Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Magnetic and gravity data'

Falkenberg area is located in southwest Sweden formed in the Sveconorwegian orogen and contains an extremely complex geological structure. Multiple geophysical datasets have been acquired and together with available petrophysical information, models corresponding to the subsurface geological structures were generated. The collected data comprise ground magnetic, AMT (Audio Magnetotelluric) and RMT (Radio Magnetotelluric) data. The available airborne magnetic and ground gravity data acquired by the Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU) as well as the reflection seismic section from a study made by Uppsala University further aids in obtaining substantially improved interpretation of the geometry of the structures along the AMT profile. The principal objective of this profile was to delineate and map the possible deformation zone crossed by the profile. The AMT study was expected to complement existing geophysical data and improve existing interpretations. The Ullared deformation zone contains decompressed eclogite facies rocks. The presented results were obtained by comparison of different geophysical methods along the profile. The susceptibility model and resistivity model show that eclogites have higher resistivity and susceptibility than the surrounding structures. However use of the Occam type of inversion on the AMT data, makes the resistivity model smoother than the susceptibility model and as a results it is difficult to estimate the dip of the structures. The AMT profile and the seismic section show the same dip direction (NE) for the eclogite bearing structures although due to the smoothing in the AMT model the dips seen in the seismic section cannot be recovered in the resistivity model.

The early efforts of Booth, Johnson, Rubidge, Catuneanu, de Wit, Chevallier, Stankiewicz, Weckmann and many other scientists in studying the Karoo Supergroup has led to comprehensive documentation of the geology on the main Karoo Basin with regards to understanding the age, sedimentology, sedimentary facies and depositional environments. In spite of these studies, the subsurface structure, variations in thickness of various formations in large parts of the basin, the location and orientation of subsurface dolerite intrusions, and the depth to magnetic and gravity sources remains poorly documented. A geological study with the aid of geophysical techniques, magnetic and gravity, was conducted in the southwestern part of the main Karoo Basin. The objectives of the study were to construct numerous models of the main basin that image the crust to a depth of 45 km, to determine thicknesses of various formations, to relate observed geophysical anomalies with geological bodies and lineaments, to estimate the depth of existing anomalous bodies, to determine densities and porosity of various formations, as well as to determine the mineralogy of various rocks in the Karoo Basin.

Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering and M.S. in Systems Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2004.
Thesis advisor(s): Xiaoping Yun. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-60). Also available online.

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The 3D gravity modeling of the Potiguar rift basin consisted of a digital processing of gravity and aeromagnetic data, subsidized by the results of Euler deconvolution of gravity and magnetic data and the interpretation of seismic lines and wells descriptions. The gravity database is a compilation of independent geophysical surveys conducted by several universities, research institutions and governmental agencies. The aeromagnetic data are from the Bacia Potiguar and Plataforma Continental do Nordeste projects, obtained from the Brazilian Petroleum Agency (ANP). The solutions of the Euler Deconvolution allowed the analysis of the behavior of the rift main limits. While the integrated interpretation of seismic lines provided the delimitating horizons of the sedimentary formations and the basement top. The integration of these data allowed a 3D gravity modeling of basement topography, allowing the identification of a series of internal structures of the Potiguar rift, as well intra-basement structures without the gravity effect of the rift. The proposed inversion procedure of the gravity data allowed to identify the main structural features of the Potiguar rift, elongated in the NE-SW direction, and its southern and eastern faulted edges, where the sedimentary infill reachs thicknesses up to 5500 m. The southern boundary is marked by the Apodi and Baixa Grande faults. These faults seem to be a single NW-SE oriented fault with a strong bend to NE-SW direction. In addition, the eastern boundary of the rift is conditioned by the NE-SW trending Carnaubais fault system. It was also observed NW-SE oriented faults, which acted as transfer faults to the extensional efforts during the basin formation. In the central part of the residual anomaly map without the gravity effect of the rift stands out a NW-SE trending gravity high, corresponding to the Or?s-Jaguaribe belt lithotypes. We also observe a gravity maximum parallel to the Carnaubais fault system. This anomaly is aligned to the eastern limit of the rift and reflects the contact of different crustal blocks, limited by the eastern ward counterpart of the Portalegre Shear Zone
A modelagem gravim?trica 3D do rifte da Bacia Potiguar, apresentada neste trabalho, constituiu de um processamento digital de dados gravim?tricos e aeromagn?ticos, subsidiados pelos resultados da Deconvolu??o de Euler de dados gravim?tricos e magn?ticos e pela interpreta??o de linhas s?smicas e descri??es de po?os. O banco de dados gravim?trico ? proveniente de um trabalho de compila??o de levantamentos geof?sicos independentes realizados por diversas universidades, institui??es de pesquisa e ?rg?os governamentais. Os dados aeromagn?ticos s?o proveniente dos projetos Bacia Potiguar e Plataforma Continental do Nordeste, obtidos junto ? Ag?ncia Nacional do Petr?leo, G?s Natural e Biocombust?veis (ANP). As solu??es da Deconvolu??o de Euler possibilitaram a an?lise do comportamento dos principais limites do rifte, enquanto que a interpreta??o integrada das linhas s?smicas propiciou a delimita??o dos relevos dos horizontes da base das forma??es sedimentares e do topo do embasamento do Rifte Potiguar. A integra??o desses dados permitiu uma modelagem gravim?trica 3D do relevo do embasamento da bacia, possibilitando a identifica??o de uma s?rie de estruturas do arcabou?o estrutural do Rifte Potiguar e do embasamento cristalino sem o efeito gravim?trico do rifte. Com o procedimento de invers?o dos dados gravim?tricos, foi poss?vel identificar as principais fei??es estruturais do rifte da Bacia Potiguar, alongadas na dire??o NE-SW, bem como suas bordas falhadas nos limites Sul e Leste do rifte, onde o pacote sedimentar atinge espessuras superiores a 5500 m. O limite Sul ? marcado pelas falhas de Apodi e Baixa Grande, aparentando tratar-se de uma ?nica falha de dire??o NW-SE, com forte inflex?o para NE-SW. Observa-se ainda o limite Leste do rifte condicionado pelo Sistema de Falha Carnaubais de dire??o preferencial NE-SW. Observa-se ainda falhas de dire??o NW-SE, que atuaram como falhas de transfer?ncia aos esfor?os distensionais de forma??o da bacia. No mapa de anomalias residuais do embasamento cristalino sem o efeito gravim?trico do rifte destaca-se, na sua parte central, um alto gravim?trico de dire??o NW-SE, correspondendo a litotipos da Faixa Or?s-Jaguaribe. Observa-se ainda um m?ximo gravim?trico paralelo ao Sistema de Falhas de Carnaubais. Tal anomalia encontra-se alinhada ao limite Leste do rifte e reflete o contato de blocos crustais distintos, limitados pela continua??o Nordeste da Zona de Cisalhamento Portalegre

Wir untersuchen stark gekoppelte Phänomene unter Verwendung der Dualität zwischen Eich- und Gravitationstheorien. Dabei liegt ein besonderer Fokus einerseits auf Vortex Lösungen, die von einem magnetischem Feld verursacht werden, und andererseits auf zeitabhängigen Problemen in holographischen Modellen. Das wichtigste Ergebnis ist die Entdeckung eines unerwarteten Effektes in einem einfachen holografischen Modell: ein starkes nicht abelsches magnetisches Feld verursacht die Entstehung eines Grundzustandes in der Form eines dreieckigen Gitters von Vortices. Die Dualität zwischen Eich- und Gravitationstheorien ist ein mächtiges Werkzeug welches bereits verwendet wurde um stark gekoppelte Systeme vom Quark-Gluonen Plasma in Teilchenbeschleunigern bis hin zu Festkörpertheorien zu beschreiben. Die wichtigste Idee ist dabei die der Dualität: Eine stark gekoppelte Quantenfeldtheorie kann untersucht werden, indem man die Eigenschaften eines aus den Einsteinschen Feldgleichungen folgenden Gravitations-Hintergrundes bestimmt. Eine der Gravitationstheorien, die in dieser Arbeit behandelt werden, ist eine Einstein--Yang--Mills Theorie in einem AdS--Schwarzschild Hintergrund mit SU(2)-Eichsymmetrie. Der Ansatz für das Eichfeld ist so gewählt, dass die zugehörige Quantenfeldtheorie einem externen Magnetfeld ausgesetzt ist. Oberhalb eines kritischen Magnetfeldes wird die Konfiguration instabil und zeigt einen Phasenübergang zu einem Supraleiter. Die Instabilität wird mit zwei Ansätzen untersucht. Zum einen werden Fluktuationen des Hintergrunds betrachtet und die Quasinormalmoden analysiert. Zum anderen zeigt die numerische Analyse der Bewegungsgleichungen, dass das effektive Schrödinger-Potential mit stärker werdendem Magnetfeld sich so lange verändert, bis ein gebundener Zustand möglich wird. Der sich ergebende supraleitende Grundzustand ist durch ein dreieckiges Vortexgitter gegeben, wie eine störungstheoretische Entwicklung über einem kleinen Parameter proportional zur Größe des Kondensats zeigt. Zur Bestimmung des energetisch bevorzugten Zustands wird mithilfe der holographischen Übersetzungsvorschrift die Gesamtenergie verschiedener Lösungen berechnet. Hierfür wird die Lösung der Bewegungsgleichungen zur dritten Ordnung in oben genanntem Parameter berechnet. Zusätzlich wird gezeigt, dass dieses Ergebnis auch für den Fall einer AdS--hard wall Geometrie gilt, also einer Feldtheorie mit Confinement. Als nächstes erweitern wir das einfache Gravitationsmodell um ein chemisches Potential und wiederholen die Untersuchung. Sind das chemische Potential, das magnetische Feld oder beide groß genug, so befindet sich das System in einer supraleitenden Phase. Wir berechnen das Phasendiagramm des Systems numerisch. Der Grundzustand der supraleitenden Phase nahe dem Phasenübergang ist ein dreieckiges Vortexgitter, wobei der Gitterabstand nur von der Stärke des magnetischen Feldes abhängt. Die Relevanz dieser Ergebnisse wird im Zusammenhang mit inhomogenen Grundzuständen in holographischen Supraleitern diskutiert, einem Themengebiet welches in letzter Zeit viel Interesse auf sich gezogen hat. Die erhaltenen Resultate sind nicht nur aufgrund der vorher unbekannten inhomogenen Lösung der Gravitationstheorie mit Schwarzem Loch neuartig. Es ist auch interessant, dass ein großes magnetisches Feld die Vortexstruktur im Grundzustand induziert anstatt sie zu unterdrücken. Des Weiteren untersuchen wir zeitabhängige Phänomene in einer holographischen Erweiterung des Kondomodells. Letzteres beschreibt ein einfaches Modell in der Festkörperphysik, in welchem eine magnetische Verunreinigung stark an ein Elektronenreservoir koppelt. Die holographische Beschreibung erfordert Techniken der numerischen Relativitätstheorie und erlaubt uns die Entwicklung des Systems nach einem plötzlichen Sprung in der Kopplungskonstante zu simulieren. Diese Doktorarbeit basiert auf Ergebnissen, die der Autor während des Studiums am Max-Planck-Institut-für-Physik in München, Deutschland unter der Betreuung von PD Dr. J. K. Erdmenger von August 2011 bis Mai 2014 erreicht hat. Die relevanten Veröffentlichungen sind: [1] M. Ammon, J. Erdmenger, P. Kerner, and M. Strydom, “Black Hole Instability Induced by a Magnetic Field,” Phys.Lett. B706 (2011) 94–99, arXiv:1106.4551 [hep-th], [2] Y.-Y. Bu, J. Erdmenger, J. P. Shock, and M. Strydom, “Magnetic field induced lattice ground states from holography,” JHEP 1303 (2013) 165, arXiv:1210.6669 [hep-th].
We study strongly-coupled phenomena using gauge/gravity duality, with a particular focus on vortex solutions produced by magnetic field and time-dependent problems in holographic models. The main result is the discovery of a counter-intuitive effect where a strong non-abelian magnetic field induces the formation of a triangular vortex lattice ground state in a simple holographic model. Gauge/gravity duality is a powerful theoretical tool that has been used to study strongly-coupled systems ranging from the quark-gluon plasma produced at particle colliders to condensed matter theories. The most important idea is that of duality: a strongly coupled quantum field theory can be studied by investigating the properties of a particular gravity background described by Einstein's equations. One gravity background we study in this dissertation is AdS--Schwarzschild with an SU(2) gauge field. We switch on the gauge field component that gives the field theory an external magnetic field. When the magnetic field is above a critical value, we find that the system is unstable, indicating a superconducting phase transition. We find the instability in two ways. Firstly, we do a quasinormal mode analysis, studying fluctuations about the background. Secondly, we rewrite the equations in Schrödinger form and numerically find that, as the magnetic field is increased, the potential deepens until it is capable of supporting a bound state. Next we show that the resulting superconducting ground state is a triangular vortex lattice. This is done by performing a perturbative expansion in a small parameter proportional to the condensate size. After solving the equations to third order, we use the holographic dictionary to calculate the total energy of different lattice solutions and identify the minimum energy state. In addition, we show that the result holds in an AdS--hard wall model as well, which is dual to a confining theory. Next we extend the simple gravity model to include a chemical potential and repeat the analysis. When the chemical potential, magnetic field or both are large, the system is in a superconducting phase. We calculate the precise phase diagram numerically. The ground state in the superconducting phase near the phase transition line is shown to be a triangular vortex lattice with lattice spacing depending only on the magnetic field strength. We comment on the relevance of the results to the study of inhomogeneous ground states in holographic superconductors, a topic in which there has been much interest recently. Our results are novel not only because of the previously unknown inhomogeneous black hole solution, but also because of the effect of a large magnetic field inducing rather than inhibiting the vortex lattice ground state in a holographic model. We also study time-dependent phenomena in a holographic generalisation of the Kondo model, a simple condensed matter model of a magnetic impurity coupled strongly to a sea of electrons. This requires techniques from numerical relativity and allows us to determine the response of the system to a quench in the coupling. This dissertation is based on work the author did during a PhD fellowship under the supervision of PD Dr. J. K. Erdmenger at the Max-Planck-Institut für Physik in Munich, Germany from August 2011 to May 2014. The relevant publications are: [1] M. Ammon, J. Erdmenger, P. Kerner, and M. Strydom, “Black Hole Instability Induced by a Magnetic Field,” Phys.Lett. B706 (2011) 94–99, arXiv:1106.4551 [hep-th], [2] Y.-Y. Bu, J. Erdmenger, J. P. Shock, and M. Strydom, “Magnetic field induced lattice ground states from holography,” JHEP 1303 (2013) 165, arXiv:1210.6669 [hep-th].
Ons bestudeer sterk gekoppelde fenomene deur die gebruik van dualiteit tussen ykteorieë en gravitasieteorieë. Ons fokus spesifiek op vorteks oplossings wat deur magnetiese velde voortgebring word, asook tyd-afhanklike probleme in holografiese modelle. Die belangrikste resultaat is die ontdekking van 'n onverwagte effek waar sterk nie-abelse magnetiese velde 'n driehoekige vorteksrooster grondtoestand uitlok in 'n holografiese model. Die dualiteit tussen ykteorieë en gravitasie is 'n nuttige instrument wat al gebruik is om sterk-gekoppelde stelsels te bestudeer wat wissel van die kwark-gluon plasma, wat geproduseer is by deeltjieversnellers, tot gekondenseerde materie teorieë. Die belangrikste begrip is dualiteit: 'n sterk gekoppelde kwantumveldteorie kan bestudeer word deur die eienskappe van 'n spesifieke swaartekrag agtergrond, wat beskryf word deur Einstein se vergelykings, te ondersoek. Een swaartekrag agtergrond wat ons bestudeer is AdS--Schwarzschild met 'n SU(2) ykveld. Ons skakel die ykveld komponent aan wat in die veldteorie duaal is aan 'n eksterne magnetiese veld. Wanneer die magnetiese veld bo 'n spesifieke waarde val, vind ons dat die stelsel onstabiel is, wat dui op 'n supergeleidende fase oorgang. Ons vind die onstabiliteit op twee maniere. Eerstens, doen ons 'n quasinormale modus analise, waarin ons versteurings van die agtergrond bestudeer. Tweedens, herskryf ons die vergelykings in Schrödinger vorm en vind numeries dat soos die magnetiese veld sterker word, verdiep die potensiaal totdat dit diep genoeg is vir 'n gebonde toestand om te vorm. Volgende wys ons dat die gevolglike supergeleidende grondtoestand 'n rooster van driehoekige vortekse is. Dit word gedoen deur die uitvoering van 'n versteuringsuitbreiding in 'n klein parameter wat proporsioneel is tot die grootte van die kondensaat. Na die oplossing van die vergelykings tot op die derde orde, gebruik ons ​​die holografiese vertalingsvoorskrif om die totale energie van verskillende rooster oplossings te bereken en​​~die minimum energie toestand te identifiseer. Daarna wys ons dat die gevolge in 'n AdS--hard wall model ook waar is. Die AdS--hard muur model is duaal tot 'n teorie met confinement. Volgende brei ons die eenvoudige swaartekrag model uit sodat dit 'n chemiese potensiaal in sluit en dan herhaal ons die analise. Wanneer die chemiese potensiaal, magnetiese veld of albei groot is, is die stelsel in 'n supergeleidende fase. Ons bereken die fase diagram numeries. Die grondtoestand in die supergeleidende fase naby die fase-oorgangslyn vorm 'n driehoekige vorteksrooster met rooster spasiëring wat afhang van die sterkte van die magnetiese veld. Ons lewer kommentaar op die toepaslikheid van die resultate tot nie-homogene grondtoestande in holografiese supergeleiers, 'n onderwerp waarin daar onlangs baie belangstelling was. Die nuwigheid van ons resultate l\^e in beide die voorheen onbekende swartkolk oplossing en die effek van 'n groot magnetiese veld wat die vorteksrooster grondtoestand in 'n holografiese model eerder voortbring as verhinder. Ons bestudeer ook tyd-afhanklike fenomene in 'n holografiese veralgemening van die Kondo model, 'n eenvoudige gekondenseerde materie model van 'n magnetiese onreinheid wat sterk koppel aan 'n see van elektrone. Dit vereis tegnieke van numeriese relatiwiteit en laat ons toe om die reaksie van die stelsel te bepaal na 'n vinnige sprong in die koppeling. Hierdie verhandeling is gebaseer op die werk wat die skrywer tydens 'n PhD program onder die toesig van PD Dr JK Erdmenger by die Max Planck-Institut-für Physik in München, Duitsland vanaf Augustus 2011 tot Mei 2014 gedoen het. Die toespaslike publikasies is: [1] M. Ammon, J. Erdmenger, P. Kerner, and M. Strydom, “Black Hole Instability Induced by a Magnetic Field,” Phys.Lett. B706 (2011) 94–99, arXiv:1106.4551 [hep-th], [2] Y.-Y. Bu, J. Erdmenger, J. P. Shock, and M. Strydom, “Magnetic field induced lattice ground states from holography,” JHEP 1303 (2013) 165, arXiv:1210.6669 [hep-th].

This paper considers alternative methods to estimate econometric models based on bilateral data when only aggregate information on the dependent variable is available. Such methods can be used to obtain an indication of the sign and magnitude of bilateral model parameters and, more importantly, to decompose aggregate into bilateral data, which can then be used as proxy variables in further empirical analysis. We perform a Monte Carlo study and carry out a simple real world application using intra-EU trade and capital flows, showing that the methods considered work reasonably well and are worthwhile being considered in the absence of bilateral data. (authors' abstract)

This paper considers alternative methods to estimate econometric models based on bilateral data when only aggregate information on the dependent variable is available. Such methods can be used to obtain an indication of the sign and magnitude of bilateral model parameters and, more importantly, to decompose aggregate into bilateral data, which can then be used as proxy variables in further empirical analysis. We perform a Monte Carlo study and carry out a simple real world application using intra-EU trade and capital flows, showing that the methods considered work reasonably well and are worthwhile being considered in the absence of bilateral data. (authors' abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Thesis (Electrical Engineer and M.S. in Electrical Engineering) Naval Postgraduate School, June 2001.
Thesis advisors, Xiaoping Yun, Sherif Michael, Eric R. Bachmann. Includes bibliographical references (p. 53-54). Also Available online.

Temperature measurements from the HIRDLS instrument on NASA's Aura satellite are analysed for the purposes of detecting and studying internal gravity waves in the terrestrial stratosphere. A detailed description of the methodology used to obtain these data is given, including details of the instrument correction processes used to compensate for errors introduced by a blockage in the instrument optics. A short precis of the relevant theoretical considerations related to atmospheric gravity waves is then outlined. The thesis then discusses the use of the Stockwell (time-frequency) Transform for the detection of gravity waves in HIRDLS data, together with a detailed analysis of the limitations of this method, and the results obtained from this analysis are analysed by comparison to other instruments and climatology. It is concluded that the Stockwell Transform is an appropriate method for the analysis of the HIRDLS dataset, and that the results obtained are robust. We apply these results to analyse stratospheric gravity wave activity during the 2005/06 Arctic sudden stratospheric warming. By comparing the magnitude and form of the gravity wave results to local wind data obtained from ECMWF operational analyses, we conclude that a heavily deformed stratopause observed during this period by other instruments was most probably due to wind-based filtering of the gravity wave spectrum during this period.

The mass balance of Greenland has been assessed with data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. Monthly data has been used through the time span of the study; January 2003 - December 2012. Level 2 data from three providers has been used. These are the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) , GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) and the Center for Space Research (CSR). The linear trend in this study points to -181±11 Gt/yr, -172±10 Gt/yr and -183±11 Gt/yr for the three data providers respectively. Notable corrections applied to improve the accuracy of this study are gravity leakage correction, adjustment for post-glacial rebound and non-isotropic smoothing filtering.This master thesis also gives an insight some of the mathematical background of physical geodesy and how this can be applied to use GRACE data to track changes in the gravity field. The methodology of applying this theory is explained in-depth with explanations of some natural assumptions along the way. Results are presented from correction calculations, important secular trend graphs and different time series plots of data from the three data providers. These results are compared to the works of other mentionable authors in the field of polar mass redistribution. Lastly, the thesis enlists some noteworthy strengths and weaknesses of the conducted study. To the author's knowledge, this is the first ice mass loss estimation of Greenland using GRACE level 2 Release 05 data decorrelated by non-isotropic filtering.

Gravitation is the dominant influence in most astrophysical interactions. Weak-field interactions have been extensively studied, but the strong-field regime remains largely unexplored. Gravitational waves (GWs) are an excellent means of accessing strong-field regions. We investigate what we can learn about both astrophysics and gravitation from strong-field tests and, in particular, GWs; we focus upon extreme-mass-ratio (EMR) systems where a small body orbits a much more massive one. EMR bursts, a particular class of GW signals, could be used to determine the properties of massive black holes (MBHs). They could be detectable with a space-borne interferometer from many nearby galaxies, as well as the Galactic centre. Bursts could provide insightful constraints on the MBHs' parameters. These could elucidate the formation history of the MBHs and, by association, their host galaxies. The Galactic centre is the most promising source. Its event rate is determined by the stellar distribution surrounding the MBH; the rate is not high, but we still expect to gain useful astronomical information from bursts. Strong-field tests may reveal deviations from general relativity (GR). We calculate modifications that could be observed assuming metric f(R)-gravity as an effective alternative theory. Gravitational radiation is modified, as are planetary precession rates. Both give a means of testing GR. However, existing laboratory measurements already place tighter constraints on f(R)-gravity, unless there exists a screening effect, such as the chameleon mechanism, which suppresses modifications on small scales. To make precision measurements of astrophysical systems or place exacting bounds on deviations from GR, we must have accurate GW templates. Transient resonances are currently not included in the prescription for generating EMR inspiral waveforms. Their effects can be estimated from asymptotic expansions of the evolving orbital parameters. The quantitative impact on parameter estimation has yet to be calculated, but it appears that it shall be necessary to incorporate resonances when creating inspiral waveforms.

La présente thèse, intitulée ``Investigations on electric-magnetic duality in gravity and higher spin theories'', constitue un étude sur la dualité dans les théories de la gravitation et de spins élevés dans le cadre des symétries cachées qui apparaissent après la réduction dimensionnelle de la Relativité Générale et la Supergravité. Elle a comme but de clarifier, en utilisant le formalisme Hamiltonien, la relation entre le graviton et son champ dual (en général, un tenseur de symétrie mixte (D-3,1)) en dimension abitraire, ainsi que la recherche de la généralisation de la symetrie de dualité, par méthodes identiques, aux théories de champs de spin élevé et l'exploration du comportement des champs fermioniques sous l'action de la dualité. La thèse est divisé en cinq chapitres. Le premier chapitre constitue une introduction au sujet des dualités et symétries cachées dans les théories de l'electromagnetisme, la gravitation et la supergravité. Le deuxième chapitre est dédié à l'étude de la dualité dans la gravité linéarisée à dimension D=4: d'abord, on rappelle comment résoudre les contraintes du formalisme Hamiltonien en termes de deux prépotentiels et la forme que l'action prenne après cette résolution. De plus, on reformule l'action en termes de certaines tenseurs invariantes de jauge et trouve une expression non-locale de l'action en termes de deux métriques. En outre, on établisse l'estructure des equations de mouvement covariantes comme une condition de ``twisted self-duality'' et vérifie qu'elles sont equivalentes à un sous-ensemble de celles-ci qui ne contient pas des dérivées temporelles de deuxième ordre. Ce sous-ensemble est aussi obtenu comme les equations de mouvement qui se derivent de l'action écrite en termes des prépotentiels. Dans le troisième chapitre, on généralise cette construction ci-dessus à dimension arbitraire D, où le champ dual du graviton est décrit par un tenseur de symétrie mixte (D-3,1): les contraintes sont résolues en termes de prépotentiels, qu'on utilise afin de construire une action locale, pour finalement obtenir son expression non-locale en termes du graviton et son champ duel. Dans le dernier chapitre, on étudie l'extension de la dualité au système de l'hypergravité linéarisée: la contrainte fermionique est résolue, et les transformations de supersymétrie pour les prépotentiels sont obtenues, ainsi que l'action de la dualité sur les champs fermioniques.
Option Physique du Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This project is dealing with the estimation of present-day Earth’s mass transport and its redistribution by using observations from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. GRACE measures the gravity fluctuations which are primarily related to redistribution of water around the globe. GRACE data has yield profound new insights into melting rates of ice sheets and mountain glaciers, land hydrology, ocean circulation, and sea level rise. In this project, first, the ice melting rate in the Greenlandic ice sheet is studied. This is done by analyzing the time series of monthly GRACE release 04 gravity field solutions from three different data sets, CSR (Center for Space Research), GFZ (Geoforschungszentrum), and JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) with respect to their long-term temporal changes. The data are de-striped by applying a non-isotropic filter. Also, a method for reducing the leakage effects is developed. As an example, the ice mass balance is estimated of -163 ± 20 Gt/yr based on the CSR release 04 and smoothing by a parameter of a =1013 during April 2002 to February 2010. The results also show that the spatial distribution of the ice mass loss is changing with time and the ice mass loss is accelerating. For example, its acceleration is a rate of -32±6 Gt/yr2 during 2002 to 2011. The second part of this project is concern with the determination of water mass changes in the Nordic Seas. It is determined by analyzing the time series of monthly GRACE level 2 release 04 data from GFZ during October 2002 to October 2010. The striping errors are reduced by using a non-isotropic filter and the data are smoothed by a parameter of a =1014 according to Gaussian smoothing radius of 530 km. The time series of water mass changes are used to study the steric sea height variations over the Nordic Seas during the same period of study. This is done by analyzing the time series of monthly sea level anomaly from ENVISAT (Environmental Satellite) altimetry data, cycles 10 to 93, among the time series of water mass changes. The results show that the interdisciplinary nature of the GRACE measurements have opened up the unique opportunity to enhance our knowledge on the interaction between Earth system components and their response to climate variability. In the last part of this project, variations of the continental total water storage, total groundwater storage, and anthropogenic contributions across the Middle East are studied. By using a mascon analysis method and GRACE level 2 release 05 data from CSR during February 2003 to December 2012, the time series of total water storage, total ground water storage and anthropogenic contributions are estimated over this region. The region is subdivided to seven mascons including Iran, Iraq, Syria, eastern Turkey (east of 35º longitude), northern and southern Saudi Arabia (north and south of 25º latitude), and the region immediately west of Caspian Sea. The total groundwater storage, and anthropogenic contributions are separated from the total water storage by using the CLM4.5 (version 4.5 of the Community Land Model) hydrological model. The results show that Iran with a rate of 25±6 Gt/yr has the most groundwater loss rate during February 2003 to December 2012 in this region. The Iran’s rate of groundwater loss from the GRACE data is supported by an analysis of in situ well data from across Iran. The results also show that the GRACE mission is able to monitor monthly water storage changes within river basins and aquifers that are 200,000 km2 or larger in area, and, can contribute to water management at regional and national scales, and to international policy discussions as well.

 

 

 

Past focus in the panel gravity literature has been on multidimensional fixed effects specifications in an effort to accommodate heterogeneity. After introducing conventional multidimensional fixed effects, we find evidence of cross-sectional dependence in flows. We propose a simultaneous dependence gravity model that allows for network dependence in flows, along with computationally efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo estimation methods that produce a Monte Carlo integration estimate of log-marginal likelihood useful for model comparison. Application of the model to a panel of trade flows points to network spillover effects, suggesting the presence of network dependence and biased estimates from conventional trade flow specifications. The most important sources of network dependence were found to be membership in trade organizations, historical colonial ties, common currency and spatial proximity of countries.
Series: Working Papers in Regional Science

Gravity and magnetic surveys were performed in the northeast portion of the Santa Rita Experimental Range, in southeastern Arizona, to identify faults and gain a better understanding of the subsurface geology. A total of 234 gravity stations were established, and numerous magnetic data were collected with portable and truck-mounted proton precession magnetometers. In addition, one line of very low frequency electromagnetic data was collected together with magnetic data. Gravity anomalies are used to identify two normal faults that project northward toward a previously identified fault. The gravity data also confirm the location of a second previously interpreted normal fault. Interpretation of magnetic anomaly data indicates the presence of a higher-susceptibility sedimentary unit located beneath lower-susceptibility surficial sediments. Magnetic anomaly data identify a 1-km-wide negative anomaly east of these faults caused by an unknown source and reveal the high variability of susceptibility in the Tertiary intrusive rocks in the area.

The Kattegat sea region between Denmark and Sweden is identified as a region both economically and environmentally sensitive. Statistics indicate that over two thousand vessels per day navigate in the region. Navigation route optimization for the region is vital for efficient transportation. Optimized routes allow a vessel to carry the maximum amount of goods per course leading to efficient fuel consumption, which can greatly benefit in an economical and environmental aspect. Such optimization requires a highly accurate and reliable vertical reference surface for efficient transportation. In the Baltic Sea and Kattegat, a geoid is now used as such a surface. For geoid modelling, homogenous and reliable gravity measurements are required over a larger area surrounding the computation point. The Kattegat region consists of gravity data mainly from the Swedish Fyrbyggaren marine campaign 2019, Kattegat airborne campaign 2018 and several older datasets from the Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG) database. These gravity data over Kattegat region have been measured using different instruments in various time epochs that inherit them with uncertainties depending on the platform type, instrument sensor type, filter type, corrections applied, processing software and many other parameters. In this study, the data uncertainty of gravity measurements from various sensors in the Kattegat region was studied through statistical and graphical evaluations. It was found out that the data from Kattegat airborne campaign 2018 deviate systematically with from the more reliable Fyrbyggaren marine campaign 2019 and other marine datasets. The airborne campaign was therefore tentatively corrected by the estimated shift +1.46 mGal before further analysis was made of the other datasets. It is found that NKG publication numbers 29, 42, 44, 610, 611 and 616 from the NKG gravity database have a standard uncertainty of around 2-3 mGal. Which is within the range of allowable uncertainty for future applications. These datasets may thus positively contribute to NKG database along with data from the Swedish Fyrbyggaren marine campaign 2019 and the shifted Kattegat airborne campaign 2018. These datasets should be used to model the geoid over the region in the future.

This thesis describes the application of a wide variety of data processing methods, in particular the Maximum Entropy Method (MEM), to data from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments. Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to NMR and to data processing, which is developed in chapter 2. NMR is described in terms of the classical model due to Bloch, and the principles of conventional (Fourier transform) data processing developed. This is followed by a description of less conventional techniques. The MEM is derived on several grounds, and related to both Bayesian reasoning and Shannon information theory. Chapter 3 describes several methods of evaluating the quality of NMR spectra obtained by a variety of data processing techniques; the simple criterion of spectral appearance is shown to be completely unsatisfactory. A Monte Carlo method is described which allows several different techniques to be compared, and the relative advantages of Fourier transformation and the MEM are assessed. Chapter 4 describes in vivo NMR, particularly the application of the MEM to data from Phase Modulated Rotating Frame Imaging (PMRFI) experiments. In this case the conventional data processing is highly unsatisfactory, and MEM processing results in much clearer spectra. Chapter 5 describes the application of a range of techniques to the estimation and removal of splittings from NMR spectra. The various techniques are discussed using simple examples, and then applied to data from the amino acid iso-leucine. The thesis ends with five appendices which contain historical and philosophical notes, detailed calculations pertaining to PMRFI spectra, and a listing of the MEM computer program.

The British Tertiary Volcanic Province comprises central volcanic complexes with positive gravity and magnetic anomalies, some centres associated with both large volumes of continental flood basalts and regional dyke swarms. The Lundy Island is the southern most expression of Tertiary volcanism and consists of granite intruded by around 200 dykes and associated with positive gravity and magnetic anomalies. The Lundy Dyke Swarm comprises basalt/dolerite and trachyte to rhyolite intrusions within host Tertiary granite (58.7 ± 1.6 Ma) and Devonian sediments. Outcrops of dykes are confined to coastal exposures on Lundy as they are veneered by peat over most of the island. Dykes present paired magnetic anomaly profiles, which allows their trends tobe determined by proton magnetometry. The dykes have a radial disposition superimposed on a ENE-WSW regional trend. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility studies indicate that magma for the radial component was emplaced at shallow to moderate inclinations, suggesting a relatively shallow origin near to the western border of Lundy Island. The regional component was emplaced at shallow to sub-horizontalangles, suggesting lateral movement of magma from a possible source 12 km to the northwest. Geochemical signatures indicate that the Lundy Dyke Swarm was transitional between plume-related magmatism and partial melting of the lithospheric mantle, the magma being stored in several small storage bodies at differing depths in the upper continental crust, rather than in one large magma chamber. Basic dykes at Lee Bay (60 ± 0.6 to 63.1 ± 0.7 Ma) pre-date the Lundy Dyke Swarm and were derived from a discrete magma chamber, possibly near to Morte Point. Conversely, other dykes in North Devon (Fremington dyke - 292.4 ± 1.7 Ma; Horse-Shoe Rocks - 339.6 ± 7.4 Ma) are not directly related to Tertiary magmatism, even though the Horse-Shoe Rocks have a Tertiary palaeomagnetic overprint. The Lundy Igneous Complex (comprising granite, dykes and sub-surface basic rocks) is situated close to the intersection of the Variscan Front and the Welsh Caledonides massif where the continental thickness is between 25 and 27 km. Emplacement of magma was assisted by the heavily fractured nature of the host sediments. However, a large positive gravity anomaly to the northwest of Lundy Island does not have a corresponding magnetic anomaly and so is interpreted as the response to relatively dense uplifted basement in the Lundy Horst rather than a large volume of basic rocks. Thus, the Lundy Igneous Complex probably did not produce sub-aerial volcanic activity, as pressure in the magma chamber would not have exceeded the overlying litho static load, despite the fractured nature of the host rocks.

Groundwater-level measurements in monitoring wells or piezometers are the most common, and often the only, hydrologic measurements made at artificial recharge facilities. Measurements of gravity change over time provide an additional source of information about changes in groundwater storage, infiltration, and for model calibration. We demonstrate that for an artificial recharge facility with a deep groundwater table, gravity data are more sensitive to movement of water through the unsaturated zone than are groundwater levels. Groundwater levels have a delayed response to infiltration, change in a similar manner at many potential monitoring locations, and are heavily influenced by high-frequency noise induced by pumping; in contrast, gravity changes start immediately at the onset of infiltration and are sensitive to water in the unsaturated zone. Continuous gravity data can determine infiltration rate, and the estimate is only minimally affected by uncertainty in water-content change. Gravity data are also useful for constraining parameters in a coupled groundwater-unsaturated zone model (Modflow-NWT model with the Unsaturated Zone Flow (UZF) package).

Airborne magnetic field data exhibit downward continued power spectra of the form $1/f sp beta$ (where f is the spatial frequency and $ beta$ is a non-negative real number). This form of spectrum is observed for magnetic data recorded over a range of sampling scales from various areas of the Canadian Shield. Two scaling regimes have been discovered. The first has a $ beta$ value near 3 for wavelengths $ sbsp{ sim}{$25 km. These results suggest a "variable fractal" description of the distribution of near-surface magnetic sources.
From a data modelling viewpoint, the magnetic measurements are derived from a linear superposition of a deterministic system function and a stochastic excitation process. A symmetric operator corresponds to the system function, and the near-surface magnetic source distribution represents the excitation process. The deconvolution procedure assumes an autoregressive (AR) system function and proceeds iteratively using bi-directional AR (BDAR) filtering in one dimension, which is extended to four-pass AR filtering in two dimensions. The traditional assumption of a spectrally white innovation is used in the deconvolution procedure. The data are modified prior to deconvolution by a Fourier domain prewhitening technique, to account for the long wavelength content of the fractal innovation. Deconvolution of the modified data produces the system function, which is removed from the original data to produce the near-surface magnetic source distribution. This distribution serves as a susceptibility map which can be used for enhancing magnetic field anomalies and geological mapping. Thus, the statistical descriptions of near-surface magnetic sources are useful for modelling airborne magnetic data in "shield-type" geologic environments.

This thesis contains data from micromagnetic simulations that investigate new methods for data storage and processing on the nanoscale using ferromagnetic nanowires. First I consider a magnetic memory, domain wall trap memory, which could compete with a number of existing devices that are currently in widespread use. Domain wall trap memory exhibits a 90% lower coercivity over traditional MRAM designs because, instead of remagnetizing a rectangular or oval magnetic free layer by moment rotation or domain nucleation, an existing domain wall is moved along a structured nanowire to remagnetize part of the wire. I determine the fields for de-pinning, switching and expulsion of domain walls in memory cells to show that the margins between them can be sufficiently large for reliable operation. The nudged elastic band method is used to show that domain wall trap memory is thermally stable at room temperature.

Northern Sweden is one of the largest hosts for mineral resources in Europe and always has been an interesting area for researchers from various disciplines of Earth sciences. This dissertation is a comprehensive summary of three case study papers on airborne VLF, gravity gradient and magnetic data in the area. In the first paper, tensor VLF data is extracted from an old data set which contains only the total and the vertical magnetic components. The anomalous part of the horizontal magnetic field components is computed by a Hilbert transform of the vertical magnetic field. The normal part of the horizontal magnetic field component is computed as a function of total, vertical and anomalous part of horizontal magnetic fields. The electric field is also calculated for TE mode and impedance tensor and apparent resistivity are computed. In addition tippers are calculated for two transmitters and inverted by a 3D inversion algorithm. Comparison of the estimated model and geology map of bedrock shows that lower resistivity zones are correlated with mineralizations. The second paper deals with the internal consistency of airborne gravity gradient data. The six components of the data are estimated from a common potential function. It is shown that the data is adequately consistent but at shorter land clearances the difference between the estimated data and the original data is larger. The technique is also used for computing the Bouguer anomaly from terrain corrected FTG data. Finally the data is inverted in 3D, which shows that the estimated density model in shallow depth is dominated by short wave length features. Inversion of TMI data is the topic of the third paper where a new type of reference model for 3D inversion of magnetic data is proposed by vertically extending the estimated magnetization of a 2D terrain magnetization model. The final estimated 3D result is compared with the magnetization model where no reference model is used. The comparison shows that using the reference model helps the high magnetization zones in the estimated model at shallow depths to be better correlated with measured high remanent magnetization from rock samples. The high magnetization zones are also correlated with gabbros and volcanic metasediments.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 145-154).
In recent years, there are increasing demands for the high performance data storage systems. Periodic arrays of nanostructured magnetic pillars have been proposed as a patterned medium for high density data storage. In patterned media, each single domain magnetic pillar is used to store one bit of data. This media can theoretically provide an extremely high recording density. A writing method, based on the point magnetic recording scheme, is suggested and tested experimentally in this thesis. By using this method, a recording density of as high as 16 Gbits/in2 can be achieved with this perpendicular patterned media. The point magnetic recording (PMR) is based on the magnetic force microscopy (MFM). In this scheme, the MFM tip comes in contact with the sample and the magnetic field is applied by an external coil. The resulting magnetic field, concentrated near the tip, is used in the writing process. The exact writing field used in PMR process was experimentally measured and verified by simulation using a commercial magnetostatic simulation tool. By using this method, the important properties of the patterned media were studied. First, the switching field, defined as the external field at which a pillar reverses its magnetization, was measured. The curling mode model agreed well with the experimental data obtained from the Ni pillars of 90 nm in diameter and 180 nm in height. The samples used in the measurement were fabricated using lithography and electroplating with magnetic materials such as Ni and Co. The average switching field was 420 Oe but a high non-uniformity, ranging from 200 Oe to 700 Oe was observed. Secondly, the interaction field between the pillars was studied. For the first time, we measured the interaction field directly from pillars with spacing as small as 200 nm using the PMR method. Corresponding results were generated using a model based on the dipole approximation and compared with the experimental data. A good agreement was obtained. This thesis, also, discusses some of the system level issues including the design related to the high data rate and the tracking of the individual bits for precise positioning of the head during the writing process.
by Jungmok Bae.
Ph.D.

Carnegie Ridge is a prominent bathymetric feature of the Gal??pagos Volcanic Province originated from the interaction of the Gal??pagos Hot Spot and the Cocos - Nazca Spreading Center. Our present knowledge regarding its crustal structure is limited to ridge transects along which wide-angle refraction seismic experiments have been conducted. In this study, the long-wavelength crustal structure of Carnegie Ridge between ~81?? W and 89?? W was determined by employing 2-D forward gravity modeling as the primary analytical technique. Model structures were built by assuming Airy isostasy and crustal layers of constant density. The geometry and density structure of the thickened oceanic crust beneath the ridge was constrained based on available seismic velocity models. Except for regions near the Ecuador Trench, the gravity modeling solution along the different transects examined in this study accounted adequately for the observed gravity anomaly field over the ridge. Crustal overthickening mainly accommodated in oceanic layer 3 and the asymmetry of the crustal root geometry characterize the estimated long-wavelength crustal structure. The asymmetry on eastern Carnegie Ridge is thought to be related to a ridge-related rifting whereas the origin and nature of that estimated on western Carnegie Ridge remain uncertain. Crustal volume fluxes were calculated at Carnegie Ridge and the Gal??pagos Archipelago, and at Cocos Ridge in order to explain the along-axis variations of the estimated crustal thickness. Along-axis crustal thickness variations on eastern Carnegie Ridge, and the formation of its bathymetric saddle were found to be related to the decline in the total volume output of the Gal??pagos Hot Spot. According to my results, this decay started soon after the spreading center shifted to the south of the hotspot (i.e., ~15 Ma) and continued for ~4.5 m.y. Since ~10 Ma the volume output of the GHS started to increase again, giving rise to the formation of western Carnegie Ridge and the Gal??pagos Archipelago. This increase continued until ~2 Ma, when the hotspot intensity started a new decrease that continues until the present time.

As an alternative to spherical harmonics, mass concentration (mascon) parameters have been successfully applied to the recovery of time-varying gravity (TVG) fields from the GRACE satellite mission. However, before meaningful mass anomalies can be estimated, the noise and errors inherent in the solutions needs to be quantified and appropriate procedures adopted for mitigation. The uniqueness of the mascon methodology is the capability to mitigate noise and errors using spatial and temporal constraints, which can be adapted and tailored to any geophysical signal of interest. Therefore, in the first instance, this work was motivated by the need to improve the accuracy of GRACE TVG fields by understanding the effect of noise and errors. This study then aims to validate mascons for recovery of basin scale inter-annual mass variability at a 10 day temporal resolution. Newcastle University’s orbit determination software, Faust, was modified to allow for estimation of mascon parameters including: modelling of accelerometer bias values; mascon parameterisation; and processing based on short-arc gravity field recovery and KBRR data. Accuracy assessments were undertaken using simulations in the presence of realistic noise facilitating the comparison of mascons and spherical harmonic coefficients, including an assessment of potential limitations associated with each technique. Comparisons with time-series derived from CSR RL05 Level-2 data validated the mascon TVG field recovery, before estimation of the mass change of Antarctica, Greenland and Alaska. Several hydrological basins, including the Amazon and Indus were also assessed before the GRACE trends resulting from the Sumatra earthquake of 2004 were investigated. While only provided for validation, these comparisons provide confidence in the mascon mass estimates. Between January 2003 and December 2013 a mass change of -83 ± 12 Gt/year and -242 ± 7 Gt/year were estimated for Antarctica and Greenland respectively by linear regression using mascons with a 10 day temporal resolution. Overall, the work undertaken in this thesis provides evidence of the improved accuracy achievable when using mascon parameters to estimating TVG fields from Level-1B GRACE data. ii As part of this work a processing methodology to estimate mascon parameters from Level-1B GRACE data using Newcastle University’s orbit determination software Faust has been established and documented. This leaves the University well placed to continue processing mascon solutions from Level-1B GRACE data and to estimate mascon solutions from the GRACE-FO mission. Through simulations, mascon parameters were found to offer advantages over spherical harmonics for the mitigation of noise and for improving the temporal and spatial recovery of the TVG field from GRACE. The mascon constraint matrix allowed more signal to be preserved up to degree ~35. Using basin constraints, simulation revealed that the constraint matric can be tuned to recovery the gravity changes resulting from any geophysical phenomena of interest. Basin constraints were found to optimise the signal recovery of GLDAS and a known mass change signal over Antarctica and Greenland. A novel way to create realistic noise and errors in the KBRR measurement was also documented. Generating monthly and 10 day mascon solutions using real data revealed that the noise and errors in mascon solutions is comparably lower than in CRS RL05 solution while also validating the mascon methodology established here. Comparison to published mass trends to those estimated using mascon parameters showed that the estimation of mascon parameters has application in the study of mass change in the cryosphere, hydrological applications and for the study of the co-seismic mass changes resulting from earthquakes.