Academic literature on the topic 'Magmatic rocks, Aeolian Islands, petrology, geochemistry'

AbstractIn the area of S° ile, NW Turkey, Upper Cretaceous calc-alkaline volcanic rocks with compositions ranging from andesite to rhyolite have been recognized. The most widespread rocks of the suite are andesites, which can be grouped into altered and fresh. The oldest altered andesites are the parent rocks for the kaolin deposits of the study area. The Upper Cretaceous volcanic suite consists of spilite, basalt, andesite, trachyandesite, trachyandesitic and hyaloandesitic dacite, rhyolite lavas, tuffs and agglomerates. The highly altered andesites are composed of plagioclase, pyroxene, hornblende, biotite, augite and very fine opaque minerals. During the Turonian, an E –W trending extensional magmatic arc was developed in the Istanbul Tectonic Zone of the oceanic Western Black Sea basin and intermediate volcanic rocks were emplaced, mostly calc-alkaline andesites, suggesting multi-stage magmatism. The significant features of the andesites are: (1) enrichment of LILE (Rb, Ba, K) over HFSE (Zr, Nb, Hf, Ti, Th, U, Y) and LREE (La –Sm), resulting in high Ba/Nb, Th/Nb, Ba/La, K/Ti and Th/La ratios; (2) depletion of LREE over HFSE, MREE and HREE, generating high La/Nb, Ce/Ti, La/Sm and La/Y values; and (3) depletion of Nb, Sr and Ti; all of which are typical of island arc magmatism, with possible back arc signature. The Th-Hf-Ta diagram for tectonomagmatic classification shows that the S° ile calc-alkaline rocks are similar to volcanic rocks from the Mariana Arc, the Aeolian Arc of Salina, Italy, the Skaros island in the Aegean Sea and Sardinia's ignimbrites. Moreover, relatively low La/Th and Ce/Pb ratios suggest that the source region of volcanism was enriched in LILE with respect to REE, indicating crustal contamination during melting.Highly weathered andesitic rocks, rich in smectite, were transported gradually and deposited in a lacustrine basin, a coal-forming dysaerobic environment, in which they were subject to post-depositional alteration, or in situkaolinization, to form a kaolin deposit in the presence of humic and fulvic acids. The mobility of major and trace elements and REEs during the progressive kaolinization of andesitic materials has been investigated to reveal the geochemical characteristics of Upper Cretaceous volcanic parent rocks and to explain mineralogical processes in a kaolin deposit as a daughter rock ‘end-product’ . Alteration is characterized by the loss of Si, Fe, Ca, Na and K, and by the gain of Al, Ti, Zr and LOI. Moreover, Ho, Er and Yb are immobile, and Hf, Zr and Nb are mobile. Th and U are slightly enriched in clay horizons with respect to the andesitic rocks. In addition, Cr, Ga, Nb and Ta enrichments indicate variable sources of terrigenous sediments and differential mobilities of elements in lake waters rich in organic acids. The anatase concentration increases in the <2 mm size fractions as subspherical particles and these precipitate at acidic conditions (pH ≈ 5) during early diagenesis.

AbstractThe plutonic complex in SE Jersey consists of a late Precambrian gabbro-diorite mass which has been intruded by several granites. The status of the diorites which, like the gabbros, often possess a layered structure, is not clear. New geochemical data, including rare earth and trace element analyses, suggest that acid-basic magma mixing was not responsible for the variety of intermediate rocks. Amphibole-controlled fractional crystallization of hydrous basic magma is also unlikely in view of the REE and HFS (high field strength) element distribution. The model which best fits all the available field, petrographic and geochemical evidence is one in which the chemical variation was initially produced by fractional crystallization of anhydrous basic magma and subsequently overprinted by granitic metasomatism. This superimposed calc-alkaline characteristics on the complex and produced hybrid diorites which, because they were above their solidus temperature, recrystallized with textures indicative of a magmatic origin.

Abstract The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) is a large igneous province (LIP) composed of basic dykes, sills, layered intrusions and lava flows emplaced before Pangea break-up and currently distributed on the four continents surrounding the Atlantic Ocean. One of the oldest, best preserved and most complete sub-provinces of the CAMP is located in Morocco. Geochemical, geochronologic, petrographic and magnetostratigraphic data obtained in previous studies allowed identification of four strato-chemical magmatic units, i.e. the Lower, Intermediate, Upper and Recurrent units. For this study, we completed a detailed sampling of the CAMP in Morocco, from the Anti Atlas in the south to the Meseta in the north. We provide a complete mineralogical, petrologic (major and trace elements on whole-rocks and minerals), geochronologic (40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb ages) and geochemical set of data (including Sr–Nd–Pb–Os isotope systematics) for basaltic and basaltic–andesitic lava flow piles and for their presumed feeder dykes and sills. Combined with field observations, these data suggest a very rapid (<0·3 Ma) emplacement of over 95% of the preserved magmatic rocks. In particular, new and previously published data for the Lower to Upper unit samples yielded indistinguishable 40Ar/39Ar (mean age = 201·2 ± 0·8 Ma) and U–Pb ages (201·57 ± 0·04 Ma), suggesting emplacement coincident with the main phase of the end-Triassic biotic turnover (c.201·5 to 201·3 Ma). Eruptions are suggested to have been pulsed with rates in excess of 10 km3/year during five main volcanic pulses, each pulse possibly lasting only a few centuries. Such high eruption rates reinforce the likelihood that CAMP magmatism triggered the end-Triassic climate change and mass extinction. Only the Recurrent unit may have been younger but by no more than 1 Ma. Whole-rock and mineral geochemistry constrain the petrogenesis of the CAMP basalts. The Moroccan magmas evolved in mid-crustal reservoirs (7–20 km deep) where most of the differentiation occurred. However, a previous stage of crystallization probably occurred at even greater depths. The four units cannot be linked by closed-system fractional crystallization processes, but require distinct parental magmas and/or distinct crustal assimilation processes. EC-AFC modeling shows that limited crustal assimilation (maximum c.5–8% assimilation of e.g. Eburnean or Pan-African granites) could explain some, but not all the observed geochemical variations. Intermediate unit magmas are apparently the most contaminated and may have been derived from parental magmas similar to the Upper basalts (as attested by indistinguishable trace element contents in the augites analysed for these units). Chemical differences between Central High Atlas and Middle Atlas samples in the Intermediate unit could be explained by distinct crustal contaminants (lower crustal rocks or Pan-African granites for the former and Eburnean granites for the latter). The CAMP units in Morocco are likely derived from 5–10% melting of enriched peridotite sources. The differences observed in REE ratios for the four units are attributed to variations in both source mineralogy and melting degree. In particular, the Lower basalts require a garnet peridotite source, while the Upper basalts were probably formed from a shallower melting region straddling the garnet–spinel transition. Recurrent basalts instead are relatively shallow-level melts generated mainly from spinel peridotites. Sr–Nd–Pb–Os isotopic ratios in the CAMP units from Morocco are similar to those of other CAMP sub-provinces and suggest a significant enrichment of the mantle-source regions by subducted crustal components. The enriched signature is attributed to involvement of about 5–10% recycled crustal materials introduced into an ambient depleted or PREMA-type mantle, while involvement of mantle-plume components like those sampled by present-day Central Atlantic Ocean Island Basalts (OIB, e.g. Cape Verde and Canary Islands) is not supported by the observed compositions. Only Recurrent basalts may possibly reflect a Central Atlantic plume-like signature similar to the Common or FOZO components.

Abstract. The PMP (Paraná Magmatic Province) is characterized by lava flows of the Early Cretaceous Serra Geral Formation which covers about 75% of the Paraná Basin (southern and southeastern Brazil), composed of a thick (up to 1600 m) volcanic sequence formed by a succession of petrographically and geochemically distinct units of basic and silicic composition. The whole package must have been emplaced during approximately 3 million years of nearly uninterrupted activity. A few aeolian sandstone layers, indicating arid environmental conditions (the Botucatu Formation), are interlayered in the lower basalts. Above the basalts, the Palmas and Chapecó Members are composed of silicic volcanic rocks (quartz latites, dacites, rhyodacites and rhyolites) and basalts. This paper presents new evidence of sedimentation episodes separating silicic volcanic events, expressed by the occurrence of sedimentary deposits. Interaction between the volcanic bodies and the coeval unconsolidated sediments formed peperites. The sediments were observed between basaltic lava flows and silicic rocks or interlayered in the Palmas-type rocks, between the Chapecó-type rocks and overlying basaltic flows, between silicic bodies of the Palmas and Chapecó types, and interlayered within Palmas-type units. The observed structures indicate that the sediments were still wet and unconsolidated, or weakly consolidated, at the time of volcanism, which, coupled with the sediment features, reflect environmental conditions that are different from those characterizing the Botucatu arid conditions.