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1
Sirimanna, Samith, Thanatheepan Balachandran, and Kiruba Haran. "A Review on Magnet Loss Analysis, Validation, Design Considerations, and Reduction Strategies in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 6116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176116.
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Eddy current losses in magnets are a major consideration in the rotor design of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). Stator design choices and the use of modern inverters with high switching frequency introduce harmonics that can contribute to significant losses in the magnets, causing the rotor to heat up. In typical PMSMs, the lack of rotor cooling can cause the magnet’s performance to degrade at high temperatures and eventually demagnetize. This review examines a large number of studies analyzing magnet eddy current losses using analytical methods and finite-element analysis. In some of these studies, magnet segmentation is carried out to reduce the losses; however, their loss-reduction effects depend highly on the type of PMSM and the mix of stator harmonics. Magnet segmentation without considering these effects can, in fact, increase the magnet losses, in addition to the extra manufacturing efforts. Multiple design analysis show the influence of rotor–stator geometric features on magnet losses. Although measuring magnet eddy current losses for these motor designs is a tedious task, authors have proposed calorimetric and loss segregation-based techniques to provide validation. This paper addresses magnet loss modeling techniques, PM material considerations, magnet segmentation effectiveness, motor and stator design effects, and experimental validation to inform motor designers about the costs and benefits of rotor designs that minimize rotor losses.
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Et.al, Byeong-Chul Lee. "Analysis Of Eddy Current Loss Of IPMSM According To The Material Of Permanent Magnet." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 10, 2021): 508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.1959.
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In order to reach the performance of the permanent magnet embedded rotor, the choice of magnet is very important. It must be thermally stabilized, and at this point, discussion of eddy current losses is necessary.To proceed with this study, a permanent magnet embedded synchronous motor used in the compressor currently being designed was selected. To derive the eddy current losses in the neodymium-magnets, current density was calculated through the equation. The eddy current loss was mathematically derived using the magnetic conductivity and residual magnetic flux density. Finally, comparative verification was performed through finite element analysis simulation. In this paper, eddy current losses in a N series magnet are mathematically analyzed and we perform comparative verification through simulation using finite element analysis. The Br value indicating the residual magnetic flux density is the lowest in N30 series and the largestin the N48 series. In the case of using the N30 series, the amount of magnetic flux that can be generated is low, so in order to increase the same output, the electric field must be increased by drawing more current from the stator winding. That is, the torque can be further increased. However, since the magnetic flux density experienced by the permanent magnet also increases, eddy current loss that may occur in the magnet eventually increases. There are also a method of using a split magnet to reduce eddy current losses. Inthe case of a permanent magnet holding a large residual magnetic flux density, the magnets loss is reduced, but there is a disadvantage that the price may be expensive. The losses in the permanent magnet are dissipated as heat. If the eddy current loss increases, the magnet demagnetizes, which in turn leads to a decrease in performance. In the selection of magnets, analysis of losses is essential.
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Zoubida, Belli, and Mohamed Rachid Mekideche. "Investigation of magnet segmentation techniques for eddy current losses reduction in permanent magnets electrical machines." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, no. 1 (January 5, 2015): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-11-2013-0374.
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Purpose – Reducing eddy current losses in magnets of electrical machines can be obtained by means of several techniques. The magnet segmentation is the most popular one. It imposes the least restrictions on machine performances. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the magnet circumferential segmentation technique to reduce these undesirable losses. The full and partial magnet segmentation are both studied for a frequency range from few Hz to a dozen of kHz. To increase the efficiency of these techniques to reduce losses for any working frequency, an optimization strategy based on coupling of finite elements analysis and genetic algorithm is applied. The purpose of this paper is to define the parameters of the total and partial segmentation that can ensure the best reduction of eddy current losses. Design/methodology/approach – First, a model to analyze eddy current losses is presented. Second, the effectiveness of full and partial magnet circumferential segmentation to reduce eddy loss is studied for a range of frequencies from few Hz to a dozen of kHz. To achieve these purposes a 2-D finite element model is developed under MATLAB environment. In a third step of the work, an optimization process is applied to adjust the segmentation design parameters for best reduction of eddy current losses in case of surface mounted permanent magnets synchronous machine. Findings – In case of the skin effect operating, both full and partial magnet segmentations can lead to eddy current losses increases. Such deviations of magnet segmentation techniques can be avoided by an appropriate choice of their design parameters. Originality/value – Few works are dedicated to investigate partial magnet segmentation for eddy current losses reduction. This paper studied the effectiveness and behaviour of partial segmentation for different frequency ranges. To avoid eventual anomalies related to the skin effect an optimization process based on the association of the finite elements analysis to genetic algorithm method is adopted.
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DING, XIAOFENG, and CHRIS MI. "MODELING OF EDDY CURRENT LOSS AND TEMPERATURE OF THE MAGNETS IN PERMANENT MAGNET MACHINES." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 20, no. 07 (November 2011): 1287–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021812661100789x.
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The eddy current loss in the magnets of permanent magnet (PM) motors in a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and plug-in HEV is usually not taken into consideration in traditional motor design and analysis. However, due to the high conductivity of the rare-earth magnet, neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB), and slot/tooth harmonics, there is eddy current loss generated inside the magnets. This loss may not attribute very much to the efficiency of the motor, but the temperature-rise inside the magnets caused by this loss can lead to the unpredictable deterioration of the magnets, such as the degradation of performance and potential demagnetization. In addition, the output voltage of pulse-width-modulated (PWM) inverter contains abundant high frequency harmonics, which induce excessive loss in the magnets. The excessive heat in PM motor induced by the eddy current loss combined with other losses can degrade the performance of the machine. This paper presents the modeling and analysis of eddy current loss in surface-mounted-magnets PM synchronous motors (SPMSM) and interior-magnets PM synchronous motors (IPMSM), operated by PWM inverter supply. Analytical methods are implemented, in conjunction with time-stepped finite-element analysis (FEA) for the calculation of eddy current loss in the magnet. Based on the calculated losses in the machines, simplified analytical models are developed as thermal circuits with network of interconnected nodes, thermal resistances and heat sources representing the heat processes within the SPMSM and IPMSM, to predict the temperature of the magnets. The predicted machine temperatures are found to be consistent with the experimental measurement.
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Meyer, Alexander, Christoph Ringelhan, Carina Fischer, and Jörg Franke. "Energy Efficient Strategies for Processing Rare Earth Permanent Magnets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 856 (November 2016): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.856.195.
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Due to high magnetic fields causing strong interactions between permanent magnets and other ferromagnetic material, transport and handling of magnetized magnet bodies is challenging. To avoid undesired effects, such as influences on sensitive devices or difficult separation of the single magnets from stack, spacing and shielding of the magnet bodies is required leading to larger package sizes and thus in some cases higher energy demand during transport referred to the transported magnet mass. An optimization of the transport chain can be reached using the software tool presented in this paper. Further magnetizing high coercive rare earth magnets needs strong magnetic fields. To create the necessary field strength, copper coils are used requiring current strengths of several kA. Since the electrical resistance of copper differs from zero, this also means enormous thermal losses. Hence to reduce the losses and to avoid thermal damage of the coil, only short current pulses are applied generated by a pulse magnetizer. However, the efficiency of the process is very poor and lies in the lower per mil range. The presented paper explains the magnetization process in detail with focus on the losses within the magnetization device. Further different material parameters influencing the saturation field strength, such as conductivity, size and diameter to length ratio are presented and possibilities to improve the energy efficiency are shown.
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Gong, Jinlin, Bassel Aslan, Frédéric Gillon, and Eric Semail. "High-speed functionality optimization of five-phase PM machine using third harmonic current." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 3 (April 29, 2014): 879–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-10-2012-0220.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to apply some surrogate-assisted optimization techniques in order to improve the performances of a five-phase permanent magnet machine in the context of a complex model requiring computation time. Design/methodology/approach – An optimal control of four independent currents is proposed in order to minimize the total losses with the respect of functioning constraints. Moreover, some geometrical parameters are added to the optimization process allowing a co-design between control and dimensioning. Findings – The optimization results prove the remarkable effect of using the freedom degree offered by a five-phase structure on iron and magnets losses. The performances of the five-phase machine with concentrated windings are notably improved at high speed (16,000 rpm). Originality/value – The effectiveness of the method allows solving the challenge which consists in taking into account inside the control strategy the eddy-current losses in magnets and iron. In fact, magnet losses are a critical point to protect the machine from demagnetization in flux-weakening region.
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Młot, Adrian, Mariusz Korkosz, and Marian Łukaniszyn. "Iron loss and eddy-current loss analysis in a low-power BLDC motor with magnet segmentation." Archives of Electrical Engineering 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10171-012-0003-5.
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Iron loss and eddy-current loss analysis in a low-power BLDC motor with magnet segmentation This paper considers a Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) machine prototype with six poles and 36 stator slots including a three phase double-layered distributed winding. Presented modifications of rotor construction are identified in order to achieve the best possible compromise of eddy-current losses and cogging torque characteristics. The permanent magnet (PM) eddy-current loss is relatively low compared with the iron loss; it may cause significant heating of the PMs due to the relatively poor heat dissipation from the rotor and it results in partial irreversible demagnetization. A reduction in both losses is achieved by magnet segmentation mounted on the rotor. Various numbers of magnet segmentation is analysed. The presented work concerns the computation of the no-load iron loss in the stator, rotor yoke and eddy-current loss in the magnets. It is shown that the construction of the rotor with segmented magnets can significantly reduce the PM loss (eddy-current loss). The eddy-current loss in PMs is caused by several machine features; the winding structure and large stator slot openings cause flux density variations that induce eddy-currents in the PMs. The effect of these changes on the BLDC motor design is examined in order to improve the machine performance. 3-D finite-element analysis (FEA) is used to investigate the electromagnetic behaviour of the BLDC motor.
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Kudrjavtsev, O., A. Kallaste, A. Kilk, T. Vaimann, and S. Orlova. "Influence of Permanent Magnet Characteristic Variability on the Wind Generator Operation." Latvian Journal of Physics and Technical Sciences 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2017): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lpts-2017-0001.
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Abstract The paper discusses problems concerning the influence of permanent magnet material characteristics on the low-speed permanent magnet generator losses and output characteristics. The variability of the magnet material and its effect on the output parameters of the machine has been quantified. The characteristics of six different grades of neodymium permanent magnets have been measured and compared to the supplier specification data. The simulations of the generator have been carried out using transient finite element analysis. The results show that magnet materials from different suppliers have different characteristics, which have a significant influence on the generator output parameters, such as efficiency and power factor.
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Prakht, Vladimir, Vladimir Dmitrievskii, Vadim Kazakbaev, and Ekaterina Andriushchenko. "Comparison of Flux-Switching and Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators for Direct-Driven Wind Applications Based on Nelder–Mead Optimal Designing." Mathematics 9, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9070732.
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The permanent magnet flux-switching machine (PMFSM) is one of the most promising machines with magnets inserted into the stator. To determine in which applications the use of PMFSM is promising, it is essential to compare the PMFSM with machines of other types. This study provides a theoretical comparison of the PMFSM with a conventional interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) in the gearless generator of a low-power wind turbine (332 rpm, 51.4 Nm). To provide a fair comparison, both machines are optimized using the Nelder–Mead algorithm. The minimized optimization objectives are the required power of frequency converter, cost of active materials, torque ripple and losses of a generator averaged over the working profile of the wind turbine. In order to reduce the computational time, the substituting profile method is applied. Based on the results of the calculations, the advantages and disadvantages of the considered machines were revealed: the IPMSM has significantly lower losses and higher efficiency than the PMFSM, and the PMFSM requires much less rare-earth magnets and copper and is, therefore, cheaper in mass production.
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Jian, Cheng, Lei Ma, Weifeng Yang, Qing Huang, Jing Xu, Huan Zhai, and Guangsheng Cao. "Influence of high temperature degaussing on lifting capacity of linear motor reciprocating pump." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2109, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2109/1/012009.
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Abstract The submersible linear motor reciprocating pump is a new type of artificial lift. The degaussing effect of its permanent magnet at high temperature will reduce the lifting capacity of the linear motor reciprocating pump. In this paper, the thermal stability of NdFeB permanent magnet material was studied by simulating the underground temperature and pressure conditions in a high-temperature and high-pressure reactor and combining with a Tesla instrument. The results show that NdFeB material loses its magnetism rapidly at high temperature, and the residual magnetism is proportional to the ambient temperature of the magnet. The high temperature demagnetization effect of large magnets is more serious due to eddy current loss and hysteresis loss.
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Ali, Mansouri, Msaddek Hejra, and Trabelsi Hafedh. "On the Performances Investigation of Different Surface Mounted Permanent Magnet Machines." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 6, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v6.i3.pp509-515.
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<table border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="593"><tbody><tr><td width="387" valign="top"><p>In recent years, permanent magnet machines have become a common choice in many industrial applications. Therefore, several structures have been developed, and the choice of a topology designed for a specified application requires the knowledge of the advantages and disadvantages of different topologies. The present work deals with the evaluation of the performances of different radial flux surface-mounted permanent magnet motors designed for an electric vehicle motor application. The objective of this survey is to show the effect of the rotor position (inner or outer) and the magnets segmentation on the machine output torque and iron losses. In this context, four machines with: (i) inner rotor, (ii) inner rotor segmented magnets, (iii) outer rotor and (iv) outer rotor segmented magnets have been designed and studied. All these machines have the same geometrical dimensions and current loading. The main idea is to develop a machine with smoothness torque, lower torque ondulation, lower iron losses, and which is mechanically robust. Firstly, the output torque of the different structure is computed. Secondly, by means of an improved analytical model coupled with 2 dimensional transient finite element analysis (FEA), the machines iron losses are predicted.</p></td></tr></tbody></table>
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Haavisto, Minna, Sampo Tuominen, Timo Santa-Nokki, Harri Kankaanpää, Martti Paju, and Pekka Ruuskanen. "Magnetic Behavior of Sintered NdFeB Magnets on a Long-Term Timescale." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/760584.
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Stable polarization of permanent magnets over the lifetime of the application is an important aspect in electrical machine design. Specification of the long-term stability of magnet material is difficult, since knowledge of the phenomenon is incomplete. To be able to optimize magnet material selection, the long-term magnetic behavior of the material must also be understood. This study shows that material with a very squareJHcurve is stable until a certain critical operating temperature is reached. Major losses are detected as the critical temperature is exceeded. Material with a rounderJHcurve does not show a well-defined critical temperature, but increasing losses over a large temperature range. The critical temperature of a material is also dependent on the field conditions. Results differ whether the tests are performed in an open or closed magnetic circuit. In open-circuit tests, the opposing field is not homogeneously distributed throughout the volume of the magnet and thus the long-term behavior is different than that in closed-circuit conditions. Open-circuit tests seem to give bigger losses than closed-circuit tests in cases where the permeance coefficient of the open-circuit sample is considered to be the average permeance coefficient, calculated according to the dimensions of the magnet.
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MATRONE, A. "STATUS AND PERSPECTIVES FOR MAGNET SYSTEMS BASED ON HTS CONDUCTORS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 17, no. 04n06 (March 10, 2003): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979203016030.
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High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) materials will be applied to magnet systems if they will satisfy engineering specifications about performances and if their costs will be "acceptable" (i.e. justified by the benefits of their usage). Although there are now more than 50 known HTS materials, only Bi-2212 and Bi-2223 are available as long-length conductors usable for prototypes of cryocooler cooled magnets, high field insert coils, transformers, etc. Conductor performances of importance in magnet systems design will be addressed like: engineering critical current, anisotropy, strain tolerance, AC losses, resistive transition and n-value. Achieved costs and performances of HTS magnet systems will be reviewed and possible future improvements will be discussed by considering also YBCO coated conductors and MgB2 wires under development.
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Mohamed, Abdalla, Ahmed Hemeida, Alireza Rasekh, Hendrik Vansompel, Antero Arkkio, and Peter Sergeant. "A 3D Dynamic Lumped Parameter Thermal Network of Air-Cooled YASA Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine." Energies 11, no. 4 (March 28, 2018): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11040774.
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To find the temperature rise for high power density yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) axial flux permanent magnet synchronous (AFPMSM) machines quickly and accurately, a 3D lumped parameter thermal model is developed and validated experimentally and by finite element (FE) simulations on a 4 kW YASA machine. Additionally, to get insight in the thermal transient response of the machine, the model accounts for the thermal capacitance of different machine components. The model considers the stator, bearing, and windage losses, as well as eddy current losses in the magnets on the rotors. The new contribution of this work is that the thermal model takes cooling via air channels between the magnets on the rotor discs into account. The model is parametrized with respect to the permanent magnet (PM) angle ratio, the PM thickness ratio, the air gap length, and the rotor speed. The effect of the channels is incorporated via convection equations based on many computational fluid dynamics (CFD) computations. The model accuracy is validated at different values of parameters by FE simulations in both transient and steady state. The model takes less than 1 s to solve for the temperature distribution.
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Резчикова, И. И., Н. С. Моисеева, Д. В. Королев, Р. Б. Моргунов, and В. П. Пискорский. "Динамика самопроизвольных потерь намагниченности магнитов (Pr,Dy)-(Fe,Co)-B." Журнал технической физики 90, no. 3 (2020): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2020.03.48922.145-19.
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The comparison of spontaneous magnetization losses in sintered magnets (Pr0.51Dy0.49)13(Fe0.64Co0.36)80B7 and (Pr0.51Dy0.49)13(Fe0.64Co0.36)79Cu1B % at. has shown that copper doping leads to a reduction in these losses. This is due both to phase homogenization, which reduces the scattering fields at the phase boundaries, and to the growth of the average anisotropy field and the coercive force, which stabilizes the time characteristics of the magnet. It is found that at room temperature the demagnetization dynamics is described by an exponential function.
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Zhao, Nan Nan, Qian Yang, Ming Hui Zhang, and Wei Guo Liu. "Performance Comparison between Surface-Mounted and Interior Brushless DC Motor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 416-417 (September 2013): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.416-417.133.
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In this paper, the cogging torque, airgap flux density, back-emf, and losses of a surface-mounted and a hybrid magnetization interior brushless machines with the same stator, airgap width, armature core length, material, permanent magnet consumption, speed and copper loss are compared. The analysis reveals that the loss in rotor back iron of interior motor is higher than that in surface-mounted motor due to the skin effect while the eddy current losses in sleeve and magnets of surface-mounted motor are significant, causing the total losses of surface-mounted motor are higher than that of interior motor.
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Idris Abdalla, Izzeldin, Taib Ibrahim, and Nursyarizal bin Mohd Nor. "Design Validation of a Moving-Magnet Tubular Linear Permanent Magnet Motor with a Trapezoidal Permanent Magnet Shape." Applied Mechanics and Materials 793 (September 2015): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.793.274.
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This paper presents the design validation and optimization of a moving-magnet tubular linear permanent magnet motor (TLPMM) with a trapezoidal permanent magnets shape. The design optimization was implemented by two-dimensional Finite-Element Analysis (2-D FEA) and the validation has been established by using Matlab M-file. The proposed motor has been designed to produce 85 W output power which is enough to operate the linear reciprocating compressor of a household refrigerator system. The purpose of optimization is to achieve maximum efficiency and minimum losses, where the angle of PMs (β) and split-ratio (Rm/Re) after optimization the motor produce the highest efficiency of 93.8 %.
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An, Yue Jun, Hong Liang Wen, Wen Qiang Zhao, Guo Ming Liu, and Zhao Jun Meng. "Starting Performance of Novel Magnet Arrayed Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 835–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.835.
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In order to improve the sinusoidal level of air gap magnetic field of the traditional surface PMSM, reduce its harmonic losses and fully reflect its energy-saving advantages, this paper introduces a type of sinusoidal pole width modulation permanent magnet synchronous motor. The surface magnetic poles of the rotor iron core constitute by a number of small array magnets, which makes the air gap magnetic field more sinusoidal. Placing starting winding in remaining space between array magnets of rotor outer surface to make surface-mounted permanent magnet synchronous motor add self-starting function. The sine wave distortion rate of air gap magnetic field of sinusoidal pole width modulation structure was compared with traditional surface-mounted structure by electromagnetic field calculation and experiment. The copper starting winding and aluminum starting winding were placed in sinusoidal pole width modulation structure motor respectively, and then the paper analyzes dynamic torque and rotational speed of self-starting progress. Finally the analysis is verified by experiments.
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Kazakbaev, Vadim, Vladimir Prakht, Vladimir Dmitrievskii, Safarbek Oshurbekov, and Dmitry Golovanov. "Life Cycle Energy Cost Assessment for Pump Units with Various Types of Line-Start Operating Motors Including Cable Losses." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 3546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143546.
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The paper presents a comparative analysis of life-cycle energy consumption for three different types of 4 kW line-start motors used in a pump unit with throttling: the most widely used induction motor with IE3 efficiency class, line start permanent magnet synchronous motor with IE4 efficiency class and line start synchronous reluctance motor with IE4 efficiency class. The operating cycle for pump units with constant flow is considered for the above-mentioned types of motors taking into account not only the losses in the pump and motor, but also in the power supply cable. It is shown that the line start synchronous reluctance motor without magnets has the highest efficiency over the entire considered loading range. However, its power factor is lower than that of the synchronous motor with magnets and therefore it has more significant losses in power supply cable. Despite this disadvantage, the line-start reluctance motor is a good alternative to widespread induction motor since it allows saving of approximately 4000 euro more than the latter during the 20 years life cycle. It also provides similar savings in comparison to the permanent magnet synchronous motor, but unlike it, it does not have costly rare-earth materials in the rotor.
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Cinti, Luca, and Nicola Bianchi. "Hybrid-Excited PM Motor for Electric Vehicle." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040916.
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This paper deals with the potentials of a Hybrid-Excitation Permanent-Magnet (HEPM) machine. The HEPM machine is characterized by a rotor including both permanent magnets (PMs) and excitation coils. The PMs produce a constant flux at the air gap of the machine, while an excitation current is supplied so as to regulate such a flux. A flux increase could be necessary during transient overload operations, while a flux decrease is useful during Flux-Weakening (FW) actions to operate at speeds higher than the nominal speed. Torque, power, efficiency, flux density and losses of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor and an HEPM motor are analyzed in detail. It is shown that this excitation winding produces a great advantage in terms of torque and power performance during the operations at speeds higher than the nominal speed. Despite the additional rotor losses, it is shown that there is a higher efficiency.
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Kenny, Andrew, and Alan B. Palazzolo. "Single Plane Radial, Magnetic Bearings Biased With Poles Containing Permanent Magnets." Journal of Mechanical Design 125, no. 1 (March 1, 2003): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1541630.
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Magnetic bearings biased with permanent magnets have lower coil resistance power losses, and the magnets can also be used to help support a constant side load. In this paper, the performance of a single plane radial magnetic bearing biased with permanent magnets in several poles is presented. Although it has less load capacity and stiffness than a similarly sized electrically biased single plane heteropolar bearing, it does not require bias current, and its ratio of load capacity to coil resistance power loss is significantly better. This type of permanent magnet bearing has only a single plane of poles. It can be distinguished from the homopolar bearing type which has two planes and which can also be biased with permanent magnets. Magnetic circuit models for the novel single plane bearing are presented along with verification by finite element models. Equations for the key performance parameters of load capacity, stiffness, coil inductance and resistive power loss are also presented.
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Wu, Zhihao, Jianxun Jin, Boyang Shen, Luning Hao, Youguang Guo, and Jianguo Zhu. "Fundamental Design and Modelling of the Superconducting Magnet for the High-Speed Maglev: Mechanics, Electromagnetics, and Loss Analysis during Instability." Machines 10, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10020113.
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The high-temperature superconductor (HTS) has been recognised as one of the most up-and-coming materials thanks to its superior electromagnetic performance (e.g., zero resistance). For a high-speed maglev, the HTS magnet can be the most crucial component because it is in charge of both the levitation and the propulsion of the maglev. Therefore, a fundamental study of HTS magnets for maglev is crucial. This article presents the fundamental design and modelling of the superconducting magnet for a high-speed maglev, including mechanics, electromagnetics, and loss analysis during instability. First, the measurements of the superconducting wire were performed. The HTS magnet was primarily designed and modelled to fulfil the basic electromagnetic requirements (e.g., magnetic field) in order to drive the maglev at a high speed. The modelling was verified by experimental tests on a scale-down HTS magnet. A more professional model using the H-formulation based on the finite element method (FEM) was built to further investigate some deeper physical phenomenon of the HTS magnet (e.g., current density and loss behaviours), particularly in situations where the high-speed maglev is in the normal steady state or encountering instability.
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Bode, Cornelius, Wolf-Rüdiger Canders, and Markus Henke. "A new analytical approach to determine slotting based eddy current losses in permanent magnets of PMSM taking into account axial and circumferential segmentation." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 34, no. 2 (March 2, 2015): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-08-2014-0221.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to calculate slotting-based eddy currents in permanent magnet excited synchronous machine (PMSM) taking into account axial and circumferential segmentation of magnets. Design/methodology/approach – An analytical approach to calculate eddy current losses in PM caused by slotting harmonics of PMSM is presented. The eddy current reaction field is taken into account as well as axial and circumferential segmentation of the magnets. Findings – The analytical model provides results comparable to 3D-FEM calculations even at high frequencies at reduced computation costs. To generalize the results the magnetic Reynold’s number is introduced. Originality/value – Taking into account the axial and circumferential segmentation in the PDE; the approach is much more accurate compared to known approaches; accuracy is comparable to 3D-FEA.
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Sergeant, P., and A. Van den Bossche. "Segmentation of Magnets to Reduce Losses in Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 44, no. 11 (November 2008): 4409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2008.2001347.
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Fauzan Rhabbani, Muhammad, Ermanu Azizul Hakim, and Nur Kasan. "Desain External Rotor IPM-V Motor Brushless DC Terhadap Torsi Cogging." Jurnal FORTECH 2, no. 1 (February 22, 2021): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32492/fortech.v2i1.235.
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Internal Permanent Magnet brushless DC motor is one of the various types of electric motors using permanent magnets that are inserted into the rotor's core without having to stick it like a permanent magnet motor mounted on the surface.This motor has better torque characteristics, high efficiency, and sturdy construction. But the consequences in the use of permanent magnets can’t be separated from the interaction between the permanent magnetic field mounted by the rotor with stator teeth. So that development is needed to obtain the results of better cogging torque and efficiency, such as variations in the external rotor IPM-V angular range of 80 °, 90 ° and 100 ° in 18 slots and 16 pole models which are simulated using the Infolytica Magnet application based on Finite Element Method (FEM), the data is processed using Microsoft Excel, so that the output will be a parameter in the Simulink MATLAB 2016a modeling to get the characteristics of the design motor. Variation testing on the motor is done at a speed of 2100 rpm. The results of the test show that the minimum cogging torque value in the angle model of the 90 ° magnetic range is 1.64 Nm with the highest efficiency of 80.6%. Smaller cogging torque values will reduce vibration or noise when the motor is spinning. The high value of efficiency indicates the losses that cause heating on the motor are smaller, so that the motor operating period becomes longer.
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Jurkovic, Sinisa, and Elias G. Strangas. "Comparison of PMAC Machines for Starter-Generator Application in a Series Hybrid-Electric Bus." International Journal of Vehicular Technology 2011 (April 6, 2011): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/275785.
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This paper presents a comparative study of outer rotor PMAC machine candidates for starter-generator application in hybrid bus with series power train configuration. PMAC machines with interior and surface mount permanent magnets are considered and compared, although a complete analysis is only carried out for the SPM. Different design aspects such as concentrated versus distributed windings as well as interior and exterior rotor structures are evaluated. Different slot numbers per pole per phase configurations for concentrated winding PMAC machines are also examined. Comparison and evaluation of the machines is based on their performance which included evaluation of winding and iron losses, magnet losses, and maximum torque capability as well as the size and weight of the machines.
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Guendouz, Walid, Abdelmounaim Tounzi, and Toufik Rekioua. "Design of Quasi-Halbach Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machine for Direct-Drive Urban Vehicle Application." Machines 11, no. 2 (January 19, 2023): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11020136.
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Removing the gearbox from the single-motor configuration of an electric vehicle (EV) would improve motor-to-wheel efficiency by preventing mechanical losses, thus extending the autonomy of the EV. To this end, a permanent-magnet Vernier machine (PMVM) is designed to ensure such operation. This machine avoids the high volume and large pole-pair number of the armature winding since its operating principle resembles that of a synchronous machine with an integrated magnetic gear. Therefore, such a structure achieves low-speed and high-torque operation at standard supply frequencies. From the specification of an urban vehicle, the required specification for direct-drive operation is first determined. On this basis, an initial prototype of a Vernier Machine with permanent magnets in the rotor that can replace the traction part (motor + gearbox) is designed and sized. This first prototype uses radial contiguous surface-mounted magnets and its performance is then analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA), showing a relatively high torque ripple ratio. The rotor magnets are then arranged in a quasi-Halbach configuration and simulations are performed with different stator slot openings and different ratios of the tangential part of the magnet in order to quantify the effect of each of these two quantities in terms of average torque, torque ripples and harmonics of the back-electromotive force at no load. Since the design and optimization of this motor is finite element-assisted, a coupling process between FEA Flux software and Altair HyperStudy is implemented for optimization. This method has the advantages of high accuracy of the magnetic flux densities and electromagnetic torque estimates, and especially the torque ripples. The optimization process leads to a prototype with an average torque value that meets the specification, along with a torque ripple ratio below 5% and a high power factor, while keeping the same amount of magnet and copper.
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Maslen, E. H., P. E. Allaire, M. D. Noh, and C. K. Sortore. "Magnetic Bearing Design for Reduced Power Consumption." Journal of Tribology 118, no. 4 (October 1, 1996): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2831617.
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Magnetic bearings have relatively low power consumption compared to fluid film and rolling element bearings. They are now candidates for supporting gas turbines and aeropropulsion engines. This paper describes the design and construction of permanent magnet biased, actively controlled magnetic bearings for a flexible rotor. The rotor was originally supported in fluid film bearings consuming as much as 3000 watts of power. For the magnetic bearing, both permanent magnets and electromagnets are used in a configuration which effectively provides the necessary fluxes in the appropriate air gaps to support the rotor. The theoretical development related to the bearing design is presented along with some experimental performance results. The results include measurements of power consumption, load capacity, bearing linearized coefficients, and the dynamic response of the rotor. The measured total power consumption, excluding shaft losses, was 210 watts in the permanent magnet biased bearing.
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Machmud, Edy, and Sitti Arpa. "Mandibular implant-retained overdenture with magnets in total edentulous patients (case report)." Journal of Case Reports in Dental Medicine 1, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jcrdm.v1i1.91.
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Objective: According to the manufacture, fewer than 1 in 10 capsule associated with overdentures on natural teeth separated from the denture base during an 8-year clinical trial; more interestingly, none experience loss of magnetic attraction.Methods: A 50 year old female patient came to Dental Hospital Makassar Hasanuddin University wanted to fix a loose denture, which has been used for 9 years. Chief complaint was a mobile mandibular denture. Treatment for the restoration of oral function, including mastication, using mandibular implant-retained overdenture with magnets in total edentulous. Implant supported retained with magnetic attachment constitute an accurate and predictable treatment option and achieve a higher patients satisfaction.Results: The surface of both magnet and attachment keeper were coated with titanium nitride (TiN). Self-curing resin was used for luting between magnets and denture base resin.Conclusion: Magnetic attachments can be used to retain mandibular implant overdenture.Key words: Implant supported overdenture with magnets, resorbed alveolar ridge, total edentulous
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Mansouri, A., and T. Hafedh. "Torque Ripple Minimization and Performance Investigation of an In-Wheel Permanent Magnet Motor." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 6, no. 3 (June 12, 2016): 987–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.644.
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Recently, electric vehicle motoring has become a topic of interest, due to the several problems caused by thermal engines such as pollution and high oil prices. Thus, electric motors are increasingly applied in vehicle’ applications and relevant research about these motors and their applications has been performed. Of particular interest are the improvements regarding torque production capability, the minimization of torque ripple and iron losses. The present work deals with the optimum design and the performance investigation of an outer rotor permanent magnet motor for in-wheel electric vehicle application. At first, and in order to find the optimum motor design, a new based particle-swarm multi-objective optimization procedure is applied. Three objective functions are used: efficiency maximization, weight and ripple torque minimization. Secondly, the effects of the permanent magnets segmentation, the stator slots opening, and the separation of adjacent magnets by air are outlined. The aim of the paper is the design of a topology with smooth output torque, low ripple torque, low iron losses and mechanical robustness.
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Waindok, Andrzej. "Determination of Temperature in the Construction of Permanent Magnet Tubular Linear Actuator." Solid State Phenomena 214 (February 2014): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.214.113.
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The calculation results for the thermal field of the permanent magnet tubular linear actuator (PMTLA) have been presented in the paper. For the analysis of heating, four different mathematical field models have been created and compared. Each of them uses the finite element method (FEM). In the most simplify model only the standard convective heat transfer coefficient has been implemented. In the most sophisticated model, thermal radiation, convective heat transfer and dependence of the coil resistance vs. temperature have been included. In all models the Joule losses have been assumed as the heat source. The numerical models have been verified experimentally with using the infrared camera and by measuring the coil resistance. Using the most precise model, the nominal current value has been determined for PMTLAs with two different permanent magnet types: NdFeB and SmCo. The conclusions are valuable in the designing process of many actuators with permanent magnets.
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AFANAS’YEV, A. Aleksandr. "Eddy Current Losses in the Permanent Magnets of Switched Permanent-Magnet Motors." Elektrichestvo, no. 5 (2017): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/0013-5380-2017-5-35-39.
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Cunha, Joao T., Pedro J. Sebastiao, António Roque, Vitor Vaz da Silva, and Duarte M. Sousa. "Design Overview of a Toroidal Fast-Field Cycling electromagnet." Renewable Energy and Power Quality Journal 19 (September 2021): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24084/repqj19.296.
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In this paper, the design and development of a novel Fast-Field Cycling (FFC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometer’s electromagnet is described. This magnet is tailored to increase the relaxometers’s usability, by increasing its portability capacities. It presents a compact toroidal shaped iron core, allowing to operate in a field range of 0 to 0.21 T, with high field homogeneity (less than 800 ppm in a volume of ≈ 0.57 cm3 ), low power consumption and reduced losses (about 40W). The simulation software COMSOL Multiphysics® is used to characterize the induced magnetic field, the heating and the cooling effects. The proposed optimized layout constitutes an innovative solution for FFC magnets.
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Bianchini, Claudio, Ambra Torreggiani, Matteo Davoli, and Alberto Bellini. "Design of Low-Cost Synchronous Machine to Prevent Demagnetization." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 3566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143566.
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The request for high efficiency motor paves the way for the replacement of induction motors with permanent magnet synchronous motors. Although the efficiency is increased, for medium and high power, the current ripple causes significant additional losses in the magnet and lamination; and, high temperature can lead to demagnetization. In this paper, a new rotor topology is proposed and compared to a traditional surface permanent magnet rotor to reduce the magnet losses and protect them from demagnetization. A reference surface permanent magnet machine is compared with the proposed one in terms of performance and magnet losses. Both analytical and experimental analysis are carried out and discussed.
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Gaur, Sagar, Yingjie Tang, Matthew A. Franchek, Karolos Grigoriadis, and Jay Pickett. "Hybrid Analytical Modeling of Force Dense Segmented Magnetic Linear Actuator with Non-Dimensional Parametric Modeling of the Magnetic Flux Effects." Machines 11, no. 2 (February 13, 2023): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines11020278.
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A new advanced two-dimensional hybrid analytical model of a segmented magnet linear actuator (MLA) comprised of surface permanent magnets (PM) is developed in this paper. This model is used to predict and evaluate the performance of the segmented MLA with proper correction on magnetic Flux Effects, validated by computational modeling. An MLA design with non-uniform PM segmentation was applied in this research to improve its performance compared with conventional radially magnetized MLA and uniform segmented Halbach Array based MLA. For MLA thrust force prediction, the previous published analytical model does not consider losses due to two observed magnetic Flux Effects: (1) the magnetic edge effect—the diminishing nature of the magnetic flux at the edge of the MLA, and (2) the observed magnetic interaction effect—the inconsistent peaks of individual magnetic flux lines, lower than the overall peak flux. In the proposed hybrid model for the segmented MLA, the shaft magnetic field distribution is based on a scalar potential theory subdomain method and the ring magnetic field is based on equivalent surface distributed currents. Collectively, these models are combined with three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA), to estimate the magnetic thrust force. A data driven pole correction factor is introduced, based on the FEA computational database of three-dimensional MLA, to capture the losses associated with the magnetic flux, which is not considered in the analytical subdomain method. Finally, a normalized pole correction is proposed to generalize the model to different magnetic grades, different dimensional constraints, and varying magnet ratios of the segmented magnets. The developed model provides the design basis for manufacturing optimized force dense segmented MLAs for rotary to linear actuation, based on the force required for the application without the need for running FEA analysis after each design iteration, reducing costs and time required for the optimal design.
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Caunes, Antomne, Noureddine Takorabet, Sisuda Chaithongsuk, and Laurent Duranton. "Characterization of rotor losses in permanent magnet machines." COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering 39, no. 5 (July 27, 2020): 1215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-01-2020-0027.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present a synthesis of the analysis and modeling of the rotor losses in high speed permanent magnets motors. Design/methodology/approach Three types of losses are as a result of eddy currents in the conductive parts of the rotor. The analysis includes their characterization and the setup of a numerical model using finite element method. The adopted methodology is based on the separation of the losses which allows a better understanding of the physical phenomena. Each type of losses will be modeled and computed separately. Findings It is possible to make a precise estimate of the different losses in the rotor while keeping a relatively short computing time. Research limitations/implications The analysis is applied on a high-speed permanent magnet motor for avionic application. The model is validated with the commercial finite element model (FEM) software Flux2D. Originality/value The developed model allows an important save in terms of CPU-time compared to commercial FEM software while staying accurate. The separation of each losses and their sources is important for motor engineers and was requested for them to improve the designs more easily.
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Hyeon Jang, Gang, Sung Won Seo, Chang Woo Kim, Kyung Hun Shin, Junghyo Nah, and Jang Young Choi. "Design of Axial Flux Type Permanent Magnet Coupling with Halbach Magnet Array for Optimal Performance Considering Eddy Current Loss Reduction Using 3-D Finite Element Method." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.34 (September 1, 2018): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.34.18960.
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Background/Objectives: This study proposes and verifies a design method that considers the permanent magnet (PM) loss reduction of axial flux permanent magnet coupling (PMC), to replace mechanical coupling.Methods/Statistical analysis: In this study, the design of an axial magnetic flux PMC is performed using a three–dimensional (3D) commercial finite element (FEM) analysis program, and an optimum design is performed through parametric analysis. In addition, we designed a PMC that minimizes loss by analyzing the PM eddy current loss when using divided magnets.Findings: We found that some parameters (thickness of the PM, number of poles, ratio of inner radius to outer radius) act on the magnetic torque of the axial flux coupling. Using these results, we could obtain the design point. Further, to reduce the PM eddy current loss in the designed coupling, we used the PMs divided radially and circumferentially to obtain the magnet shape to minimize the loss. In addition, the fabricated coupling proved that the design results of the 3D FEM matched with the experimental results.Improvements/Applications: We propose an optimal design method of an axial flux PMC using 3D FEM, and a method to reduce eddy current loss using divided magnets
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Jan, Himayat Ullah, Faisal Khan, Basharat Ullah, Muhammad Qasim, Malak Adnan Khan, Ghulam Hafeez, and Fahad Raddah Albogamy. "Design and Thermal Modeling of Modular Hybrid Excited Double-Sided Linear Flux Switching Machine." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 8511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248511.
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This paper presents a Hybrid Excited Double-Sided Linear Flux Switching Machine (HEDSLFSM) with a crooked tooth modular stator. Generally, the conventional stators are made of a full-length iron core, increasing manufacturing costs and iron losses. Higher iron losses result in lower efficiency and lower overall performance. A U-shaped modular stator with a crooked tooth is used to lower iron consumption and increase the machine’s efficiency. Ferrite magnets are used to replace rare earth magnets, which also reduces the machine cost. Two DC excitation windings are used above and below the ferrite magnet to reduce the PM volume. 2D electromagnetic performance analysis is done to observe the key performance indices. Geometric optimization is used to optimize the Split Ratio (S.R), DC winding slot area (DCw), and AC winding slot area (ACw). Stator Tooth Width (STW), space between the modules (S.S.), and crooked angle (α) are optimized through JMAG in-built Genetic Algorithm (G.A.) optimization. High thrust force density and modular stator make it a good candidate for long-stroke applications like railway transits. The thermal analysis of the machine is performed by FEA analysis and then validated by 2D LPMC (Lumped Parametric Magnetic Equivalent Circuit) model. Both analyses are compared, and an error percentage of less than 4% is achieved.
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Dmitrievskii, Vladimir, Vladimir Prakht, and Vadim Kazakbaev. "Design Optimization of a Permanent-Magnet Flux-Switching Generator for Direct-Drive Wind Turbines." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 24, 2019): 3636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193636.
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Due to the increasing need for direct-drive wind turbines, a large number of papers are dedicated to the optimization of low-speed wind generators. A permanent-magnet flux-switching machine can be a valuable option to use in such applications. This paper describes the optimization procedure of a direct-drive flux-switching wind generator. The average losses, the required converter power, and the cost of permanents magnets were chosen as the optimization objectives. To reduce the calculation efforts during the optimization, a method to construct the substituting load profiles is proposed. Two-mode and three-mode substituting profiles were constructed on the basis of the nine-mode initial profile. The losses calculated under the two-mode, three-mode, and nine-mode profiles accurately coincided, which supported the use of the low-mode substituting profiles instead of the initial one. During the optimization, the average losses decreased by 30%, which corresponded to an increase in the average efficiency by almost 6%. The required converter power was decreased by 10%. The total active material mass, cogging torque, and torque ripple were also slightly decreased.
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Kim, Hakjeong, Hee Jae Hwang, Nghia Dinh Huynh, Khanh Duy Pham, Kyungwho Choi, Dahoon Ahn, and Dukhyun Choi. "Magnetic Force Enhanced Sustainability and Power of Cam-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator." Research 2021 (March 8, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/6426130.
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Since the first invention of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in 2012, many mechanical systems have been applied to operate TENGs, but mechanical contact losses such as friction and noise are still big obstacles for improving their output performance and sustainability. Here, we report on a magnet-assembled cam-based TENG (MC-TENG), which has enhanced output power and sustainability by utilizing the non-contact repulsive force between the magnets. We investigate the theoretical and experimental dynamic behaviors of MC-TENGs according to the effects of the contact modes, contact and separation times, and contact forces (i.e., pushing and repulsive forces). We suggest an optimized arrangement of magnets for the highest output performance, in which the charging time of the capacitor was 2.59 times faster than in a mechanical cam-based TENG (C-TENG). Finally, we design and demonstrate a MC-TENG-based windmill system to effectively harvest low-speed wind energy, ~4 m/s, which produces very low torque. Thus, it is expected that our frictionless MC-TENG system will provide a sustainable solution for effectively harvesting a broadband of wasted mechanical energies.
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S. Ambekar, Rupalee. "Design and Development of High Torque, Compact and Energy Saver IPMSM Motor for Hydraulic Applications." International journal of electrical and computer engineering systems 13, no. 5 (July 15, 2022): 399–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.32985/ijeces.13.5.7.
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The Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is widely used for various applications. It is the highly efficient motor as there are no field copper losses. The electrical energy is supplied to the motor through generator and the generator size depends upon the motor output. The efficiency of motor is the factor which will affect the size of the generator. This paper contributes the research work for the design of 35 kW, 440 V, 1000 rpm, 8 pole Synchronous Motor with Interior mounted Permanent Magnets (IPMSM) for the Hydraulic application. The designed IPMSM motor has efficiency of 98 % and can be used in place of 3-phase Induction Motor for the hydraulic application. The simulation is done in Ansys RMxprt fulfilling the required characteristics of Hydraulic application.
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Brouwer, Lucas, Tengming Shen, Ryan Norris, Aurelio Hafalia, Ross Schlueter, Li Wang, Jim Ciston, et al. "Stabilization and control of persistent current magnets using variable inductance." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (March 1, 2022): 045011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac549b.
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Abstract Ultra-stable, tunable magnetic fields are desirable for a wide range of applications in medical imaging, electron microscopy, quantum science, and atomic physics. Superconducting magnets operated in persistent current mode, with device current flowing in a closed superconducting loop disconnected from a power source, are a common approach for applications with the most stringent requirements on temporal field stability. We present a method for active control of this persistent current by means of dynamic inductance change within the superconducting circuit. For a first realization of this general technique, we consider a variable superconducting inductor placed in series with the main magnet. The inductor acts as a dynamic flux storage device capable of transferring flux to or from the main magnet through inductance change. This allows for fine and fast adjustments of the persistent current without the use of thermal switches that limit the speed and accuracy of many present-day methods. With first experiments employing this technique, we demonstrate stabilization of a 1.95 T Nb–Ti round lens for electron microscopy against decay resulting from residual losses in the superconducting circuit, and more generally show flexibility for precise control over the magnitude and waveform of the persistent current.
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Kazakbaev, Vadim, Vladimir Prakht, Vladimir Dmitrievskii, and Dmitry Golovanov. "Feasibility Study of Pump Units with Various Direct-On-Line Electric Motors Considering Cable and Transformer Losses." Applied Sciences 10, no. 22 (November 16, 2020): 8120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228120.
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The high energy intensity of the modern industry determines the high urgency of increasing the energy efficiency of production processes. However, a big number of motor types of enhanced efficiency classes are available on the market. The motor users can be confused about the choice of the right motor solution for a certain application. In this paper, to help with this choice the energy efficiency indicators of various types of electric motors in a low-power pump unit with a constant rotation speed are studied. Moreover, not only power losses in the motor are considered, but also power losses in the cable and transformer, which are influenced by the power factor of the motor. Induction motors (IMs) and synchronous motors powered directly from the grid (direct-on-line synchronous motor with permanent magnet in the rotor, DOL PMSM; direct-on-line synchronous reluctance motor without permanent magnet, DOL SynRM) of IE2, IE3, and IE4 energy efficiency classes are compared. To carry out the analysis, polynomial interpolation of the available catalogue data and experimental data of the motors are used. The main criteria for comparing different motors in this work are the energy savings over the pump’s life cycle and the payback period when replacing an IE2 motor with a motor of a higher energy efficiency class. The article shows that although the DOL PMSM has a lower motor efficiency than the DOL SynRM, it saves more energy due to its higher power factor, which reduces cable and transformer losses. It is also shown that, despite the highest initial cost, when taking into account cable and transformer losses, the payback period of DOL PMSM can be shorter than that of IE3 and IE4 induction motors. DOL SynRM has the shortest payback period in all considered cases, has no troublesome rare-earth permanent magnets, and can also be a valuable solution.
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Mohamed, Abdalla, Ahmed Hemeida, Hendrik Vansompel, and Peter Sergeant. "Parametric Studies for Combined Convective and Conductive Heat Transfer for YASA Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 1, 2018): 2983. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112983.
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In this paper, the effect of some geometrical parameters on the steady state average temperature of the stator core, the winding and the permanent magnets of the yokeless and segmented armature (YASA) axial flux permanent magnet synchronous machine (AFPMSM) is studied. The geometrical parameters selected for the study are the air gap length, the inward heat extraction fin thickness and the permanent magnet thickness. These parametric studies make it possible to obtain a better trade-off between power density and efficiency. These investigations are very helpful in correlating the values of the geometrical parameters to some specific desired performance criteria like not going below some desired minimum efficiency, limiting the temperature of specific part to some maximum value for maximization of lifetime and also determination of the allowed speed range to limit the temperatures lower than the critical values. This is important specifically for the synchronous machines due to the fact that the speed value affects both the losses and the heat transfer convection coefficients. The air gap length has a direct effect on the overall machine losses and the air gap convection coefficient and hence on the temperature of the machine. As the fins are between the stator windings, a thicker fin reduces the space for copper windings and hence increases the losses, but at the same time improves heat evacuation. In addition, the effect on the temperature is studied of the speed variation, which influences both the losses and the convection coefficients of the machine. Every study is made based on coupled electromagnetic and thermal models. The results are obtained from analytical electromagnetic and thermal models verified by finite element simulations and validated experimentally on a 4 kW yokeless and segmented armature axial flux machine.
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Mizuana, Yuma, Kenji Nakamura, Yuma Suzuki, Yuhei Oishi, Yuichi Tachiya, and Kingo Kuritani. "Development of spoke-type IPM magnetic gear." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 64, no. 1-4 (December 10, 2020): 771–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jae-209389.
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Magnetic gears can change output-torque and -speed without any mechanical contacts. Therefore, they have a low acoustic noise and vibration, and their maintainability and reliability are high. Especially, a flux-modulated type magnetic gear is expected to be put into practical use because its torque density is higher than that of other magnetic gears. For the practical use, further improvement of torque and losses is important, especially, reduction of eddy current loss in permanent magnets (PMs) due to asynchronous harmonic magnetic fluxes is necessary. This paper investigates an interior permanent magnet (IPM) structure to improve the efficiency by reducing the eddy current loss in PMs. In addition, this paper presents a method for increasing torque of the IPM magnetic gear by changing a position of magnetic-bridge.
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Ikram, Awais, Muhammad Awais, Richard Sheridan, Allan Walton, Spomenka Kobe, Franci Pušavec, and Kristina Žužek Rožman. "Spark Plasma Sintering as an Effective Texturing Tool for Reprocessing Recycled HDDR Nd-Fe-B Magnets with Lossless Coercivity." Metals 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2020): 418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met10030418.
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The low-pressure hot-deformation methodology was applied to reprocess the nanocrystalline hydrogenation–disproportionation–desorption–recombination (HDDR) Nd-Fe-B powders from end-of-life (EOL) permanent magnets’ waste to determine the mechanism of texture development and the resultant improvement in remanence (and BHmax) in the recycled material. Both the hot-pressed and hot-deformed magnets produced via spark plasma sintering (SPS) were compared in terms of their magnetic properties with respect to forging pressures. Also, a comparison was established with the microstructure to cite the effectiveness of texture development at low deformation rates and pressures which is pivotal for retaining high coercivity. The hot-pressed magnets maintain the high coercivity (better than 100%) of the original recycled powder due to the control of SPS conditions. The hot deformation pressure was varied from 100–150 MPa at 750 °C processing temperature to identify the optimal texture development in the sintered HDDR Nd-Fe-B magnets. The effect of post-hot-deformation thermal treatment was also investigated, which helped in boosting the overall magnetic properties and better than the recycled feedstock. This low-pressure hot deformation process improved the remanence of the hot-pressed magnet by 11% over the starting recycled powder. The Mr/MS ratio which was 0.5 for the hot-pressed magnets increased to 0.64 for the magnets hot-deformed at 150 MPa. Also, a 55% reduction in height of the sample was achieved with the c-axis texture, indicating approximately 23% higher remanence over the isotropic hot-pressed magnets. After hot deformation, the intrinsic coercivity (HCi) of 960 kA/m and the remanence (Br) value of 1.01 T at 150 MPa is indicative that the controlled SPS reprocessing technique can prevent microstructure related losses in the magnetic properties of the recycled materials. This route also suggests that the scrap Nd-Fe-B magnets can be treated with recoverable magnetic properties subsequently via HDDR technique and controlled hot deformation with a follow-up annealing.
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Nair, Sreeju S., Jiabin Wang, Liang Chen, Robert Chin, Iakovos Manolas, and Dmitry Svechkarenko. "Computationally Efficient 3-D Eddy Current Loss Prediction in Magnets of Interior Permanent Magnet Machines." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52, no. 10 (October 2016): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2016.2582145.
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GOOD, J., and D. BRACANOVIC. "25 TESLA HTS MAGNET INSERT COIL IN ZERO BOIL OFF CRYOSTAT." International Journal of Modern Physics B 23, no. 12n13 (May 20, 2009): 2842–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979209062426.
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The development of High Temperature Superconductors (HTS) conductors makes it possible to build very high field superconducting magnets up to at least 25 T. Previously, the only way to obtain a steady field of 25 T for research would be to use water cooled copper solenoids. To achieve 25 T in a 50 mm working space would require about 10 MW of power with a large water cooling plant to carry away the heat. With such high powers involved it is difficult to have a stable and quiet magnetic field environment in which to make sensitive measurements such as NMR. Both capital and operating costs are high so few such facilities exist worldwide. This makes a superconducting magnet of 25 T a very attractive proposition. Figure 1 shows that the critical current of HTS as compared to NbTi and NbSn . The latter can be used up to a limit of about 20 T at 4.2 K. The HTS on the other hand shows the potential of much higher fields. The two main issues in magnet design are the maximum critical current and the maximum stress that a conductor or coil structure can support. For the inner sections of the coil the forces are modest but as the diameter increases towards the outside of the coil hoop stress becomes the dominant issue. [Formula: see text] Cryogenic has built a magnet system with first generation BSCCO conductor. It is designed to run at 4.2 K. It has a three section design, two of conventional superconductor and one of HTS. • The outer winding is made from NbTi giving a field of 9 T, in a bore of 225 mm. The coil is made from 21 km of NbTi wire graded from 1 to 0.6 mm diameter. • A middle coil of NbSn bronze route conductor providing a field of 14 T in 140 mm diameter. • An inner set of HTS coils. These are in the form of 3 coaxial windings made from silver matrix BSCCO conductor supplied by American Superconductor. This conductor has a critical current of 100 A at 77 K in zero field. At 4 K in low field the current is very much higher. The set of three BSCCO windings has a gauss per amp of 157 and when run on its own at a current of 300 A provides a field of 4.7 T, although currents above 275 A begin to show significant resistive losses in the conductor. The inner BSCCO coils are separately powered from the outer magnet. In a test of the full magnet system the BSCCO coil is ramped up at various background fields up to 13 T. The resulting voltage loss across the BSCCO is shown in Fig. 2. This test shows that the BSCCO conductor can operate up to 275 A quite successfully independent of the background field with just a slight increase in resistive losses presumably from the joints between conductor being magneto-resistive or due to flux flow in the conductor. [Formula: see text] Since the BSCCO coils were made new 2nd generation conductors have become available made from thin films of YBCO on a stainless steel backing. These have a much higher effective current density. A 4 mm wide tape of BSCCO is 0.4 mm thick but carries a similar current to an YBCO tape of 0.01 mm or even 0.05 mm thickness. Table 1 shows the properties of different conductors compared. Interestingly the conductors are not just higher current density but also more flexible and stronger in tension. [Formula: see text] A new coil has now been produced from 0.1 mm Super Power material of a size that can fit inside the existing winding so that the combination can produce above 6 T providing a total field of 20 T at 4.2 K in a working bore of 38 mm. Now that the new 2nd generation YBCO based conductors have become available it is intended to exchange the BSCCO coils for YBCO windings which will allow this magnet to operate at much higher fields of up to 25 T. At this field it will be the highest field superconducting magnet worldwide. The magnet is housed in a liquid helium cryostat. To reduce helium consumption a powerful 2nd stage cryocooler is fitted to the cryostat. The first stage cools a shield around the liquid helium to 45 K. The second stage has a cooling power of 1.5 W at 4.2 K and is used to recondense helium gas evolved from the magnet. In operation, with no current in the leads to the cryocooler it is able to condense more gas than that evolved from the cryostat so the liquid helium level will increase with time. Except at the highest currents the cryostat is a zero loss magnet system. A cross section of cryostat and magnet is show in Fig 3. [Formula: see text] The power required for the cryocooler is 6.5 kW while that for the magnet power supplies and ancillary electronics is 2 kW giving a combined power requirement of 8.5 kW. This compares very favourably with the typical value of 10 MW required by a water cooled copper solenoid to achieve the same field. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
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Li, Junlong, Yongxiang Xu, Jibin Zou, Qian Wang, and Weiyan Liang. "Analysis and Reduction of Magnet Loss by Deepening Magnets in Interior Permanent-Magnet Machines With a Pole/Slot Ratio of 2/3." IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 51, no. 11 (November 2015): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2015.2445787.
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Dmitrievskii, Vladimir, Vladimir Prakht, Vadim Kazakbaev, and Alecksey Anuchin. "Design Optimization of the Magnet-Free Synchronous Homopolar Motor of a Subway Train." Applied Sciences 12, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 12647. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122412647.
Full textAbstract:
Synchronous homopolar motors have no permanent magnets and their excitation winding is fixed at their stator. However, they can be a good alternative to induction and permanent magnet motors in traction applications requiring a wide constant power speed range. They provide an excitation flux control and a highly reliable brushless rotor design. This article presents the procedure and results of optimizing a 370 kW synchronous homopolar motor for driving subway train. The optimization procedure was developed to take into account the subway train moving trajectory. The analysis considers only a limited number of steady-state operating points of the motor to reduce computation time. The optimization results show a significant improvement of the target parameters of the traction drive. The optimization makes it possible to significantly reduce the losses in the operating cycle, as well as the torque ripple of the motor and the current rating of the traction inverter.