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Journal articles on the topic 'Macropus eugenii'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Hickford, D., S. Frankenberg, and M. B. Renfree. "Working with Tammar Wallabies (Macropus eugenii)." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): pdb.prot5332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5332.

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2

Alacs, Erika, Deryn Alpers, Paul J. de Tores, Mick Dillon, and Peter B. S. Spencer. "Identifying the presence of quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) and other macropods using cytochrome b analyses from faeces." Wildlife Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01109.

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Non-invasive methods have the potential to circumvent problems associated with using more traditional techniques when surveying for rare and elusive species. In this study, non-invasive molecular-based methods have been used to analyse the scats of several species of marsupials. DNA was successfully extracted from scats of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus, and three other macropods (Macropus fuliginosus, M. irma and M. eugenii) sympatric with the quokka and with similar-appearing scats. Partial sequence from the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from these four species and seven other macropods was used to measure genetic differentiation among them to determine whether the quokka could be unambiguously identified from the scats alone. The results confirm that molecular approaches can be used for macropod species identification using scats as the source material. The approach will have potential survey and management applications, and, more specifically, may lead to more accurate assessment of the quokka's geographic range, leading to implementation of more appropriate management strategies for its conservation.

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3

Lentle, R. G., S. Haslett, I. D. Hume, K. J. Stafford, M. Kennedy, and B. P. Springett. "Foraging behaviour in tammar (Macropus eugenii) and parma (Macropus parma) wallabies." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 3 (2003): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02041.

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Captive parma and tammar wallabies, when offered ryegrass sward in plots, visited ungrazed plots more frequently and spent longer grazing on them than on plots that were previously grazed but not visibly depleted. There was no significant difference between the two species with respect to the pattern of time spent grazing between plots, but parma wallabies tended to visit ungrazed plots more frequently than tammar wallabies. When offered carrot pieces of different dimensions both species preferred carrot pieces of greater mass, regardless of shape. Both species favoured eating in the upright (bipedal) position despite the fact that the use of this position prolonged search time between bites. Although the two species are able to forage optimally when grazing, the greater efficiency of the bipedal posture in predator avoidance may result in the selection of larger food items whenever possible.

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4

Stedman, N. L., J. S. Munday, R. Esbeck, and G. S. Visvesvara. "Gastric Amebiasis Due to Entamoeba histolytica in a Dama Wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Veterinary Pathology 40, no. 3 (May 2003): 340–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1354/vp.40-3-340.

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A 1.5-year-old captive female Dama wallaby ( Macropus eugenii) died after a 3-month period of progressive weight loss, anorexia, bloat, and diarrhea. Histopathologic examination revealed numerous Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites within the gastric mucosa and, less frequently, gastric submucosa and submucosal vessels. Immunofluorescent antibody testing confirmed the identity of the trophozoites as E. histolytica. The trophozoites were associated with mild glandular epithelial necrosis, mucosal erosions, and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. E. histolytica most commonly causes necrotizing and ulcerative colitis in humans and captive nonhuman primates, and it causes necrotizing and ulcerative gastritis in nonhuman primates with sacculated stomachs adapted for leaf fermentation. Rare cases of gastric amebiasis also have been been reported in captive macropods, which also have complex sacculated stomachs. To our knowledge, this is the first report confirming E. histolytica as the cause of gastric amebiasis in a wallaby. The zoonotic potential of this infection in macropods is uncertain.

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5

Lentle, Roger G., Murray A. Potter, Brian P. Springett, and Kevin J. Stafford. "A Trapping and Immobilisation Technique for Small Macropods." Wildlife Research 24, no. 3 (1997): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95052.

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A technique for trapping and immobilising small macropods is described and tested on forest-dwelling Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii Desmarest). The trapping method uses wire fencing and a monofilament nylon drop-net. The animals were immobilised with ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. Tammar wallabies are reputedly hard to catch, but our technique produced higher trapping rates, lower trap-avoidance rates and lower death rates than other methods. In all, 46 Tammars were captured in 29 trap-nights. No deaths occurred during, or in the four weeks following, trapping.

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6

Lentle, R. G., I. D. Hume, K. J. Stafford, M. Kennedy, S. Haslett, and B. P. Springett. "Molar progression and tooth wear in tammar (Macropus eugenii) and parma (Macropus parma) wallabies." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 2 (2003): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02008.

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We investigated the functional significance of molar progression and the influence of diet on the usefulness of molar progression as an index of age in two macropodid marsupials, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), a grazing species, and the parma wallaby (Macropus parma), a browser/grazer, by exploring the relationships between the index of molar progression and several skull and tooth parameters. We also tested allometric models that related molar progression and aspects of tooth morphology to body mass. Results support the notion that molar progression in these closely related macropods results from 'mesial shift'(forward movement resulting from growth of the bones of the skull bearing the dentary, the anterior viscerocranium) rather than from 'mesial drift' (forward movement of molars relative to the anterior viscerocranium).There were no significant differences between the two species in the rate of molar progression despite differences in diet. Instead, the greater reliance of tammar wallabies on grasses was reflected in differences in their tooth morphology from that of parma wallabies. The sum of the breadths of erupted molariform teeth of tammars increased significantly faster with body mass and with length of the anterior viscerocranium than in parma wallabies and approximated a theoretical model for compensation with metabolic body mass more closely than models based on other morphological parameters.The total mesiodistal length of dentition, the mesiodistal lengths of the component teeth of the proximal molar row, and the distance between the mesial and distal lophs were all significantly lower in tammar wallabies than in parma wallabies. These differences result in tammar wallabies having greater numbers of transverse cutting edges per unit of molar tooth length, which maximises the efficiency of comminution of long grass fibres.

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7

DEANE, E. M., K. BASDEN, L. BURNETT, A. PROOS, and D. W. COOPER. "Serum analytes in the Tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Australian Veterinary Journal 75, no. 2 (February 1997): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb14177.x.

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8

Cone-Wesson, Barbara K., Kenneth G. Hill, and Guang-Bin Liu. "Auditory brainstem response in tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Hearing Research 105, no. 1-2 (March 1997): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(96)00199-2.

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9

Hickford, D., S. Frankenberg, and M. B. Renfree. "Performing Surgery on Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Adults." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): pdb.prot5333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5333.

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10

Hickford, D., S. Frankenberg, and M. B. Renfree. "Surgery on Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Pouch Young." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): pdb.prot5334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5334.

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11

Hickford, D., S. Frankenberg, and M. B. Renfree. "Culturing Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Pouch Young Gonads." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): pdb.prot5336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5336.

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12

Crompton, A. W., J. Barnet, D. E. Lieberman, T. Owerkowicz, J. Skinner, and R. V. Baudinette. "Control of jaw movements in two species of macropodines (Macropus eugenii and Macropus rufus)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 150, no. 2 (June 2008): 109–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2007.10.015.

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13

Ishihara, Teruhito, Oliver W. Griffith, Gerard A. Tarulli, and Marilyn B. Renfree. "Male germline development in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Reproduction 161, no. 3 (March 2021): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-20-0634.

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Male germ cells undergo two consecutive processes – pre-spermatogenesis and spermatogenesis – to generate mature sperm. In eutherian mammals, epigenetic information such as DNA methylation is dynamically reprogrammed during pre-spermatogenesis, before and during mitotic arrest. In mice, by the time germ cells resume mitosis, the majority of DNA methylation is reprogrammed. The tammar wallaby has a similar pattern of germ cell global DNA methylation reprogramming to that of the mouse during early pre-spermatogenesis. However, early male germline development in the tammar or in any marsupial has not been described previously, so it is unknown whether this is a general feature regulating male germline development or a more recent phenomenon in mammalian evolutionary history. To answer this, we examined germ cell nuclear morphology and mitotic arrest during male germline development in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), a marsupial that diverged from mice and humans around 160 million years ago. Tammar pro-spermatogonia proliferated after birth and entered mitotic arrest after day 30 postpartum (pp). At this time, they began moving towards the periphery of the testis cords and their nuclear size increased. Germ cells increased in number after day 100 pp which is the time that DNA methylation is known to be re-established in the tammar. This is similar to the pattern observed in the mouse, suggesting that resumption of germ cell mitosis and the timing of DNA methylation reprogramming are correlated and conserved across mammals and over long evolutionary timescales.

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14

Arthur, H., K. Bell, and D. W. Cooper. "Plasma protein polymorphisms in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 2 (1998): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97047.

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Five populations of the Australian tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii, from Kangaroo Island, South Australia, and Garden, Abrolhos and Middle Islands and Perup, Western Australia, were examined for plasma protein polymorphisms. Select Kangaroo/Garden Island hybrids and backcross progeny were also included in the study. Vitamin D binding protein (GC), albumin (ALB), transferrin (TF), protease inhibitor (PI), haemopexin (HX), haptoglobin (HP) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, pH 7.9, isoelectric focusing, pH 4.2–4.9, and immunoblotting with rabbit antisera to human proteins. Five GC (A, B, C, D, E), two ALB (A, B), two TF (A, B) and five PI (I, J, L, M, P) variants were detected, and limited family studies demonstrated a codominant allelic inheritance for each of the systems.

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15

Borchers, Clare, Geoff Shaw, Doug Eckery, Marilyn Renfree, and David Robertson. "67. Inhibin in the male tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 9 (2003): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb03ab67.

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16

Hickford, D., S. Frankenberg, and M. B. Renfree. "Culturing Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Peri-gastrulation Stage Embryos." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): pdb.prot5337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5337.

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17

Hickford, D., S. Frankenberg, and M. B. Renfree. "Immunohistochemical Staining of Sectioned Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii) Tissue." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2009, no. 12 (December 1, 2009): pdb.prot5338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot5338.

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18

Shang, F., K. W. S. Ashwell, L. R. Marotte, and P. M. E. Waite. "Development of commissural neurons in the wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Journal of Comparative Neurology 387, no. 4 (November 3, 1997): 507–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19971103)387:4<507::aid-cne3>3.0.co;2-6.

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19

HARRISON, G. "Interferon $alpha;/$beta; genes from a marsupial, Macropus eugenii." Developmental & Comparative Immunology 28, no. 9 (July 2004): 927–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2004.02.002.

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20

Lentle, R. G., K. J. Stafford, M. A. Potter, B. P. Springett, and S. Haslett. "Ingesta particle size, food handling and ingestion in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii Desmarest)." Australian Journal of Zoology 47, no. 1 (1999): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98038.

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The particle size distribution of stomach contents from 25 tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii Desmarest) shot in the Okataina State Forest and adjoining farmland near Rotorua, New Zealand, were determined. There was a greater percentage of finer, and a smaller percentage of larger, particles than reported in the stomach contents of larger macropods. The chewing and biting activities of four free-ranging tammars fitted with radio-microphone collars were monitored. Chewing rates (chews per minute) were similar to those of other small herbivorous vertebrates. There were significantly lower rates of chewing and higher chew-to- bite ratios when browsing than when grazing. Observations of browsing by three captive tammars showed inefficient handling by mutually opposed palms and digitopalmar grip, resulting in low rates of ingestion. We suggest that tammars lower the time necessary for fermentation of food by reducing the size of food particles, and that their choice between graze and browse is influenced by food handling and chewing investment.

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21

van Oorschot, R. A. H., and D. W. Cooper. "Twinning in the genus Macropus, especially M. eugenii (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)." Australian Mammalogy 12, no. 2 (1989): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am89015.

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22

SETIADI, DADI, MINJIE LIN, and JOHN C. RODGER. "Posttesticular development of spermatozoa of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Journal of Anatomy 190, no. 2 (February 1997): 275–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19020275.x.

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23

Hill, Kenneth G., Barbara Cone-Wesson, and Guang-Bin Liu. "Development of auditory function in the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii." Hearing Research 117, no. 1-2 (March 1998): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(97)00211-6.

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24

Borchers, Clare, Geoff Shaw, Marilyn Renfree, and David Robertson. "68. Source of inhibin in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, no. 9 (2003): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/srb03ab68.

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25

Ferguson, I. A., C. D. Hardman, L. R. Marotte, A. Salardini, P. Halasz, D. Vu, and P. M. E. Waite. "Serotonergic neurons in the brainstem of the wallaby,Macropus eugenii." Journal of Comparative Neurology 411, no. 4 (September 6, 1999): 535–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990906)411:4<535::aid-cne1>3.0.co;2-6.

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26

Fifis, T., D. W. Cooper, and R. J. Hill. "Characterization of the protamines of the Tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry 95, no. 3 (January 1990): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(90)90023-m.

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27

MCKENZIE, S., E. M. DEANE, and L. BURNETT. "Haematology and Serum Biochemistry of the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Comparative Clinical Pathology 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2002): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005800200024.

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28

Cheng, Gang, Lauren R. Marotte, J�rgen K. Mai, and Ken W. S. Ashwell. "Early development of the hypothalamus of a wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Journal of Comparative Neurology 453, no. 2 (October 8, 2002): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.10395.

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29

Denker, H. W., and C. H. Tyndale-Biscoe. "Embryo implantation and proteinase activities in a marsupial (Macropus eugenii)." Cell and Tissue Research 246, no. 2 (November 1986): 279–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00215890.

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30

Sistina, Yulia, Minjie Lin, and John C. Rodger. "Lysophosphatidylcholine disrupts the acrosome of tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii) spermatozoa." Molecular Reproduction and Development 35, no. 3 (July 1993): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.1080350310.

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31

Hinds, LA, and PA Janssens. "Changes in Prolactin in Peripheral Plasma during Lactation in the Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 39, no. 2 (1986): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9860171.

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A heterologous double-antibody radioimmunoassay has been validated for prolactin in plasma and pituitary preparations of T. vulpecula. Serial dilutions of crude pituitary homogenates and plasmas from several marsupials and purified prolactin from the tammar, Macropus eugenii, showed parallel dose response curves. In both male and female possums plasma prolactin concentrations increased in response to a single intravenous injection of thyrotrophin releasing hormone.

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32

Sunnucks, Paul, and Andrea C. Taylor. "Sex of Pouch Young Related to Maternal Weight in Macropus eugenii and M. parma (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 6 (1997): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97038.

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Competing theories of sex allocation in mammals may best be reconciled in the light of data from diverse species. The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) is potentially a particularly interesting study animal because females wean only one young per year, and exhibit extreme synchronicity in the annual onset of breeding. By contrast, reproduction in the closely related parma wallaby (M. parma) is almost asynchronous. These two Australian species are found sympatrically only on Kawau Island, New Zealand, where they were introduced in about 1870. We sampled wallabies on Kawau Island in April of 1996, when both species were breeding. Although the sex ratios in both species were not significantly different from unity, offspring of M. eugenii were very significantly more likely to be male with increasing maternal weight (logistic regression χ2 = 16.8, P < 0.0001), and the fewer M. parma data showed a non-significant trend in the same direction (χ2 = 1.9, P= 0.16). These data, at least for M. eugenii, are consistent with the Trivers–Willard hypothesis, and warrant further investigation in wild and captive populations under different measured or manipulated ecological conditions. We suggest an approach utilising the characteristics of M. eugenii which might help determine whether the sex bias is determined close to conception, or is effected later in the reproductive cycle by differential survival of the sexes.

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33

Harvey, Kathryn J., and Natalie Warburton. "Forelimb musculature of kangaroos with particular emphasis on the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817)." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 1 (2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am08022.

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Comparative morphological studies can provide insights into an animal’s ecology and evolutionary history. Functional morphological studies of the kangaroo forelimb are few in number and new work could provide novel tools to aid in the interpretation of fossil taxa and the understanding of the evolutionary history of kangaroos and marsupials as a whole. A description of the shoulder and forelimb musculature of the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) with comparisons to the red kangaroo (Macropus rufus Desmarest, 1842), the western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus Desmarest, 1817) and the quokka (Setonix brachyurus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830) is presented. The species chosen were readily available and represent a range in size of the archetypal kangaroo form. Muscle maps of forelimb and shoulder muscles were constructed as an aid to comparing the spatial arrangement of muscle origins and insertions. The anatomical pattern of forelimb musculature in terrestrial macropodine kangaroos and wallabies is highly conservative. Functionally, the musculature of the forelimb corresponds to a supporting role of the limb during slow pentapedal locomotion. The illustrations of muscle insertions provided in this work will be a useful reference for future work in comparative marsupial anatomy and palaeobiology.

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34

Lentle, R. G., K. J. Stafford, Y. Hemar, P. Aseruvujanon, D. J. Mellor, and P. J. Moughan. "Changes in the physical properties of stomach digesta during fasting in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii eugenii)." Australian Journal of Zoology 55, no. 6 (2007): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo07055.

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We compared changes in the particle size profiles, permeability and elastic shear modulus of digesta in the forestomach and rumen of fasting tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii eugenii) and fistulated sheep respectively that had been fed chopped lucerne hay. The wet mass of digesta in the tammar wallaby stomach declined curvilinearly over 24 h. The relative proportion of particles >2 mm in size in tammar wallaby digesta increased significantly and that of particles <2 mm in size decreased significantly after 12 h of fasting. This contrasted with the sheep rumen digesta, in which the relative proportions of coarse and fine particles did not change significantly over time. The permeability of wallaby digesta increased significantly after 24 h whilst that of sheep declined. All samples of tammar digesta had a significant elastic component (G′) that was preserved throughout the period of fasting. Interaction between component particles was significant at all times, digesta behaving as a weak gel. The ratio of energy lost to energy stored during flow of digesta tended to decrease during the period of fasting, indicating an increase in behaviour as an elastic solid. The relationship between G′ and dry matter content and mean particle size indicated that these phenomena resulted from progressive loss of finer digesta particles and that digestion in the wallaby stomach, via permeation of the particulate by the fluid phase, was possible for up to 33 h after eating.

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35

Taggart, Patrick L., Bronwyn A. Fancourt, David Peacock, Charles G. B. Caraguel, and Milton M. McAllister. "Variation in Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence: effects of site, sex, species and behaviour between insular and mainland macropods." Wildlife Research 47, no. 8 (2020): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr19041.

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Context Feral cats threaten wildlife conservation through a range of direct and indirect effects. However, most studies that have evaluated the impacts of feral cats on species of conservation significance have focussed on direct impacts such as predation; few studies have considered the indirect impacts of cat-borne disease. Toxoplasma gondii, a cat-borne parasite, causes both acute and latent disease in a range of wildlife species, and macropods are particularly susceptible. Kangaroo Island is Australia’s third largest island and supports a high density of feral cats and high seroprevalence of T. gondii in multiple species, relative to the mainland. This suggests that Kangaroo Island has a high environmental contamination with the parasite and a high risk of infection for other species. Aims We aimed to describe T. gondii seroprevalence in culled and road-killed macropods, so as to assess the effects of island versus mainland location, sex, species and behaviour. Methods Macropod sera were tested for T. gondii IgG antibodies using a commercially available modified agglutination test. Key results The seroprevalence of T. gondii in culled western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) was significantly higher on the island (20%, 11/54 positive) than on the mainland (0%, 0/61 positive). There was no difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed (21%, 21/102 positive) kangaroos from the island. The seroprevalence of T. gondii was significantly higher in female (32%, 12/38 positive) than in male (13%, 8/60 positive) kangaroos, but we observed no sex effect in tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii), and no effect of species. Conclusions The higher T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods supports previous reports of higher T. gondii exposure in other Kangaroo Island fauna. The lack of difference in T. gondii seroprevalence between culled and road-killed kangaroos suggests that T. gondii-positive animals are not more vulnerable to road mortality, in contrast to that suggested previously. Implications Our findings suggest greater potential adverse conservation impacts owing to toxoplasmosis on the island than on the mainland. In light of a recent study demonstrating higher cat abundance on the island than on the mainland, the higher observed T. gondii seroprevalence in insular macropods is likely to be a consequence of higher cat density.

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36

Lentle, R. G., I. D. Hume, K. J. Stafford, M. Kennedy, B. P. Springett, and S. Haslett. "Observations on fresh forage intake, ingesta particle size and nutrient digestibility in four species of macropod." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 6 (2003): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02032.

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The particle-size distributions of the ingesta of the sacciform forestomach in free-ranging animals of a grazing macropod species [Macropus eugenii (tammar wallaby)], a grazer/browser [Macropus parma (parma wallaby)], a browser/grazer [Petrogale penicillata (brush-tailed rock-wallaby)] and a browser [Wallabia bicolor (swamp wallaby)] from Kawau Island, New Zealand, were compared with those of captive animals maintained on a standing ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward. Nutrient digestibility was also measured in tammar and parma wallabies fed ryegrass or browse, i.e. fresh mahoe (Melicytus ramiflora) and this was related to particle-size distributions of the ingesta.There were significant differences in the particle size distributions of digesta from tammar and parma wallabies in the wild but not in captivity. In free-ranging animals the ingesta from both browsing species, the brush-tailed rock-wallaby and the parma wallaby, contained consistently greater proportions of coarse particles and smaller proportions of fine particles than did those of the tammar wallaby. These differences may be correlated with reported differences in their tooth morphologies. However, the presence of significant differences in particle-size distributions of the digesta between brush-tailed rock-wallabies and parma wallabies when constrained to grass, despite reported similarities in their tooth morphology, suggests that factors other than tooth morphology contribute to differences in the oral processing of food by browsing and grazing macropods. There were greater proportions of grass fragments in the coarse than in the finer fractions of ingesta from free-ranging brush-tailed rock-wallabies, indicating that this species is less effective at chewing grass.There were no overall differences between tammar and parma wallabies in the digestibilities of organic matter, neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) or acid-detergent fibre (ADF) but the NDF and ADF digestibilites of both species increased significantly with increase in the proportion of fine ingesta particles and with increase in mass of fermentative digesta.These findings indicate the importance of oral processing to digestive efficiency in macropods and the relationship between oral processing and tooth morphology.

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Evans, Paul N., Lyn A. Hinds, Lindsay I. Sly, Christopher S. McSweeney, Mark Morrison, and André-Denis G. Wright. "Community Composition and Density of Methanogens in the Foregut of the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 8 (February 13, 2009): 2598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02436-08.

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ABSTRACT The composition of the methanogenic archaeal community in the foregut contents of Tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) was studied using 16S rRNA and methyl coenzyme reductase subunit A (mcrA) gene clone libraries. Methanogens belonging to the Methanobacteriales and a well-supported cluster of uncultivated archaeon sequences previously observed in the ovine and bovine rumens were found. Methanogen densities ranged from 7.0 × 105 and 3.9 × 106 cells per gram of wet weight.

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38

Dawson, L., and T. Flannery. "Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Status of Living and Fossil Kangaroos and Wallabies of the Genus Macropus Shaw (Macropodidae: Marsupialia), with a New Subgeneric Name for the Larger Wallabies." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 4 (1985): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850473.

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Historical concepts of the generic status of the macropodines commonly known as kangaroos and wallabies are reviewed in this paper. A new diagnosis is provided for the genus Macropus, encompassing both living and fossil forms, and using cladistic principles to assess the phylogenetic value of diagnostic characters where possible. Cytological, biochemical and anatomical characters are used. Fourteen living and 11 extinct species of Macropus are recognized. Of these, 20 species have been classified into three subgenera, M.(Macropus), M.(Osphranter) and a new subgenus, M.(Notamacropus), as follows: M.(M.) giganteus, M.(M.) fuliginosus, M.(M.) mundjabus, M.(M.) pan, M.(M.) pearsoni and M.(M.) ferragus; M.(O.) antilopinus, M.(O.) bernardus, M.(O.) robustus, M.(O.) rufus and M.(O.) pavana; ,M.(N.) rufogriseus, M.(N.) eugenii, M.(N.) parryi, M.(N.) dorsalis, M.(N.) irma, M.(N.) agilis, M.(N.) greyi, M.(N.) parma, M.(N.) wombeyensis and M.(N) thor. Four poorly known extinct species, M. dryas, M. rama, M. woodsi and M. narada, have not yet been allocated to a subgenus. Prionotemnus palankarinnicus Stirton, 1957 is shown to belong outside Macropus. Because it is the type-species of Prionotemnus, that name is not available for a subgenus of Macropus. A current synonymy is presented for fossil species and the known stratigraphic range is given for each species. A phylogeny is presented expressing our view that M. (,Votamacropus) is the most plesiomorphic subgenus and M. (Macropus) is the most derived.

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39

Deakin, Janine E., Katherine Belov, Natalie C. Curach, Peter Green, and Desmond W. Cooper. "High levels of variability in immune response using antigens from two reproductive proteins in brushtail possums." Wildlife Research 32, no. 1 (2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03107.

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Immune-based fertility control is being considered as an effective long-term approach for controlling the pest brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) population in New Zealand. This relies heavily on the immune response of each immunised possum. A strong and lasting immune response in the majority of individuals in a population is essential. In this study, possums and the model macropod species, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) were immunised with either a luteinising hormone or androgen receptor synthetic peptide coupled to the carrier molecule KLH (keyhole limpet haemocyanin). The antibody response of wallabies to the antigens was relatively uniform. In contrast, the possum immunoglobulin response to both synthetic peptides and KLH was variable. The apparent high level of variation in the immune response of possums raises questions about the feasibility of using these two antigens to control possum numbers in New Zealand.

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Dubey, J. P., and C. Crutchley. "Toxoplasmosis in Wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus and Macropus eugenii): Blindness, Treatment with Atovaquone, and Isolation of Toxoplasma gondii." Journal of Parasitology 94, no. 4 (August 2008): 929–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-1448.1.

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Lentle, R. G., K. J. Stafford, M. A. Potter, B. P. Springett, and S. Haslett. "Incisor and molar wear in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii Desmarest)." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 6 (1998): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98025.

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The morphology of incisor and molar teeth of tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii Desmarest) is similar to that of the archetypal grazing macropod (M. giganteus) but there are some resemblances in the wear pattern of molars to that of grazer/browsers. Incisor wear patterns show that cutting during biting is by scissor-like action of the elevated labial enamel edge of an attrition facet on each lower incisor being occluded with, and rotated supero-medially across, the buccal surface of the upper incisor arcade. With increase in age and body size, the cutting surface moves from anterior to lateral upper incisors, progressive wear on the inner surface of the lateral upper incisors permitting an increasing degree of incisor action coincident with medial molar movement in Phase 2 occlusion, which is similarly achieved by medial rotation of the jaw. Significant distal movement of the reference point for molar index, along the line of the upper jaw, with increase in body size, indicates that this index does not measure the absolute mesial movement of molars in the plane of occlusion. The estimated value of absolute mesial movement of the first upper premolar along the line of the jaw (2.45 mm year–1) is at the known limits of mesial drift. Studies of size-related changes in the linear dimensions of various bony landmarks on jawbone and skull indicate that the high rate of movement may result from deposition of bone in the rear of the tooth row, i.e. ‘mesial shift’, as well as mesial drift. However, mesial shift may not account for significant differences in rates of absolute mesial movement of upper molars with gender. With increase in body size, the caudal insertions of the masseter and temporalis and the cranial origin of the line of action of masseter all move distally along the plane of occlusion. However, a concurrent mesial movement in the cranial origin of the line of action of the temporalis may act to counter any distal movement of occlusive force along the jaw-line and to decrease the relative force of the retraction component that opposes Phase 1 occlusion.

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COLES, ROGER B., and ANNA GUPPY. "Biophysical Aspects of Directional Hearing in the Tammar Wallaby, Macropus Eugenii." Journal of Experimental Biology 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 371–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.121.1.371.

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The biophysical properties of the external ear of the Tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii (Desmarest), have been investigated using probe microphones implanted in the ear canal. An acoustic axis of the pinna exists above 2kHz which is located close to the horizonal plane for natural ear positions, whereas azimuthal location of the acoustic axis is determined by pinna orientation on the head. The maximum on-axis acoustic pressure gain of the external ear reaches 25–30 dB for frequencies near 5 kHz. This results from pressure transformation by the horn-like pinna combined with resonance of the auditory meatus. The directionality of the pinna is similar to the sound diffraction properties of a circular aperture with an average radius based on the circumference of the pinna face. These properties determine the acceptance angle of the main lobe containing the acoustic axis and the spatial location of nulls. Large binaural intensity differences, exceeding 30dB, can be produced by the interaction of peaks and nulls between monaural directivity patterns, depending on the relative position of each pinna.

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Fletcher, TP, G. Shaw, and MB Renfree. "Effects of bromocriptine at parturition in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 2, no. 1 (1990): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9900079.

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Female tammar wallabies were treated with the dopamine agonist bromocriptine at the end of pregnancy to suppress the peripartum pulse of plasma prolactin. The animals were subsequently observed, and a series of blood samples taken to define the hormonal profiles before and immediately after parturition. Birth was observed in 4/5 control animals and occurred in 8/9 bromocriptine-treated animals. The peripartum peak in plasma PGFM concentrations was not affected by bromocriptine although the pulse of prolactin normally seen at parturition was completely abolished. The timing of luteolysis was apparently unaffected, as plasma progesterone concentrations fell similarly in both treated and control animals immediately after parturition. However, all of the neonates of the bromocriptine-treated animals died within 24 h, possibly because of a failure to establish lactation. Subsequent onset of post-partum oestrus was delayed or absent both in control and in bromocriptine-treated animals, suggesting that the frequent blood sampling and disturbances in the peripartum period interfered with these endocrine processes. It is concluded that both prolactin and prostaglandin can induce luteolysis in the pregnant wallaby, but that the normal sequence of events results from a signal of fetal origin inducing a prostaglandin release from the uterus, which in turn releases a pulse of prolactin that induces a progesterone decline.

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Deane, EM, DW Cooper, and MB Renfree. "Immunoglobulin G levels in fetal and newborn tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 2, no. 4 (1990): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9900369.

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Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was measured in fetal, neonatal and colostral samples from the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) in order to study the possibility of passively acquired immunity. Samples were obtained from young at a known stage of gestation and at known times (to the minute) after birth. IgG was present (in increasing levels of concentration) in fetal serum, neonatal serum and colostrum. Since the fetus and neonate are probably unable to make immunoglobulin (Ig), it is hypothesized that transplacental and trans-gut transmission takes place from mother to offspring. The vascular yolk sac placenta has a high concentration of IgG, and is the most likely route of transmission from mother to young. Some observations were made of IgA which was found only in colostrum. No Ig of either kind was found in yolk sac fluid.

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Rodger, JC, SJ Cousins, KE Mate, and LA Hinds. "Ovarian function and its manipulation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 5, no. 1 (1993): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9930027.

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This study aimed to develop a superovulation protocol for the monovulatory tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), and examined the regulation of ovarian activity which leads to alternate ovulation in this marsupial. The most effective stimulatory treatment was 20 I.U. pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) given intramuscularly (i.m.) 20 days after the activation of an oestrous cycle by the removal of a sucking pouch young (RPY). Bromocriptine treatment was given at the time of RPY if the animal was in early seasonal quiescence. Mating had generally occurred when animals were examined 2 days after PMSG treatment on the morning of Day 22 RPY. Ovulation occurred only if the animal was treated on Day 22 or 23 (i.e. 2 or 3 days after PMSG) with gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) to induce a luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. Three 30-micrograms injections of GnRH (in 0.2 mL olive oil) were delivered as i.m. injections at 3-h intervals. Radioimmunoassay confirmed that the PMSG dose used did not elevate circulating steroid hormone concentrations beyond those found in normal cycles and that the GnRH protocol led to an LH surge of at least 6 h. Although multiple ovulation was achieved, the number of ovulations was low (2 or 3 per female). A major factor influencing the low ovulation rate was that generally only one ovary responded. Fertilized eggs and cleaving embryos were obtained. However, the fertility of induced ovulations has not yet been examined systematically. Laparoscopic examination through successive natural cycles confirmed that follicle growth and ovulation in the tammar wallaby alternates between the right and left ovary. Inhibition of follicle development in the corpus luteum (CL)-bearing ovary was also seen in females treated with the exogenous gonadotrophin (PMSG/GnRH) superovulation protocol. Follicle development was inhibited during the first half of the cycle in the non-CL-bearing ovary and during the entire cycle in the CL-bearing ovary. This inhibition seemed to occur at the follicular level because exogenous gonadotrophin was unable to initiate a response during periods of inhibition and the response to gonadotrophin differed in the two ovaries. The number of follicles growing in the non-CL-bearing ovary in response to an exogenous gonadotrophin stimulus was inversely related to the weight of the growing CL for the first 19 days after RPY.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Renfree, MB, and AM Lewis. "Cleavage in vivo and in vitro in the Marsupial Macropus eugenii." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 8, no. 4 (1996): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9960725.

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In the tammar wallaby, transport down the oviduct takes less than 24 h after fertilization and a mucoid coat is deposited within a few hours of fertilization, with excess spermatozoa trapped in the mucoid layer. The mucin coat thickens as the zygote passes down the oviduct. A proteinaceous shell is laid down outside the mucin coat in the utero-tubal region of the tract. The fertilized zygote enters the uterus in the pronuclear stage with cleavage proceeding in the uterus. In vivo, the first cleavage takes place two days post coitum (p.c.) (approximately 24 h after ovulation) but the next three cleavage stages may be completed within 24 h (between 48 h and 72 h p.c.). Thus, cell-doubling time appears to be around 8 h for 2-8-cell stages. Cleavage in vitro can occur with, or without, the shell membrane. Cleavage in early embryos of the tammar in vitro is slower than that occurring in vivo, and in vitro there may be a '4-cell block' in early development, as in dasyurids. The pattern of cleavage differs markedly from that of dasyurid marsupials in that there is no extrusion of yolk material from the cells and no separation of the blastomeres during the first cleavage stages to the 8-cell stage. The blastomeres are characterized by numerous vesicular structures and lipid droplets, but no yolk bodies. Polarity is not marked in early cleavage, but by the 8-cell stage polarity has developed with surface microvilli and numerous granular vesicles and mitochondria in the cortical regions at one pole of the cells, but sparse microvilli on the inner surfaces and at the other pole. There are complex intervillous interdigitations of microvilli between cells. However, clear identification of cells as pluriblast or trophoblast cells is not possible up to the 8-cell stage examined. These results demonstrate that this macropodid marsupial has a distinctive pattern of early development which differs from that of Didelphis and of the dasyurid marsupials so far described.

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YOUNG, Lauren J., and Gavan A. HARRISON. "Molecular Characterization of Interleukin-1Beta in the Tammar Wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72, no. 11 (2010): 1521–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.10-0100.

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LIN, MINJIE, AMANDA HARMAN, and JOHN C. RODGER. "Spermiogenesis and spermiation in a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii)." Journal of Anatomy 190, no. 3 (April 1997): 377–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.1997.19030377.x.

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Old, Julie M., and Elizabeth M. Deane. "Immunohistochemistry of the lymphoid tissues of the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii." Journal of Anatomy 201, no. 3 (September 2002): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2002.00090.x.

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Murchison, Elizabeth P., and David J. Adams. "Sequencing skippy: the genome sequence of an Australian kangaroo, Macropus eugenii." Genome Biology 12, no. 8 (2011): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2011-12-8-123.

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