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1
Hernandez, Jean, Francois Dominique de Larouziere, Jean Bolze, and Pierre Bordet. "Le magmatisme neogene betico-rifain et le couloir de decrochement trans-Alboran." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France III, no. 2 (March 1, 1987): 257–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.iii.2.257.
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Abstract The Miocene basin evolution of southeastern Spain and eastern Morocco is linked to a "shear zone" elongated from SW across the Alboran Sea. In Spain the magmatism is mostly calc-alkaline (or K-rich calc-alkaline). Most of the products are locatred on strike-slip faults (Almeria-Cabo de Gata). Lavas of dacitic compositions are interpreted as products of crustal anatexis. During Messinian time, lamproites are erupted over an extended area. Later (Plio-Quaternary), alkali basalts are located near Cartagena. In Morocco, calc-alkaline magmatism is not as developed as in Spain; late Tortonian-Messinian volcanoes (Gourougou, Guilliz) have erupted of shoshonitic lavas. Alkali basalts are abundant and appear from the end of Messinian to Quaternary all over northwestern Africa. In the studied area, there are no chronological nor geochemical polarity of the magmatism according to the existence of a Miocene subduction. The association of the magmatism with tectonics and basin evolution shows that it is linked with their aperture. The structure of the lithosphere, as it appears from the geophysical data, shows the existence of two different crusts, separated by the western part of the "shear zone". Trans-Alboran calc-alkaline magmatism is clearly correlated with the activity of this "shear zone", from Miocene to present time.
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Magrina, Benoît, Michel Jébrak, and Michel Cuney. "Le magmatisme de la région de Kwyjibo, Province du Grenville (Canada) : intérêt pour les minéralisations de type fer-oxydes associées." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1849–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-103.
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The granitic plutons located north of the Kwyjibo property in Quebec's Grenville Province are of Mesoproterozoic age and belong to the granitic Canatiche Complex . The rocks in these plutons are calc-alkalic, K-rich, and meta- to peraluminous. They belong to the magnetite series and their trace element characteristics link them to intraplate granites. They were emplaced in an anorogenic, subvolcanic environment, but they subsequently underwent significant ductile deformation. The magnetite, copper, and fluorite showings on the Kwyjibo property are polyphased and premetamorphic; their formation began with the emplacement of hydraulic, magnetite-bearing breccias, followed by impregnations and veins of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and fluorite, and ended with a late phase of mineralization, during which uraninite, rare earths, and hematite were emplaced along brittle structures. The plutons belong to two families: biotite-amphibole granites and leucogranites. The biotite-amphibole granites are rich in iron and represent a potential heat and metal source for the first, iron oxide phase of mineralization. The leucogranites show a primary enrichment in REE (rare-earth elements), F, and U, carried mainly in Y-, U-, and REE-bearing niobotitanates. They are metamict and underwent a postmagmatic alteration that remobilized the uranium and the rare earths. The leucogranites could also be a source of rare earths and uranium for the latest mineralizing events.[Traduit par la Rédaction]
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Prouteau, Gaelle, Rene C. Maury, Manuel Pubellier, Joseph Cotten, and Herve Bellon. "Le magmatisme post-collisionnel du Nord-Ouest de Borneo, produit de la fusion d'un fragment de croute oceanique ancre dans le manteau superieur." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 172, no. 3 (May 1, 2001): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/172.3.319.
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Abstract Magmatic activity linked to syn- or post-collisional zones leads to the emplacement of remarkably heterogeneous rocks: calc-alkaline, high-K calc-alkaline or shoshonitic series variably contaminated by continental crust; anatectic granites and ignimbrites derived from the latter; and finally alkali potassic to ultrapotassic basalts [Harris et al., 1990; Pearce et al., 1984, 1990; Arnaud et al., 1992; Benito et al., 1999]. The main sources of these magmas are either the upper mantle (sub-oceanic or subcontinental) frequently metasomatized by hydrous fluid originating from the subducted slab; or the continental crust, which can act as a contaminant [Benito et al., 1999; Miller et al., 1999] or melt directly [Harris et al., 1990; Zingg et al., 1990]. The purpose of the present paper is to document the role of a third source: the subducted oceanic crust, as evidenced by the occurrence of Miocene adakites in Sarawak (NW Borneo). The studied rocks have been sampled from western Sarawak (fig. 1), and their location is shown on the geological map [Tan, 1982] of figure 2. They mostly occur as stocks, dykes and sills which crosscut the Paleozoic to Miocene sedimentary units. Two kinds of intrusions can be distinguished. High-K calc-alkaline to medium-K calc-alkaline diorites and microdiorites occur in the northern part of the studied area, in Salak Island and Santubong Peninsula. Microtonalites and dacites occur near Kuching and in the southern part of Sarawak (Kuap and Bau areas). Whole-rock K-Ar data (table I) demonstrate that these two associations are of different ages: high-K calc-alkaline diorites were emplaced during the Lower Miocene (22.3 to 23.7 Ma), whereas the microtonalites and dacites are younger by ca. 8 Ma or more (Middle to Upper Miocene, 14.6 to 6.4 Ma). Major and trace element data (table II) show that the Lower Miocene diorites display all the usual characteristics of subduction-related magmas. The Middle to Upper Miocene microtonalites and dacites share some of these characteristics, but in addition they display typical adakitic features: SiO 2 -rich (65.5-70%) and sodic (Na 2 O/K 2 O>2) character (table II and figure 3); lack or rare occurrence of pyroxenes, usually replaced by early-crystallized (near-liquidus) amphiboles (table III); very low Y and HREE contents, consistent with the presence of residual garnet in their source, and leading to characteristically high La/Yb and Sr/Y ratios (fig. 4, 5). Their titanomagnetite-hemoilmenite associations reflect equilibrium features [Bacon and Hirschman, 1988] indicating moderate temperatures (<900 degrees C) and highly oxidizing (NNO+1) crystallization conditions [Ghiorso and Sack, 1991]. The Lower Miocene Sarawak diorites are typically subduction-related from a geochemical point of view. They likely derive from the evolution of island-arc basaltic magmas, which themselves originated from the partial melting of upper mantle peridotites previously metasomatized by hydrous fluids expelled from the subducting oceanic slab [Tatsumi et al., 1986; Tatsumi, 1989]. The origin of the Middle-Upper Miocene adakitic microtonalites and dacites is different. According to previous studies, they likely derive from the partial melting of metabasalts (garnet amphibolites or eclogites) from subducted oceanic crust [Defant and Drummond, 1990; Defant et al., 1991, 1992; Drummond et al., 1996; Maury et al., 1996; Martin, 1993, 1999]. Their position in the hybrid tonalite+peridotite system [Caroll and Wyllie, 1989] shows that they crystallized within the garnet stability field and likely interacted with the upper mantle during their ascent (fig. 7). This feature is not consistent with their genesis through melting of metabasalts accreted at the base of the Borneo continental crust. In addition, the less evolved Sarawak adakites display mineralogical and geochemical features remarkably similar to those of the 1991 Mt Pinatubo dacite, the experimental petrology of which has been extensively studied at low [2 kbar; Scaillet and Evans, 1999; Rutherford and Devine, 1996] to medium pressures [4 to 20 kbar; Prouteau et al., 1999]. Such dacitic magmas are not in equilibrium with garnet at pressures lower than or equal to 20 kbar, which rules out their derivation from metabasalts tectonically or magmatically accreted to the base of the North Borneo continental crust. We propose, instead, that they originated from the partial melting of basalts from a fragment of oceanic lithosphere within the upper mantle. Like the adakites of Central Mindanao, Philippines [Sajona et al., 1994, 1997 and 2000; Maury et al., 1996] and those from Aird Hills, Papua-New Guinea [Smith et al., 1979; Defant and Drummond, 1990] the Sarawak adakites represent potential markers of the occurrence at depth of oceanic crust slivers, which could be much more common in collision zones than previously thought.
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Yuniarni, Rum. "Ciri Petrologi dan Geokimia Batuan Terobosan Gunung Sepikul, Trenggalek, Jawa Timur." Jurnal Geologi dan Sumberdaya Mineral 25, no. 2 (May 21, 2024): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33332/jgsm.geologi.v25i2.742.
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Gunung Sepikul di bagian selatan Jawa Timur berkaitan dengan proses magmatisme yang berumur Miosen. Maksud penelitian ini untuk mengetahui karakteristik petrologi dan geokimia batuan beku Gunung Sepikul. Tujuannya mengungkapkan gambaran tektonik dan melengkapi data petrologi lajur magmatisme Jawa bagian selatan. Singkapannya berupa stock terdiri atas diorit dan granodiorit. Percontoh batuan dianalisis menggunakan metode petrografi, XRF dan ICP-MS. Data lapangan dan hasil analisa laboratorium berupa komposisi mineral serta geokimia batuan dapat menunjukkan proses magmatisme batuan Gunung Sepikul. Batuan diorit berwarna kelabu, tekstur inequigranular terdiri atas mineral plagioklas, kuarsa, piroksen, hornblenda dan mineral opak. Batuan granodiorit berwarna kelabu cerah, tekstur porfiritik dengan fenokris plagioklas, hornblenda, kuarsa dan mineral opak pada masadasar feldspar dan kuarsa. Berdasarkan analisa geokimia, batuan terobosan ini berafinitas magma Medium-low K series yang berhubungan dengan magmatisme di lingkungan tektonik orogenic. Kata Kunci: terobosan, stock, diorit, granodiorit, magmatisme
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Dey, Sukanta, Sibani Kumari Nayak, Aniruddha Mitra, Keqing Zong, and Yongsheng Liu. "Mechanism of Paleoarchean continental crust formation as archived in granitoids from the northern part of Singhbhum Craton, eastern India." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 489, no. 1 (2020): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp489-2019-202.
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AbstractMany Paleoarchean cratons display a gradual change from early sodic tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite magmatism to late K-rich granitoid magmatism; the geodynamic significance of this change is debatable though. This contribution presents field, geochemical and zircon U–Pb age and Hf isotope results of four different 3.32–3.25 Ga granitoid bodies from the northern part of Singhbhum Craton to investigate their petrogenesis and role in crustal evolution. The granitoids range in composition from tonalites to trondhjemites, derived from intracrustal melting at low- to medium-pressure conditions. The source was mainly low-K mafic rock. The granitoids show intrasuite fractional crystallization. These sodic granitoids represent the last stage of granitoid magmatism in the Singhbhum Craton which formed contemporaneously with K-rich granitoids occurring in other parts of the craton. This fact suggests that, contrary to the popular notion (of only potassic granitoids), both sodic and potassic granitoids could form at the terminal phase of cratonization, implying reworking of heterogeneous (mafic to tonalite) crust. A combination of evidence from geochemical data, secular change in granitoid composition, structural pattern and rock association of the Singhbhum Craton reflects that recurring mantle plume-related mafic–ultramafic magma emplacement in an oceanic plateau setting and attendant crustal melting can explain the Paleoarchean crustal evolution pattern.
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Larsen, Poul-Henrik, Lars Stemmerik, Troels F. D. Nielsen, and David C. Rex. "Lamprophyric dykes in Revdal, Scoresby Land, East Greenland: conflicting field observations and K-Ar age determinations." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 38 (April 25, 1990): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-1990-38-01.
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Field observations on Iamprophyric dykes in Revdal, Scoresby Land, suggest a Late Permian age and the dykes would thus represent magmatism related to Permian rifting and basin formation, whereas K-Ar age determinations and chemistry suggest a Tertiary age. It is concluded that the dykes probably are Tertiary and never penetrated Upper Permian sediments due to chilling and fracturing at the base of Upper Permian water rich sediments. The dykes most likely belong to a period of alkaline magmatism that followed the onset of sea floor spreading in this part of the North Atlantic around 55 Ma ago.
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Widana, Kurnia Setiawan, and Bambang Priadi. "Karakteristik Unsur Jejak Dalam Diskriminasi Magmatisme Granitoid Pulau Bangka." EKSPLORIUM 36, no. 1 (May 30, 2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/eksplorium.2015.36.1.2766.
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Geologi Pulau Bangka disusun oleh variasi granit sebagai Granitoid Klabat yang tersebar di berbagai lokasi. Unsur jejak dapat diaplikasikan dalam diskriminasi magmatisme dalam pembentukan granitoid tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui karakteristik granitoid yang tersebar di Pulau Bangka berdasarkan geokimia unsur jejak untuk diaplikasikan dalam mempelajari magmatisme, sumber dan situasi tektoniknya.Metode analisis geokimia yang diaplikasikan dengan menggunakan Analisis Aktivasi Neutron (AAN) dan portableX-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) untuk analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif pada 27 sampel dari Granitoid Klabat di Pulau Bangka.Hasil penelitian ini menyimpulkan Granitoid Bangka Utara (Belinyu) dan Bangka Tengah sebagai percampuran kerak-mantel dengan afinitas Calc-Alkaline, karakteristik Tipe I sedangkan Granitoid Bangka Selatan dan Barat asal kerak dengan afinitas High-KCalc-Alkaline sebagai Tipe S. Diharapkan diskrimasi magmatisme granitoid bermanfaat dalam memberikan panduan eksplorasi bahan galian nuklir di Pulau Bangka. Geology of Bangka Island consists by variation of granite as Klabat Granitoid scattered in various locations. Trace elements can be applied in magmatism discrimination of granitoid.The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics Bangka Island granitoid based on trace element geochemistry to be applied in the study of magmatism, source and tectonic situation. Geochemical analyses method used are the Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) and portableX-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF) for qualitative and quantitative analyses on 27 samples of Klabat granitoid on Bangka Island. This study concluded granitoid East Bangka (Belinyu) and Central Bangka as crust-mantle mixing with affinityCalc-Alkaline, characteristic of I Type while South and West Bangka granitoid crust origin with affinity high K Calc-Alkaline as S Type. Expectedmagmatismdiscrimination ofgranitoidhelpfulin providingradioactive mineral explorationguidein BangkaIsland.
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Morin, David, Réjean Hébert, and Louise Corriveau. "Mesoproterozoic deep K-magmatism recorded in a megacryst- and xenolith-bearing minette dyke, western Grenville Province." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 10 (October 1, 2005): 1881–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e05-083.
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The 1.07 Ga Rivard minette dyke transported thousands of exotic (xenoliths) and cogenetic (cognate nodules) clasts from deep lithospheric levels of the Grenville Province. Nodules related to the clinopyroxene- and biotite-phyric host consist of megacrystic clinopyroxene and K-feldspar and mica-rich pyroxenite. Clinopyroxene megacrysts record high-pressure and high-temperature crystallization, crystal recycling, or magma mixing, whereas Ba-rich K-feldspar megacryst possibly represent near-solidus phenocrysts crystallized from evolved K-rich magmas. Mica-pyroxenite xenoliths are interpreted as products of magma mixing or infiltration of K-rich melt in pyroxene cumulate. Partial replacement of pyroxenes by strained phlogopite attests to mica crystallization before or during plastic deformation and prior to xenolith incorporation in the minette. The minette is mafic, ultrapotassic, and enriched in large-ion lithophile elements and light rare-earth elements. It experienced limited fractionation and crustal contamination but has been exposed to magma mixing. High K, La, and Cr contents suggest partial melting of a K-metasomatized mantle source. The Rivard minette shares the age, mineralogy, and chemistry with the 1.091.07 Ga KensingtonSkootamatta potassic alkaline suite and forms part of a common K-rich magmatic event taking its source in an enriched mantle. Source heterogeneity, conditions of partial melting, crystal fractionation, magma mixing, and crustal contamination all contributed, to various extents, to the complex chemistry of the K-rich intrusions of the KensingtonSkootamatta suite. Collectively, this suite records extensive and diverse magmatic batches derived from partial melting of a mantle metasomatized during subduction events prior to emplacement.
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Müntener, Othmar, Peter Ulmer, and Jonathan D. Blundy. "Superhydrous Arc Magmas in the Alpine Context." Elements 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.17.1.35.
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Magmatic rocks in the Alps are scarce. What little arc magmatism there was pre-dates the Eurasia–Adria collision at 43–34 Ma but ends at 30–29 Ma. Conversely, geochemical data for magmatic rocks from the Alps resemble that of subduction-related magmatic arcs. A characteristic of Alpine magmatism is the occurrence of relatively deep (80–100 km) super-hydrous (>8 wt% H2O) low-K primary magmas in the east and shoshonitic K-rich magmas in the west. These features are likely related to the absence of vigorous mantle wedge convection. Superhydrous primary magmas undergo extensive crystallization and fluid saturation at depth, producing high ratios of plutonic to volcanic rocks. We speculate that superhydrous primary arc magmas are a consequence of slow convergence and the initial architecture of subducting crust.
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Mulyaningsih, Sri, Sutikno Bronto, Arie Kusniadi, Lilis Apriyanti, L. Budiyanto, and Danis Agoes Wiloso. "The Petrology and Volcano-Stratigraphy of The Muria-Peninsula High-K Volcanic Rocks, Central Java, Indonesia." Journal of Geoscience, Engineering, Environment, and Technology 7, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/jgeet.2022.7.2.9602.
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The Muria-Peninsula is a Quaternary volcano located in the northern Sunda arc. Its activity was controlled under high potassic and very high potassic magma series resulting in leucite-rich trachyte and pyroxene-rich basaltic-andesite. It is a strato-type volcano that is composed of lava, breccia, and tuff layers, and some dikes have some volcanic craters and maars varying in age and composition. The study area is covering the volcanoes of Muria, Genuk, and Patiayam. This paper aims to describe the petrology, mineralogy, and volcano-stratigraphy of the different volcanic materials. The data and materials were sourced from the primary and secondary data. The methods are field mapping, stratigraphy measurements, collecting samples, thin section analyses, and major element geochemistry using X-Ray fluorescence (XRF). The results describe two groups of volcanic rocks consisting of pyroxene-rich andesitic-basaltic volcanic materials and leucite-rich trachytic volcanic materials. Augite presents in the andesitic basalt together with small grains of olivine and a few anorthite and foid minerals. Aegirine (Na-Pyroxene) is present in the leucite-rich trachyte that is often associated with biotite and hornblende. Na-Ca Plagioclase such as labradorite-andesine is often present in the basaltic-trachy-andesite that is usually rarely leucite. The major elements show high-K volcanic rocks with % K2O is 4-5.9% and very high-K volcanic rocks (with % K2O is between 6-8.24%) and low-K volcanic rocks that contain % K2O is 2-3,9%. There are two groups of high-K to very high-K volcanic materials consisting of silicic-rich volcanic materials (~57-64% of SiO2) and low-silicic volcanic materials (~46-50%). The TAS diagram identifies tephrite, phonolite, and trachyte. Stratigraphic data identifies calcareous sediments of the Bulu Formation as the basement rocks of the Muria trachyandesite. Beds of pumice-rich volcanic breccia of the Ujungwatu Formation are the basement rocks of the basanite-tephrite of the Genuk Volcano, and the tuff of the Ujungwatu is also exposed consisting of the basanite-tephritic-phonolite of the Patiayam Volcano. The leucite-like feldspars are very common in the andesite lava and dikes that compose the crater of Muria. Most of the Muria volcanic materials are rarely in leucite, while some maars contain pumice-rich pyroclastic flows and basaltic lava. The results of the major elemental analysis of the Muria materials indicate that the rock tends to be of medium to high K affinity (~2% K2O). The Genuk and older Muria are consisting of leucite-rich tephrite-phonolite. It was two periods of magmatic series developed in the Muria-Peninsula that was resulting in the high-K to very high-K magmatism and the medium K Kalk-alkaline magmatism.
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Dia, Aline, Bernard Dupré, Clément Gariépy, and Claude J. Allègre. "Sm–Nd and trace-element characterization of shales from the Abitibi Belt, Labrador Trough, and Appalachian Belt: consequences for crustal evolution through time." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 6 (June 1, 1990): 758–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-077.
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Nd-isotopic compositions and Sm, Nd, Li, K, Rb, Sr, Ba, Ni, and Cr abundances are reported for 25 shale samples from the Canadian Shield (late Archean Abitibi greenstone belt and the mid-Proterozoic Labrador Trough) and from the Quebec Appalachians (lower Paleozoic Humber Zone). The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the samples are used to monitor the rate of generation and the compositional evolution of continental crust through time. The Nd crustal-residence ages record preferential time of continental growth around 2.7 and 1.7 Ga. The Nd model ages of the Appalachian shales do not record evidence for the formation of large crustal volumes through mantle extraction since 1.3 Ga. Consequently, crustal recycling was the dominant process taking place at their source areas in the Grenville Province.The trace-element distributions of shales show systematic trends as a function of time: Li, K, Ba, Sm, and Nd contents regularly increase in the post-Archean record; in comparison, the Cr and Ni contents reached a maximum towards the end of the Archean and regularly decreased thereafter. These observations could reflect two classes of processes: (a) the development of infracrustal K-rich granitoid magmatism at the expense of mantle-derived Na-rich magmatism, which dominated the Archean period; or (b) differential erosion effects, which reduced the sampling of the old, smooth crustal parts in comparison to the younger, recycled segments. In the latter case, (b), shale formation involved components whose nature and respective proportion changed after Archean time.
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Cuney, Michel. "Felsic magmatism and uranium deposits." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 185, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.185.2.75.
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Abstract The strongly incompatible behaviour of uranium in silicate magmas results in its concentration in the most felsic melts and a prevalence of granites and rhyolites as primary U sources for the formation of U deposits. Despite its incompatible behavior, U deposits resulting directly from magmatic processes are quite rare. In most deposits, U is mobilized by hydrothermal fluids or ground water well after the emplacement of the igneous rocks. Of the broad range of granite types, only a few have U contents and physico-chemical properties that permit the crystallization of accessory minerals from which uranium can be leached for the formation of U deposits. The first granites on Earth, which crystallized uraninite, dated at 3.1 Ga, are the potassic granites from the Kaapval craton (South Africa) which were also the source of the detrital uraninite for the Dominion Reef and Witwatersrand quartz pebble conglomerate deposits. Four types of granites or rhyolites can be sufficiently enriched in U to represent a significant source for the genesis of U deposits: peralkaline, high-K metaluminous calc-alkaline, L-type peraluminous and anatectic pegmatoids. L-type peraluminous plutonic rocks in which U is dominantly hosted in uraninite or in the glass of their volcanic equivalents represent the best U source. Peralkaline granites or syenites are associated with the only magmatic U-deposits formed by extreme fractional crystallization. The refractory character of the U-bearing minerals does not permit their extraction under the present economic conditions and make them unfavorable U sources for other deposit types. By contrast, felsic peralkaline volcanic rocks, in which U is dominantly hosted in the glassy matrix, represent an excellent source for many deposit types. High-K calc-alkaline plutonic rocks only represent a significant U source when the U-bearing accessory minerals (U-thorite, allanite, Nb oxides) become metamict. The volcanic rocks of the same geochemistry may be also a favorable uranium source if a large part of the U is hosted in the glassy matrix. The largest U deposit in the world, Olympic Dam in South Australia is hosted by highly fractionated high-K plutonic and volcanic rocks, but the origin of the U mineralization is still unclear. Anatectic pegmatoids containing disseminated uraninite which results from the partial melting of uranium-rich metasediments and/or metavolcanic felsic rocks, host large low grade U deposits such as the Rössing and Husab deposits in Namibia. The evaluation of the potentiality for igneous rocks to represent an efficient U source represents a critical step to consider during the early stages of exploration for most U deposit types. In particular a wider use of the magmatic inclusions to determine the parent magma chemistry and its U content is of utmost interest to evaluate the U source potential of sedimentary basins that contain felsic volcanic acidic tuffs.
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D’Eyrames, Elisabeth, Emilie Thomassot, Yumi Kitayama, Alexander Golovin, Andrey Korsakov, and Dmitri Ionov. "A mantle origin for sulfates in the unusual “salty” Udachnaya-East kimberlite from sulfur abundances, speciation and their relationship with groundmass carbonates." Bulletin de la Société géologique de France 188, no. 1-2 (2017): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bsgf/2017007.
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The Udachnaya-East pipe in Yakutia in Siberia hosts a unique dry (serpentine-free) body of hypabyssal kimberlite (<0.64wt% H2O), associated with a less dry type of kimberlite and a serpentinized kimberlitic breccia. The dry kimberlite is anomalously rich in salts (Na2O and Cl both up to 6wt%) whereas the slightly less dry and the breccia kimberlite are salt free. Yet the Udachnaya kimberlite is a group-I kimberlite, as is the archetypical kimberlite from Kimberley, South Africa. Samples were studied from the three different types of kimberlite (dry-salty, n=8, non-salty, n=5 and breccia, n=3) regarding their mineralogy, geochemistry, and more specifically their sulfur content. Our results show the salty kimberlite is unprecedentedly rich in sulfur (0.13-0.57wt%) compared to the non-salty kimberlite (0.04-0.12wt%) and the breccia (0.29-0.33wt%). In the salty kimberlite, most of the sulfur is present as sulfates (up to 97% of Stotal) and is disseminated throughout the groundmass in close association with Na-K-bearing carbonates. Sulfates occur within the crystal structure of these Na-K-bearing carbonates as the replacement of (CO3) by (SO3) groups, or as Na- and K-rich sulfates (e.g. aphtitalite, (K,Na)3Na(SO4)2). The associated sulfides are djerfisherite; also Na- and K-rich species. The close association of sulfates and carbonates in these S-rich alkaline rocks suggests that the sulfates crystallized from a mantle-derived magma, a case that has strong implication for the oxygen fugacity of kimberlite magmatism and more generally for the global S budget of the mantle.
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Castor, Stephen B., and Christopher D. Henry. "Lithium-Rich Claystone in the McDermitt Caldera, Nevada, USA: Geologic, Mineralogical, and Geochemical Characteristics and Possible Origin." Minerals 10, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10010068.
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Lithium deposits in tuffaceous sediments of the McDermitt caldera constitute possibly the world’s largest Li clay resource, yet their characteristics and origin are not established. The 40 × 25 km McDermitt caldera collapsed during the eruption of ~1000 km3 of a 16.4 Ma, zoned peralkaline to metaluminous tuff; minor caldera magmatism ceased by 16.1 Ma. About 200 m of sediments mostly composed of glass from regional pyroclastic eruptions accumulated in the caldera until about 15.7 Ma. Closed hydrologic system diagenesis (CHSD) altered the tuffaceous sediments to a consistent vertical mineral zonation of clay, analcime, K-feldspar, and albite. Entire sedimentary sections in the southern and western parts of the caldera basin have ≥1500 ppm Li. Lithium-rich intervals are dominantly claystone. The most thoroughly studied deposit is a laterally continuous, ~3000 ppm Li zone in the lower sedimentary section that also has high K, Rb, Mo, As, and Sb (and partly Mg and F). Lithium occurs as an illitic clay (tainiolite?). The overlying, upper sedimentary section averages <2000 ppm Li which resides in smectite (hectorite). A transitional zone has variably mixed smectite–illite clay and averages ~2000 ppm Li. An 40Ar/39Ar age of ~14.9 Ma on authigenic K-feldspar in the illite zone is ~1.2 Ma younger than the 16.1 Ma end of magmatism in the caldera, which mitigates against a simple hydrothermal origin. Closed hydrologic system diagenesis was essential to Li mineralization, but Li budget calculations suggest a source of Li in addition to the tuffaceous sediments is required. This additional source could be Li originally in highly enriched magma that entered the diagenetic system through either (1) Li in magma exsolved into a hydrous volatile phase during eruption. The Li-rich volatile phase coated glass shards or was trapped in pumice and was quickly leached by surface or groundwater upon deposition in the caldera. (2) Residual magma immediately following ash-flow eruption and caldera collapse generated Li-rich hydrothermal fluids that mixed with meteoric water in the closed caldera basin, generating a hybrid diagenetic fluid. The hydrothermal fluid and hybrid diagenetic fluids would have existed only during initial basin sedimentation between about 16.4 and 16.1 Ma.
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Bonazzi, Mattia, Antonio Langone, Simone Tumiati, Edoardo Dellarole, Maurizio Mazzucchelli, Tommaso Giovanardi, and Alberto Zanetti. "Mantle-Derived Corundum-Bearing Felsic Dykes May Survive Only within the Lower (Refractory/Inert) Crust: Evidence from Zircon Geochemistry and Geochronology (Ivrea–Verbano Zone, Southern Alps, Italy)." Geosciences 10, no. 8 (July 23, 2020): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10080281.
Full textAbstract:
Corundum-rich (up to 55 vol.%) felsic dykes formed with albite, ±K-feldspar, ±hercynite and ±biotite-siderophyllite cut the lower crustal rocks exposed in the Ivrea–Verbano Zone (NW Italy). Zircon is an abundant accessory mineral and its investigation through laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma (multi-collector)-mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-(MC)MS) has allowed results to directly constrain the timing of emplacement, as well as petrology and geochemistry of parental melts. Zircons are characterized by very large concentration in rare earth elements (REE), Th, U, Nb and Ta, and negative Eu anomaly. U–Pb analysis points to Norian emplacement ages (223 ± 7 Ma and 224 ± 6 Ma), whereas large positive εHf(t) values (+13 on average) indicate a derivation from depleted to mildly enriched mantle source. The mantle signature and the corundum oversaturation were preserved thanks to limited crustal contamination of the host, high-temperature refractory granulites and mafic intrusives. According to the geochemical data and to the evidence of the development of violent explosions into the conduits, it is proposed that dykes segregated from peraluminous melts produced by exsolution processes affecting volatile-rich differentiates during alkaline magmatism. This work provides robust evidence about the transition of the geochemical affinity of Southern Alps magmatism from orogenic-like to anorogenic during Norian time, linked to a regional uprising of the asthenosphere and change of tectonic regime.
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de Lima, Jefferson Valdemiro, Ignez de Pinho Guimarães, José Victor Antunes de Amorim, Caio Cezar Garnier Brainer, Lucilene dos Santos, and Adejardo Francisco da Silva Filho. "A Review of the Mineral Chemistry and Crystallization Conditions of Ediacaran–Cambrian A-Type Granites in the Central Subprovince of the Borborema Province, Northeastern Brazil." Minerals 14, no. 10 (October 11, 2024): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14101022.
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Ediacaran–Cambrian magmatism in the Central Subprovince (Borborema Province, NE Brazil) generated abundant A-type granites. This study reviews published whole-rock and mineral chemistry data from thirteen Ediacaran–Cambrian A-type intrusions and a related dike swarm. It also presents new mineral chemistry and whole-rock data for one of these intrusions, along with zircon trace element data for five of the intrusions. Geochronological data from the literature indicate the formation of these A-type intrusions during a 55 Myr interval (580–525 Ma), succeeding the post-collisional high-K magmatism in the region at c. 590–580 Ma. The studied plutons intruded Paleoproterozoic basement gneisses or Neoproterozoic supracrustal rocks. They are ferroan, metaluminous to peraluminous and mostly alkalic–calcic. The crystallization parameters show pressure estimates mainly from 4 to 7 kbar, corresponding to crustal depths of 12 to 21 km, and temperatures ranging from 1160 to 650 °C in granitoids containing mafic enclaves, and from 990 to 680 °C in those lacking or containing only rare mafic enclaves. The presence of Fe-rich mineral assemblages including ilmenite indicates that the A-type granites crystallized under low ƒO2 conditions. Zircon trace element analyses suggest post-magmatic hydrothermal processes, interpreted to be associated with shear zone reactivation. Whole-rock geochemical characteristics, the chemistry of the Fe-rich mafic mineral assemblages, and zircon trace elements in the studied granitoids share important similarities with A2-type granites worldwide.
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Darvishi, Esmaiel, Mahmoud Khalili, Roy Beavers, and Mohammad Sayari. "Petrology and mineral chemistry of peraluminous Marziyan granites, Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt (NW Iran)." Geologica Carpathica 66, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 361–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2015-0031.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Marziyan granites are located in the north of Azna and crop out in the Sanandaj-Sirjan metamorphic belt. These rocks contain minerals such as quartz, K-feldspars, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite, garnet, tourmaline and minor sillimanite. The mineral chemistry of biotite indicates Fe-rich (siderophyllite), low TiO2, high Al2O3, and low MgO nature, suggesting considerable Al concentration in the source magma. These biotites crystallized from peraluminous S-type granite magma belonging to the ilmenite series. The white mica is rich in alumina and has muscovite composition. The peraluminous nature of these rocks is manifested by their remarkably high SiO2, Al2O3and high molar A/CNK (> 1.1) ratio. The latter feature is reflected by the presence of garnet and muscovite. All field observations, petrography, mineral chemistry and petrology evidence indicate a peraluminous, S-type nature of the Marziyan granitic rocks that formed by partial melting of metapelite rocks in the mid to upper crust possibly under vapour-absent conditions. These rocks display geochemical characteristics that span the medium to high-K and calc-alkaline nature and profound chemical features typical of syn-collisional magmatism during collision of the Afro-Arabian continental plate and the Central Iranian microplate.
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AWAD, Hamdy Ahmed Mohamed, and Aleksey Valer`evich NASTAVKIN. "Geological and petrographical studies around Um Taghir area, Сentral Eastern Desert, Egypt." NEWS of the Ural State Mining University 1, no. 1 (March 23, 2020): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/2307-2091-2020-1-7-25.
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Um Taghir area is located in the northern extreme boundary of Central Eastern Desert of Egypt at the west of Safaga City. Um Taghir is represented by island arc related rocks and late to post tectonic magmatism. The island arc related rocks are represented by metavolcaniclastic sequences and metagabrroic rocks. Metavolcanoclastic rocks are considered as the older rock units of the study are and intruded by the metagabbro. The late to post tectonic magmatism is represented by (dokhan volcanic, gabbro, tonalite-granodiorite, monzogranite, alkali feldspar granites and different types of dikes). Usually, the gabbroic rock is bearing ilmenite lenses or bands in the bottom of the layered; this is related to magma rich of iron oxides. Petrographically, island arc assemblage is classified in to actinolite hornblende schist and metagabbro that show quite different of their content in plagioclase, hornblende, augite, quartz and biotite. Occasionally, the late to post tectonic magmatism represented by andesite, gabbro, tonalite, granodiorite monzogranite, alkali feldspar granites and different types of dikes. Andesite consists of plagioclase, quartz, alkali feldspar and hornblende. Gabbroic rocks are represented by pyroxene hornblende gabbro and leucogabbro. They show quite different of their content in plagioclase, pyroxene and clear difference in the content of both olivine and hornblende in both of them. While tonalite and granodiorite show quite different of their content in plagioclase, quartz, hornblende, alkali felspar and biotite. On the other hand, monzogranite and alkali feldspar granite, they show plagioclase is varying from oligoclase to albite; K-feldspars, quartz and muscovite are relatively more abundant in the alkali feldspar granite. Finally, the different types of dikes classified into granite, andesite, rhyolite and basalt dikes consist of the different mineral compositions.
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Kaur, Parminder, Suresh C. Patel, Roger H. Mitchell, Sebastian Tappe, Kamal L. Pruseth, Jaspreet Saini, Amritpaul Singh, and Gurmeet Kaur. "Mineralogy of K-Rich Rocks from the Jharia Basin in Jharkhand: Indications for Cretaceous Lamproite Magmatism in Eastern India." Canadian Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 105–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/2200021.
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Abstract Potassic dikes of early Cretaceous age (ca. 115 Ma) are emplaced in the Gondwana sedimentary basins of the Damodar valley in eastern India. Two potassic dikes in the Jharia basin (Ena and Moonidih) are characterized by the presence of olivine macrocrysts and phenocrysts, together with microphenocrysts of olivine, phlogopite–biotite, ilmenite, and apatite. These are set in a groundmass of phlogopite, apatite, ilmenite, spinel, and K-feldspar. Microphenocrystal and groundmass Al-Na-poor diopside and Al-poor Ti-rich amphibole are present in the Ena dike, whereas rutile, pyrite, galena, Zr-Ti-rich garnet, and quartz are minor phases occurring in the Moonidih dike. Two populations of relatively fresh olivine (I and II) are found in the Ena dike, in contrast to the Moonidih dike, where olivine macrocrysts and microphenocrysts are completely replaced by secondary magnesite, serpentine, and talc. The occurrence of fresh olivine in the Ena dike is reported for the first time in the Jharia basin. High forsterite (Fo) and Ni together with low Ca and Mn contents of the olivine-I macrocrysts suggest a mantle-derived xenocrystic origin. In contrast, the olivine-II population has high Ca and Mn, but relatively low Fo and Ni, suggesting a magmatic origin. Rimward decreasing Al and increasing Fe contents in zoned phlogopite crystals, plus the presence of groundmass spinel with compositions along the titanomagnetite trend (T2), indicate the lamproitic affinity of the K-rich dike rocks. Using a mineralogical-genetic classification scheme, the Ena and Moonidih dikes are classified as olivine-phlogopite-diopside-apatite-amphibole-feldspar lamproite and olivine-phlogopite-apatite-feldspar lamproite, respectively. We use the compositional variations of phlogopite, amphibole, apatite, and spinel to understand better the magmatic evolution and crystallization history of these potassic dikes. The Cretaceous lamproite magmatic event in eastern India was sourced from ancient metasomatized lithospheric mantle, with low-degree partial melting either triggered in the periphery of the impinging Kerguelen mantle plume head or induced by distant subduction.
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Fan, Dongxu, Shucheng Tan, Xia Wang, Zeli Qin, Junfang Zhao, Le Yang, Wanhui Zhang, et al. "Geochronology, Petrogenesis and Geodynamic Setting of the Kaimuqi Mafic–Ultramafic and Dioritic Intrusions in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen, NW China." Minerals 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010073.
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The Kaimuqi area in the Eastern Kunlun Orogen (EKO) contains many lherzolite, olivine websterite, gabbro and diorite intrusions, and new zircon U‒Pb dating, Lu‒Hf isotope and whole-rock geochemical data are presented herein to further confirm the Late Triassic mafic–ultramafic magmatism with Cu–Ni mineralization and to discuss the petrogenesis and geodynamic setting. Zircon U‒Pb dating shows that the Late Triassic ages, corresponding to 220 Ma and 222 Ma, reveal the mafic–ultramafic and dioritic magmatism in Kaimuqi, respectively. Zircon from gabbro has εHf(t) values of −3.4 to −0.2, with corresponding TDM1 ages of 994–863 Ma. The mafic–ultramafic rocks generally have low SiO2, (Na2O+K2O) and TiO2 contents and high MgO contents and Mg# values. They are relatively enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depleted in heavy REEs (HREEs) and high-field-strength elements (HFSEs), indicating that the primary magma was derived from the metasomatized lithospheric mantle. The diorites show sanukitic high-Mg andesite properties (e.g., MgO = 2.78%–3.54%, Mg# = 50–55, Cr = 49.6–60.0 ppm, Sr = 488–512 ppm, Y = 19.6–21.8 ppm, Ba = 583–722 ppm, Sr/Y = 23.5–25.4, K/Rb = 190–202 and Eu/Eu* = 0.73–0.79), with LREEs and LILEs enrichments and HREEs and HFSEs depletions. We suggest that the primary Kaimuqi diorite magma originated from enriched lithospheric mantle that was metasomatized by subduction-derived fluids and sediments. The Kaimuqi mafic–ultramafic and dioritic intrusions, with many other mafic–ultramafic and K-rich granitic/rhyolitic rocks in the EKO, formed in a dynamic extensional setting after the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean closure.
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Baker, T. "Gold ± Copper Endowment and Deposit Diversity in the Western Tethyan Magmatic Belt, Southeast Europe: Implications for Exploration." Economic Geology 114, no. 7 (November 1, 2019): 1237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4643.
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Abstract Major Au and Cu deposits in the Western Tethyan magmatic belt formed during two main periods of Cretaceous and Cenozoic magmatism. The Cretaceous deposits are dominantly Cu-Au porphyry, high-sulfidation epithermal, and volcanic massive sulfide deposits, whereas in the Cenozoic Cu is significant only in porphyry systems. However, the Cenozoic contains approximately three times greater total Au endowment (for Au deposits >0.5 million ounces), and also has a greater deposit diversity, including porphyry Au-Cu and Au-only deposits, high-, intermediate-, and low-sulfidation epithermal Au systems, and Au-rich carbonate replacement and sediment-hosted styles. The differences in endowment and deposit styles likely reflect regional-scale tectono-magmatic processes as well as local preservation and emplacement levels. The Cu ± Au endowment of the Cretaceous is consistent with typical subduction-related arc environments and generation of calc-alkaline porphyry to high-sulfidation epithermal systems, whereas Au enrichment related to Cenozoic magmatism appears to be related to high-K calc-alkalic to shoshonitic compositions. In many of the Au-rich Cenozoic magmatic belts, there is geochemical evidence for sourcing subcontinental lithospheric mantle that was previously enriched by Cretaceous subduction-related metasomatism. Additional differences in Au endowment may reflect the preservation of shallow-level systems in the Cenozoic, particularly for the Au-rich Miocene porphyry deposits such as Kışladağ and Bierly Vrch and the Apuseni porphyry Au-Cu deposits. However, in both the Cretaceous and Cenozoic, crustal exposure levels vary across the belt and cannot explain all the differences in Cu and Au endowment. A compilation of exploration discovery methods highlights the importance of historic workings in addition to geochemistry and geology as an initial vector, whereas geophysics has had limited involvement in direct discovery, primarily due to its limited application historically. Geologic models for well-understood systems such as porphyry and proximal epithermal systems provide excellent guides for explorers; however, more distal deposits such as Au-rich carbonate replacement deposits and deposits with poorly constrained models such as sedimentary rock-hosted and intermediate-sulfidation deposits are more challenging for exploration.
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Groves, David I., Liang Zhang, and M. Santosh. "Subduction, mantle metasomatism, and gold: A dynamic and genetic conjunction." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 7-8 (November 4, 2019): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35379.1.
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Abstract Global gold deposit classes are enigmatic in relation to first-order tectonic scale, leading to controversial genetic models and exploration strategies. Traditionally, hydrothermal gold deposits that formed through transport and deposition from auriferous ore fluids are grouped into specific deposit types such as porphyry, skarn, high- and low-sulfidation–type epithermal, gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Carlin-type, orogenic, and iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG), and intrusion-related gold deposits (IRGDs). District-scale mineral system approaches propose interrelated groups such as porphyry Cu-Au, skarn Cu-Au-Ag, and high-sulfidation Au-Ag. In this study, the temporal evolution of subduction-related processes in convergent margins was evaluated to propose a continuum of genetic models that unify the various types of gold deposits. At the tectonic scale of mineral systems, all hydrothermal gold deposits are interrelated in that they formed progressively during the evolution of direct or indirect subduction-related processes along convergent margins. Porphyry-related systems formed initially from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids related to melting of fertile mantle to initiate calc-alkaline to high-K felsic magmatism in volcanic arcs directly related to subduction. Formation of gold-rich VMS systems was related to hydrothermal circulation driven by magmatic activity during rifting of oceanic arcs. Orogenic gold deposits formed largely through fluids derived from devolatilization of the downgoing slab and overlying sediment wedge during late transpression in the orogenic cycle. Carlin-type deposits, IRGDs, and some continental-arc porphyry systems formed during the early stages of orogenic collapse via fluids directly or indirectly related to hybrid magmatism from melting of lithosphere that was metasomatized and gold-fertilized by earlier fluid release from subduction zones near margins of continental blocks. The IOCGs were formed during postorogenic asthenosphere upwelling beneath such subduction-related metasomatized and fertilized lithospheric blocks via fluid release and explosive emplacement of volatile-rich melts. Thus, importantly, subduction is clearly recognized as the key unifying dynamic factor in gold metallogenesis, with subduction-related fluids or melts providing the critical ore components for a wide variety of gold-rich deposit types.
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Limtrakun, P., Khin Zaw, C. G. Ryan, and T. P. Mernagh. "Formation of the Denchai gem sapphires, northern Thailand: evidence from mineral chemistry and fluid/melt inclusion characteristics." Mineralogical Magazine 65, no. 6 (December 2001): 725–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461016560004.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe Denchai gem sapphire deposits in Phrae Province, northern Thailand are closely associated with late Cenozoic alkaline basaltic rocks. The sapphires occur in alluvial placer deposits in palaeo-channels at shallow depths. Electron microprobe analysis of minor and trace element contents (Fe, Ti, Cr, Ga and V) of the sapphires indicate the following oxide abundances: Fe2O3 (0.32–1.98 wt.%), TiO2 (0.01–0.23 wt.%), Cr2O3 (<0.01 wt.%), Ga2O3 (0.01–0.03 wt.%) and V2O5 (<0.03 wt.%). Optical studies of sapphires revealed three types of primary fluid/melt inclusions. CO2-rich inclusions (Type I) contain three phases (LH2O + LCO2 + V) with the vapour phase comprising <10–15 vol.%. The presence of CO2 was confirmed by microthermometry and laser Raman analysis. Polyphase inclusions (Type II) (vapour + liquid + solid) contain a fluid bubble (20–30 vol.%), an aqueous phase (10–15 vol.%) and several solid phases. Silicate-melt inclusions (Type III) comprise vapour bubbles, silicate glass and solid phases. Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis revealed high concentrations of K (~;4 wt.%) as well as Ca (~;0.5 wt.%), Ti (~;1 wt.%), Fe (~;2 wt.%), Mn (~;0.1 wt.%), V (<0.03 wt.%), Rb (~;70 ppm) and Zr (~;200 ppm) in the silicate glass. The Ga2O3 abundances and Cr2O3/Ga2O3 values (<1) of the sapphires favour their formation by magmatic processes. The presence of CO2-rich fluids and high K concentrations in the silicate melt inclusions link the origin of the Denchai gem sapphires to CO2-rich alkaline magmatism.
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Kaur, Gurmeet, Roger H. Mitchell, and Suhel Ahmed. "Mineralogy of the Vattikod lamproite dykes, Ramadugu lamproite field, Nalgonda District, Telangana: A possible expression of ancient subduction-related alkaline magmatism along Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, India." Mineralogical Magazine 82, no. 1 (February 2018): 35–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.045.
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ABSTRACTThe mineralogy of nine recently discovered dykes (VL1:VL8 and VL10) in the vicinity of Vattikod village, Nalgonda district in Telangana State is described. The mineral assemblage present and their compositions are comparable to those of bona fide lamproites in terms of the presence of phlogopite (Ti-rich, Al-poor phlogopite and tetraferriphlogopite); amphiboles (potassic-arfvedsonite, potassic-richterite, potassic-ferro-richterite, potassic-katophorite, Ti-rich potassic-katophorite, Ti-rich potassic-magnesio-katophorite); Al-poor clinopyroxenes; feldspars (K-feldspar, Ba-K-feldspar and Na-feldspar) and spinels (chromite-magnetite and qandilite-ulvöspinel-franklinite). These dykes have undergone diverse and significant degrees of deuteric alteration as shown by the formation of secondary phases such as: titanite, allanite, hydro-zircon, calcite, chlorite, quartz and cryptocrystalline SiO2. On the basis of their respective mineralogy: the VL4 and VL5 dykes are classified as pseudoleucite-phlogopite lamproite; VL2 and VL3 dykes as pseudoleucite-amphibole-lamproite; and VL6, VL7 and VL8 as pseudoleucite-phlogopite-amphibole-lamproite. VL10 is extensively altered but contains fresh euhedral apatite microphenocrysts together with pseudomorphs after leucite and is classified as a pseudoleucite-apatite-(phlogopite?) lamproite. The mineralogy of the Vattikod lamproite dykes is compared with that of the Ramadugu, Somavarigudem and Yacharam lamproite dykes which also occur in the Ramadugu lamproite field. The lamproites from the Eastern Dharwar Craton are considered as being possible expressions of ancient subduction-related alkaline magmatism along the Eastern Ghats mobile belt.
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MCCARRON, JOE J., and IAN L. MILLAR. "The age and stratigraphy of fore-arc magmatism on Alexander Island, Antarctica." Geological Magazine 134, no. 4 (July 1997): 507–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756897007437.
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Fore-arc magmatic sequences associated with high Mg number andesite lavas unconformably overlie LeMay Group accretionary complex in Alexander Island. High-resolution 40Ar/39Ar, U–Pb zircon, fission track and K–Ar ages demonstrate that subduction-related fore-arc magmatism migrated northwards along the length of Alexander Island between c. 80 Ma and c. 46 Ma. The magmatic rocks represent a third of the western margin of the Antarctic Peninsula magmatic arc and are critical to the understanding of the final phase of subduction along the southern Antarctic Peninsula margin. The onset of late Cretaceous magmatism is recorded by poorly exposed volcanic rocks on Monteverdi Peninsula (79.7±2.5 Ma). In central and northern Alexander Island, the magmatic rocks can be distinguished by the proportion, range and types of lithofacies present, and by the periods of magmatism represented. The volcanic rocks of the Colbert Mountains range in age from c. 69–62 Ma and are dominated by large volume dacitic and rhyolitic crystal-rich ignimbrites interpreted as caldera-fill deposits. Elgar Uplands sequences range in age from c. 55–50 Ma, and contain approximately equal proportions of pyroclastic deposits and less evolved (basaltic-andesite and andesite) lavas including high Mg number andesite lavas near the base of three sequences. The volcanic rocks of Finlandia Foothills probably represent the youngest calc-alkaline units on Alexander Island (48±2 Ma). The sequence is lithologically similar to the Elgar Uplands and also contains high Mg number andesite lavas, but it is dominated by polymict conglomerates, with minor lavas, which were deposited in a graben associated with regional extension. Plutonic rocks exposed in the Rouen Mountains, adjacent to the Elgar Uplands, yielded a U–Pb age of 56±3 Ma which is in discordance with a previously published Rb–Sr age (46±3 Ma), probably due to hydrothermal perturbation of the Rb–Sr system. Northwards migration of magmatism was caused by the progressive collision and subduction of three ridge segments prior to the previously reported ridge crest–trench collisions that occurred c. 20–30 Ma later and following which subduction ceased.
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BUZZI, L., L. GAGGERO, L. GROZDANOV, S. YANEV, and F. SLEJKO. "High-Mg potassic rocks in the Balkan segment of the Variscan belt (Bulgaria): implications for the genesis of orogenic lamproite magmas." Geological Magazine 147, no. 3 (October 27, 2009): 434–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756809990550.
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AbstractUltrapotassic plutons from several domains of the Variscan orogenic belt have been in turn interpreted as syn- to post-orogenic due to their age spread, but assessment of their geodynamic setting and source regions is still open to interpretation. In the Svoge region (Bulgaria), at the southern margin of the Balkan orogen, peralkalic plutons are hosted within Ordovician pelites. The main intrusion, with lamproitic affinity, which hosts monzodiorite xenoliths and a polyphase syenite suite, was emplaced at a shallow level.40Ar–39Ar dating by step-heating of amphibole and biotite yielded a Early Carboniferous intrusion age for the main body (337 ± 4 and 339.1 ± 1.6 Ma). The lamproite intrusion is silica-rich compared with bona fide lamproites and characterized by moderate LILE and LaN/YbNenrichments. Sr and Nd isotopic data (initial ϵNdin the range −4.87 to −5.88) suggest an origin in a depleted lithospheric mantle, possibly refertilized by eo-Variscan subduction. The high-K syn-tectonic plutonism in several zones of the Variscan orogen (Bohemian, Austro-Alpine, Vosges, French and Corsica domains) is consistent with a derivation of high-K magmatism from partial melting of metasomatized mantle following the subduction along the collision front between Gondwana and Laurasia.
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AGHAZADEH, MEHRAJ, ANTONIO CASTRO, ZAHRA BADRZADEH, and KATHARINA VOGT. "Post-collisional polycyclic plutonism from the Zagros hinterland: the Shaivar Dagh plutonic complex, Alborz belt, Iran." Geological Magazine 148, no. 5-6 (June 24, 2011): 980–1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000380.
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AbstractThe petrological and geochronological study of the Cenozoic Shaivar Dagh composite intrusion in the Alborz Mountain belt (NW Iran) reveals important clues to decipher complex relations between magmatic and tectonic processes in the central sectors of the Tethyan (Alpine–Himalayan) orogenic belt. This pluton is formed by intrusion at different times of two main magmatic cycles. The older (Cycle 1) is formed by calc-alkaline silicic rocks, which range in composition from diorites to granodiorites and biotite granites, with abundant mafic microgranular enclaves. The younger cycle (Cycle 2) is formed by K-rich monzodiorite and monzonite of marked shoshonitic affinity. The latter form the larger volumes of the exposed plutonic rocks in the studied complex. Zircon geochronology (laser ablation ICP-MS analyses) gives a concordia age of 30.8 ± 2.1 Ma for the calc-alkaline rocks (Cycle 1) and a range from 23.3 ± 0.5 to 25.1 ± 0.9 Ma for the shoshonitic association (Cycle 2). Major and trace element relations strongly support distinct origins for each magmatic cycle. Rocks of Cycle 1 have all the characteristic features of active continental margins. Shoshonitic rocks (Cycle 2) define two continuous fractionation trends: one departing from a K-rich basaltic composition and the other from an intermediate, K-rich composition. A metasomatized-mantle origin for the two shoshonitic series of Cycle 2 is proposed on the basis of comparisons with experimental data. The origin of the calc-alkaline series is more controversial but it can be attributed to processes in the suprasubduction mantle wedge related to the incorporation of subducted mélanges in the form of silicic cold plumes. A time sequence can be established for the processes responsible of the generation of the two magmatic cycles: first a calc-alkaline cycle typical of active continental margins, and second a K-rich cycle formed by monzonites and monzodiorites. This sequence precludes the younger potassic magmas as precursors of the older calc-alkaline series. By contrast, the older calc-alkaline magmas may represent the metasomatic agents that modified the mantle wedge during the last stages of subduction and cooked a fertile mantle region for late potassic magmatism after continental collision.
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Leite, Renato J., Valdecir A. Janasi, and Lucelene Martins. "Contamination in mafic mineral-rich calc-alkaline granites: a geochemical and Sr-Nd isotope study of the Neoproterozoic Piedade Granite, SE Brazil." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 78, no. 2 (June 2006): 345–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0001-37652006000200013.
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The Piedade Granite (~600 Ma) was emplaced shortly after the main phase of granite magmatism in the Agudos Grandes batholith, Apiaí-Guaxupé Terrane, SE Brazil. Its main units are: mafic mineral-rich porphyritic granites forming the border (peraluminous muscovite-biotite granodiorite-monzogranite MBmg unit) and core (metaluminous titanite-bearing biotite monzogranite BmgT unit) and felsic pink inequigranular granite (Bmg unit) between them. Bmg has high LaN/YbN (up to 100), Th/U (>10) and low Rb, Nb and Ta, and can be a crustal melt derived from deep-seated sources with residual garnet and biotite. The core BmgT unit derived from oxidized magmas with high Mg# (~45), Ba and Sr, fractionated REE patterns (LaN/YbN= 45), 87Sr/86Sr(t)~ 0.710, epsilonNd(t) ~ -12 to -14, interpreted as being high-K calc-alkaline magmas contaminated with metasedimentary rocks that had upper-crust signature (high U, Cs, Ta). The mafic-rich peraluminous granites show a more evolved isotope signature (87Sr/86Sr(t) = 0.713-0.714; epsilonNd(t)= -14 to -16), similar to Bmg, and Mg# and incompatible trace-element concentrations intermediate between Bmg and BmgT. A model is presented in whichMBmgis envisaged as the product of contamination between a mafic mineral-rich magma consanguineous with BmgT and pure crustal melts akin to Bmg.
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Abdel-Rahman, Abdel-Fattah M. "Mineralogy of the Neoproterozoic epidote-bearing TTG suite, Mons Claudianus batholith (Egypt) and implications for synorogenic magmatism." Mineralogical Magazine 80, no. 7 (December 2016): 1291–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2016.080.132.
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AbstractThe Neoproterozoic, epidote-bearing Mons Claudianus Batholith (MCB), Egypt, consists of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) lithologies, containing variable contents of quartz, feldspars, amphiboles, biotite, and magmatic epidote, with accessory titanite, zircon, allanite, apatite, opaque magnetite and ilmenite. Plagioclase varies from An49 to An19, and K-feldspars possess near end-member compositions (Or97 to Or91). Amphiboles are calcic (Ca = 1.88–1.92 atoms per formula unit (apfu)), Al-rich (average AlT = 1.84 apfu), having an average Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio of 0.50, and are edenite, ferro-edenite and ferropargasite. The Al-in-Hb barometer produced an average crystallization pressure of 5.5 kbar, consistent with the presence of magmatic epidote; the association epidote – Al-rich-Hb suggests mesozonal crustal levels, and thus a possible average rate of regional uplift for the Nubian Shield would have been in the order of 0.03 mm/yr. Calculated temperatures (using the Hb-Plag geothermometer) range from 729 to 754°C (average 747°C). The calculated P / T values of epidote-bearing MCB rocks fall within the experimentally-determined P-T range of stability of magmatic epidote with fO2 buffered from NNO to HM. Biotites in the MCB are moderately Mg-rich (Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.42 to 0.50), and are type 'C'-biotite, typical of calcalkaline orogenic suites, which are distinct from types 'A' and 'P' biotites occurring in anorogenic alkaline, and peraluminous lithologies, respectively. The minor secondary chlorite phases, with their Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratios of 0.37–0.52, are pycnochlorite and ripidolites, and belong to group 'c' chlorites. Minerals of the MCB reflect a petrogenetic history involving a wet, subsolvus, typically orogenic magmatic system. Results of this study could have wide implications for mineralogical characterization, level of emplacement and evolution of magmatic systems of TTG suites occurring in other orogenic belts.
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Göncüoğlu, M. C., A. Günal-Türkmenoğlu, Ö. Bozkaya, Ö. Ünlüce-Yücel, C. Okuyucu, and İ. Ö. Yilmaz. "Geological features and geochemical characteristics of Late Devonian–Early Carboniferous K-bentonites from northwestern Turkey." Clay Minerals 51, no. 4 (September 2016): 539–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2016.051.4.02.
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AbstractNewly discovered K-bentonite beds, interstratified with limestones/dolomitic limestones of the Upper Devonian–Lower Carboniferous Yılanlı Formation, are exposed in the northwestern Black Sea region of Turkey, around Zonguldak and Bartın. K-bentonite samples collected from four different locations: the Gavurpınarı and Yılanlı Burnu quarries from the Bartın area, the Çimşir Çukurları quarry from the Şapça area, and the Güdüllü and Gökgöl highway tunnel section near Zonguldak city were investigated using optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in order to reveal their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and understand their origin and evolution. The K-bentonites occur at different levels in the Yılanlı Formation as 2–40 cm-thick, greenish to yellowish beds cropping out several hundred metres along strike. Preliminary biostratigraphic data suggest that the protoliths of the Bartın (Gavurpınarı and Yılanlı Burnu) and Güdüllü K-bentonites were deposited at around the boundary between the Frasnian and Famennian, whereas those in the Şapça and Gökgöl sections are slightly younger (Devonian–Carboniferous boundary interval). The lithofacies types of the host carbonate rocks suggest an ‘epeiric’ shallow carbonate platform environment. Illite and mixed-layer illite-smectite were the major clay minerals in the K-bentonites. The K-bentonites from the Bartın area display a high degree of illitization and consist mainly of illite indicating high-grade diagenesis, whereas illite-smectite-rich samples from the Şapca and Gökgöl tunnel locations reflect relatively lower diagenetic conditions. According to their geochemical compositions, two groups of K-bentonites were distinguished, one with alkali basalt (Bartın area and Güdüllü locations) and one with trachyte affinities (Gökgöl tunnel and Şapça locations). Geochemical fingerprinting of K-bentonites by trace and rare earth element (REE) data suggest that tephras with alkali basalt composition have been derived by a source formed in a ‘continental back-arc’ setting, whereas the source of K-bentonites with trachytic precursors is related to ‘continental within-plate rifting’. An evaluation of the global Late Devonian and Devonian–Carboniferous volcanism suggests that the bentonite precursors may be related to late-Variscan magmatism in Laurussia.
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FEELEY, T. C., M. A. COSCA, and C. R. LINDSAY. "Petrogenesis and Implications of Calc-Alkaline Cryptic Hybrid Magmas from Washburn Volcano, Absaroka Volcanic Province, USA." Journal of Petrology 43, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 663–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/43.4.663.
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Abstract The petrogenesis of calc-alkaline magmatism in the Eocene Absaroka Volcanic Province (AVP) is investigated at Washburn volcano, a major eruptive center in the low-K western belt of the AVP. New 40Ar/39Ar age determinations indicate that magmatism at the volcano commenced as early as 55 Ma and continued until at least 52 Ma. Although mineral and whole-rock compositional data reflect near equilibrium crystallization of modal phenocrysts, petrogenetic modeling demonstrates that intermediate composition magmas are hybrids formed by mixing variably fractionated and contaminated mantle-derived melts and heterogeneous silicic crustal melts. Nd and Sr isotopic compositions along with trace element data indicate that silicic melts in the Washburn system are derived from deep-crustal rocks broadly similar in composition to granulite-facies xenoliths in the Wyoming Province. Our preferred explanation for these features is that mantle-derived basaltic magma intruded repeatedly in the deep continental crust leading to fractional crystallization, silicic melt production, and homogenization of magmas, followed by ascent to shallow reservoirs and crystallization of new plagioclase-rich mineral assemblages in equilibrium with the intermediate hybrid liquids. The implications of this process are that (1) some calc-alkaline magmas may only be recognized as hybrids on purely chemical grounds, particularly in systems where mixing precedes and is widely separated from crystallization in space and time, and (2) given the role ascribed to crustal processes at Washburn volcano, the variation between rocks that follow calc-alkaline trends in the western AVP and those that follow shoshonitic trends in the east cannot simply reflect higher pressures of fractionation to the east in Moho-level magma chambers in the absence of crustal interaction.
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Caroff, Martial, Hervé Bellon, Louis Chauris, Jean-Paul Carron, Stéphane Chevrier, Alain Gardinier, Joseph Cotten, Yann Le Moan, and Yseult Neidhart. "Magmatisme fissural triasico-liasique dans l'ouest du Massif armoricain (France): pétrologie, géochimie, âge, et modalités de la mise en place." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 32, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1921–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e95-147.
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The dolerite dykes at the western end of Britanny (France), which is located on the North Atlantic margin, were emplaced in a NW–SE field of faults at the Trias–Lias time limit, between 210 and 195 Ma. These rocks are quartz tholeiites enriched in TiO2, with a trace element composition close to that of the Deccan basalts. The initial concentrations of Ba, K, and Rb, though slightly modified by the alteration, and of Nb seem to have been affected by crustal contamination during the magma transfer. These dykes are comparable, in age and composition, to the tholeiitic dykes exposed in the Iberian Peninsula, in the Moroccan Atlas and in the Northern Appalachians; they however have a different orientation. Furthermore, these various domains differ in their postintrusion history: the rifting leading to the opening of the Central Atlantic occurred soon after the intrusions of the dykes, whereas the opening of the North Atlantic began several tens of millions of years later, following the direction of the Armorican array of dykes. The study of the mode of emplacement of the intrusions shows evidence of two sets of dykes: "simple dikes", 5 to 10 m thick, resulting from a single magmatic injection and "multiple dykes", about 30 m thick, composed of five magmatic units that are individually 5 to 10 m wide. The western Armorican dyke field is the result of the intrusion of successive sets of dolerite having a uniform thickness and composition, suggesting a cyclic magmatic supply from homogeneous source. [Journal Translation]
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Van Rythoven, Adrian D., Daniel J. Schulze, and Donald W. Davis. "Ultramafic xenoliths from the 1.15 Ga Certac kimberlite, eastern Superior Craton." Canadian Mineralogist 58, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 267–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3749/canmin.1900064.
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ABSTRACT Xenoliths and xenocrysts of mantle material from kimberlite dikes located underground at the Certac Au mine, Québec, in the eastern Superior Craton, were studied in terms of the major element composition of their constituent minerals. The kimberlite was dated at 1151 ± 46 Ma by the U-Pb perovskite method. This suite thus provides a rare glimpse into the Mesoproterozoic mantle of the Superior Craton. Two parageneses of mantle material unrelated to the kimberlite magmatism occur: (1) an olivine + ilmenite ± magnetite association characterized by relatively Fe-rich olivine (Mg# = 0.68–0.84) and ilmenite enriched in Mg and Cr (4–13 wt.% MgO, Cr2O3 up to 3 wt.%), and (2) spinel peridotite characterized by Mg-rich olivine (Mg# = 0.91–0.94). The Fe-rich association is interpreted as a magmatic cumulate likely unrelated to the kimberlite. No mantle-derived garnet occurs in the xenoliths or as xenocrysts. The presence of Cr-rich spinel (Cr# = 0.84–0.98) in high temperature (860–953 °C) chromite peridotite indicates bulk compositions too depleted in Al for garnet to be stable, although geothermometry suggests they equilibrated at depths corresponding to garnet stability (90–131 km, depending on the geothermal gradient). Alternatively, the presence of phlogopite in two of the three high temperature (i.e., deepest) chromite peridotites suggests the absence of garnet and presence of low-Al chromite may have been caused by metasomatism from a K-rich fluid that replaced garnet with phlogopite + clinopyroxene ± chromite. Less depletion at shallower depths is indicated by a chromite (Cr# = 0.60) dunite that equilibrated at 831 °C and a low temperature (752 °C) Mg-Al-spinel lherzolite.
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Clarke, D. Barrie, Andrew S. Henry, and Mike A. Hamilton. "Composition, age, and origin of granitoid rocks in the Davin Lake area, Rottenstone Domain, Trans-Hudson Orogen, northern Saskatchewan." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42, no. 4 (April 1, 2005): 599–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e04-067.
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The Rottenstone Domain of the Trans-Hudson orogen is a 25-km-wide graniticmigmatitic belt lying between the La Ronge volcanicplutonic island arc (18901830 Ma) to the southeast and the ensialic Wathaman Batholith (1855 Ma) to the northwest. The Rottenstone Domain consists of three lithotectonic belts parallel to the orogen: (i) southeast gently folded migmatized quartzo-feldspathic metasedimentary and mafic metavolcanic rocks intruded by small concordant and discordant white tonalitemonzogranite bodies; (ii) central intensely folded and migmatized metasedimentary rocks and minor metavolcanic rocks intruded by largely discordant, xenolith-rich, pink aplite-pegmatite monzogranite bodies; and (iii) northwest steeply folded migmatized metasedimentary rocks cut by subvertical white tonalitemonzogranite sheets. Emplacement of granitoid rocks consists predominantly of contiguous, orogen-parallel, steeply dipping, syntectonic and post-tectonic sheets with prominent magmatic schlieren bands, overprinted by parallel solid-state deformation features. The white granitoid rocks have A/CNK (mol Al2O3/(mol CaO + Na2O + K2O)) = 1.141.22, K/Rb ≈ 500, ΣREE (sum of rare-earth elements) < 70 ppm, Eu/Eu* > 1, 87Sr/86Sri ≈ 0.7032, and εNdi ≈ 2. The pink monzogranites have A/CNK = 1.111.16, K/Rb ≈ 500, ΣREE > 90 ppm, Eu/Eu* < 1, 87Sr/86Sri ≈ 0.7031, and εNdi ≈ 2. The white granitoid rocks show a wider compositional range and more compositional scatter than the pink monzogranites, reflecting some combination of smaller volume melts, less homogenization, and less control by crystalmelt equilibria. All metavolcanic, metasedimentary, and granitic rocks in the Rottenstone Domain have the distinctive geochemical signatures of an arc environment. New sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) UPb geochronology on the Rottenstone granitoid rocks reveals complex growth histories for monazite and zircon, variably controlled by inheritance, magmatism, and high-grade metamorphism. Monazite ages for the granitoid bodies and migmatites cluster at ~1834 and ~1814 Ma, whereas zircon ages range from ~2480 Ma (rare cores) to ~19001830 Ma (cores and mantles), but also ~18181814 Ma for low Th/U recrystallized rims, overgrowths, and rare discrete euhedral prisms. These results demonstrate that at least some source material for the granitic magmas included earliest Paleoproterozoic crust (Sask Craton?), or its derived sediments, and that Rottenstone granitic magmatism postdated plutonism in the bounding La Ronge Arc and Wathaman Batholith. We estimate the age of terminal metamorphism in the Davin Lake area to be ~1815 Ma. Petrogenetically, the Rottenstone migmatites and granitoid rocks appear, for the most part, locally derived from their metasedimentary and metavolcanic host rocks, shed from the La Ronge Arc, Sask Craton, and possibly the Hearne Craton. The Rottenstone Domain was the least competent member in the overthrust stack and probably underwent a combination of fluid-present melting and fluid-absent decompression melting, resulting in largely syntectonic granitoid magmatism ~18351815 Ma, analogous to granite production in the High Himalayan gneiss belt.
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Ece, O. I., and Z. E. Nakagawa. "Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the Şile Region, northern İstanbul, Turkey. Part II: differential mobility of elements." Clay Minerals 38, no. 4 (December 2003): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0009855033840113.
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AbstractIn the area of S° ile, NW Turkey, Upper Cretaceous calc-alkaline volcanic rocks with compositions ranging from andesite to rhyolite have been recognized. The most widespread rocks of the suite are andesites, which can be grouped into altered and fresh. The oldest altered andesites are the parent rocks for the kaolin deposits of the study area. The Upper Cretaceous volcanic suite consists of spilite, basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, trachyandesitic and hyaloandesitic dacite, rhyolite lavas, tuffs and agglomerates. The highly altered andesites are composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, augite and very fine opaque minerals. During the Turonian, an E –W trending extensional magmatic arc was developed in the Istanbul Tectonic Zone of the oceanic Western Black Sea basin and intermediate volcanic rocks were emplaced, mostly calc-alkaline andesites, suggesting multi-stage magmatism. The significant features of the andesites are: (1) enrichment of LILE (Rb, Ba, K) over HFSE (Zr, Nb, Hf, Ti, Th, U, Y) and LREE (La –Sm), resulting in high Ba/Nb, Th/Nb, Ba/La, K/Ti and Th/La ratios; (2) depletion of LREE over HFSE, MREE and HREE, generating high La/Nb, Ce/Ti, La/Sm and La/Y values; and (3) depletion of Nb, Sr and Ti; all of which are typical of island arc magmatism, with possible back arc signature. The Th-Hf-Ta diagram for tectonomagmatic classification shows that the S° ile calc-alkaline rocks are similar to volcanic rocks from the Mariana Arc, the Aeolian Arc of Salina, Italy, the Skaros island in the Aegean Sea and Sardinia's ignimbrites. Moreover, relatively low La/Th and Ce/Pb ratios suggest that the source region of volcanism was enriched in LILE with respect to REE, indicating crustal contamination during melting.Highly weathered andesitic rocks, rich in smectite, were transported gradually and deposited in a lacustrine basin, a coal-forming dysaerobic environment, in which they were subject to post-depositional alteration, or in situkaolinization, to form a kaolin deposit in the presence of humic and fulvic acids. The mobility of major and trace elements and REEs during the progressive kaolinization of andesitic materials has been investigated to reveal the geochemical characteristics of Upper Cretaceous volcanic parent rocks and to explain mineralogical processes in a kaolin deposit as a daughter rock ‘end-product’ . Alteration is characterized by the loss of Si, Fe, Ca, Na and K, and by the gain of Al, Ti, Zr and LOI. Moreover, Ho, Er and Yb are immobile, and Hf, Zr and Nb are mobile. Th and U are slightly enriched in clay horizons with respect to the andesitic rocks. In addition, Cr, Ga, Nb and Ta enrichments indicate variable sources of terrigenous sediments and differential mobilities of elements in lake waters rich in organic acids. The anatase concentration increases in the <2 mm size fractions as subspherical particles and these precipitate at acidic conditions (pH ≈ 5) during early diagenesis.
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Golovin, Alexander V., Alexey A. Tarasov, and Elena V. Agasheva. "Mineral Assemblage of Olivine-Hosted Melt Inclusions in a Mantle Xenolith from the V. Grib Kimberlite Pipe: Direct Evidence for the Presence of an Alkali-Rich Carbonate Melt in the Mantle Beneath the Baltic Super-Craton." Minerals 13, no. 5 (May 6, 2023): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13050645.
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This report deals with the first mineralogical examination of secondary crystallized melt inclusions (CMIs) in healed cracks within olivine in a mantle peridotite xenolith from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province). In contrast to micro/nano-inclusions in diamonds, the studied CMIs are quite large (up to 50 µm), so that the mineral composition of the CMIs can be determined via conventional analytical approaches, e.g., Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Garnet peridotite is a coarse-grained mantle rock that equilibrates at 3.3 GPa and 750 °C (corresponding to a depth of ~100 km). The CMIs are therefore tiny snapshots of melt that existed in the shallow lithospheric mantle and were entrapped in olivine. In total, nineteen mineral species were identified among the daughter magmatic minerals of the CMIs. Various Na-K-Ca-, Na-Ca-, Na-Mg-, Ca-Mg-, Mg- and Ca-carbonates; Na-Mg-carbonates with the additional anions Cl−, SO42− and PO43−; alkali sulfates; chlorides; phosphates; sulfides; oxides; and silicates were established. Within the mineral assemblage, carbonates were predominant, with their abundance being more than 62 vol.%. The CMIs contained twelve alkali-rich minerals; nine of them were Na-bearing and showed bulk molar (Na + K)/Ca ≥ 1. The CMIs’ parental melt was an alkali-rich carbonate liquid that contained low amounts of SiO2 (≤9.6 wt%) and H2O (≤2.6 wt%). According to our estimates, the time of complete equilibration between olivine within the healed cracks and host olivine in the mantle at the calculated P-T parameters for the studied xenolith should be no more than several years. Based on this geologically short time span, a genetic link between the studied CMIs and the magmatism that formed the V. Grib kimberlite pipe is suggested.
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Davis, Alicé S., Leda-Beth G. Pickthorn, Tracy L. Valuer, and Michael S. Marlow. "Petrology and age of volcanic-arc rocks from the continental margin of the Bering Sea: implications for Early Eocene relocation of plate boundaries." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 7 (July 1, 1989): 1474–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-125.
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Eocene volcanic flow and dike rocks from the Beringian margin have arc characteristics, implying a convergent history for this region during the early Tertiary. The extrusive rocks are basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite, and minor dacite and rhyolite. The intrusive sample is from a quartz diorite dike intruding serpentinized peridotite. Major-element oxide contents, particularly FeO*/MgO versus SiO2, identify both tholeiitic and calc-alkalic basalt; more silicic lavas have calc-alkalic affinities. Consistent with volcanic-arc compositions, spidergrams show pronounced Nb–Ta depletion and alkali enrichment relative to light-rare-earth-element (LREE) abundance. Chondrite-normalized REE plots show relatively flat patterns, with only slight LREE enrichment for tholeiitic compositions and greater LREE enrichment and lower heavy-rare-earth-element (HREE) abundance for calc-alkalic compositions. The samples, particularly those with calc-alkalic compositions, are rich in plagioclase that is strongly zoned; the more silicic samples contain orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and primary amphibole. The quartz diorite dike contains iron-rich almandine phenocrysts that appear to be magmatic, suggesting emplacement at great depth near the base of the crust or upper mantle.Chemical and mineralogical compositions are similar to those of modern Aleutian-arc lavas. They also resemble volcanic-arc compositions from western mainland Alaska, although greater chemical diversity and a stronger continental influence are observed in the Alaskan mainland rocks.Early Eocene ages of 54.4–50.2 Ma for the Beringian samples are well constrained by conventional K–Ar ages of nine plagioclase separates and by concordant 40Ar/39Ar incremental heating and total-fusion experiments. A concordant U–Pb zircon age of 53 Ma for the quartz-diorite dike is in good agreement with the K–Ar data.Plate motion studies of the North Pacific Ocean indicate more northerly directed subduction prior to the Tertiary and a continuous belt of arc-type volcanism extending from Siberia, along the Beringian margin, into mainland Alaska. Around 56 Ma (chron 25–24), subduction changed to a more westerly direction and subduction-related volcanism ceased for most of mainland Alaska. The increasingly oblique angle of convergence should have ended subduction along the Beringian margin as well. However, consistent ages of 54–50 Ma indicate a final pulse in arc-type magmatism during this period of plate adjustment, which may be explained by three different models: (1) The northern and central part of the Beringian margin maintained a higher angle of convergence, allowing a final pulse of arc-type magmatism. (2) The rocks erupted in an early, or proto, Aleutian arc and were rafted against the continental margin along transform faults. (3) The rocks erupted along a leaky transform fault, analogous to calc-alkalic volcanism in the southern California borderland.
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Wu, Bin, Christophe Bonnetti, Yue Liu, Zhan-Shi Zhang, Guo-Lin Guo, Guang-Lai Li, Yin-Qiu Hu, and Zhao-Yan Yan. "Uraninite from the Guangshigou Pegmatite-Type Uranium Deposit in the North Qinling Orogen, Central China: Its Occurrence, Alteration and Implications for Post-Caledonian Uranium Circulation." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 729. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070729.
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The Guangshigou deposit is the largest pegmatite-type uranium deposit in the Shangdan domain of the North Qinling Orogenic Belt, which is characterized by the enrichment of uraninite hosted in biotite granitic pegmatites. At Guangshigou, uraninite commonly occurs as mineral inclusions in quartz, K-feldspar and biotite or in interstices of these rock-forming minerals with magmatic characteristics (e.g., U/Th < 100, high ThO2, Y2O3 and REE2O3 contents and low concentrations of CaO, FeO and SiO2). It crystallized at 407.6 ± 2.9 Ma from fractionated calc-alkaline high-K pegmatitic melts under conditions of 470–700 °C and 2.4–3.4 kbar as deduced by the compositions of coexisting peritectic biotite. The primary uranium mineralization took place during the Late Caledonian post-collisional extension in the North Qinling Orogen. After this magmatic event, uraninite has experienced multiple episodes of fluid-assisted metasomatism, which generated an alteration halo of mineral assemblages. The alteration halo (or radiohalo) was the result of the combined effects of metamictization and metasomatism characterized by an assemblage of goethite, coffinite and an unidentified aluminosilicate (probably clay minerals) around altered uraninite. This fluid-assisted alteration was concomitant with the albitization of K-feldspar subsequently followed by the coffinitization of uraninite during the major period of 84.9–143.6 Ma, as determined by U-Th-Pb chemical ages. Further investigations revealed that the metasomatic overprinting on uraninite initially and preferentially took place along microcracks or cavities induced by metamictization and promoted their amorphization, followed by the release of U and Pb from structure and the incorporation of K, Ca and Si from the fluids, finally resulting in various degrees of uraninite coffinitization. The released U and Pb were transported by alkali-rich, relatively oxidizing fluids and then re-precipitated locally as coffinite and an amorphous U-Pb-rich silicate under low to moderate temperature conditions (85–174 °C). The compositional changes in primary uraninite, its structure amorphization together with the paragenetic sequence of secondary phases, therefore, corroborate a combined result of intense metamictization of uraninite and an influx of alkali–metasomatic fluids during the Late Mesozoic Yanshanian magmatic event in the region. Hence, the remobilization and circulation of uranium in the North Qinling Orogen was most likely driven by post-Caledonian magmatism and hydrothermal activities related to large-scale tectonic events. In this regards, Paleozoic pegmatite-type uranium mineralization may represent a significant uranium source for Mesozoic hydrothermal mineralization identified in the Qinling Orogenic Belt.
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Kholodnov, V. V., E. S. Shagalov, G. A. Kallistov, G. Yu Shardakova, D. N. Salikhov, and E. V. Konovalova. "The Akhunovo–Petropavlovsk Granitoid Area as a Continental-Margin Center of the Long-Term Mantle–Crust Interaction: The Role of Subductional and Rift–Plume Sources." Russian Geology and Geophysics 62, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 648–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20194121.
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Abstract —The Akhunovo–Petropavlovsk area of the late Paleozoic granite magmatism is located in the northeast of the Magnitogorsk megazone (MMZ) in the South Urals. It is a series of successively intruded rocks (Petropavlovsk, Akhunovo, Karagai, and Uiskii Bor intrusions) differing not only in composition, the depth of formation, and ore content but also in the relationship with magmatic and fluid sources and in magma generation mechanisms. This area differs significantly in the number and composition of intrusive complexes from the igneous rocks and ore associations in the central and western parts of the MMZ. The granite magmatism pulses alternated with the collisional shearing/spreading and rifting stages. The Petropavlovsk mesoabyssal granite intrusion (347.0 ± 8.6 Ma) formed at the early stage of the area evolution. Its rocks are similar in composition to a suprasubductional series (melting products of a mantle source enriched not only in water fluid but also in Cl). Later (310–306 Ma), at the collision–compression stage, crustal intrusion of the Akhunovo–Karagai granodiorite–granite complex took place. The intruded rocks are similar to the Middle Urals continental-margin gabbro-tonalite–grano-diorite–granite plutons (320–290 Ma) bearing large gold–sulfide–quartz deposits (Berezovskoe etc.). At the final stage of the area evolution, during the transition from continental-margin regime to hard collision between the East European and Kazakhstan continents (late Carboniferous) and the intense shearing/spreading deformations, the Uiskii Bor granosyenite–granite intrusion (304.0 ± 4.8 Ma) rich in K and HFSE formed. Granite intrusions of this type have been revealed in the MMZ for the first time. Thus, the granitoid complexes of the Akhunovo–Petropavlovsk area formed under changes in geodynamic settings and are characterized by different compositions, depths of occurrence, and genesis. This permits us to consider the area a typical continental-margin center of the long-term mantle–crust interaction, where magma generation proceeded at different mantle and crust levels, with the participation of both suprasubductional and enriched plume-related rift sources.
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Dey, Sukanta, and Jean-François Moyen. "Archean granitoids of India: windows into early Earth tectonics – an introduction." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 489, no. 1 (2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp489-2020-155.
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AbstractGranitoids form the dominant component of Archean cratons. They are generated by partial melting of diverse crustal and mantle sources and subsequent differentiation of the primary magmas, and are formed through a variety of geodynamic processes. Granitoids, therefore, are important archives for early Earth lithospheric evolution. Peninsular India comprises five cratonic blocks bordered by mobile belts. The cratons that stabilized during the Paleoarchean–Mesoarchean (Singhbhum and Western Dharwar) recorded mostly diapirism or sagduction tectonics. Conversely, cratons that stabilized during the late Neoarchean (Eastern Dharwar, Bundelkhand, Bastar and Aravalli) show evidence consistent with terrane accretion–collision in a convergent setting. Thus, the Indian cratons provide testimony to a transition from a dominantly pre-plate tectonic regime in the Paleoarchean–Mesoarchean to a plate-tectonic-like regime in the late Neoarchean. Despite this diversity, all five cratons had a similar petrological evolution with a long period (250–850 myr) of episodic tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) magmatism followed by a shorter period (30–100 myr) of granitoid diversification (sanukitoid, K-rich anatectic granite and A-type granite) with signatures of input from both mantle and crust. The contributions of this Special Publication cover diverse granitoid-related themes, highlighting the potential of Indian cratons in addressing global issues of Archean crustal evolution.
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Lin, Hao, Zuochen Li, Xianzhi Pei, Ruibao Li, Hai Zhou, Meng Wang, Shaowei Zhao, Li Qin, and Mao Wang. "Investigating the Orogenic Evolution of the Wushan–Shangdan Ocean in the Qinling–Qilian Conjunction Zone: Insights from the Early Devonian Tailu Pluton." Minerals 14, no. 9 (September 5, 2024): 910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min14090910.
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The main ocean–continent transformation stage of the Qinling and Qilian conjunction zone happened in the Early Paleozoic with the occurrence of a lot of subduction–collision–related magmatic rocks. However, there is still considerable controversy over the duration of the subduction–collision orogeny process of the Proto-Tethys Ocean, here termed as the Wushan–Shangdan Ocean. We provide geochronological, geochemical, and Lu-Hf isotopic data for typical Early Devonian igneous rocks there, named Tailu pluton. The Tailu pluton at 410 Ma comprised K-rich, calc-alkaline, metaluminous A-type granite with low Y/Nb ratios (0.85 to 1.35) and A/CNK values (0.90 to 1.01); with high SiO2 contents (65.44 to 74.46 wt%), Mg# values (39.2 to 50.7), and zircon saturation temperatures (745 to 846 °C); and with negative εHf (t) values (−8.0 to −1.9); therefore, they resulted from the partial melting of the ancient felsic lower crust accompanied by the incorporation of mantle-derived material during the intraplate magmatism process. Research on Tailu pluton has provided more sufficient evidence for the evolution process of the Qinling–Qilian conjunction zone in the Early Paleozoic, associated with evolution of the Wushan–Shangdan Ocean, the northern part of the Proto-Tethys Ocean.
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Upton, B. G. J., A. A. Finch, and E. Słaby. "Megacrysts and salic xenoliths in Scottish alkali basalts: derivatives of deep crustal intrusions and small-melt fractions from the upper mantle." Mineralogical Magazine 73, no. 6 (December 2009): 943–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2009.073.6.943.
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AbstractCa-poor and typically Na-rich feldspar megacrysts are common associates of spinel lherzolitic and pyroxenitic xenoliths in Scottish alkalic basalts. Associated megacrysts and composite megacrysts and salic xenoliths include apatite, magnetite, zircon, biotite, Fe-rich pyroxene(s) and corundum. The salic xenoliths and related megacrysts are referred to collectively as the ‘anorthoclasite suite': the majority of the samples are inferred to derive from the disaggregation of coarse-grained, typically Na-rich, syenitic protoliths at depth. Rare occurrences of euhedral anorthoclase megacrysts, together with zircon dating, imply that the suite crystallized at, or very shortly before, their entrainment by the basaltic host magmas. Some evidence suggests that the anorthoclasite suite protoliths lie within ultramafic (pyroxenitic) domains in the deep crust. The latter are inferred to be pegmatites, crystallized from carbonated trachytic magmas with widely variable Ca, Na, K, Ba and trace-element contents, and to have ranged from metaluminous to peraluminous. Crystal zonation and resorption textures within the salic xenoliths imply that the crystallization of the parent magmas was complex. Confirmation of this comes from cathodoluminescence studies of the feldspars showing that early ('primary’) anorthoclases and potassian albites exhibit partial replacement by a more potassic feldspar. A third generation of potassic feldspar (enriched in an assortment of trace elements and deduced to have crystallized from a carbonated high-K melt) forms transecting zoned veins in which carbonate fills the axial zone.Whereas most of the anorthoclasite suite materials are inferred to have grown from metaluminous magmas, the occurrence of magmatic corundum in salic xenoliths indicates crystallization from magmas that were peraluminous. The corundum-bearing samples also contain Nb-rich oxide minerals and their associated feldspars have the highest rare-earth element(REE)contents. Accordingly, the peraluminous trachyte magmas are deduced to have been specifically enriched in high field-strength trace elements. It is proposed that formation of the anorthoclasite suite protoliths is a phenomenon closely related to that of salic glass ‘pockets', well known from spinel lherzolite xenoliths around the world. Not only are there compositional affinities, but both sets of phenomena appear to have closely pre-empted the ascent of alkali basalt (host) magmas. We propose that the two sets of phenomena are linked and that the anorthoclasite suite derived from coarse-grained sheets, generated by the aggregation of salic melt fractions rising from the shallow mantle and heralding the onset of basaltic magmatism.
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Damogalad, Yustina, Aang Panji Permana, Ronal Hutagalung, and Intan Noviantari Manyoe. "Karakteristik Batuan Dasar Formasi Gabro Daerah Keramat Kabupaten Boalemo." JRST (Jurnal Riset Sains dan Teknologi) 8, no. 1 (April 25, 2024): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30595/jrst.v8i1.17323.
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Secara administratif wilayah penelitian terletak di Desa Keramat dan sekitarnya, Kabupaten Boalemo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Daerah penelitian tersususun oleh batuan terobosan dari formasi Batuan Gabro (Teog), Formasi Batuan Granodiorit Bumbulan (Tpb) dan Formasi Aluvium (Qal). Kondisi geologi daerah penelitian sangat kompleks sehingga menarik diteliti karena belum pernah dilakukan penelitian secara detail. Tujuan penelitian yang akan dicapai adalah mengetahui karakteristik mineralogi dan tekstur serta proses terbentuknya batuan dasar berdasarkan data pemetaan geologi dan data petrografi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian tersebut terdiri dari survei geologi lapangan, penelitian laboratorium, dan pengolahan studio. Metode observasi lapangan adalah metode yang berfokus pada pengamatan kondisi geologi di daerah penelitian. Kemudian data-data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan metode penelitian laboratorium berupa analisis petrografi dengan sayatan tipis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Morfologi daerah penelitian terbagi menjadi 2 satuan yaitu satuan perbukitan rendah struktural dan dataran aluvial. Stratigrafi daerah penelitian dibagi menjadi 2 satuan diurutkan dari tua ke muda yaitu satuan gabro, satuan granodiorite dan satuan endapan aluvial. Struktur geologi yang bekerja pada daerah penelitian berupa kekar gerus yang memiliki arah barat laut-tenggara hingga timur laut-barat daya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis petrografi yang telah dilakukan maka diperoleh hasil karateristik batuan gabro sebagai batuan dasar pada formasi gabro adalah berwarna putih kecokelatan (PPl), berwarna abu-abu hingga orange (XPL), hypokristalin, ukuran kristal (1-3 mm), bentuk dan hubungan antar kristal subhedral. Tekstur umum ekuigranular faneritik dengan komposisi mineral penyusun batuan yaitu plagioklas, K-feldspar, biotit, piroksen, mineral opak dan mineral alterasi penyusun batuan serisit. Batuan ini merupakan bagian dari jalur magmatisme pada zaman Eosen.
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El-Wardany, Refaey M., Jiangang Jiao, Basem Zoheir, Mustafa Kumral, Mustafa Kaya, and Amr Abdelnasser. "Post-Subduction Granite Magmatism and Gold-Sulfide Mineralization in the Abu Zawal (Fatira) Area, Eastern Desert, Egypt." Minerals 13, no. 4 (March 30, 2023): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13040489.
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Gold-sulfide mineralization in the Abu Zawal (Fatira) mine area, North Eastern Desert of Egypt, is related to porphyritic felsite dikes and elongate silicification zones in granitic rocks. These felsite dikes and the host granitic rocks exhibit major and trace element geochemical features typical of calc-alkaline and metaluminous I-type granites, likely originated in a late-orogenic setting. Their geochemical characteristics along with their fractionated LREE relative to HREE patterns imply either formation in a subduction-related environment or generation from subduction-modified source materials. Partial melting of subduction-metasomatized lower crustal rocks during extension following the lithospheric thickening may account for the production of such fertile, high Sr/Y and La/Yb magmas. In the Abu Zawal (Fatira) area, NE-trending altered felsite dikes, hydrothermal breccias, quartz enclaves, and wall-rock replacements are characterized by disseminations of chalcopyrite, pyrite, and rare gold. Alteration mineralogy, dominated by sericite, drusy quartz, kaolinite, calcite, and specular hematite, combined with the available fluid inclusion data suggests moderate to low temperature and near neutral pH conditions. The geochemical data of the altered wallrocks and mass balance calculations indicate significant mass losses in the altered rocks consistent with fluid/wallrock ratios higher than unity and near neutral pH conditions. Considering that the silica-rich host rocks, hydrothermal alteration, and sulfide-bearing hydrothermal quartz breccia in Fatira mine area were intuitively related to sulfur-saturated, oxidized felsic magmatism and associated hydrothermal systems, they are most likely linked to the post-subduction felsite porphyries (post-Hammamat felsites ~ 607 Ma), or pertaining to the late phases of the subaerial high-K calc-alkaline volcanics (Dokhan Volcanics ≤ 620 Ma).
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Chambers, Larry W. "N. Keating, J. Fast, J. Frederick, K. Cranswick, and C. Perrier Eldercare in Canada: Context, Content and Consequences. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada. Ministry of Industry, 1999. Catalogue no. 89-570-XPE." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 20, no. 3 (2001): 430–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800012885.
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RÉSUMÉDans leur livre, Eldercare in Canada: Context, content and consequences, Keating et al. concluent que les Canadiens accordent une quantité importante de soins à leurs aîné(e)s. Bien qu'ils soient parfois structurés et subventionnés, les soins sont plutôt officieux et non subventionnés. Le livre décrit les caractéristiques du soignant et du soigné, le contexte de la prestation des soins ainsi que les coûts sociaux, psychosociaux, physiques et économiques des soins. Il relève les questions de politiques que les auteurs estiment aptes à maintenir la quantité et la qualité des soins actuellement fournis. À titre de document d'information, le livre est clairement rédigé et présente des tableaux qui contiennent des données de l'Enquête sociale générate de 1996. Il constitue une riche source d'information sur les soins non structurés pour les aîné(e)s canadien(ne)s.
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Nikolenko, Evgeny I., Konstantin V. Lobov, Alexey M. Agashev, Nikolay S. Tychkov, Maria V. Chervyakovskaya, Igor S. Sharygin, and Anna M. Nikolenko. "40Ar/39Ar Geochronology and New Mineralogical and Geochemical Data from Lamprophyres of Chompolo Field (South Yakutia, Russia)." Minerals 10, no. 10 (October 6, 2020): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10100886.
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The alkaline igneous rocks of the Chompolo field (Aldan shield, Siberian craton), previously defined as kimberlites or lamproites, are more correctly classified as low-Ti lamprophyres. The emplacement age of the Ogonek pipe (137.8 ± 1.2 Ma) and the Aldanskaya dike (157.0 ± 1.6 Ma) was obtained using 40Ar/39Ar K-richterite dating. The Chompolo rocks contain abundant xenocrysts of mantle minerals (chromium-rich pyropic garnets, Cr-diopsides, spinels, etc.). The composition of the mantle xenocrysts indicates the predominance of spinel and garnet–spinel lherzolites, while the presence of garnet lherzolites, dunites, harzburgites, and eclogites is minor. The Chompolo rocks are characterized by large-ion lithophile element (LILE) and Light Rare Earth Element (LREE) enrichments, and high field strength element (HFSE) depletions. The rocks of the Ogonek pipe have radiogenic Sr (87Sr/86Sr (t) = 0.70775 and 0.70954), and highly unradiogenic εNd(t) (−20.03 and −20.44) isotopic composition. The trace element and isotopic characteristics of the Chompolo rocks are indicative of the involvement of subducted materials in their ancient enriched lithospheric mantle source. The Chompolo rocks were formed at the stage when the Mesozoic igneous activity was triggered by global tectonic events. The Chompolo field of alkaline magmatism is one of the few available geological objects, which provides the opportunity to investigate the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the south part of the Siberian craton.
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Clément, Jean-Philippe, Martial Caroff, Christophe Hémond, Jean-Jacques Tiercelin, Claire Bollinger, Hervé Guillou, and Joseph Cotten. "Pleistocene magmatism in a lithospheric transition area: petrogenesis of alkaline and peralkaline lavas from the BaringoBogoria Basin, central Kenya Rift." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40, no. 9 (September 1, 2003): 1239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e03-046.
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New petrological, geochronological, and geochemical data on basalts, mugearites, peralkaline trachytes, and phonolites from the BaringoBogoria Basin, central Kenya Rift, are presented. KAr dating indicates that the volcanic rocks were emplaced between 894 ± 13 and 92 ± 5 ka. 87Sr/86Sr ranges from 0.70304 to 0.70692, 143Nd/144Nd from 0.51237 to 0.51295, 206Pb/204Pb from 18.4 to 19.8, 207Pb/204Pb from 15.46 to 15.70, and 208Pb/204Pb from 38.2 to 40.5. Despite a rather restricted sampling area and a relatively short time span ([Formula: see text]820 ka), the mineralogical and geochemical variations are not consistent with a simple cogenetic link between the lavas. The studied area is located in a transition zone between two different lithospheric domains (Tanzanian Craton and Panafrican Mobile Belt). We propose that the petrological and geochemical variations of the studied lavas are essentially linked to the nature of the underlying lithosphere. Some basaltic products underwent carbonate contamination, possibly within the crust. Trachytes and phonolites are derived from different basaltic parents through crustal assimilation coupled with fractional crystallization. One phonolite sample contains primary calcite-rich veinlets. Textural relations and geochemical evidence suggest that there is a direct cogenetic link between these carbonate and phonolite melts. The veinlets are the modal expression of a carbonate component included in all the phonolites from the BaringoBogoria Basin.
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Song, Dongfang, Wenjiao Xiao, Brian F. Windley, and Chunming Han. "Carboniferous to Early Triassic magmatism and accretion in Alxa (NW China): implications for accretionary orogenesis of the southern Altaids." Journal of the Geological Society 177, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 997–1012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2020-046.
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Alxa occupies a crucial position between the Tianshan–Beishan orogen to the west and the Solonker suture to the east and is important in our understanding of the accretionary orogenesis of the southern Altaids. To unravel the tectonic history of the Alxa region, we undertook an integrated study of the field geology, geochemistry and geochronology of magmatic rocks and an accretionary complex. Six granites and one rhyolite from the Zhusileng–Hangwula arc show a peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline composition and one gabbro is tholeiitic. They show patterns rich in incompatible elements and negative Nb–Ta anomalies on primitive mantle-normalized trace element spider diagrams. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry zircon U–Pb dating reveals 348–329 and 267–250 Ma magmatic events. These data indicate that the Zhusileng–Hangwula arc was a Japan-type island arc from the late Paleozoic to Early Triassic. The Engger Us mélange comprises pillow basalts with a normal-type mid-ocean ridge basalt composition, tuffs, cherts, siliceous mudstones, limestones and turbidites, which are tectonically juxtaposed by a block-in-matrix structure. This mélange is interpreted as a Carboniferous–Permian accretionary complex. These new data, combined with previous studies, confirm that the Palaeo-Asian Ocean subducted bidirectionally in the Alxa region in the Carboniferous–Early Triassic. A consistent divergent subduction system existed from Alxa to Solonker before the terminal closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean in the Mid- to Late Triassic.Supplementary material: Major and trace element data and zircon U-Pb age results of all the samples are available at: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4962230
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Speziale, Sergio, Francesca Castorina, Paolo Censi, Celso de Barros Gomes, Leila Soares Marques, and Piero Comin-Chiaramonti. "Carbonatites from the southern Brazilian Platform: A review. II: Isotopic evidences." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (August 21, 2020): 678–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0032.
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AbstractEarly and Late Cretaceous alkaline and alkaline–carbonatitic complexes from southern Brazil are located along the main tectonic lineaments of the South America Platform. Calcium-, magnesium-, and ferrocarbonatites are well represented and frequently associated even in the same complex. Primary carbonates present significant variations in C–O isotopic compositions, which are mainly due to isotope exchange with H2O–CO2-rich hydrothermal fluids, whereas fractional crystallization or liquid immiscibility probably affects the δ18O and δ13C values by no more than 2δ‰. Our isotope exchange model implies that the most significant isotopic variations took place in a hydrothermal environment, e.g., in the range 400–80°C, involving fluids with the CO2/H2O ratio ranging from 0.8 to 1. Sr–Nd–Pb isotope systematics highlight heterogeneous mixtures between HIMU and EMI mantle components, similar to the associated alkaline rocks and the flood tholeiites from southern Brazil. In spite of the strong variation shown by C–O isotopes, Sr–Nd–Pb–Os isotopic systematics could be related to an isotopically enriched source where the chemical heterogeneities reflect a depleted mantle “metasomatized” by small-volume melts and fluids rich in incompatible elements. These fluids are expected to have promoted crystallization of K-rich phases in the mantle, which produced a veined network variously enriched in LILE and LREE. The newly formed veins (enriched component) and peridotite matrix (depleted component) underwent a different isotopic evolution with time as reflected by the carbonatites. These conclusions may be extended to the whole Paraná–Etendeka system, where isotopically distinct parent magmas were generated following two main enrichment events of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle at 2.0–1.4 and 1.0–0.5 Ga, respectively, as also supported by Re–Os systematics. The mantle sources preserved the isotopic heterogeneities over a long time, suggesting a nonconvective lithospheric mantle beneath different cratons or intercratonic regions. Overall, the data indicate that the alkaline–carbonatitic magmatism originated from a locally heterogeneous subcontinental mantle.
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Huang, Gang, Liang-Liang Zhuang, Ya-Qi Yang, Li-Dan Tian, Wei Wu, and Jin-Hong Liu. "Petrogenesis and Tectonic Setting of the Madeng Dacite, SW Sanjiang Indosinian Orogen: Evidence from Zircon U-Pb-Hf Isotopes, and Whole-Rock Geochemistry and Sr-Nd Isotopes." Minerals 12, no. 3 (March 21, 2022): 388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12030388.
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The Sanjiang Indosinian orogen, located in the eastern part of the Paleo-Tethys tectonic domain, is a critical region to study the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean evolution. Middle Permian–Late Triassic magmatic rocks are widespread in the Deqin–Weixi–Madeng area of southwestern (SW) Sanjiang Indosinian orogen, yet their petrogenesis and tectonic setting remain disputed. In this study, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age and Hf isotopes, and whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of Madeng dacite were studied. The Madeng dacite was dated at ca. 241.7 and 243.4 Ma. The samples had high Al2O3 (12.91 to 14.39 wt.%) but low MgO (0.62 to 1.76 wt.%) contents, and were alkali-rich (Na2O + K2O = 6.97 to 8.66 wt.%) with A/CNK > 1.1, strongly resembling peraluminous S-type granites. The rocks were enriched in Rb, K, Th, U and LREE, but depleted in Ba, Sr, Nb, Ta, P and Ti, and showed obvious negative Eu anomalies, suggesting fractionation of Ti-bearing minerals (e.g., rutile and ilmenite) and plagioclase. The dacite had an initial 87Sr/86Sr value of 0.705698 to 0.710277, and negative εNd(t) (−11.28 to −10.64) and εHf(t) (−13.99 to −8.60), indicating a continental meta-sedimentary source. Their average Nb/Ta (12.24) and Th/U (4.65) were also consistent with continental crust. According to the lithological assemblage and geochemical features, we propose that the Deqin–Weixi–Madeng area intermediate-felsic magmatism was generated in a subduction-related tectonic setting.