6

Krug, Johannes W. [Verfasser], and Georg [Akademischer Betreuer] Rose. "Improved cardiac gating and patient monitoring in high field magnetic resonance imaging by means of electrocardiogram signal processing / Johannes W. Krug. Betreuer: Georg Rose." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076589901/34.

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7

Clarke, Brandon William. "Development and Optimization of an Integrated Faraday Modulator and Compensator Design for Continuous Polarimetric Glucose Monitoring." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1364578141.

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8

Amor, Zaineb. "Non-Cartesian Sparkling encoding for High spatio-temporal resolution functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) at 7 Tesla and beyond." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST032.

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L'IRM fonctionnelle (IRMf) est actuellement l'une des techniques de neuroimagerie fonctionnelle les plus utilisées pour sonder l'activité cérébrale de manière non invasive grâce au contraste dépendant du niveau d'oxygène dans le sang (BOLD) qui reflète le couplage neurovasculaire. Elle offre un compromis intéressant entre la résolution spatiale et temporelle afin d'étudier le cerveau entier en tant qu'agrégation de systèmes fonctionnels intrinsèques. La recherche d'une résolution spatiale et/ou temporelle plus élevée en IRMf tout en préservant un rapport signal/bruit temporel suffisant~(tSNR) a généré une quantité considérable de contributions méthodologiques au cours de la dernière décennie, allant des methodes d'encodage cartésiennes ou non cartésiennes, des stratégies d'acquisition 2D ou 3D, de l'imagerie parallèle et/ou de échantillonnage compressif (CS) et des acquisitions multibande, pour n'en citer que quelques-unes. Dans ce travail, nous nous concentrons sur l'utilisation du CS dans l'IRMf, plus spécifiquement, nous considérons le schéma d'encodage SPARKLING.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'évaluer 3D-SPARKLING en tant que schéma d'acquisition viable pour l'IRMf à haute résolution et pour cerveau entier.À cet égard, nous avons d'abord comparé ses performances avec l'état de l'art en matière: 3D-EPI. Après avoir observé une plus grande sensibilité aux imperfections statiques et dynamiques du champ magnétique dans les données 3D-SPARKLING, nous avons établi un protocole expérimental pour les corriger. Enfin, nous avons étudié les possibilités et les limites de l'utilisation d'une reconstruction par fenêtre glissante en combinaison avec le schéma d'encodage SPARKLING pour améliorer rétrospectivement la résolution temporelle pendant la reconstruction des images en IRMf. Une étude de simulation dans laquelle la vérité terrain est contrôlée a été menée et a démontré la possibilité de détecter les oscillations à haute fréquence dans le signal BOLD et de séparer le bruit physiologique de l'activité neuronale
Functional MRI (fMRI) is currently one of the most commonly used functional neuroimaging techniques to probe brain activity non-invasively through the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) contrast that reflects neurovascular coupling. It offers an interesting trade-off between spatial and temporal resolution in order to study the whole brain as an aggregation of intrinsic functional systems. The quest for higher spatial and/or temporal resolution in fMRI while preserving a sufficient temporal signal-to-noise ratio~(tSNR) has generated a tremendous amount of methodological contributions in the last decade ranging from Cartesian vs. non-Cartesian readouts, 2D vs. 3D acquisition strategies, parallel imaging and/or compressed sensing~(CS) accelerations and simultaneous multi-slice acquisitions to cite a few. In this work, we focus on the use of CS in fMRI; more specifically, we consider Spreading Projection Algorithm for Rapid K-space sampLING (SPARKLING) encoding scheme.The main focus and goal of this thesis involves the evaluation of 3D-SPARKLING as a viable acquisition scheme for high-resolution whole-brain fMRI. In this regard, we initially compared its capabilities with state-of-the-art 3D-EPI. After observing higher sensitivity to static and dynamic magnetic field imperfections in 3D-SPARKLING data, we established an experimental protocol to correct them. Finally, we studied the capabilities and limitations of employing a sliding-window reconstruction in combination with the SPARKLING encoding scheme to enhance temporal resolution during image reconstruction in fMRI retrospectively. A simulation study where the ground truth is controlled was conducted and demonstrated the possibility of detecting high-frequency oscillations in the BOLD signal and separating physiological noise from neural activity
9

Najafi, Syed Ahmed Ali. "Energy Harvesting From Overhead Transmission Line Magnetic Fields." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1548448189459464.

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Pereira, Arthur Melo. "Cálculo de campos elétricos e magnéticos nas proximidades de linhas de transmissão: uma abordagem analítica e numérica." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/7966.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
In a society dependent on electric energy for the execution of various daily activities, it is normal that its use is increasingly increasing over time. In order to carry out the transportation of all electric energy, it is essential to use transmission lines, which with increasing energy demand inevitably have tended to multiply throughout the world, and especially in Brazil, given its continental dimensions. Considering the function of the transmission lines for the electrical system, its importance in the context of the electric power supply is remarkable. However, the lines constitute one of the great emitting sources of electric and magnetic fields of low frequency, which has caused concern and has been motivating fact of several studies, like the realized in this work. Therefore, in view of the scenario presented in the previous paragraph, it is necessary to establish ways of calculating the fields more and more precisely. For the calculation of the electric field is used the Image Method, the Maxwell Potential Coefficients Method and the Coulomb Law, and for the magnetic field the Biot-Savart's Law is used. The results obtained for the electric and magnetic fields were for infinite rectilinear geometries, finite rectilinear and for the conductors taking the form of a catenary, the latter geometry being the most real model for the arrangement of the conductors in a line. In all cases treated, an analytical and numerical approach was performed, in order to allow the calculation of the three geometries with accuracy. Taking advantage of the methodology of calculation of the fields, in addition this work proposes a method of support to the monitoring of transmission lines. The method consists of using the Genetic Algorithm associated to the values of the electric and magnetic fields measured to determine the parameters of the line, such as: phase spacing, cable-soil height, equivalent conductor diameter, current and operating voltage. Given the simplicity of implementation when compared to other methods, the achievement of satisfactory results and the need for a single measuring device to monitor the transmission line, the proposed method proves to be viable and promising to carry out the line monitoring process.
Em uma sociedade dependente da energia elétrica para a execução de diversas atividades do cotidiano, é normal que a sua utilização seja cada vez mais crescente no decorrer do tempo. Para realizar o transporte de toda energia elétrica é imprescindível o uso de linhas de transmissão, que com o aumento da demanda de energia inevitavelmente tenderam a se multiplicar pelo mundo e em especial pelo território brasileiro, dadas as suas dimensões continentais. Tendo em vista a função das linhas de transmissão para o sistema elétrico, é notável a sua importância no contexto do fornecimento de energia elétrica. No entanto, as linhas constituem uma das grandes fontes emissoras de campos elétricos e magnéticos de baixa frequência, o que tem causado preocupação e tem sido fato motivador de diversos estudos, como o realizado neste trabalho. Portanto, diante do cenário apresentado no parágrafo anterior, se faz necessário estabelecer formas de calcular os campos de maneira cada vez mais precisa. Para o cálculo do campo elétrico utiliza-se o Método das Imagens, o Método dos Coeficientes de Potencial de Maxwell e a Lei de Coulomb, já para o campo magnético a Lei de Biot-Savart é empregada. Os resultados obtidos para os campos elétricos e magnéticos foram para as geometrias retilíneas infinitas, retilíneas finitas e para os condutores assumindo a forma de uma catenária, sendo que essa última geometria constitui o modelo mais real quanto à disposição dos condutores em uma linha. Em todos os casos tratados foram realizadas uma abordagem analítica e numérica, de maneira a possibilitar o cálculo das três geometrias com exatidão. Aproveitando-se da metodologia de cálculo dos campos, adicionalmente este trabalho propõe um método de apoio ao monitoramento de linhas de transmissão. O método consiste em utilizar o Algoritmo Genético associado aos valores dos campos elétrico e magnético medidos para determinar os parâmetros da linha, como: espaçamento entre fases, altura cabo-solo, diâmetro equivalente dos condutores, corrente e tensão de operação. Dada a simplicidade de implementação quando comparado a outros métodos, a obtenção de resultados satisfatórios e a necessidade de um único aparelho de medição para monitorar a linha de transmissão, o método proposto mostra-se viável e promissor para realizar o processo de monitoramento de linhas.

Books on the topic "Magnetic field monitoring":

1

Baus, Wolfgang W. Magnetic anomaly detection using conventional and superconductive sensors with respect to vehicle monitoring. Bochum: Brockmeyer, 1995.

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2

EMF in your environment: Magnetic field measurements of everyday electrical devices. For sale by the U.S. G.P.O., Supt. of Docs, 1992.

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Rotenberg, Alexander, Alvaro Pascual-Leone, and Alan D. Legatt. Transcranial Electrical and Magnetic Stimulation. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0028.

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Noninvasive magnetic and electrical stimulation of cerebral cortex is an evolving field. The most widely used variant, transcranial electrical stimulation (TES), is routinely used for intraoperative monitoring. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are emerging as clinical and experimental tools. TMS has gained wide acceptance in extraoperative functional cortical mapping. TES and TMS rely on pulsatile stimulation with electrical current intensities sufficient to trigger action potentials within the stimulated cortical volume. tDCS, in contrast, is based on neuromodulatory effects of very-low-amplitude direct current conducted through the scalp. tDCS and TMS, particularly when applied in repetitive trains, can modulate cortical excitability for prolonged periods and thus are either in active clinical use or in advanced stages of clinical trials for common neurological and psychiatric disorders such as major depression and epilepsy. This chapter summarizes physiologic principles of transcranial stimulation and clinical applications of these techniques.
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Thorne, Sara, and Sarah Bowater. Non-invasive imaging. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759959.003.0003.

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Non-invasive imaging is used extensively in patients with congenital heart disease. It is an invaluable tool in both in the initial diagnosis and also with the serial assessment and monitoring of patients. As the technology and our knowledge continues to develop in this field, it has largely replaced the use of invasive techniques, such as cardiac catheterization, for diagnosis and assessment in many conditions. This chapter discusses chest X-ray (CXR), transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), transoesophageal echo (TOE), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, and computed tomography (CT).
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Wilson, Hamish, Keith Nunn, and Matt Luheshi, eds. Integration of Geophysical Technologies in the Petroleum Industry. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108913256.

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The most utilized technique for exploring the Earth's subsurface for petroleum is reflection seismology. However, a sole focus on reflection seismology often misses opportunities to integrate other geophysical techniques such as gravity, magnetic, resistivity, and other seismicity techniques, which have tended to be used in isolation and by specialist teams. There is now growing appreciation that these technologies used in combination with reflection seismology can produce more accurate images of the subsurface. This book describes how these different field techniques can be used individually and in combination with each other and with seismic reflection data. World leading experts present chapters covering different techniques and describe when, where, and how to apply them to improve petroleum exploration and production. It also explores the use of such techniques in monitoring CO2 storage reservoirs. Including case studies throughout, it will be an invaluable resource for petroleum industry professionals, advanced students, and researchers.

Book chapters on the topic "Magnetic field monitoring":

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Shellock, F. G. "Magnetic Resonance: Safety, Bioeffects, and Patient Monitoring." In Open Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 127–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59581-3_13.

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Andrä, Wilfried, M. E. Bellemann, M. Brand, J. Haueisen, H. Lausch, P. Saupe, and C. Werner. "Magnetic Marker Monitoring Using a Permanent Magnetic Sphere Oriented by a Rotating Magnetic Field." In IFMBE Proceedings, 1137–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89208-3_272.

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Robins, Richard J., Gérald S. Remaud, Isabelle Billault, and Philippe Lesot. "Isotope Ratio Monitoring by NMR Part 2: New Applications in the Field of Defining Biosynthesis." In Modern Magnetic Resonance, 1–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28275-6_9-1.

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Robins, Richard J., Gérald S. Remaud, Isabelle Billault, and Philippe Lesot. "Isotope Ratio Monitoring by NMR: Part 2 – New Applications in the Field of Defining Biosynthesis." In Modern Magnetic Resonance, 1379–404. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28388-3_9.

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Villoresi, Giorgio, Natalie G. Ptitsyna, Yuri A. Kopytenko, Marta I. Tyasto, Eugene A. Kopytenko, Nunzio Iucci, Pavel M. Voronov, and Dmitri B. Zaitsev. "Magnetic Field Monitoring on Board of DC Electrified Transport in Russia." In Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine, 773–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4867-6_184.

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Del Negro, Ciro, and Rosalba Napoli. "Magnetic field monitoring at Mt. Etna during the last 20 years." In Geophysical Monograph Series, 241–62. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/143gm15.

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Xu, Lu, Hu Ran, Tian Jie, Zhifeng Xu, and Tang Feng. "Design of Power Supply for Three Core Cable Wireless Monitoring Network Based on Space Magnetic Field Energy Harvesting." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 77–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-0873-4_9.

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Liu, Gaisheng, John F. Devlin, Peter Dietrich, and James J. Butler. "High-Resolution Characterization of the Shallow Unconsolidated Subsurface Using Direct Push, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, and Groundwater Tracing Technologies." In Advances in the Characterisation and Remediation of Sites Contaminated with Petroleum Hydrocarbons, 171–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34447-3_7.

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AbstractGroundwater protection and contaminated site remediation efforts continue to be hampered by the difficulty in characterizing physical properties in the subsurface at a resolution that is sufficiently high for practical investigations. For example, conventional well-based field methods, such as pumping tests, have proven to be of limited effectiveness for obtaining information, such as the transmissive and storage characteristics of a formation and the rate at which groundwater flows, across different layers in a heterogeneous aquifer system. In this chapter, we describe a series of developments that are intended to improve our discipline’s capability for high-resolution characterization of subsurface conditions in shallow, unconsolidated settings. These developments include high-resolution methods for hydraulic conductivity (K) characterization based on direct push (DP) technology (e.g., DP electrical conductivity probe, DP permeameter, DP injection logger, Hydraulic Profiling Tool (HPT), and High-Resolution K tool), K and porosity characterization by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and groundwater flux characterization by monitoring the movement of thermal or chemical tracers through distributed temperature sensing (DTS) equipment or the point velocity probe (PVP). Each of these approaches is illustrated using field or laboratory examples, and a brief discussion is provided on their advantages, limitations, as well as suggestions for future developments.
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Nechifor, R. E., and I. Ardelean. "Low-Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry – A Tool in Monitoring the Melting Transition of Polymeric Capsules with Applications in Drug Delivery." In IFMBE Proceedings, 344–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-22586-4_72.

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Cibula, M., J. Motley, N. Pettinger, D. McCulley, and P. King. "Advances in Magnetic Measurements and Externally Applied Magnetic Fields for Vacuum Arc Remelting Process Monitoring and Control." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1609–22. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50349-8_139.

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Conference papers on the topic "Magnetic field monitoring":

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CHEN, JINGFAN, HANWEN HU, and YA WANG. "MAGNETIC-DRIVEN SWIMMING MICROROBOTS." In Structural Health Monitoring 2023. Destech Publications, Inc., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/shm2023/37020.

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A magnetic object subject to an external rotating magnetic field would be rotated due to the alignment tendency between its internal magnetization and the field. Based on this principle, 12 shapes of swimming microrobots around 1mm long were designed and 3Dprinted using biodegradable materials Poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEDGA). Their surface was decorated with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIO NPs) to provide magnetic responsivity. An array of 12 permanent magnets generated a rotating uniform magnetic field (~ 100 mT) to impose magnetic torque, which induces a tumbling motion in the microrobot. We developed a dynamic model that captured the behavior of swimming microrobots of different shapes and showed good agreement with experimental results. Among these 12 shapes, we found that microrobots with equal length, width, and depth performed better. The observed translational speed of the Hollow Cube microrobot can exceed 17.84 mm/s (17.84 body lengths/s) under a rotating magnetic field of 5.26 Hz. These microrobots could swim to the targeted sites in a simplified vessel branch. And a finite element model was created to simulate the motion of the swimming microrobot under a flow rate of 0.062 m/s.
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Lagoudas, Dimitris C., Bjoern Kiefer, and Krishnendu Haldar. "Magnetic field-induced reversible phase transformation in magnetic shape memory alloys." In SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring, edited by Zoubeida Ounaies and Jiangyu Li. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.816429.

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Chatterjee, Kalipada, and Rajan Jha. "Optical magnetometer for dynamic magnetic field monitoring." In 2023 International Conference on Microwave, Optical, and Communication Engineering (ICMOCE). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmoce57812.2023.10166192.

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Jiang, Zhihao, Xiaoxu Liu, Zhejun Jin, and Shandong Li. "Real Time Monitoring of Weak Magnetic Field." In 2023 IEEE 6th International Conference on Electronic Information and Communication Technology (ICEICT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceict57916.2023.10245700.

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Jin, Daeseong, and Hackjin Kim. "Dynamics of Agglomeration of Magnetite Nanoparticles under Magnetic Field Studied by Monitoring Magnetic Weight." In The World Congress on Recent Advances in Nanotechnology. Avestia Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/icnei16.102.

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Zhang, Chao, Yaxin Zhang, and Shuo Zhao. "Overrun monitoring of aircraft with alternating magnetic field." In 2014 IEEE China Summit & International Conference on Signal and Information Processing (ChinaSIP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chinasip.2014.6889335.

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Meijers, Peter, Apostolos Tsouvalas, and Andrei Metrikine. "MONITORING MONOPILE PENETRATION THROUGH MAGNETIC STRAY FIELD MEASUREMENTS." In XI International Conference on Structural Dynamics. Athens: EASD, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47964/1120.9102.19534.

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Noras, Maciej A. "Electric and magnetic field monitoring for power line diagnostics." In 2015 IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ias.2015.7356761.

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Willsch, Michael, Thomas Bosselmann, and Michael Villnow. "Fiber optical magnetic field sensor for power generator monitoring." In OFS2014 23rd International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors, edited by José M. López-Higuera, Julian D. C. Jones, Manuel López-Amo, and José L. Santos. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2057460.

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Raman, Ramakrishnan, Meenakshi Kaul, R. Meenakshi, S. Jayaprakash, Ramya R, and C. Srinivasan. "IoT-Based Magnetic Field Strength Monitoring for Industrial Applications." In 2023 Second International Conference On Smart Technologies For Smart Nation (SmartTechCon). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/smarttechcon57526.2023.10391531.

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Reports on the topic "Magnetic field monitoring":

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Jarram, Paul, Phil Keogh, and Dave Tweddle. PR-478-143723-R01 Evaluation of Large Stand Off Magnetometry Techniques. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), February 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010841.

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Monitoring the integrity of buried ageing ferromagnetic pipelines is a significant problem for infrastructure operators. Typically inspection relies on pig surveys, lDCVG, CIPS and contact NDT methods that often require pipes to be uncovered and often at great expense. This report contains the results of trials carried out on a controlled test bed using a novel remote sensing technique known as Stress Concentration Tomography (SCT) which claims to be capable of detecting corrosion, metal defects and the effects of ground movement by mapping variations in the earth's magnetic field around pipelines. The physical law upon which SCT has been engineered is Magnetostriction which is the process by which internal domains inside the structure of ferromagnetic materials, such as carbon steel alloys, create magnetic fields when subjected to mechanical stress. This report contains the results of controlled trials of the technology which potentially offers pipeline operators, particularly those of non-piggable pipelines, the benefit of considerable inspection cost savings since it is a non-invasive technique and no modification to the line or its operational parameters is required.
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Finch, Graeme, and Stuart Harmon. PR-670-183826-R02 Extended Evaluation of LSM - Magnetic Measurements of Corrosion Flaws. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012189.

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Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principle method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously. Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation. LSM utilises coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate these technologies further. However, the vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology, meaning that further study is required in order to build confidence in the technique. The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of Work Package 04 is to measure the magnetic fields of a range of pipe samples containing manufactured corrosion flaws taking into account variables such as standoff distance, pressure, nearby ferromagnetic objects, position of the corrosion flaw around the pipe, track alignment, and orientation with respect to Earth's magnetic field. The results of these measurements will be used to validate computational models, which can be used to predict the magnetic response of a wider range of pipe geometries.
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Swanson and Kilman. L51506 Development of Improved Methods for Inspecting Gas Storage Well Downhole Casing. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), January 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010199.

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Casing corrosion in storage wells is a matter of considerable concern to the gas storage industry. Such wells are typically flowed through the casing rather than through production tubing, to facilitate high flow capacities. When failures occur, gas leakage to surrounding formations, freshwater zones and to the surface can pose a sizable economic loss as well as a serious safety hazard. For these reasons, monitoring corrosion in down-hole casing in gas storage fields has become a major concern of many storage field operators, and the in situ detection and assessment of corrosion damage by means of logging instruments is a significant part of this effort. The study reported in this document has sought to investigate in detail the objectives, methods and results of currently available commercial logging devices as a first step in determining whether down-hole corrosion damage can be more accurately characterized by improved logging methods. Of the several methods potentially capable of meeting the through-wall measurement requirement, only two form the basis for current commercial corrosion logs: the flux leakage, or magnetic perturbation technique, and the remote field eddy current approach. In seeking to provide reasonably short term performance improvements to the industry, it was decided in this project to pursue refinements of magnetic perturbation logs for two reasons: first, the shortcomings evidenced by present logs of this type appear to be amenable to relatively simple improvement, and second, the remote field eddy current approach, while useful as an adjunct to damage assessment, offers little promise of sizing individual corrosion flaws.
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Hailiang, Zhang, Wang Fuxiang, Sha Shengyi, Dai Lianshuang, Xuan Wenbo, and Ren Zhong. PR-469-173823-R01 In Line Inspection and Evaluation of Pinholes in Oil and Gas Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011604.

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Pinhole leaks have been reported as a significant cause of oil and gas pipeline failures in recent years. From 2010 to 2015, at least 131 significant incidents involving oil and gas pipelines in the United States (101 and 30, respectively) were attributed to pinhole leaks. The 9th European Gas Pipeline Incident Data Group Report states that as of 2013, the five-year moving average failure frequency for pinholes was equal to an approximate annual rate of 0.105 failures per 1,000 kilometers of pipeline(1). Pinholes may result from normal pipeline corrosion during routine operations, such as microbiologically induced corrosion, or can be created by third-party activities, such as illegal tapping. These small leaks have become a major risk for many pipeline companies. Pinhole leaks are more likely to lead to serious consequences than larger leaks because they are difficult to discover through normal monitoring and patrolling. An undetected pinhole leak can lead to significant soil and groundwater pollution over time. The research objective of this project was to investigate the applicability of magnetic flux leakage (MFL) to the inspection of oil and gas pipelines for pinhole defects. The MFL signal may be affected by pinhole diameter, depth, position, and so on. MFL inline inspection (ILI) technologies from five vendors were tested in blind scenarios involving pipeline with manufactured defects. Multiple pull through tests, field dig verification, and sampling were conducted to assess the effectiveness of MFL-ILI in pinhole detection. An optimal practice was developed by comparing the gap between MFL tracks, sampling frequency, intensity of magnetic field, etc. This report also outlines tests conducted to investigate the feasibility of using hydrostatic testing to detect pinholes.
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BARKHATOV, NIKOLAY, and SERGEY REVUNOV. A software-computational neural network tool for predicting the electromagnetic state of the polar magnetosphere, taking into account the process that simulates its slow loading by the kinetic energy of the solar wind. SIB-Expertise, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0519.07122021.

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The auroral activity indices AU, AL, AE, introduced into geophysics at the beginning of the space era, although they have certain drawbacks, are still widely used to monitor geomagnetic activity at high latitudes. The AU index reflects the intensity of the eastern electric jet, while the AL index is determined by the intensity of the western electric jet. There are many regression relationships linking the indices of magnetic activity with a wide range of phenomena observed in the Earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere. These relationships determine the importance of monitoring and predicting geomagnetic activity for research in various areas of solar-terrestrial physics. The most dramatic phenomena in the magnetosphere and high-latitude ionosphere occur during periods of magnetospheric substorms, a sensitive indicator of which is the time variation and value of the AL index. Currently, AL index forecasting is carried out by various methods using both dynamic systems and artificial intelligence. Forecasting is based on the close relationship between the state of the magnetosphere and the parameters of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). This application proposes an algorithm for describing the process of substorm formation using an instrument in the form of an Elman-type ANN by reconstructing the AL index using the dynamics of the new integral parameter we introduced. The use of an integral parameter at the input of the ANN makes it possible to simulate the structure and intellectual properties of the biological nervous system, since in this way an additional realization of the memory of the prehistory of the modeled process is provided.
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Fernando, P. U. Ashvin Iresh, Gilbert Kosgei, Matthew Glasscott, Garrett George, Erik Alberts, and Lee Moores. Boronic acid functionalized ferrocene derivatives towards fluoride sensing. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44762.

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In this technical report (TR), a robust, readily synthesized molecule with a ferrocene core appended with one or two boronic acid moieties was designed, synthesized, and used toward F- (free fluoride) detection. Through Lewis acid-base interactions, the boronic acid derivatives are capable of binding with F- in an aqueous solution via ligand exchange reaction and is specific to fluoride ion. Fluoride binding to ferrocene causes significant changes in fluorescence or electrochemical responses that can be monitored with field-portable instrumentation at concentrations below the WHO recommended limit. The F- binding interaction was further monitored via proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). In addition, fluorescent spectroscopy of the boronic acid moiety and electrochemical monitoring of the ferrocene moiety will allow detection and estimation of F- concentration precisely in a solution matrix. The current work shows lower detection limit (LOD) of ~15 μM (285 μg/L) which is below the WHO standards. Preliminary computational calculations showed the boronic acid moieties attached to the ferrocene core interacted with the fluoride ion. Also, the ionization diagrams indicate the amides and the boronic acid groups can be ionized forming strong ionic interactions with fluoride ions in addition to hydrogen bonding interactions.
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Barton. L51695 Development of Inspection Vehicle to Detect SCC in Natural Gas Lines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), November 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010627.

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Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) poses a serious threat to aging underground cathodically protected gas pipelines. As coatings deteriorate, conditions suitable for corrosion and SCC become more common. There have been many ruptures throughout the world attributed to SCC. One of the most important steps in combating failure by SCC is regular, reliable and cost effective monitoring of pipelines. Current methods available (including hydrotesting and magnetic particle testing) are either expensive, time consuming, or not entirely reliable. Regular testing of pipelines and the detailed study of the results will improve the understanding of SCC initiation and propagation. This project evaluates a manual ultrasonic scanning system for detecting SCC in pipelines. This system was used to inspect the lower circumferential section of unpressurized lengths of the Moomba to Sydney gas transmission pipeline operated by The Pipeline Authority (TPA). The manual system successfully located SCC colonies. CWP, in association with The University of Newcastle, then developed a microprocessor controlled system based on piezoelectric wheel probe technology. This system was trialled in Peterborough, South Australia in May 1990. Following the awarding of this research project (PR-198-9108). CWP incorporated the development work into their core business with the creation of the Product Development Section. This section was entirely committed to the development of the system and the PRC project. The redesign of the system included EMAT technology. Although not new, EMATs had not previously been made available to the gas industry in the detection of SCC. This project involved in excess of 13500 development man hours over a 22 month period. This report describes the development of the system and the Newcastle field trials, the Australian field trials and the USA field trials concluding in September 1992. The report also addresses the suitability of each technology in detecting SCC in buriednatural gas pipeline and makes design recommendations for the future. Future developments in the system are planned in the areas of enhancing the reliable detection of SCC, imaging of SCC and enhanced calibration capabilities.
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Finch, Graeme, and Stuart Harmon. PR-670-183826-R01 Assessment of Science Behind LSM for Pipeline Integrity. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011803.

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Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principle method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously. Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required, with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation. LSM utilises the coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate the technologies further. However, vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology. The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of Work Package 02 is to review the physics of the agreed pipeline defects and fluxgate type magnetic sensors. The properties of pipeline-specific soft magnetic materials are investigated to understand corrosion, how this alters the material properties and how this can affect the associated magnetic fields surrounding the material. The physics of fluxgate magnetometers and gradiometers are also reviewed to assess the ability of LSM to detect these two features.

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