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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Macrophage activation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 July 2025

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1

Svensson, Ulf. "Macrophage activation by bacteria signalling to prostaglandin and cytokine responses /." Lund : Dept. of Medical & Physiological Chemistry, Lund University, 1994. http://books.google.com/books?id=sAhrAAAAMAAJ.

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2

Tabata, Yasuhiko. "Macrophage phagocytosis of polymer microspheres and antitumor activation of macrophages." Kyoto University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/74704.

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3

Pound, J. D. "Parameters of human macrophage activation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381442.

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4

Cano, Antonella. "Characterization of Acanthamoeba macrophage activation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2015. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=25992.

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5

Hunter, Catriona Mhairi. "MicroRNA regulation of macrophage activation." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31027.

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Macrophages are mononuclear phagocytic cells that have diverse roles within the body. Tissue specific macrophages, e.g. Kupffer cells, microglia and osteoclasts, have roles in tissue homeostasis, while circulating macrophages play an important role in the innate immune system. Macrophages detect the presence of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via a range of receptors known collectively as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs). Detection of pathogens causes the macrophages to become ‘activated,’ during which the macrophages undergo extreme morphological and translational changes

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6

Ghanipour, Ali. "IL-10 regulates macrophage activation through activation of SHIP." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30873.

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IL-10 is a potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine, which regulates macrophages by activation of the STAT3 pathway. However, several lines of evidence suggest that IL-10 can inhibit macrophage activation independent of STAT3 through currently unknown mechanisms and pathways. Here for the first time, we show that in murine macrophages, IL-10 activates Src Homology 2 Domain-containing Inositol 5'-Phosphatase (SHIP), a molecule with reported anti-inflammatory effects. Activation of SHIP by IL-10 is required for inhibition of Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in macrophages

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7

Wu, Wei-Kang. "Modulating angiogenesis via altering macrophage activation." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.539772.

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8

DUARTE, Madalena Bento. "Macrophage direct activation by Leishmania Spp." Master's thesis, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/97877.

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Leishmanioses é um grupo de doenças causadas por parasitas do género Leishmania que apresenta elevada morbidade e de mortalidade. As manifestações clínicas dependem de interações complexas que se estabelecem entre Leishmania spp. e a resposta imunitária do hospedeiro. A doença pode manifestrar-se de maneiras diferentes, desde uma simples úlcera cutânea até ao envolvimento dos órgãos profundos que pode originar doença visceral fatal ou kala-azar. A resistência a drogas terapêuticas é um problema muito evidente em países endémicos, existindo uma crescente procura por alternativas eficazes. A pes

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9

Sobhani, Kimia. "Proteomic analysis of macrophage proinflammatory programmed cell death and macrophage activation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8688.

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10

Graham, Susan. "Studies on the activation of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) macrophages and the characterization of a macrophage activating factor." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1989. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU498113.

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Rainbow trout macrophages were stimulated with PMA to produce 02- and H2O2 as detected by the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and the oxidation of phenol red respectively. Addition of DDC or nitroprusside, inhibitors of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased O2-levels and decreased H2O2 levels, whereas addition of exogenous SOD had the reverse effect. Such data are indicative of a respiratory burst pathway in teleost macrophages comparable with that of mammals. Respiratory burst activity, acid phosphatase activity and RNA synthesis in rainbow trout macrophages which have been stimulated

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11

Burrowes, Hannah Mahony. "Macrophage Activation and Differentiation with Cholesterol Crystals." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7532.

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Cholesterol crystals have been linked to activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and the formation of foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). It has been hypothesized that FBGCs have a role in advanced atherosclerotic plaque formation. This thesis examined the feasibility of producing stable cultures of FBGCs starting with human monocytes with the goal to examine pterin production by these cells in comparison to human monocyte derived macrophages (HMDMs). The study also investigated the effect of cholesterol crystals on 7,8-dihydroneopterin (7,8-NP) production and modulation of IL-1β levels in macropha

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12

Raza, Sobia. "Modelling and analysis of macrophage activation pathways." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/5898.

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Macrophages are present in virtually all tissues and account for approximately 10% of all body mass. Although classically credited as the scavenger cells of innate immune system, ridding a host of pathogenic material and cellular debris though their phagocytic function, macrophages also play a crucial role in embryogenesis, homeostasis, and inflammation. De-regulation of macrophage function is therefore implicated in the progression of many disease states including cancer, arthritis, and atherosclerosis to name just a few. The diverse range of activities of this cell can be attributed to its e

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13

Fransson, Jennifer. "Macrophage activation profiles of multiple sclerosis patients." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS106.pdf.

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La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie inflammatoire neurodégénérative où l’invasion des cellules immunitaires dans le système nerveux central (SNC) entraîne la destruction de la myéline. Les macrophages, comprenant les cellules microgliales du SNC, sont majoritaires dans les lésions de la SEP. Nous avons modélisé l'activation des macrophages de patients SEP afin de définir quelles propriétés intrinsèques vont diriger leur contribution au développement ou à la réparation de la lésion. Les profils fonctionnels et transcriptomiques des macrophages de donneurs sains et de patients SEP ont é

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14

Hamerman, Jessica Ann. "Macrophage activation during Mycobacterium bovis BCG infection /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8359.

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15

Steck, Ryan Perry. "Pharmacologic Immunomodulation of Macrophage Activation by Caffeine." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4251.

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Caffeine is one of the most widely used neurostimulants in the world and there is considerable debate on its effect in immune cells. One of its main targets is proposed to be adenosine receptors which mediate an anti-inflammatory switch in activated immune cells while another target is phosphodiesterase where it acts as an inhibitor. In macrophages, caffeine has been shown to cause both pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. If the primary effect of caffeine on macrophages were to antagonize adenosine receptors we would expect cells exposed to caffeine to have a prolonged

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16

DRUFUCA, LORENZO. "ROLE OF MICRORNA IN MACROPHAGE POLARIZED ACTIVATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/565701.

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Macrophages are cells from the innate branch of immune system with central roles both under physiologic and pathologic conditions. Such complex behaviour relies on extreme functional plasticity of these cells. Cellular activation and plasticity in macrophages are complex phenomena that require tight regulation. In recent years, microRNAs and lncRNAs emerged as important regulators of many cellular processes and have been proposed as key mediators of the plasticity observed in macrophages. In this study we investigate the possible roles of different microRNAs on macrophage activation and func

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17

Lisowski, Zofia Maria. "Targeting the macrophage in equine post-operative ileus." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33191.

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Post-operative ileus (POI) is the functional inhibition of propulsive intestinal motility which is a frequent occurrence following abdominal surgery in the horse and in humans. Rodent and human-derived data have shown that manipulation-induced activation of the resident muscularis externa (ME) macrophages in the intestine contributes to the pathophysiology of the disease. Most studies of the disease, specifically in the horse, have focussed on identification of risk factors, descriptive studies of the disease or the assessment of the efficacy of various therapeutic and prophylactic interventio

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18

Sester, David Peter. "Mechanisms of macrophage activation by bacterial/CpG DNA /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17063.pdf.

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19

Wojciechowski, Wojciech. "Molecular mechanism of IFN-[gamma]-induced macrophage activation." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=37667.

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Macrophages are considered as one of the early effector cells involved in the immunological response against infection. Following macrophages interaction with pathogens, macrophages become activated and attempt to eliminate the invader. Interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) is one of the most important activators of macrophage function. In macrophages IFN-gamma is promoting the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules and other proteins directly involved in the process of containing infection.<br>The effect of the Nramp1, on macrophage function is investigated in this

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20

Rivier, Agnès. "Activation des phagocytes mononucléés chez les sujets normaux et les sujets asthmatiques/ Agnès Rivier." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON1T020.

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21

Longbrake, Erin Elisabeth. "Consequences of differential macrophage activation after spinal cord trauma." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1177686458.

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22

Chow, Nancy Ann-Marie. "TNF gene expression in macrophage activation and endotoxin tolerance." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11231.

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TNF is an inflammatory cytokine that plays a critical role in the acute phase response to infection, and its dysregulation has been implicated in the pathology of several inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. TNF gene expression is regulated in a cell type- and inducer-specific manner that involves chromatin alterations at both the TNF promoter and distal DNase I hypersensitive (DH) sites within the TNF/LT locus. While the mechanisms underlying TNF gene activation in monocytes/macrophages and T cells have been studied intensively, the mechanisms of enhanced, repressed, and restored TNF gene e

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23

Longbrake, Erin E. "Consequences of differential macrophage activation after spinal cord trauma." The Ohio State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1177686458.

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24

Oda, Tomoyuki. "Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 during macrophage differentiation." Kyoto University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/135669.

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25

Willems, Jorine Joanna Lamberta Paulina. "Apoptosis-driven activation of macrophages by starry-sky B-cell lymphoma." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18738.

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In high-grade ‘starry-sky’ non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL), particularly Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL), large numbers of apoptotic tumour cells are engulfed by infiltrating tumour-associated macrophages (TAM). In situ studies suggest that in starry-sky TAM in a xenograft model of BL various tumour-promoting, trophic, angiogenic, tissue remodelling, and anti-inflammatory pathways are activated. Furthermore, apoptotic cells have been shown to activate expression of tumour-promoting matrix metalloproteinases in macrophages. This work investigates the hypothesis that apoptotic cells or factors released fro

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26

Cozon, Grégoire. "Activation macrophagique et infection lentivirale dans le modèle du virus Visna-Maedi." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1H007.

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27

Haddad, Elias K. "Study of the role of macrophage activation and macrophage derived cytotoxic factors in early embryo loss." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ29928.pdf.

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28

Haddad, Elias K. "Study of the role of macrophage activation and macrophage derived cytoxic factors in early embryo loss." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=42023.

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Using murine models of spontaneous and induced embryo resorption, we have investigated the role of macrophages in the mechanism of early embryo loss. The results showed that macrophage derived nitric oxide was associated with embryo resorption, and that decidual macrophages could be triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to produce nitric oxide, indicating that the decidual mononuclear cells were primed in situ. Using double immunostaining, we have shown that macrophages were the cellular source of the inducible nitric oxide production. We further showed that embryo abortion can be significantl

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29

Nzoumbou-Boko, Romaric. "Caractérisation d’une voie Immunomodulatrice impliquant l’arginase dans les Trypanosomoses." Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22053/document.

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Une nouvelle voie d’immunomodulation, l’induction de l’arginase par les trypanosomes chez leurs hôtes, a été identifiée et caractérisée. Pour éviter la réponse cytotoxique de l’activation « classique » M1 des macrophages et bénéficier de leur activation « alternative » M2, les parasites induisent l’arginase, qui produit la L-ornithine, indispensable à leur développement. Cette voie d’immunomodulation mise en évidence chez la souris infestée par son parasite naturel, Trypanosoma musculi, est également présente dans d’autres trypanosomoses, en particulier la trypanosomose humaine africaine (THA)

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30

Sundling, Niklas, and Lisa Lü. "Characterization of Macrophage Activation Induced by Leukotoxin from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för odontologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-143900.

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ABSTRACT Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobe, non-motile coccobacilli colonizing the human oral cavity and is strongly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP). Aa possesses several virulence mechanisms, among others; Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin found in the outer membrane of Aa and Leukotoxin (LtxA), an exotoxin attached to the bacterial cell surface or in outer membrane vesicles and which has been correlating with periodontal disease mostly. LtxA specifically targets human leukocytes, causing imbalance in the host i

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31

Gross, Antoine. "Activation et inhibition du macrophage lors de l'infection par "Brucella"." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20216.

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Brucella est responsable d'infections chroniques chez l'homme et les ruminants domestiques ; elle n'infecte pas naturellement la souris. Afin d'analyser les phenomenes permettant a brucella d'infecter et de se maintenir chroniquement chez l'homme, nous avons etudie et compare differents processus impliques dans l'interaction de brucella avec les macrophages humains et murins a l'interieur desquels elle se multiple. Cette these presente quatre aspects de cette problematique : 1) nous avons caracterise une induction de la inos lors de l'infection du macrophage murin par brucella et montre que no

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32

Afroun-Talantikite, Samia. "Activation des macrophages péritonéaux murins : modifications dans le profil de glycosylation des protéines, et dans l'activité bactéricide vis-à-vis du BCG." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112165.

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Le macrophage est une des cellules effectrices des réactions de défense de l'organisme contre les infections. Mais les macrophages ne sont capables de s’opposer à la multiplication des microbes à developpement intacellulaire et les cellules tumorales que s'ils sont dans un état activé. Nous avons montré que l'action cytotoxique des macrophages activés vis-à-vis de cellules de nastocytome P815 dépend de l'intégrité des structures membranaires spécialement susceptibles à la trypsine. Nous avons d'autre part recherché les modifications apportées au profil de glycosylation des protéines macrophagi

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33

GROELL, VALERIE. "Immunotherapie du cancer par transfert adoptif de macrophages actives in vitro." Strasbourg 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990STR15048.

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34

Schroder, Kate. "Mechanisms of IFN[gamma] priming of macrophage activation by CpG DNA /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18684.pdf.

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35

Menzies, Fiona Mary. "The influence of sex and pregnancy associated hormones on macrophage activation." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501658.

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Stimulation of macrophages with LPS alone or in combination with IFN-y is termed 'innate' and 'classical' activation, respectively. This is associated with the expression of nos2 and p40 (IL-12/IL-23). Stimulation of macrophages with IL-4 or IL-13 is termed 'alternative' activation and is associated with expression of argI, dectin-1, mrc-1 ,fizz1 and ym1. Recent studies demonstrate that arg1 is expressed in some innate activated macrophages.

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36

Schonberg, David L. "Formation of New Oligodendrocytes in the Spinal Cord Following Macrophage Activation." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1261419807.

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37

Beidelschies, Michelle. "Orthopaedic Wear Particle-Induced Activation of Macrophages." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1228363163.

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38

Burgess, Matthew. "Effects of diabetes and Hoxa3 upon macrophage function." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2016. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/effects-of-diabetes-and-hoxa3-upon-macrophage-function(049743d6-7449-458a-981e-267a3e112d6c).html.

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Chronic non-healing wounds commonly present in patients with diabetes. These wounds are characterised by elevated numbers of immature leukocytes and M1 macrophages and reduced numbers of endothelial cells and M2 macrophages, impairing wound healing resolution. Topical treatment of murine diabetic wounds with a Hoxa3 gene expression vector redresses the balance of inflammatory and pro-healing cells within the lesion, reducing excessive inflammation and rescuing the wound healing phenotype. In this thesis I present experiments to further understanding of how diabetes alters the macrophage phenot

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39

Malik, Divya. "MicroRNAs in the regulation of alternatively activated macrophages." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/20385.

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Macrophages play a key role in maintaining the balance and efficiency of the immune response. TH2 cytokines IL-4 & IL-13, through shared IL-4Rα signalling, trigger a state of alternative activation in macrophages and also drive their proliferation. Alternatively activated macrophages (AAMΦ) are involved in the control of helminth infections and have also been implicated in tissue repair. However, TH2 weighted imbalance can result in inflammatory disorders such as asthma and fibrosis. Hence, macrophage responses must be tightly regulated. MicroRNAs, a short (~22nt) class of non-coding RNA, are

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40

Lakritz, Jessica Robyn. "Monocyte / Macrophage Activation and Traffic Mediates HIV and SIV – Associated Peripheral Neuropathy." Thesis, Boston College, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107213.

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Thesis advisor: Tricia H. Burdo<br>Human immunodeficiency virus-associated peripheral neuropathy (HIVPN) continues to be a prevalent comorbidity of HIV infection, despite virologic control due to effective antiretroviral therapy (ART). Symptoms include bilateral tingling, numbness, and pain in distal extremities. Severity of symptoms is associated with a loss of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) in the feet. Damage to the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) has also been observed in postmortem tissue analysis from patients with HIV-PN. Treatment options are limited due to a lack of understandin

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41

Liu, Yu. "The role of suppressors of cytokine signalling 1 and 3 in macrophage activation." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=24848.

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42

Weintz, Gabriele Maria. "Phosphoproteome analysis of the macrophage response to toll-like receptor (TRL)-activation." kostenfrei, 2010. https://mediatum2.ub.tum.de/node?id=807143.

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43

Parsa, Roham. "Macrophage activation phenotypes in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and therapy : Master thesis." Thesis, KTH, School of Biotechnology (BIO), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10210.

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<p>Macrophages are an important key effector cell in the immune system which can practically be found in every tissue. Macrophages have for a long time been considered a population of cells only responsible for pro-inflammatory responses and anti-microbial activities. But over the past decade, many have come to realize the amazing plasticity of macrophages in response to different stimulations. The anti-microbial and pro-inflammatory macrophage is known as classically activated macrophages but newly discovered phenotypes have been revealed named wound-healing macrophages and regulatory macroph

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44

Eklund, Daniel. "Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the human macrophage : shifting the balance through inflammasome activation." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för mikrobiologi och molekylär medicin, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-100890.

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Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a very successful pathogen and tuberculosis constitutes a major threat to global health worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that almost nine million new cases and 1.5 million deaths occur annually and the situation is worsened by increased antibiotic resistance and an extreme synergism with the HIV pandemic. M. tuberculosis primarily affects the lungs where the infection can lead to either eradication of the bacteria or the initiation of an immune response that culminates in the formation of a large cluster of immune cells termed granulomas. I

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McDaid, John Patrick. "The role of protein tyrosine kinases in macrophage activation and cytokine responses." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411796.

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46

Benslimane, Fatiha. "Effect of dietary fat on lipid accumulation and macrophage activation in vivo." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/34072/.

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The rat was used as a model for the assessment of a high fat diet (HFD) and HFD/streptozotocin (STZ) induced Type II diabetes upon lipid deposition and development of inflammation in metabolically active tissues. HFD feeding for a period of 10 weeks did not induce significant weight gain in animals compared to those fed on normal chow (NC). There was also no significant effect of HFD feeding upon blood glucose and insulin levels. Adipose and skeletal muscle tissues showed minimal effects of HFD feeding at both the histological and molecular level. Histological assessment of liver tissue reveal

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47

Schmierer, Ann E. "Macrophage interactions with biomaterial surfaces and their effects on endothelial cell activation /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8047.

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48

Clemons-miller, Annette R. "Tnf(alpha)-dependent and Tnf(alpha)-independent Activation of Macrophage Effector Function." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 1998. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2894.

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Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is predominantly produced by activated macrophages. The effects of TNFα are as diverse as the cells with which it interacts, e.g., stimulating fibroblast growth, exerting cytotoxic/cytostatic; activity against various human and murine cell lines, promoting inflammation through upregulation of endothelial adhesion molecules and IL-8 production. Yet TNFα is best known, and in fact was originally described, for its role in the bacterial-induced hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors and exacerbation of septic shock in which aberrant TNFα produ

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49

Redente, Elizabeth Frances. "Macrophage and bone marrow derived monocyte activation during mouse lung tumorigenesis and chronic inflammation /." Connect to full text via ProQuest. Limited to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus, 2008.

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Thesis (Ph.D. in Toxicology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2008.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 224-253). Free to UCD Anschutz Medical Campus. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

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50

Sharif, Rubina Qasour. "Macrophage activating factor (MAF) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : biological activity and molecular source." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26687.

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This study investigated the biological activity of a macrophage activating factor (MAF) produced by activated lymphocytes from the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and attempts to discover its molecular source. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were shown to release factors with MAF activity following incubation with a variety of stimulants and were subsequently shown to activate macrophages using at least two different methods, the nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) colourimetric assay and the luminol-dependent chemiluminescent assay. The latter technique detected an immediate response which decayed o

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