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Journal articles on the topic 'Madagascar parasite'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Springer, Andrea, and Peter M. Kappeler. "Intestinal parasite communities of six sympatric lemur species at Kirindy Forest, Madagascar." Primate Biology 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2016): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/pb-3-51-2016.

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Abstract. Intestinal parasites impact host health, survival and reproductive success and therefore exert selective pressures on hosts' ecology and behavior. Thus, characterizing and comparing the parasitic fauna of different wildlife hosts sharing the same habitat can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying variation in parasitism, as well as the role of parasites as possible conservation threats. Several host traits have been proposed to generate differences in parasite diversity among different host species, including phylogeny, host body mass, host longevity, diet, and differences in ranging and social behavior. Here, we provide an overview of intestinal helminths and protozoa detected by fecal microscopy in six sympatric lemur species in Kirindy Forest, western Madagascar. The described patterns indicate that host phylogeny and diet may play an important role in shaping intestinal parasite assemblages in this system, as the closely related, omnivorous cheirogaleids showed the strongest overlap in parasite communities. No indication was found for an effect of body mass or longevity on parasite species richness. Regarding the effect of sociality, the two group-living lemur species, Propithecus verreauxi and Eulemur rufifrons, harbored directly transmitted parasites at higher prevalence than solitary foragers, but not at higher diversity. Effects of season and sex on parasite prevalence confirm the results of previous studies, with higher prevalence in the energetically demanding dry season and a male bias in parasitism. We highlight the opportunities of exploring the parasitic fauna of wildlife from a community ecology and evolutionary perspective, and identify prospects for future research on lemur parasitism.

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2

Magaña Vázquez, Regina, Friederike Woog, Anke Dinkel, Ute Mackenstedt, and Sandrine Musa. "Blood Parasites of Vangas and Other Corvoidea on Madagascar." Diversity 14, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14100888.

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Madagascar hosts a great diversity of bird species. This study focuses on the description of the diversity and prevalence of blood parasites (Haemosporida, trypanosomes and filarioid nematodes) in 131 blood samples of 14 species of Corvoidea, namely vangas (Vangidae), Coracina cinerea (Campephagidae), Dicrurus forficatus (Dicruridae) and Terpsiphone mutata (Monarchidae) found in primary rainforests on Madagascar. Blood parasites were detected using both molecular and microscopic methods. Multiplex PCR was used to detect mixed haemosporidian infections and nested PCR was used to describe a 479 bp fragment of the haemosporidian cytochrome b (cytb) gene. Furthermore, a 770 bp SSU rRNA fragment of trypanosomes, and, for microfilariae, a 690 bp fragment of 28S rRNA, as well as a 770bp fragment of 28S rRNA, were amplified for identification using nested PCRs. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out for all sequences obtained from all blood parasite taxa. Over half of the samples (54.2%; n = 71) were infected with Haemosporida, whereas only 21.4% (n = 28) were infected with Trypanosoma and 5.3% (n = 7) contained filarioid nematode DNA. Fourteen of 56 blood smears contained some of the above-mentioned parasite taxa. The results corroborate the great diversity of blood parasites in the different bird species studied, especially in vangas. Vangas had the greatest diversity of parasites found, as well as the highest number of multiple infections, which may be due to their morphological diversity and resulting habitat use. Fifteen haemosporidian lineages, seven Trypanosoma and five filarioid nematode isolates were newly discovered in the avian species studied, particularly in the vangas. Members of the other Corvoidea families on Madagascar showed a lower susceptibility for avian haemosporidian parasites than vangas, which could be attributed to possible resistance against those parasites. The study confirmed the host specificity of some Haemosporida and microfilariae; however, it demonstrated that this was not the case for Trypanosoma.

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3

Depaquit, J., N. Léger, H. Ferté, and V. Robert. "Les Phlébotomes de Madagascar (Diptera : Psychodidae)." Parasite 11, no. 2 (June 2004): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2004112201.

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4

Verneau, Olivier, Louis H. Du Preez, Véronique Laurent, Liliane Raharivololoniaina, Frank Glaw, and Miguel Vences. "The double odyssey of Madagascan polystome flatworms leads to new insights on the origins of their amphibian hosts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 276, no. 1662 (January 20, 2009): 1575–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2008.1530.

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Polystomatid flatworms are parasites of high host specificity, which mainly infect amphibian hosts. Only one polystome species has so far been recorded from Madagascar despite the high species richness and endemicity of amphibians on this island. Out of the 86 screened Malagasy frog species, we recovered polystomes from 25 in the families Ptychadenidae and Mantellidae. Molecular phylogenetic analysis uncovered an unexpected diversity of polystome species belonging to two separate clades: one forming a lineage within the genus Metapolystoma , with one species in Ptychadena and several species in the mantellid host genera Aglyptodactylus and Boophis ; and the second corresponding to an undescribed genus that was found in the species of the subfamily Mantellinae in the family Mantellidae. The phylogenetic position of the undescribed genus along with molecular dating suggests that it may have colonized Madagascar in the Late Mesozoic or Early Cainozoic. By contrast, the more recent origin of Metapolystoma in Madagascar at ca 14–2 Myr ago strongly suggests that the ancestors of Ptychadena mascareniensis colonized Madagascar naturally by overseas dispersal, carrying their Metapolystoma parasites. Our findings provide a striking example of how parasite data can supply novel insights into the biogeographic history of their hosts.

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5

Dar, Y., P. Vignoles, D. Rondelaud, and G. Dreyfuss. "Fasciola gigantica: larval productivity of three different miracidial isolates in the snail Lymnaea truncatula." Journal of Helminthology 77, no. 1 (March 2003): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/joh2002145.

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AbstractBimiracidial infections of Lymnaea truncatula with three isolates of Fasciola gigantica, originating from China, Egypt and Madagascar, were carried out to determine the effect of geographic origin of the parasite on the larval productivity of redial generations. The prevalences of experimental infections in snails exposed to strains from Madagascar, China and Egypt were 20.8%, 60.0% and 80.0%, respectively. At day 49 post-exposure (p.e.), the total number of free rediae in snails infected with the Egyptian isolate was significantly higher than that recorded in the Madagascan group. On the other hand, at day 49 p.e., the majority of cercariae in the Chinese and Egyptian groups were produced by R2a rediae (70.6% and 66.6% of cercariae produced by all live rediae), while, in the Madagascan group, the cercariae were produced mainly by the first redial generation. Snails infected with the Egyptian isolate of miracidia developed more live rediae and, consequently, could produce a higher number of cercariae. As a result, L. truncatula snails were highly adapted to infections with the Egyptian and Chinese isolates of F. gigantica.

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6

Andriantsoanirina, Valérie, Arsène Ratsimbasoa, Christiane Bouchier, Martial Jahevitra, Stéphane Rabearimanana, Rogelin Radrianjafy, Voahangy Andrianaranjaka, et al. "Plasmodium falciparum Drug Resistance in Madagascar: Facing the Spread of Unusual pfdhfr and pfmdr-1 Haplotypes and the Decrease of Dihydroartemisinin Susceptibility." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53, no. 11 (August 24, 2009): 4588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00610-09.

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ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to provide the first comprehensive spatiotemporal picture of Plasmodium falciparum resistance in various geographic areas in Madagascar. Additional data about the antimalarial resistance in the neighboring islands of the Comoros archipelago were also collected. We assessed the prevalence of pfcrt, pfmdr-1, pfdhfr, and pfdhps mutations and the pfmdr-1 gene copy number in 1,596 P. falciparum isolates collected in 26 health centers (20 in Madagascar and 6 in the Comoros Islands) from 2006 to 2008. The in vitro responses to a panel of drugs by 373 of the parasite isolates were determined. The results showed (i) unusual profiles of chloroquine susceptibility in Madagascar, (ii) a rapid rise in the frequency of parasites with both the pfdhfr and the pfdhps mutations, (iii) the alarming emergence of the single pfdhfr 164L genotype, and (iv) the progressive loss of the most susceptible isolates to artemisinin derivatives. In the context of the implementation of the new national policy for the fight against malaria, continued surveillance for the detection of P. falciparum resistance in the future is required.

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7

Duchemin, J. B., and J. Ratovonjato. "Description de trois nouvelles especes deParactenopsyllus(Siphonaptera : Leptopsyllinae) de Madagascar." Parasite 11, no. 3 (September 2004): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2004113253.

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8

Tantely, Michaël Luciano, Gilbert Le Goff, Sébastien Boyer, and Didier Fontenille. "An updated checklist of mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) from Madagascar." Parasite 23 (2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2016018.

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9

Montero, B. Karina, Wasimuddin, Nina Schwensow, Mark A. F. Gillingham, Yedidya R. Ratovonamana, S. Jacques Rakotondranary, Victor Corman, Christian Drosten, Jörg U. Ganzhorn, and Simone Sommer. "Evidence of MHC class I and II influencing viral and helminth infection via the microbiome in a non-human primate." PLOS Pathogens 17, no. 11 (November 8, 2021): e1009675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009675.

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Until recently, the study of major histocompability complex (MHC) mediated immunity has focused on the direct link between MHC diversity and susceptibility to parasite infection. However, MHC genes can also influence host health indirectly through the sculpting of the bacterial community that in turn shape immune responses. We investigated the links between MHC class I and II gene diversity gut microbiome diversity and micro- (adenovirus, AdV) and macro- (helminth) parasite infection probabilities in a wild population of non-human primates, mouse lemurs of Madagascar. This setup encompasses a plethora of underlying interactions between parasites, microbes and adaptive immunity in natural populations. Both MHC classes explained shifts in microbiome composition and the effect was driven by a few select microbial taxa. Among them were three taxa (Odoribacter, Campylobacter and Prevotellaceae-UCG-001) which were in turn linked to AdV and helminth infection status, correlative evidence of the indirect effect of the MHC via the microbiome. Our study provides support for the coupled role of MHC diversity and microbial flora as contributing factors of parasite infection.

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10

Depaquit, J., N. Léger, and V. Robert. "Les Phlébotomes de Madagascar (Diptera : Psychodidae) III - Description dePhlebotomus(Anaphlebotomus)fontenilleiN. SP." Parasite 11, no. 3 (September 2004): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2004113261.

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11

Duchemin, J. B. "Leptopsyllines from Madagascar (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae): description of five new species ofParactenopsyllusWagner, 1938." Parasite 11, no. 1 (March 2004): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/200411159.

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12

Delvare, Gérard, and Jean-Yves Rasplus. "Spodophagus, a new genus of Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera), for an important parasite of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Madagascar." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 2 (June 1994): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300039687.

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AbstractSpodophagus, gen. n. (Pteromalidae: Pteromalinae), is described to include the single species S. lepidopteraecomb. n., which was originally described from Madagascar by Risbec (1952) in the genus Oxyglypta. A lectotype is selected for O. lepidopterae, and the species is redescribed and illustrated. This pteromalid is a parasitoid of Spodoptera littoralis, an important pest, which is resistant to several classes of insecticides in Madagascar. Spodophagus lepidopterae is thus a potential agent for the biological control of Spodoptera spp. in Africa and elsewhere.

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13

Bochkov, Andre V. "Gaudalges averianovi sp. nov. (Acariformes: Psoroptidae)—a new parasite of Malagasy lemurs." Systematic and Applied Acarology 23, no. 4 (March 12, 2018): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.11158/saa.23.4.1.

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A new species Gaudalges averianovi sp. nov. (Acariformes: Psoroptidae: Makialginae) is described from Lepidolemur ruficaudatus Grandidier (Primates: Lepilemuridae) from Madagascar. A key to all known species of the genus Gaudalges Fain, 1963 is given. This is the first finding of mites of the genus Gaudalges on lemurs of the family Lepilemuridae.

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14

Tantely, Luciano Michaël, Catherine Cêtre-Sossah, Tsiriniaina Rakotondranaivo, Eric Cardinale, and Sébastien Boyer. "Population dynamics of mosquito species in a West Nile virus endemic area in Madagascar." Parasite 24 (2017): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2017005.

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15

Carod, Jean-François, and Pierre Dorny. "Cysticercosis in Madagascar." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 14, no. 09 (September 30, 2020): 931–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.13450.

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Introduction: Cysticercosis (CC) is the most common parasitic disease of the central nervous system. It is endemic in most developing countries where pigs are raised and consumed. An overview of all available data of this parasite in Madagascar is lacking. Methodology: We conducted a literature review, collecting information on published and available literature about cysticercosis in Madagascar between January 1st, 1990 and June 30th, 2020. Results: Out of 858 publications; 61 were included, issued from peer-review indexed journals, non-indexed journals, books, Ministry reports and press releases. In Madagascar, porcine cysticercosis has been reported since 1901; human cysticercosis is highly prevalent with an overall estimated seroprevalence between 7 and 21%. Serological analysis is based on Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot techniques (EITB) for confirmative testing. Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the most common pattern of cysticercosis in Madagascar and it is reponsible for pediatric morbidity causing more than 50% of epilepsy cases. Though CT-Scan is now available and tends to be considered the gold standard for NCC diagnosis, it remains unaffordable for most Malagasy patients and implies the proposal of a diagnostic algorithm for physicians. Conclusions: Our review has revealed that human taeniasis and bovine cysticercosis is a considerable burden in Madagascar. A national control program has been developed aiming to decrease the seroprevalence rate from 16 to 10% in 2015. The aim of the country is now to implement a CC control and elimination program. Meanwhile, some massive cysticercosis screenings have been conducted in the capital Antananarivo to drive people's attention on this widespread infection.

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16

Tantely, Michaël Luciano, Steven M. Goodman, Tsirinaina Rakotondranaivo, and Sébastien Boyer. "Review of West Nile virus circulation and outbreak risk in Madagascar: Entomological and ornithological perspectives." Parasite 23 (2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2016058.

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17

Depaquit, J., N. Léger, and V. Robert. "Première mention dePhlebotomusà Madagascar (Diptera : Psychodidae). Description dePhlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) fertein. sp. et dePhlebotomus (Anaphlebotomus) hubertin. sp." Parasite 9, no. 4 (December 2002): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2002094325.

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18

Léger, N., J. Depaquit, and V. Robert. "Les Phlébotomes de Madagascar (Diptera : Psychodidae). IV - Description deSergentomyia (Rondanomyia) goodmanin. sp. Rétablissement du sous-genreRondanomyiaTheodor." Parasite 12, no. 1 (March 2005): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2005121051.

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19

Rahola, N., S. M. Goodman, and V. Robert. "The Hippoboscidae (Insecta: Diptera) from Madagascar, with new records from the “Parc National de Midongy Befotaka”." Parasite 18, no. 2 (May 2011): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2011182127.

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20

Maia, João P., Angelica Crottini, and David James Harris. "Microscopic and molecular characterization ofHepatozoon domerguei(Apicomplexa) andFoleyella furcata(Nematoda) in wild endemic reptiles from Madagascar." Parasite 21 (2014): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2014046.

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21

Van waerebeke, D. "Glomerinema ratsimamangin. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda, Rhigonematidae) parasite de Gloméris (Diplopode) à Madagascar : description et spermiogenèse." Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 60, no. 1 (1985): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/198560123.

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22

Blavier, Antoine, Laetitia Laroche, Fano José Randrianambinintsoa, Vincent Lucas, Jean-Charles Gantier, Nicole Léger, Vincent Robert, and Jérôme Depaquit. "Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera, Psychodidae) from the Ankarana tsingy of northern Madagascar: inventory and description of new taxa." Parasite 26 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2019039.

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An inventory of Phlebotomine sandflies was carried out in the Ankarana tsingy located in far northern Madagascar. A total of 723 sandflies were used for morphological, morphometric, and molecular studies (sequencing of partial cytochrome B (mtDNA) and partial 28S (rDNA)). Nine species were identified: Phlebotomus fertei, Sergentomyia anka, Se. sclerosiphon, Se. goodmani, two species of the genus Grassomyia, as well as three new species described herein: Se. volfi n. sp., Se. kaltenbachi n. sp., and Se. ozbeli n. sp. The recognition of these new species is strongly supported by molecular analyses. The first two of the new species could not be classified into any existing subgenus, therefore we proposed two new subgenera (Ranavalonomyia subg. nov., and Riouxomyia subg. nov.), with combinations as: Sergentomyia (Ranavalonomyia) volfi and Sergentomyia (Riouxomyia) kaltenbachi. Our study reveals important molecular variability in Se. anka, with the recognition of a population whose taxonomic status remains below that of species. Our research confirms the need to further study the specific diversity of Malagasy sandflies, which until the start of this millennium remained mostly unknown.

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23

Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Voahangy Soarimalala, and Steven M. Goodman. "A NewIxodesSpecies (Acari: Ixodidae), Parasite of Shrew Tenrecs (Afrosoricida: Tenrecidae) in Madagascar." Journal of Parasitology 99, no. 6 (December 2013): 970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/13-306.1.

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Rason, M. A., F. Ariey, L. Rafidimanantsoa, B. H. Andrianantenaina, J. L. Sahondra Harisoa, and M. Randrianarivelojosia. "Monitoring the drug-sensitivity ofPlasmodium falciparumin coastal towns in Madagascar by use ofin vitrochemosensitivity and mutation detection tests." Parasite 9, no. 3 (September 2002): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2002093247.

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Lhermitte-Vallarino, N., M. Barbuto, K. Junker, R. Boistel, and O. Bain. "Rhabdias(Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) from Chamaeleonidae (Sauria): two new species fromTrioceros elliotiin east Africa and one fromBrookesia superciliarisin Madagascar." Parasite 17, no. 2 (June 2010): 91–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2010172091.

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Randrianambinintsoa, Fano José, Nicole Léger, Vincent Robert, and Jérôme Depaquit. "Phlebotomine sand flies from Madagascar (Diptera: Psychodidae). VII. An identification key forPhlebotomuswith the description ofPhlebotomus(Anaphlebotomus)vaomalalaen. sp." Parasite 20 (2013): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2013005.

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Scholz, T., A. Šimková, J. Rasamy Razanabolana, and R. Kuchta. "The first record of the invasive Asian fish tapeworm (Schyzocotyle acheilognathi) from an endemic cichlid fish in Madagascar." Helminthologia 55, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/helm-2017-0052.

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Summary The Asian fish tapeworm, Schyzocotyle acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) (Cestoda: Bothriocephalidea), is an invasive parasite of freshwater fishes that have been reported from more than 200 freshwater fish worldwide. It was originally described from a small cyprinid, Acheilognathus rombeus, in Japan but then has spread, usually with carp, minnows or guppies, to all continents including isolated islands such as Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba or Sri Lanka. In the present account, we report the first case of the infection of a native cichlid fish, Ptychochromis cf. inornatus (Perciformes: Cichlidae), endemic to Madagascar, with S. acheilognathi. The way of introduction of this parasite to the island, which is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, is briefly discussed.

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Ravoniharimelina, B., R. Romi, and G. Sabatinelli. "Étude longitudinale sur les gites larvaires d’Anopheles gambiaeS. L. dans un canton de la province d’Antananarivo (hautes terres centrales de Madagascar)." Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 67, no. 1 (1992): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/199267126.

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Benz, George W., and Gregory B. Deets. "Fifty-one years later: an update on Entepherus, with a phylogenetic analysis of Cecropidae Dana, 1849 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 856–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-127.

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Entepherus laminipes Bere, 1936 is redescribed from female and male specimens collected from Manta birostris, Mobula japonica, Mobula tarapacana, and Mobula thurstoni captured in the Sea of Cortez, and from Mobula rochebrunei captured near Nossi Bé, Madagascar. All of these collections represent new host and geographic records for E. laminipes. It appears that this parasite is a cosmopolitan species with a predilection for mobulid fishes. A phylogeny of the family Cecropidae Dana, 1849 based on a generic-level cladistic analysis is also provided.

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AIVELO, TUOMAS, ALAN MEDLAR, ARI LÖYTYNOJA, JUHA LAAKKONEN, and JUKKA JERNVALL. "Tracking year-to-year changes in intestinal nematode communities of rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus)." Parasitology 142, no. 8 (April 20, 2015): 1095–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182015000438.

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SUMMARYWhile it is known that intestinal parasite communities vary in their composition over time, there is a lack of studies addressing how variation in component communities (between-hosts) manifests in infracommunities (within-host) during the host lifespan. In this study, we investigate the changes in the intestinal parasite infracommunities in wild-living rufous mouse lemurs (Microcebus rufus) from Ranomafana National Park in southeastern Madagascar from 2010 to 2012. We used high-throughput barcoding of the 18S rRNA gene to interrogate parasite community structure. Our results show that in these nematode communities, there were two frequently occurring putative species and four rarer putative species. All putative species were randomly distributed over host individuals and they did not occur in clear temporal patterns. For the individuals caught in at least two different years, there was high turnover of putative species and high variation in fecal egg counts. Our study shows that while there was remarkable variation in infracommunities over time, the component community was relatively stable. Nevertheless, the patterns of prevalence varied substantially between years in each component community.

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Rafalinirina, Andry Herman, Jeannot Randrianasy, Patricia C. Wright, and Jonah Ratsimbazafy. "Effect of socio-ecological factors and parasite infection on body condition of Brown Mouse Lemur Microcebus rufus (Mammalia: Primates: Cheirogaleidae)." Journal of Threatened Taxa 11, no. 6 (April 26, 2019): 13632–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.4799.11.6.13632-13643.

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Various studies in ecology have shown the relationship between body condition and parasitic loads in nonhuman primates, however, little information is available regarding prosimians such as lemurs. In this study, the synergistic effect of parasite infection and socio-ecological factors on the body condition of Microcebus rufus in the family Cheirogaleidae was analyzed in Ranomafana National Park in southeastern Madagascar. This lemur species is characterized by its ability to adapt to different types of forest, and by seasonal fattening. Based on the factors considered, this species is, therefore, a good model for the study of body condition and ecology of infectious diseases in lemurs. Floatation and direct observation techniques were used for examination of parasite infection. Two indices considering body condition were analyzed: volume index (VI) and condition index (CI), the residual between the mass observed and the corrected mass. The generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) was used to model the synergistic effect of parasite infections and socio-ecological factors on variation in body condition, with the identity of individuals used as a random factor. We identified five species of helminths, one species of protist, and one species of lice which infected the 204 mouse lemurs captured. There was a sexual difference for all measures of the parasite infection. The more parasite species an individual was infected with, the smaller was its body size according to the Volume Index that reflects deposits of subcutaneous fat. Individuals with more positive Condition Index values, particularly females, excreted more parasite eggs or oocyst in their faecal matter. The results suggest that an individual’s body condition constitutes an indicator of risk of parasite infection and transmission.

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Depaquit, J., N. Léger, and V. Robert. "Les Phlébotomes de Madagascar (Diptera : Psychodidae). VI – Un sous-genre nouveau (Vattieromyia) avec trois espèces nouvelles :Sergentomyia (V.) sclerosiphon, S. (V.) namoetS. (V.) anka." Parasite 15, no. 1 (March 2008): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2008151015.

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Telford, S. R., Jr., and I. Landau. "Plasmodium brygooisp. n. fromChamaeleo brevicornisof Madagascar, with a redescription ofPlasmodium robinsoni(Brygoo, 1962) from its type host and an additional host,Chamaeleo parsoni crucifer." Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée 62, no. 5 (1987): 395–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/1987625395.

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Habib, Azimdine, Lova Andrianonimiadana, Maheninasy Rakotondrainipiana, Prisca Andriantsalama, Ravaka Randriamparany, Rindra Vatosoa Randremanana, Rado Rakotoarison, et al. "High prevalence of intestinal parasite infestations among stunted and control children aged 2 to 5 years old in two neighborhoods of Antananarivo, Madagascar." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 4 (April 20, 2021): e0009333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009333.

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Background This study aimed to compare the prevalence of intestinal parasite infestations (IPIs) in stunted children, compared to control children, in Ankasina and Andranomanalina Isotry (two disadvantaged neighborhoods of Antananarivo, Madagascar), to characterize associated risk factors and to compare IPI detection by real-time PCR and standard microscopy techniques. Methodology/Principal findings Fecal samples were collected from a total of 410 children (171 stunted and 239 control) aged 2–5 years. A single stool sample per subject was examined by simple merthiolate-iodine-formaldehyde (MIF), Kato-Katz smear and real-time PCR techniques. A total of 96.3% of the children were infested with at least one intestinal parasite. The most prevalent parasites were Giardia intestinalis (79.5%), Ascaris lumbricoides (68.3%) and Trichuris trichiura (68.0%). For all parasites studied, real-time PCR showed higher detection rates compared to microscopy (G. intestinalis [77.6% (n = 318) versus 20.9% (n = 86)], Entamoeba histolytica [15.8% (n = 65) versus 1.9% (n = 8)] and A. lumbricoides [64.1% (n = 263) versus 50.7% (n = 208)]). Among the different variables assessed in the study, age of 4 to 5 years (AOR = 4.61; 95% CI, (1.35–15.77)) and primary and secondary educational level of the mother (AOR = 12.59; 95% CI, (2.76–57.47); AOR = 9.17; 95% CI, (2.12–39.71), respectively) were significantly associated with IPIs. Children drinking untreated water was associated with infestation with G. intestinalis (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI, (1.1–3.09)) and E. histolytica (AOR = 1.9; 95% CI, (1.07–3.38)). E. histolytica was also associated with moderately stunted children (AOR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.2–0.71). Similarly, children aged between 4 and 5 years (AOR = 3.2; 95% CI (2.04–5.01)) and living on noncemented soil types (AOR = 1.85; 95% CI, (1.18–2.09)) were associated with T. trichiura infestation. Conclusions/Significance The prevalence of IPIs is substantial in the studied areas in both stunted and control children, despite the large-scale drug administration of antiparasitic drugs in the country. This high prevalence of IPIs warrants further investigation. Improved health education, environmental sanitation and quality of water sources should be provided.

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AHYONG, SHANE T., and CHRISTOPHER B. BOYKO. "Rhopalione kali sp. nov., first known epicaridean parasite on the Malaysian pinnotherid crab, Serenotheres besutensis (Serène, 1967)." Zootaxa 4590, no. 2 (April 26, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4590.2.5.

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Species of the bopyrid isopod genus Rhopalione Pérez, 1920, are parasites of Indo-West Pacific pinnotherid crabs. Unlike other bopyrid parasites of brachyurans that occupy the branchial chambers, however, species of Rhopalione (subfamily Pseudioninae) infest the abdominal cavity. Prior to the present study, four species of Rhopalione were recognized: R. atrinicolae Page, 1985 (New Zealand), R. incerta (Bonnier, 1900) (Madagascar), R. sinensis Markham, 1990 (East Asia), and R. uromyzon Pérez, 1920 (Persian Gulf). A fifth species of Rhopalione, from Perhentian Besar, Malaysia, is described herein, parasitic on the pinnotherid crab Serenotheres besutensis (Serène, 1967). Keys are provided to females and males of the species in the genus.

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Imwong, Mallika, Sasithon Pukrittakayamee, Sornchai Looareesuwan, Geoffrey Pasvol, Jean Poirreiz, Nicholas J. White, and Georges Snounou. "Association of Genetic Mutations inPlasmodium vivax dhfr with Resistance to Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine: Geographical and Clinical Correlates." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 3122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.11.3122-3127.2001.

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ABSTRACT Mutations in the Plasmodium falciparum gene (dhfr) encoding dihydrofolate reductase are associated with resistance to antifols. Plasmodium vivax, the more prevalent malaria parasite in Asia and the Americas, is considered antifol resistant. Functional polymorphisms in the dhfrgene of P. vivax (pvdhfr) were assessed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism using blood samples taken from 125 patients with acute vivax malaria from three widely separated locations, Thailand (n = 100), India (n = 16), and Madagascar and the Comoros Islands (n = 9). Upon evaluation of the three important codons (encoding residues 57, 58, and 117) of P. vivax dhfr(pvdhfr), double- or triple-mutation genotypes were found in all but one case from Thailand (99%), in only three cases from India (19%) and in no cases from Madagascar or the Comoros Islands (P < 0.0001). The dhfr PCR products of P. vivax from 32 Thai patients treated with the antifolate sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (S-P) were investigated. All samples showed either double (53%) or triple (47%) mutations. Following treatment, 34% of the patients had early treatment failures and only 10 (31%) of the patients cleared their parasitemias for 28 days. There were no significant differences in cure rates, but parasite reduction ratios at 48 h were significantly lower for patients whose samples showed triple mutations than for those whose samples showed double mutations (P = 0.01). The three mutations at the pvdhfr codons for residues 57, 58, and 117 are associated with high levels of S-P resistance in P. vivax. These mutations presumably arose from selection pressure.

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Brook, Cara E., Ying Bai, Emily O. Yu, Hafaliana C. Ranaivoson, Haewon Shin, Andrew P. Dobson, C. Jessica E. Metcalf, Michael Y. Kosoy, and Katharina Dittmar. "Elucidating transmission dynamics and host-parasite-vector relationships for rodent-borne Bartonella spp. in Madagascar." Epidemics 20 (September 2017): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2017.03.004.

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Brutus, L., G. Le Goff, L. G. Rasoloniaina, V. Rajaonarivelo, A. Raveloson, and M. Cot. "Lutte contre le paludisme dans le moyen-ouest de Madagascar : comparaison de l'efficacité de la lambda-cyhalothrine et du DDT en aspersions intra-domiciliaires. I - Étude entomologique." Parasite 8, no. 4 (December 2001): 297–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2001084297.

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Cot, M., L. Brutus, G. Le Goff, V. Rajaonarivelo, and A. Raveloson. "Lutte contre le paludisme dans le moyen-ouest de Madagascar : comparaison de l'efficacité de la lambda-cyhalothrine et du DDT en, aspersions intra-domiciliaires. II - Étude parasitologique et clinique." Parasite 8, no. 4 (December 2001): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2001084309.

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Rabetsimamanga, Lyn Z. A., Hary F. Rabarikoto, Maheriandrianina F. V. Rajaonarivony, Setriny M. Ravoavy, and Hery R. Andrianampanalinarivo. "Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP) Syndrome or acardiac twin: a case report in Madagascar." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 6, no. 5 (April 25, 2018): 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20181455.

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TRAP syndrome is a rare complication of monochorionic twin pregnancy. It is characterized by the association of an acardiac twin with a healthy twin. The acardiac twin is a parasite who put the healthy twin at high risk of cardiac failure. We report a case in a 25-year-old Malagasy woman, primigravida, who had a consultation at gestational week 31 for significant dyspnea and a threat of premature delivery. Ultrasound scans discovered an acute polyhydramnios, fetus with anasarca and low cardiac activity, and a para-fetal mass. She gives birth to a male newborn and an acardiac twin without head an upper body. The first twin died short time after birth.

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KAZMI, QUIDDUSI B., and CHRISTOPHER B. BOYKO. "A new locality and host for Pseudione minimocrenulata Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1931 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Bopyridae) in the Indian Ocean, with comments on the identity of the type specimens." Zootaxa 925, no. 1 (March 31, 2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.925.1.1.

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Three parasitized specimens of Munida andamanica Alcock, 1894, including one with a double infestation, from the Indian Ocean off Mozambique were found to contain bopyrid isopods referable to Pseudione minimocrenulata Nierstrasz & Brender à Brandis, 1931. This represents a new host species and locality for the parasite which has been reported only twice before from the Kei Islands (Indonesia) and Madagascar. Both sexes of P. minimocrenulata are redescribed and illustrated. Examination of type material revealed that the type series contains isopod pairs of two different species. The female from the Kei Islands is selected as lectotype to fix the identity of the species, while the pair from the U.S. Virgin Islands is identified as P. confusa maxillipedis Bourdon, 1972.

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ROLLINSON, D., J. R. STOTHARD, and V. R. SOUTHGATE. "Interactions between intermediate snail hosts of the genus Bulinus and schistosomes of the Schistosoma haematobium group." Parasitology 123, no. 7 (November 2001): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001008046.

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Within each of the four species groups of Bulinus there are species that act as intermediate hosts for one or more of the seven species of schistosomes in the Schistosoma haematobium group, which includes the important human pathogens S. haematobium and S. intercalatum. Bulinus species have an extensive distribution throughout much of Africa and some surrounding islands including Madagascar, parts of the Middle East and the Mediterranean region. Considerable variation in intermediate host specificity can be found and differences in compatibility between snail and parasite can be observed over small geographical areas. Molecular studies for detection of genetic variation and the discrimination of Bulinus species are reviewed and two novel assays, allele-specific amplification (ASA) and SNaPshot™, are introduced and shown to be of value for detecting nucleotide changes in characterized genes such as cytochrome oxidase 1. The value and complexity of compatibility studies is illustrated by case studies of S. haematobium transmission. In Senegal, where B. globosus, B. umbilicatus, B. truncatus and B. senegalensis may act as intermediate hosts, distinct differences have been observed in the infectivity of different isolates of S. haematobium. In Zanzibar, molecular characterization studies to discriminate between B. globosus and B. nasutus have been essential to elucidate the roles of snails in transmission. B. globosus is an intermediate host on Unguja and Pemba. Further studies are required to establish the intermediate hosts in the coastal areas of East Africa. Biological factors central to the transmission of schistosomes, including cercarial emergence rhythms and interactions with other parasites and abiotic factors including temperature, rainfall, water velocity, desiccation and salinity are shown to impact on the intermediate host-parasite relationship.

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Danthu, Pascal, Eric Penot, Karen Mahafaka Ranoarisoa, Jean-Chrysostome Rakotondravelo, Isabelle Michel, Marine Tiollier, Thierry Michels, et al. "Le giroflier de Madagascar : une introduction réussie, un avenir à construire." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 320, no. 320 (March 17, 2014): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2014.320.a20547.

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Introduit à Madagascar au début du 19e siècle, le giroflier est originaire des îles Moluques en Indonésie. Malgré la sensibilité de l’essence aux risques météorologiques, tels les cyclones, et aux attaques d’un parasite local, andretra, et malgré la production variable de clous de girofle d’une année sur l’autre, son adaptation aux conditions écologiques de la côte Est de Madagascar, notamment dans la région d’Ana- lanjirofo, est remarquable. Très vite adoptée par les paysans (certains venus s’installer mais la plupart autochtones), ceux-ci l’ont intégrée dans leurs systèmes de culture en complément aux cultures vivrières (riz, surtout) et de rapport (café et vanille). Aujourd’hui, le marché du clou de girofle est une source de revenus réguliers pour les ménages et leur assure la sécurité ali- mentaire. Le giroflier donne deux produits de grande valeur économique, le clou de girofle, le bouton floral séché, et l’huile essentielle de girofle produite par distillation des feuilles, dont Madagascar est le premier exportateur mondial. Avec la vanille, les produits du giro- flier représentent les premiers produits agri- coles d’exportation, parfois les deuxièmes, de Madagascar. Les clous de girofle s’exportent surtout en Indonésie, où ils entrent dans la fabrication d’une cigarette locale appelée kre- tek. Un petit volume s’exporte vers les pays du nord sous forme d’épice. L’huile essentielle de girofle est distillée dans une multitude d'alam- bics rudimentaires dans toute la région de pro- duction. La qualité de l’huile essentielle dépend de sa teneur en eugénol, molécule mise en œuvre dans de nombreux secteurs éco- nomiques, dont l’industrie des cosmétiques, la pharmaceutique humaine et vétérinaire et l’in- dustrie alimentaire. Le giroflier de Madagascar semble représenter un exemple d’intégration réussie d’une nouvelle culture dans un système de cultures existant. Cependant, les plantations de girofliers vieillissent et les conditions de leur renouvellement ne sont pas pleinement pré- sentes. Alors que le marché du clou de girofle dépend fortement de la demande indoné- sienne, les perspectives sont prometteuses sur le marché mondial des épices et des produits contenant de l’eugénol. De ce fait, les pratiques actuelles et les possibilités d’adaptation et de développement du secteur Malgache de la girofle doivent être étudiées de près pour assu- rer l’équilibre futur entre les marchés et les besoins des paysans en termes de gestion de la ressource et de sa valorisation.

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Rambeloson, Voahirana R., C. Ranaivoson, and Alain De Chambrier. "Ophiotaenia lapata sp n. (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidea) from Madagascar: a parasite of the endemic snake Madagascarophis colubrinus (Colubridae)." Revue suisse de zoologie. 119 (2012): 547–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.150205.

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Small, Scott T., Frédéric Labbé, Yaya I. Coulibaly, Thomas B. Nutman, Christopher L. King, David Serre, and Peter A. Zimmerman. "Human Migration and the Spread of the Nematode Parasite Wuchereria bancrofti." Molecular Biology and Evolution 36, no. 9 (May 11, 2019): 1931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz116.

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Abstract The human disease lymphatic filariasis causes the debilitating effects of elephantiasis and hydrocele. Lymphatic filariasis currently affects the lives of 90 million people in 52 countries. There are three nematodes that cause lymphatic filariasis, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, and Wuchereria bancrofti, but 90% of all cases of lymphatic filariasis are caused solely by W. bancrofti (Wb). Here we use population genomics to reconstruct the probable route and timing of migration of Wb strains that currently infect Africa, Haiti, and Papua New Guinea (PNG). We used selective whole genome amplification to sequence 42 whole genomes of single Wb worms from populations in Haiti, Mali, Kenya, and PNG. Our results are consistent with a hypothesis of an Island Southeast Asia or East Asian origin of Wb. Our demographic models support divergence times that correlate with the migration of human populations. We hypothesize that PNG was infected at two separate times, first by the Melanesians and later by the migrating Austronesians. The migrating Austronesians also likely introduced Wb to Madagascar where later migrations spread it to continental Africa. From Africa, Wb spread to the New World during the transatlantic slave trade. Genome scans identified 17 genes that were highly differentiated among Wb populations. Among these are genes associated with human immune suppression, insecticide sensitivity, and proposed drug targets. Identifying the distribution of genetic diversity in Wb populations and selection forces acting on the genome will build a foundation to test future hypotheses and help predict response to current eradication efforts.

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Rakotoarison, Hobiniaina Anthonio, Mampionona Rasamimalala, Jean Marius Rakotondramanga, Brune Ramiranirina, Thierry Franchard, Laurent Kapesa, Jocelyn Razafindrakoto, et al. "Remote Sensing and Multi-Criteria Evaluation for Malaria Risk Mapping to Support Indoor Residual Spraying Prioritization in the Central Highlands of Madagascar." Remote Sensing 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2020): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12101585.

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The National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) in Madagascar classifies Malagasy districts into two malaria situations: districts in the pre-elimination phase and districts in the control phase. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is identified as the main intervention means to control malaria in the Central Highlands. However, it involves an important logistical mobilization and thus necessitates prioritization of interventions according to the magnitude of malaria risks. Our objectives were to map the malaria transmission risk and to develop a tool to support the Malagasy Ministry of Public Health (MoH) for selective IRS implementation. For the 2014–2016 period, different sources of remotely sensed data were used to update land cover information and substitute in situ climatic data. Spatial modeling was performed based on multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) to assess malaria risk. Models were mainly based on environment and climate. Three annual malaria risk maps were obtained for 2014, 2015, and 2016. Annual parasite incidence data were used to validate the results. In 2016, the validation of the model using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed an accuracy of 0.736; 95% CI [0.669–0.803]. A free plugin for QGIS software was made available for NMCP decision makers to prioritize areas for IRS. An annual update of the model provides the basic information for decision making before each IRS campaign. In Madagascar and beyond, the availability of the free plugin for open-source software facilitates the transfer to the MoH and allows further application to other problems and contexts.

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Guinot, D., and B. Richer De Forges. "REVISION OF THE INDO-PACIFIC SPHENOCARCINUS WITH A SINGLE ROSTRUM AND DESCRIPTION OF TWO NEW SPECIES (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA, BRACHYURA, MAJIDAE)." Marine Research in Indonesia 24 (May 10, 2018): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v24i0.400.

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Two species of the genus Sphenocarcinus A. Milne Edwards 1876, with a single rostrum exist in the Indo-Pacific and they are principally only known by their original description: S. cuneus (Wood-Mason 1891) and S. aurorae Alcock 1899. Each species is herewith redescribed, based on the examination of the types. Two new species are established. S. difficilis sp. nov., represented by numerous specimens from Madagascar (ORSTOM collection), proved to be an intermediate species between S. cuneus and S. aurorae. S. pinocchio sp. nov., (collected in the Makassar Strait, Indonesia (mission Corindon II), is characterized by its very Jong and strongly curved rostrum. One male specimen, also collected in the Makassar Strait, probably modified by a sacculinid parasite, and with a more curved, snub rostrum, can be regarded as an unusual form of S. pinocchio sp. nov. A key of the four Indo-Pacific Sphenocarcinus with a single rostrum is presented.

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Diard, Lana, Alain de Chambrier, Andrea Waeschenbach, and Tomáš Scholz. "A new tapeworm from Compsophis infralineatus (Pseudoxyrhophiidae), an endemic snake of Madagascar: Scratching the surface of undiscovered reptilian parasite diversity." Parasitology International 88 (June 2022): 102538. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2022.102538.

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Sabatinelli, Guido, Roberto Romi, Laurence Ralamboranto, and Giancarlo Majori. "Age-Related Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Antibody in an Hyperendemic Area of Madagascar, and its Relationship with Parasite Prevalence." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 55, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1996.55.278.

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Boisier, P., J. Roux, L. Raharimalala, and R. Jambou. "Relationship between parasite density and fever risk in a community exposed to a low level of malaria transmission in Madagascar highlands." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 67, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.67.137.

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