Journal articles on the topic 'Macronutrient'
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1
Grunwald, Gary K., Helen M. Seagle, John C. Peters, and James O. Hill. "Quantifying and separating the effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients on energy density." British Journal of Nutrition 86, no. 2 (August 2001): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001404.
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The purpose of the present study was to estimate and compare the effects of macronutrient composition (relative portions of macronutrients) and of non-macronutrient components (e.g. water and fibre) on energy density (energy per unit weight) of the diets of human subjects. We used standard macronutrient energy content values to develop a simple conceptual model and equation for energy density in terms of % energy from dietary fat and % non-macronutrients by weight. To study these effects in self-selected diets of free-living subjects, we used four consecutive days of self-weighed and recorded food records for thirty-two male and thirteen female free-living adult subjects. In the range of typical human diets, the effect of % non-macronutrients by weight was several times greater than that of % energy from dietary fat, both in absolute terms and relative to daily variation in subjects' diets. Both effects were large enough to be physiologically important. Non-macronutrients (% by weight) alone explained much more of the variation in self-selected dietary energy density either between subjects (R2 95 %) or day-to-day (R2 95 %) than did % energy from dietary fat (R2 5 % and 6 % respectively). Omitting beverages gave similar results. The smaller effect of macronutrient composition on energy density of diets is mainly because alterations in macronutrient composition affect only the portion of typical dietary intake that is macronutrients (one-quarter to one-third of weight). Mathematical methods are also useful in analysing observational data and for separating effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients in intervention studies. These results illustrate the importance of considering non-macronutrients in the design and analysis of experimental or observational dietary data.
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Qu, Mingkai, Weidong Li, and Chuanrong Zhang. "County-Scale Spatial Variability of Macronutrient Availability Ratios in Paddy Soils." Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/689482.
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Macronutrients (N, P, and K) are essential to plants but also can be harmful to the environment when their available concentrations in soil are excessive. Availability ratios (available concentration/total concentration) of macronutrients may reflect their transforming potential between fixed and available forms in soil. Understanding their spatial distributions and impact factors can be, therefore, helpful to applying specific measures to modify the availability of macronutrients for agricultural and environmental management purposes. In this study, 636 topsoil samples (0–15 cm) were collected from paddy fields in Shayang County, Central China, for measuring soil properties. Factors influencing macronutrient availability ratios were investigated, and total and available concentrations of macronutrients were mapped using geostatistical method. Spatial distribution maps of macronutrient availability ratios were further derived. Results show that (1) availability of macronutrients is controlled by multiple factors, and (2) macronutrient availability ratios are spatially varied and may not always have spatial patterns identical to those of their corresponding total and available concentrations. These results are more useful than traditional soil macronutrient average content data for guiding site-specific field management for agricultural production and environmental protection.
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Trinh, Huong Thi, Joanna Morais, Christine Thomas-Agnan, and Michel Simioni. "Relations between socio-economic factors and nutritional diet in Vietnam from 2004 to 2014: New insights using compositional data analysis." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 28, no. 8 (April 23, 2018): 2305–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0962280218770223.
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This paper contributes to the analysis of the impact of socioeconomic factors, like food expenditure level and urbanization, on diet patterns in Vietnam, from 2004 to 2014. Contrary to the existing literature, we focus on the diet balance in terms of macronutrients consumption (protein, fat and carbohydrate) and we take into account the fact that the volumes of macronutrients are not independent. In other words, we are interested in the shares of each macronutrient in the total calorie intake. We use compositional data analysis (CODA), adapted to deal with the relative information contained in shares, to describe the evolution of diet patterns over time, and to model the impact of household characteristics on the macronutrient shares vector. We compute food expenditure elasticities of macronutrient shares, and we compare them to classical elasticities for macronutrient volumes and total calorie intake. The compositional model highlights the important role of many factors in the determination of diet choices and we will focus mainly on the role of food expenditure. Our results are consistent with the rest of the literature, but they have the advantage to highlight the substitution effects between macronutrients in the context of nutrition transition.
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Kelly, Owen, Jennifer Gilman, and Jasminka Ilich. "Utilizing Dietary Nutrient Ratios in Nutritional Research: Expanding the Concept of Nutrient Ratios to Macronutrients." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020282.
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We recently showed that using micronutrient ratios in nutritional research might provide more insights into how diet affects metabolism and health outcomes, based on the notion that nutrients, unlike drugs, are not consumed one at a time and do not target a single metabolic pathway. In this paper, we present a concept of macronutrient ratios, including intra- and inter-macronutrient ratios. Macronutrient intakes from food only, from the What We Eat in America website (summarized National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data) were transposed into Microsoft Excel to generate ratios. Overall, the dietary ratios of macronutrients may be more revealing and useful in epidemiology and in basic nutritional research than focusing on individual protein, fat, and carbohydrate intakes. While macronutrient ratios may be applied to all types of nutritional research, nutritional epidemiology, and, ultimately, dietary guidelines, the methodology required has not been established yet. In the meantime, intra- and inter-macronutrient ratios may serve as a measure of individual and total macronutrient quality.
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Bardule, Arta, Inga Grinfelde, Dagnija Lazdina, Andis Bardulis, and Toms Sarkanabols. "Macronutrient leaching in a fertilized juvenile hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) plantation cultivated in an agroforestry system in Latvia." Hydrology Research 49, no. 2 (September 27, 2017): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2017.054.
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Abstract Leaching of macronutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from soils is of particular interest in the Baltic Sea region because of its adverse effects on water quality. The objective of this study was to evaluate macronutrient leaching in a juvenile hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. × P. tremuloides Michx.) plantation cultivated in an agroforestry system and fertilized with biogas production residues, wastewater sludge and wood ash in hemi-boreal climate conditions. Analysis of macronutrient concentrations in the soil solution showed that annual macronutrient leaching decreased over time after the establishment of the plantation and application of fertilizers. Moreover, macronutrient leaching was affected not only by meteorological conditions, but also by the type of fertilizer used. During the five years after establishment of the plantation, nitrate-nitrogen leaching decreased up to 99.6%, phosphate-phosphorus leaching decreased up to 97.1%, but potassium ions leaching decreased up to 76.5%. Nevertheless, juvenile hybrid aspen plantations cultivated in an agroforestry system remain an important part in mitigation of leaching of macronutrients from agricultural lands in the Baltic Sea region.
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Almeida, Brígida Resende, Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci, Alexandre Alves de Carvalho, Heitor Luiz Heiderich Roza, Felipe Campos Figueiredo, and José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto. "Macronutrient Omission Changes Lippia gracilis Schauer, a Threatened Medicinal Plant, Growth and Volatile Chemical Composition." HortScience 53, no. 12 (December 2018): 1877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13492-18.
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The effect of macronutrient omission on the growth and volatile chemical composition of Lippia gracilis was evaluated. The “minus one element” technique was employed by using a complete (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950) nutrient solution and solutions with macronutrient omission for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S. Macronutrient deficiency significantly influenced L. gracilis growth and volatile chemical composition. Leaf dry weight decreased in order of importance of the macronutrients as follows: Ca = K = N > P > Mg > S. The amount and composition of volatile compounds varied according to macronutrient omission. The major constituents were characterized by p-cymene (ranging from not detected to 43.41%), thymol (3.86% to 7.95%), carvacrol (44.09% to 76.69%), and caryophyllene (0.52% to 6.00%), the contents of which were dependent on the omitted macronutrient. Lack of Ca, Mg, and S increased the contents of cymene and decreased the thymol and carvacrol compared with control. Complete solution and N, P, and K omission retained the same thymol and carvacrol content. In summary, macronutrient availability effectively controlled plant growth and volatile chemical composition of L. gracilis.
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Northup, Brian K., Patrick J. Starks, and Kenneth E. Turner. "Soil Macronutrient Responses in Diverse Landscapes of Southern Tallgrass to Two Stocking Methods." Agronomy 9, no. 6 (June 20, 2019): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060329.
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Macronutrient (N, P, S, K, Ca, and Mg) availability and distribution in soils of grassland ecosystems are affected by diverse factors, including landscape position, climate, and forms of management. This study examined flux in plant-available macronutrients in production-scale (60 to 80 ha) paddocks of southern tallgrass prairie of central Oklahoma, United States, managed (2009–15) under two contrasting stocking methods (continuous yearlong; rotational stocking among 10 sub-paddocks). Macronutrient availability within the 0–7.5 cm and 7.5–15 cm soil depths were determined with sets of anion-cation exchange membrane probes at 16 locations within paddocks, oriented along transects from water sources to far corners. No clear overall effect related to stocking method was recorded for all macronutrient distributions. The only significant stocking method × location interaction occurred for K (p = 0.01). All other macronutrients displayed significant (p < 0.08) location effects that were common across stocking methods. Effects relatable to stocking method occurred in interactions with soil depth or time of year (p < 0.10), but responses of macronutrient flux to stocking method in these interactions varied. Higher flux occurred in available S, Ca, and Mg in proximity (<24 m) to water sources, which may be related to grazing, but local features of the landscape may also have been involved. More attention to landscape features included within paddocks, and standardized organization of water and other features within paddocks, would improve the potential to define grazing effects on macronutrient distribution.
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Johnson, Marney C., Lauryn A. Winte, Diana G. Anzueto Guerra, Rachel Jacob, Donald C. McCurnin, Donald C. McCurnin, Cynthia L. Blanco, and Cynthia L. Blanco. "Nutritional Impact of Storage Containers on Macronutrient Integrity of Breastmilk." Journal of Breastfeeding Biology 1, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2644-0105.jbfb-19-2681.
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This study compared the effect of container material type on macronutrient changes in human breast milk (HBM) during frozen storage. HBM was collected from breastfeeding mothers and baseline macronutrients were analyzed and recorded. The HBM was aliquoted into milk storage containers of five commonly used materials (low-density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP), glass, stainless steel, and silicone). The samples were frozen in a standard freezer (-20°F) for 30, 60, and 180 days prior to thawing and retesting macronutrient values. In the 155 samples analyzed, macronutrient changes among different types of storage materials were insignificant at 30 and 60 days of frozen storage. When comparing macronutrients at baseline to 180 days, there was a significant decrease in protein value over time in LDPE containers as compared to silicone containers (p=0.001). Likewise, there was a significant decrease in total calories from baseline to 180 days in both PP and LDPE containers compared to silicone (p=0.046 and 0.013, respectively). While not significant for short-term storage, HBM has losses of macronutrients (protein) with long-term storage in LDPE and PP plastics. These differences could have major nutritional impact on growth, particularly to infants born prematurely.
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White, M. D., G. Bouchard, B. Buemann, N. Almeras, J. P. Despres, C. Bouchard, and A. Tremblay. "Reproducibility of 24-h energy expenditure and macronutrient oxidation rates in an indirect calorimeter." Journal of Applied Physiology 80, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.80.1.133.
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The maintenance of weight and adipose tissue mass in humans appears to be related to a balance between the rates of oxidation and consumption of macronutrients; yet, little evidence is available on the reproducibility of 24-h macronutrient oxidation rates and how this relates to diet in the days preceding a chamber session. This study examined the reproducibility of 24-h macronutrient oxidation rates, 24-h energy expenditure (EE), and respiratory quotient (RQ) in 30 adults who ate their habitual diets before two 24-h whole body indirect calorimeter sessions. Results showed that the within-subject coefficients of variation (CVws) for 24-h EE and RQ were 2.8 and 2.6%, respectively. CVws for macronutrient oxidations ranged from approximately 15 to 25%. Means comparisons of 24-h EE, RQ, and macronutrient oxidation rates between sessions showed no significant differences, and all variables had significant positive intraclass correlation coefficients (P < 0.05). In conclusion, macronutrient oxidations all showed significant reproducibility for the group and a significant but lower reproducibility for individuals when habitual diet and activity preceded the experimental sessions.
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Sung, Ki-Chul, Eunju Sung, Christopher D. Byrne, Yong Bum Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, and Hye-Kyung Chung. "Composition of Dietary Macronutrient Intake Is Not Associated with Prevalence of Coronary Artery Calcification in Healthy Korean Adults." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, no. 1 (December 13, 2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369563.
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Background and Aims: There is little information supporting the relationships between macronutrients and pre-clinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify whether dietary macronutrient content is related with CAC. Methods: 10,793 healthy Korean adults in a cohort were enrolled. Subjects were divided into CAC (CAC score >0) or non-CAC group (CAC score = 0). Intake of energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein and fat were obtained using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Macronutrient composition was expressed as the ratio of energy from each macronutrient to total energy. Subjects were classified into three groups according to tertiles of intake for each macronutrient. To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and CAC, multiple regression analysis was conducted according to tertile groups of each macronutrient. Results: The prevalence of CAC significantly differed among tertile groups of CHO and fat intake in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for CAC were not significantly different among tertile groups of each macronutrient intake after adjustment in men (CHO: OR = 0.965 [95% CI = 0.826-1.129]; protein: OR = 1.029 [95% CI = 0.881-1.201]; fat: OR = 1.015 [95% CI = 0.868-1.188]) and women (CHO: OR = 1.158 [95% CI = 0.550-2.438]; protein: OR = 1.261 [95% CI = 0.629-2.528]; fat: OR = 0.625 [95% CI = 0.286-1.365]). Conclusions: The prevalence of CAC may not be associated with composition of dietary macronutrient intake in in healthy Korean adults. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Northup, Brian K., Patrick J. Starks, and Kenneth E. Turner. "Stocking Methods and Soil Macronutrient Distributions in Southern Tallgrass Paddocks: Are There Linkages?" Agronomy 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9060281.
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Broad ranges of factors (parent materials, climate, plant community, landscape position, management) can influence macronutrient availability in rangeland soils. Two important factors in production-scale paddocks are the influences of location in space and land management. This study examined plant-available macronutrients (total mineral and nitrate-N, P, S, K, Ca, and Mg) in soils, with paired sets of probes (anion and cation exchange membranes) that simulate uptake by plant roots. Data were collected from sets of paddocks of southern tallgrass prairie in central Oklahoma, managed by four stocking methods during the 2015 growing season (mid-March, growth initiation by native grasses, and early-August, time of peak living plant biomass). Macronutrient availability in the 0–7.5 cm and 7.5–15 cm depths were determined at locations in close proximity to water (water tanks and 25% of the distance between tanks and paddock mid-points (PMP)), and distances near the mid-points of paddocks (70% of the distance between water and mid-points (0.7 PMP), and PMP). All of the tested stocking methods affected levels of availability of macronutrients at different times of the growing season, and among different locations within paddocks. Such responses indicated stocking methods may not result in uniform distributions of flux in plant-available macronutrients. The overall exposure of landscapes and arrangement of features within paddocks also appeared to influence macronutrient distributions.
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Lieberman, Harris R., Victor L. Fulgoni, Sanjiv Agarwal, Stefan M. Pasiakos, and Claire E. Berryman. "Protein intake is more stable than carbohydrate or fat intake across various US demographic groups and international populations." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa044.
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ABSTRACT Background The optimal macronutrient composition of the diet is controversial and many adults attempt to regulate the intake of specific macronutrients for various health-related reasons. Objective The objective was to compare stability and ranges of intakes of different macronutrients across diverse adult populations in the USA and globally. Methods US dietary intake data from NHANES 2009–2014 were used to determine macronutrient intake as a percentage of total energy intake. Variability in macronutrient intake was estimated by calculating the difference between 75th and 25th percentile (Q3–Q1) IQRs of macronutrient intake distributions. In addition, intake data from 13 other countries with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) over $10,000 US dollars (USD) were used to assess variability of intake internationally since there are large differences in types of foods consumed in different countries. Results Protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake (NHANES 2009–2014) was 15.7 ± 0.1, 48.1 ± 0.1, and 32.9 ± 0.1% kcal, respectively, in US adults. The IQR of protein intake distribution (3.73 ± 0.11% kcal) was 41% of carbohydrate intake distribution (9.18 ± 0.20% kcal) and 58% of fat intake distribution (6.40 ± 0.14% kcal). The IQRs of carbohydrate and fat intake distributions were significantly (P <0.01) influenced by age and race; however, the IQR of protein intake was not associated with demographic and lifestyle factors including sex, race, income, physical activity, and body weight. International mean protein intake was 16.3 ± 0.2% kcal, similar to US intake, and there was less variation in protein than carbohydrate or fat intake. Conclusion Protein intake of the US population and multiple international populations, regardless of demographic and lifestyle factors, was consistently ∼16% of total energy, suggesting biological control mechanism(s) tightly regulate protein intake and, consequently, influence intake of other macronutrients and food constituents. Substantial differences in intake of the other macronutrients observed in US and international populations had little influence on protein intake. This trial was registered at the ISRCTN registry as ISRCTN46157745 (https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN4615774).
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Devenport, L., A. Knehans, T. Thomas, and A. Sundstrom. "Macronutrient intake and utilization by rats: interactions with type I adrenocorticoid receptor stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): R73—R81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.1.r73.
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Corticosterone-free (adrenalectomized, ADX) and intact rats were offered experimentally compounded diets in which 65% of available calories were supplied by a single macronutrient (single-diet study). ADX impaired the intake, weight gain (especially as body fat), and efficient utilization of high-protein and high-fat diets. In contrast, no behavioral, metabolic, or compositional changes could be found among ADX rats maintained on a diet high in carbohydrates. When ADX rats were given separate sources of macronutrients (self-selection study) they did not self-select a high-carbohydrate diet. Instead, they displayed a strong fat avoidance and a relative increase in protein intake, the macronutrient they utilize least efficiently. Separate groups of ADX animals were continuously infused with 25 or 125 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 aldosterone, a specific type I adrenocorticoid receptor agonist. Type I receptor stimulation eliminated all ADX-related deficiencies found in the single-diet and self-selection studies: caloric intake, feeding efficiency, carcass composition, and macronutrient preferences were restored to or beyond the corresponding values of adrenal-intact rats. The normal rat's ability to ingest and utilize macronutrients optimally is dependent on corticosterone's stimulation of type I receptors.
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Zhao, Yajie, and Tetsuya Araki. "Evaluation of Disparities in Adults’ Macronutrient Intake Status: Results from the China Health and Nutrition 2011 Survey." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093044.
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Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of adult Chinese people. This cross-sectional study assessed the macronutrient intake status of adults (aged ≥20 years) by comparing their intake level of macronutrients against the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI). It further explored the associations between macronutrient intake status and age groups, genders, education levels, smoking status, drinking frequency, social classes, knowledge of Chinese Dietary Guidelines 2016 (CDGs), healthy diet priorities, and areas (urban and rural) within two regions (northern and southern). The analysis includes the dietary intake data of 7860 Chinese adults, with complete data entries in the China Health and Nutrition 2011 survey. Dietary data were obtained through the 24 h recall method. More than half had carbohydrate intake below the recommended level of intake, and more than half had fat intake above the recommended level of intake. There were significant associations between three macronutrient intakes and education levels, social classes, healthy diet priorities, areas, and regions. Disparities in macronutrient consumptions revealed geographical and socioeconomic variations in dietary patterns, as well as risks for many different noncommunicable diseases. Public health and nutrition interventions should take notice of regional differences in dietary intake and place more emphasis on vulnerable populations including women, rural residents, and people with lower education level.
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Marcussi, Francisco Fernando Noronha, Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas, Leandro José Grava de Godoy, and Rumy Goto. "Macronutrient accumulation and partioning in fertigated sweet pepper plants." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 1 (February 2004): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000100011.
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Information on nutrient demand during each growth stage is essential for efficient application of nutrients. A pot experiment was carried out with a Typic Hapludox under greenhouse conditions in Botucatu, SP, Brazil, aiming was to determine nutrient uptake and partition of sweet pepper plants, cultivar Elisa in randomized block design with four replications. The fertigation was simulated through 2-L PET bottles (neck down with a tube and a flow regulator at the end, simulating a drip irrigation system). Four plants per replication were collected at eight growth stages (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 days after the seedling transplant - DAT). The period of largest extraction of nutrients for the plant occurred from 120 to 140 DAT, which coincides with the highest accumulation of dry phytomass. The highest Mg and Ca accumulation occurred in the leaves, while N, K, S and P were mostly accumulated in the fruits. Only 8 to 13% of the total amount of the accumulated macronutrientes at 140 DAT were absorbed up to the 60th DAT. Between the 61st and 100th DAT, K was the most absorbed macronutrient (60% of the macronutrients accumulated during the whole cycle). P, Ca and S were the most absorbed nutrients at the end of the cycle. Considering rates (g per plant), the most absorbed macronutrients were: N (6.6) > K (6.4) > Ca (2.6) > Mg (1.3) > S (1.1) > P (0.7).
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Mills, Luke, Lynda Coulter, Emma Savage, and Neena Modi. "Macronutrient content of donor milk from a regional human milk bank: variation with donor mother–infant characteristics." British Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 10 (September 2, 2019): 1155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519002228.
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AbstractBetter understanding of the variation in macronutrient content of human donor milk (HDM) potentiates targeted nutrition for preterm babies. The present study describes the relationship of maternal age, parity, monthly lactation stage estimate (LSEm), daily volume of milk expressed (Vd), sex, gestation and birth weight z scores with macronutrient content of HDM. Multilevel mother–infant pair ID random intercept models were performed using the predictor variables above on the outcome HDM macronutrient content determined using mid-IR spectroscopy. Mean macronutrient content was also compared by gestational age and small for gestational age (SGA) (z score < –1·28) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (z score ≥ –1·28) categories. A total of 2966 samples of donations from 1175 mother–infant pairs to the UK Northwest Human Milk Bank between 2011 and 2017 were analysed. Mean protein, fat, carbohydrate and calculated energy were 0·89 (SD 0·24) g/dl, 2·99 (SD 0·96) g/dl, 7·09 (SD 0·44) g/dl, and 60·37 (SD 8·41) kcal/dl (252·59 (SD 35·19) kJ/dl), respectively. Preterm SGA HDM was significantly higher in protein, fat and energy content than term AGA HDM and significantly lower in carbohydrate content than term AGA HDM after controlling for LSEm, Vd and between-subject effects. Degree of prematurity did not influence macronutrient content. Between-subject effects accounted for more of the variance in macronutrient content than the fixed effects in the model. Despite this, SGA status, as well as prematurity, may be an important determinant of macronutrient content in human milk. As bioavailability of macronutrients from HDM is uncertain, studies evaluating growth and body composition in preterm and SGA babies fed HDM are warranted.
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Pandya, Amisha, Mira Mehta, and Kavitha Sankavaram. "The Relationship between Macronutrient Distribution and Type 2 Diabetes in Asian Indians." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 9, 2021): 4406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124406.
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Asian Indians (AIs) are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus than other ethnic groups. AIs also have lower body mass index (BMI) values than other populations, so can benefit from strategies other than weight reduction. Macronutrient distributions are associated with improved glycemic control; however, no specific distribution is generally recommended. This study looks at whether a macronutrient distribution of 50:30:20 (percent of total calories from carbohydrates, fats, and protein) is related to diabetes status in AIs. Diet and Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) were assessed from convenience sample of AI adults in Maryland. A ratio of actual to needed calories using the 50:30:20 macronutrient distribution was then tested against diabetes status to identify associations. All groups except non-diabetic females, were in negative energy balance. The non-diabetic group consumed larger actual to needed ratios of protein than pre-diabetics and diabetics. However, all groups consumed protein at the lower end of the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR), and the quality of all macronutrients consumed was low. Therefore, weight loss may not be the recommendation for diabetes management for AIs. Increasing protein and insoluble fiber consumption, could play a critical role.
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Zello, Gordon A. "Dietary Reference Intakes for the macronutrients and energy: considerations for physical activity." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 31, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h05-022.
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The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are the North American reference standards for nutrients in the diets of healthy individuals. The macronutrient DRI report includes the standards for energy, fat and fatty acids, carbohydrate and fiber, and protein and amino acids. Equations used to identify the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) were also developed based on individual characteristics including levels of physical activity. The DRIs for the macronutrients are presented as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) or Adequate Intakes (AIs), as well as Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), and were arrived at by considering both nutrient inadequacies and excesses. In addition, recommendations are made that would reduce the risk of chronic diseases, such as setting intake limits for added sugar; reducing cholesterol, saturated, and trans fatty acids consumption; and increasing levels of physical activity. As healthy individuals include those engaged in various levels of physical activity, the DRIs should apply to the athlete and address their macronutrient and energy needs. This paper summarizes the macronutrient DRI report as applied to the adult, with discussion of the dietary needs of those engaged in various levels of physical activity, including the athlete.Key words: nutrition, requirements, guidelines, performance, human.
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Komatsu, Yosuke, Yasuaki Wada, Fuka Tabata, Satomi Kawakami, Yasuhiro Takeda, Kiminori Nakamura, Tokiyoshi Ayabe, Koshi Nakamura, Takashi Kimura, and Akiko Tamakoshi. "Associations between Maternal Diet, Human Milk Macronutrients, and Breast-Fed Infant Growth during the First Month of Life in the SMILE Iwamizawa in Japan." Nutrients 15, no. 3 (January 28, 2023): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15030654.
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Maternal diet may affect human milk macronutrients, but it remains to be elucidated whether this is also influential in infant growth. This study aimed to examine (1) how maternal diet influences human milk macronutrients, and (2) to what extent the variation in milk macronutrients affects infant growth during the first month of life. In 71 Japanese lactating women, maternal dietary information was collected from the brief-type self-administered diet history questionnaire, and anthropometry of mother–infant dyads was collected from medical records. Macronutrients in milk were analyzed by a Human Milk Analyzer. Maternal retinol intake was associated with the carbohydrate content in human milk at 1-month postpartum (standardized β coefficient: 0.287; p = 0.038). Moreover, the energy content in human milk was associated with an increase in the weight standard deviation score based on the WHO growth standard at 1 month of age (standardized β coefficient: 0.399; p = 0.046). Nevertheless, the milk macronutrient was not associated with the risk of infant growth abnormalities. In conclusion, a part of the maternal diet impacts macronutrient contents in human milk, but milk macronutrients have a limited effect on infant growth only within the normal growth curve during the first month of life.
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Park, Hyerim, Anthony Kityo, Yeonjin Kim, and Sang-Ah Lee. "Macronutrient Intake in Adults Diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome: Using the Health Examinee (HEXA) Cohort." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 4457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124457.
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Macronutrient intake is important in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to evaluate total energy and macronutrient intake of participants diagnosed with MetS at recruitment of the health examinees (HEXA) cohort, considering the plant and animal sources of each macronutrient. We included 130,423 participants aged 40–69 years for analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate the intake of macronutrients stratified by gender. Energy and macronutrient intake were estimated by linking food frequency questionnaire data to the Korean food composition database, and were calculated separately for plant and animal foods. Low energy (men: OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98; women: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), and fat intake (men: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90–0.96; women: OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83) were observed. Only postmenopausal women had lower intake of total energy (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.97), whereas low fat intake was observed in all women (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83). For carbohydrate intake, the OR were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08–1.22) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08–1.27) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. Protein intake was low (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86–0.95; and OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82–0.94) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. High intake of plant carbohydrates in women (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12–1.20), and plant protein in both genders (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05–1.13) were observed, but low intake of total energy, fat, and animal-source carbohydrates in both genders was also observed. Fat intake was low regardless of food source. In conclusion, high consumption of plant-source macronutrients, and low consumption of animal-source macronutrients was observed in Korean adults diagnosed with MetS. Attention should be directed to plant sources of carbohydrates and proteins when designing population interventions for metabolic syndrome reduction in Korea.
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Salavati, Nastaran, Marian K. Bakker, Fraser Lewis, Petra C. Vinke, Farya Mubarik, JanJaap H. M. Erwich, and Eline M. van der Beek. "Associations between preconception macronutrient intake and birth weight across strata of maternal BMI." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0243200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0243200.
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Introduction Maternal nutrition during pregnancy is linked with birth outcomes including fetal growth, birth weight, congenital anomalies and long-term health through intra-uterine programming. However, a woman’s nutritional status before pregnancy is a strong determinant in early embryo-placental development, and subsequently outcomes for both mother and child. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between dietary macronutrient intake in the preconception period with birth weight. Methods We studied a group of 1698 women from the Dutch Perined-Lifelines linked birth cohort with reliable detailed information on preconception dietary macronutrient intake (using a semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire) and data available on birth weight of the offspring. Birth weight was converted into gestational age adjusted z-scores, and macronutrient intake was adjusted for total energy intake using the nutrient residual method. Preconception BMI was converted into cohort-based quintiles. Multivariable linear regression was performed, adjusted for other macronutrients and covariates. Results Mean maternal age was 29.5 years (SD 3.9), preconception BMI: 24.7 kg/m2 (SD 4.2) and median daily energy intake was 1812 kcal (IQR 1544–2140). Mean birth weight was 3578 grams (SD 472). When adjusted for covariates, a significant association (adjusted z score [95% CI], P) between polysaccharides and birth weight was shown (0.08 [0.01–0.15], 0.03). When linear regression analyses were performed within cohort-based quintiles of maternal BMI, positive significant associations between total protein, animal protein, fat, total carbohydrates, mono-disaccharides and polysaccharides with birth weight were shown in the lowest quintile of BMI independent of energy intake, intake of other macronutrients and covariates. Conclusion Out of all macronutrients studied, polysaccharides showed the strongest association with birth weight, independent of energy intake and other covariates. Our study might suggest that specifically in women with low preconception BMI a larger amount of macronutrient intake was associated with increased birth weight. We recommend that any dietary assessment and advise during preconception should be customized to preconception weight status of the women.
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Hassan, Syeda Mona, Shagufta Rafique, Asif Ibrahim, Syed Khurram Hassan, Huma Haasan, Abdul Majeed, Shoaib Ahmad Siddiqi, and Naureen Naeem. "Importance of Nutrients on Growth and Development: A Review." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 2, no. 3 (April 22, 2020): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2018.020330.
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Macronutrients are very important for plant development and growth. They can be important constituents of various structural units and redox sensitive agents. Moreover, macronutrients can improve the yield, quality and growth of crops. Now a day, biotechnologists, plant physiologists and ecophysiologists have been investigating other blind features of these minerals, as macronutrients are involved in every aspect of plant life. Each macronutrient has its own characteristic features, and are involved in different metabolic processes of plant life.
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Czosnykowska-Łukacka, Matylda, Barbara Królak-Olejnik, and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz. "Breast Milk Macronutrient Components in Prolonged Lactation." Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121893.
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Human milk (HM) is the first dietary exposure in infancy and the best nutritional option for growth and healthy development of the newborn and infant. The concentrations of macronutrients, namely proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, change during lactation stages. HM has been studied extensively in the first 6 months of lactation, but there are limited data regarding milk composition beyond 1 or 2 years postpartum. The aim of our study was to describe longitudinal changes in HM macronutrient concentrations during the prolonged lactation of healthy mothers from the 1st to the 48th month. For the macronutrient content of milk of mothers breastfeeding for longer than 18 months, fat and protein increased and carbohydrates decreased significantly, compared with milk expressed by women breastfeeding up to 12 months. Moreover, the concentration of fat, protein and carbohydrates in HM over 2 years of lactation from the 24th to the 48th month remained at a stable level. However, analyzed macronutrients were positively (carbohydrate, r = 0.51) or negatively (fat, r = −0.36 and protein, r = −0.58) correlated with the amount of feeding. Our results create a greater potential for understanding the nutritional contribution of HM over 2 years of lactation and showed that the source of calories in breast milk for older children is mainly fat, while carbohydrates play a greater role in infant nutrition in the early stage. The observed changes of macronutrient concentrations from the 1st to the 48th month of lactation are probably related to the adaptation of milk composition to the increased energy demand of the intensively growing child.
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Goetze, Oliver, Andreas Steingoetter, Dieter Menne, Ivo R. van der Voort, Monika A. Kwiatek, Peter Boesiger, Dominik Weishaupt, Miriam Thumshirn, Michael Fried, and Werner Schwizer. "The effect of macronutrients on gastric volume responses and gastric emptying in humans: a magnetic resonance imaging study." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292, no. 1 (January 2007): G11—G17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00498.2005.
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The effects of macronutrients on gastric volume changes, emptying, and gastrointestinal symptoms are incompletely understood. Three liquid meals of 500 ml (fat emulsion, 375 kcal; protein solution, 375 kcal; glucose solution, 400 kcal) were infused into the stomach of 12 healthy volunteers on three occasions. Studies were performed in seated body position using an open-configuration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. MRI imaging sequences, assessing stomach and meal volumes, were performed prior to and at times t = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min after meal administration. Areas under the curve for the early emptying phase (0–15 and 0–45 min) were calculated, and characteristics of the volume curves were analyzed by a gastric emptying model. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by a self-report scale. Initial ( t = 0 min) and early postprandial gastric volumes were highest for glucose because of lower initial emptying. However, in the early emptying phase the characteristics of the volume curves for stomach and meal were uniform for all macronutrients. Perceptions of fullness and satiety were linearly associated with postprandial gastric volumes, but not with macronutrient composition. Isovolumic macronutrient meals modulate gastric volume response by initial meal emptying patterns. Macronutrient specific accommodation responses, as shown in barostat studies, are not reflected as gastric volume responses under noninvasive conditions.
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Covre, André Monzoli, Fábio Luiz Partelli, Robson Bonomo, Marcelo Antônio Tomaz, and José Cochicho Ramalho. "Impacts of water availability on macronutrients in fruit and leaves of conilon coffee." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 53, no. 9 (September 2018): 1025–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018000900006.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the concentrations and accumulation of macronutrients in conilon coffee (Coffea canephora) fruit, and their concentrations in leaves, over two years, in irrigated and nonirrigated coffee plants. Three-year-old conilon coffee plants of the cultivar Emcapa 8111 genotype 02 were used. An experimental design was carried out in randomized complete blocks, in a split-plot arrangement, with 14 replicates. The main plot factor was irrigation versus nonirrigation of coffee plants, and the split-plot factor was different fruit and leaf collection times. Collections began 10 days after the beginning of flowering and were performed on average every 28 days, until full fruit ripening. At each sampling date, five plants per treatment were picked out, by collecting one plagiotropic branch by plant, separated into fruit and leaves. Each part was dried, weighed, and subjected to the chemical analysis. Macronutrient accumulations and their accumulation rates were determined. According to the regression analysis of the data, fruit macronutrient accumulation curves fit best to sigmoidal equations. Irrigation affects the macronutrient dynamics in fruit and leaves during the fruiting phase of conilon coffee, and increases the accumulation of nutrients in the plant tissues. The macronutrients found in greater quantities are N, K, and Ca, in fruit and leaves, regardless of the irrigation treatment.
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Shon, Jinyoung, Yerim Han, and Yoon Jung Park. "Effects of Dietary Fat to Carbohydrate Ratio on Obesity Risk Depending on Genotypes of Circadian Genes." Nutrients 14, no. 3 (January 22, 2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14030478.
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Although the impacts of macronutrients and the circadian clock on obesity have been reported, the interactions between macronutrient distribution and circadian genes are unclear. The aim of this study was to explore macronutrient intake patterns in the Korean population and associations between the patterns and circadian gene variants and obesity. After applying the criteria, 5343 subjects (51.6% male, mean age 49.4 ± 7.3 years) from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study data and nine variants in seven circadian genes were analyzed. We defined macronutrient intake patterns by tertiles of the fat to carbohydrate ratio (FC). The very low FC (VLFC) was associated with a higher risk of obesity than the optimal FC (OFC). After stratification by the genotypes of nine variants, the obesity risk according to the patterns differed by the variants. In the female VLFC, the major homozygous allele of CLOCK rs11932595 and CRY1 rs3741892 had a higher abdominal obesity risk than those in the OFC. The GG genotype of PER2 rs2304672 in the VLFC showed greater risks for obesity and abdominal obesity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that macronutrient intake patterns were associated with obesity susceptibility, and the associations were different depending on the circadian clock genotypes of the CLOCK, PER2, and CRY1 loci.
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Stanbrook, Roisin, Edwin Harris, Martin Jones, and Charles Philip Wheater. "The Effect of Dung Beetle Size on Soil Nutrient Mobilization in an Afrotropical Forest." Insects 12, no. 2 (February 7, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12020141.
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Despite recognition of its importance, little is known about functional aspects of soil macrofauna. Here, we investigated the effect of dung beetle body size on macronutrient movement (N, P, K, and C) from elephant dung into soil over 112 days in an Afrotropical forest. We report a large overall effect where more macronutrients are moved into soil over time when beetles are present compared to a control treatment. We also report a large effect of beetle body size on the amount of macronutrient movement, with larger dung beetles moving more nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbon from baseline measurements when compared to smaller sized dung beetles. The presence of smaller sized dung beetles showed a significant positive effect on potassium and phosphorus transfer only. We provide the first experimental evidence that the body size of African dungs directly influences the type of macronutrients recycled and discuss the importance of dung beetle body size for maintaining soil fertility.
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Carvalho, L. B., S. Bianco, and R. A. Pitelli. "Growth and mineral nutrition Of Ipomoea quamoclit." Planta Daninha 27, no. 2 (June 2009): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582009000200010.
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A greenhouse experiment was carried out from November 2006 to April 2007 at FCAV/UNESP, Brazil, aiming to study the dry mass production and the accumulation and distribution of macronutrients in Ipomoea quamoclit, an important weed for annual and perennial crops in Brazil. The plants were grown in seven liter pots with sand substrate, daily irrigated with Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. The treatments corresponded to evaluation times at 14 day intervals, beginning 21 days after emergence (DAE). In each evaluation, the plants of four pots were analyzed in function of dry mass production and macronutrient content. I. quamoclit had a small dry mass and macronutrient accumulation at the beginning of the experimental stage, increasing after 77 DAE and reaching the maximum theoretical value at 146, 143, 140, 149, 142, 153, and 124 DAE, for dry mass, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. K and N were the macronutrients most accumulated by I. quamoclit plants.
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Bianco, S., L. B. Carvalho, and M. S. Bianco. "Growth and mineral nutrition of Solanum americanum." Planta Daninha 28, no. 2 (June 2010): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582010000200008.
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A greenhouse trial was carried out from November 1995 to April 1996 at FCAV/UNESP, Brazil, aiming to study the dry matter production and the accumulation and distribution of macronutrients in Solanum americanum, an important weed for annual and perennial crops in Brazil. The plants were grown in seven liter pots with sand substrate, irrigated daily with Hoagland & Arnon nutrient solution. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replicates. The treatments corresponded to evaluation times at 14 day intervals, beginning 21 days after emergence (DAE). In each evaluation, the plants of four pots were analyzed for dry matter production and macronutrient content. S. americanum had a small dry matter and macronutrient accumulation at the beginning of the experimental stage, increasing after 77 DAE and reaching the maximum theoretical value at 142, 142, 164, 149, 140, 149 and 152 DAE, for dry matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. K and N were the most accumulated macronutrients for S. americanum plants.
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Abdelhamid, Enas R., Alyaa H. Kamhawy, Alshaimaa A. Elkhatib, Amr S. Megawer, Amal I. El Shafie, Yasmin G. El Gendy, and Dina E. A. Rabie. "Breast Milk Macronutrients in Relation to Infants’ Anthropometric Measures." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, B (June 25, 2020): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4980.
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BACKGROUND: Breast milk (BM) is the main nutritional source for newborns before they are capable to eat and consume other foods. BM has carbohydrates, lipids, complex proteins, and other biologically active components which have a direct effect on infant growth.
AIM: The aim of the study was to correlate anthropometric data of the infant to macronutrients in BM (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) and to find some modifiable issues affecting macronutrient contents of BM for the benefits of upcoming infants.
METHODS: One hundred breastfeeding mothers participated in the study, they were recruited from the outpatient clinic, El Demerdash Hospital, Ain Shams University, from September 2019, to December 2019. BM was expressed by an electric pump, macronutrient content was assessed. Anthropometric data of the babies and mothers were obtained, gestational age, parity, age of the women, and the route of birth were recorded.
RESULTS: For the macronutrients content of milk, a positive significant correlation was observed between BM fat, protein, and lactose. Infants’ body mass index (BMI) was negatively related to the fat content of BM, while no relation was found between BMI and protein or lactose content of the milk. BM fat content was negatively correlated with gestational age and maternal age. Positive correlations were found between BMI and protein, lactose and infant age. Protein content was negatively correlated with parity. No impact of infant’s sex on BM composition and as regards maternal diet, high protein consumption leading to increase BM protein content.
CONCLUSIONS: The current study confirms that BM macronutrient composition has a wide variability; this variability is associated with each macronutrient, respectively. To improve BM composition, one could aim for improving the nutritional balance in lactating women, especially for protein intake. More well-designed longitudinal studies about factors that influence human milk compositions are warranted.
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Termaat, A., and R. Munns. "Use of Concentrated Macronutrient Solutions to Separate Osmotic from NaCl-specific Effects on Plant Growth." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 4 (1986): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860509.
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The aim was to distinguish between osmotic and ion-specific effects of NaCl on plant growth and ion uptake by comparing plants grown in isosmotic solutions with and without NaCI. Preliminary experiments showed that polyethylene glycol 4000 and mannitol were unsuitable for even very-short-term studies because they caused immediate reductions in leaf elongation rate when plants were transferred from NaCl to isosmotic solutions of these compounds. However, concentrated solutions of macronutrients (modified Hoagland's nutrients) did not change the elongation rate. Barley, wheat, Egyptian clover and white clover were grown in NaCl and concentrated macronutrient solutions of matching osmotic pressures. After 14 days, plants grown in concentrated macronutrients were smaller than controls (plants in normal strength nutrient solution) but had similar root : shoot ratios. NaCl-grown plants were less than half the size of plants in concentrated macronutrients, and had higher root : shoot ratios. NaCl-induced phosphate uptake did not cause this additional reduction in shoot growth. For barley, net transport of K+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and total nitrogen from the roots (per g root dry wt) was lower in NaCl-grown plants than in controls, but uptake by the shoot (per g shoot dry wt) of these minerals was similar. By contrast, both transport and uptake of these minerals in concentrated macronutrient-grown plants resembled control plants. NaCl-grown barley and wheat plants had higher osmotic pressures in both growing and mature tissue than did controls and macronutrient-grown plants, but a lower rate of uptake of solutes generating this osmotic pressure. We raise the possibility that growth in NaCl may be limited by a reduced rate of transport of an essential nutrient to the shoot.
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Rodgers, John B. "Macronutrient metabolism." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 12, no. 2 (March 1996): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-199603000-00015.
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Rodgers, John B. "Macronutrient metabolism." Current Opinion in Gastroenterology 13, no. 2 (March 1997): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001574-199703000-00013.
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Burke, Louise. "Macronutrient Needs." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00602.
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LEVEILLE, GILBERT A., and JOHN W. FINLEY. "Macronutrient Substitutes." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 819, no. 1 Nutritional I (May 1997): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb51794.x.
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Crusciol, Carlos Alexandre Costa, José Roberto Portugal, João William Bossolani, Luiz Gustavo Moretti, Adalton Mazetti Fernandes, Jader Luis Nantes Garcia, Gleize Leviski de Brito Garcia, Cristiane Pilon, and Heitor Cantarella. "Dynamics of Macronutrient Uptake and Removal by Modern Peanut Cultivars." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102167.
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The productive potential of new peanut cultivars has increased over the years in relation to old cultivars, especially when compared with ones with upright growth habit. Thus, the requirement for macronutrients for these new cultivars may also have increased, making the existing fertilizer recommendation tables obsolete, thus increasing the need for further studies measuring the real macronutrient requirements of these new peanut cultivars. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth patterns and the macronutrient absorption rate throughout the biological cycle of three modern runner peanut cultivars, as well as the potential for producing dry matter, pods, and kernels, and their respective macronutrient accumulations. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plots and nine replications. The experimental plots consisted of three peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3), and subplots consisted of nine plant samplings (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). Our results showed that modern peanut cultivars presented nutrient accumulation around 30 to 40 days earlier than older cultivars, as well as increasing the uptake by K and Ca. IAC 505 absorbed higher amounts of macronutrients and resulted in greater dry matter production compared with IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our study demonstrated that the most appropriate time for plants to find greater availability of nutrients in the soil is 70 to 84 DAE, in addition to highlighting the need for updates on nutritional recommendations for higher yields of modern peanut cultivars.
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Crusciol, Carlos Alexandre Costa, José Roberto Portugal, João William Bossolani, Luiz Gustavo Moretti, Adalton Mazetti Fernandes, Jader Luis Nantes Garcia, Gleize Leviski de Brito Garcia, Cristiane Pilon, and Heitor Cantarella. "Dynamics of Macronutrient Uptake and Removal by Modern Peanut Cultivars." Plants 10, no. 10 (October 13, 2021): 2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102167.
Full textAbstract:
The productive potential of new peanut cultivars has increased over the years in relation to old cultivars, especially when compared with ones with upright growth habit. Thus, the requirement for macronutrients for these new cultivars may also have increased, making the existing fertilizer recommendation tables obsolete, thus increasing the need for further studies measuring the real macronutrient requirements of these new peanut cultivars. Our study aimed to evaluate the growth patterns and the macronutrient absorption rate throughout the biological cycle of three modern runner peanut cultivars, as well as the potential for producing dry matter, pods, and kernels, and their respective macronutrient accumulations. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with split-plots and nine replications. The experimental plots consisted of three peanut cultivars (IAC Runner 886, IAC 505, and IAC OL3), and subplots consisted of nine plant samplings (14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 105, 126, and 147 days after emergence (DAE)). Our results showed that modern peanut cultivars presented nutrient accumulation around 30 to 40 days earlier than older cultivars, as well as increasing the uptake by K and Ca. IAC 505 absorbed higher amounts of macronutrients and resulted in greater dry matter production compared with IAC OL3 and IAC Runner 886. Our study demonstrated that the most appropriate time for plants to find greater availability of nutrients in the soil is 70 to 84 DAE, in addition to highlighting the need for updates on nutritional recommendations for higher yields of modern peanut cultivars.
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Zhang, Junqing, Rujing Wang, Zhou Jin, Hongyan Guo, Yi Liu, Yongjia Chang, Jiangning Chen, Mengya Li, and Xiangyu Chen. "Development of On-Site Rapid Detection Device for Soil Macronutrients Based on Capillary Electrophoresis and Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (C4D) Method." Chemosensors 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10020084.
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The acquisition of nutrient data on a precise scale has played a vital role in nutrient management processes for soils. However, the lack of rapid precise and multi-index detection techniques for soil macronutrient contents hinders both rational fertilization and cost reduction. In this paper, a rapid detection method and device were devised, combining capillary electrophoresis (CE) and capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D), and presented to detect macronutrient contents of soil. The device consisted of a capillary channel, C4D detector, high-voltage system, etc. It separated macronutrient ions using capillary electrophoresis and then measured the ion concentration based on the C4D principle. Lime concretion black soil samples from a complete field were collected and detected. NO3−, NH4+, H2PO4− and K+ in sample solutions could be detected in 5 min with relative standard deviations (RSDs) from 1.0 to 7.51%. The injection voltage was set to 10 kV for 5 s, and the separation voltage was set to 14 kV. This demonstrated the excellent performance of the C4D device on the detection of soil macronutrients, which could help to guide fertilization operations more effectively.
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Nugraheni, Bekti, Anastasia Setyopuspito P, and Yustisia Dian Advistasari. "IDENTIFIKASI DAN ANALISIS KANDUNGAN MAKRONUTRIEN GLUKOMANAN UMBI PORANG (Amorphophallus onchophyllus)." JIFFK : Jurnal Ilmu Farmasi dan Farmasi Klinik 15, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/jiffk.v15i2.2570.
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ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is identification and analysis of the macronutrient glucomannan from porang tuber (Amorphophallus onchopyllus). The stages done in this research are extraction, identification, and macronutrient analysis of glucomannan of the porang tuber. Prior to extraction, the oxalic acid was removed from porang tuber using mixture of 2% lime juice and 5% lime, then the glucomannans was extracted using ultrasonic method. The glucomannan then was identified using Fourier transform infra red spectrometer (FTIR) instrument and macronutrient analyzer such as Soxhlet method for fats and fibers, Kjedahl method for protein, and Antrone method for carbohydrates. The results of identification using FTIR showed the presence of β-pyranose at wave numbers of 900-810 cm -1 . The carbonyl on on acetyl group was found at 1726 cm-1 . The area between 870-800 cm-1 showed the β-glycosidic and β-manosidic compounds. The C-O ether group was shown in the area of 1260-1200 cm -1 , while for C-O alcohol was shown in the area of 1050 cm-1 showed the C-O bond in alcohol. At 2925 cm-1 it showed C-H, while at 3000-3700 cm-1 O-H group. The levels of porang glucomannan macronutrients included fat at 0.50%, protein at 1.05%, fiber at 22.34%, and carbohydrates at 31.33%.Key word: Porang tuber, glucomannan, FTIR, macronutrient analysis.
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Boyce, Catherine, Mistral Watson, Grace Lazidis, Sarah Reeve, Kenneth Dods, Karen Simmer, and Gemma McLeod. "Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 6 (August 15, 2016): 1033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003007.
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AbstractThere are wide variations in the macronutrient values adopted by neonatal intensive care units and industry to fortify milk in efforts to achieve recommended intakes for preterm infants. Contributing to this is the variation in macronutrient composition of preterm milk between and within mothers and the variable quality of milk analyses used to determine the macronutrient content of milk. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using articles published in English between 1959 and 2013 that reported the concentrations of one or more macronutrients or energy content in human preterm milk, sampled over a representative 24-h period. Searched medical databases included Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Results are presented as mean values and ranges for each macronutrient during weeks 1–8 of lactation, and preferred mean values (g/100 ml) for colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (weeks 2–8; protein: 1·27, fat: 3·46, lactose: 6·15 and carbohydrate: 7·34), using data from studies employing the highest-quality analyses. Industry-directed fortification practices using these mean values fail to meet protein targets for infants weighing <1000 g when the fortified milk is fed <170–190 ml/kg per d, and the protein:energy ratio of the fortified milk is inadequate. This study aimed to provide additional information to industry in order to guide their future formulation of breast milk fortifiers. Quality macronutrient analyses of adequately sampled preterm breast milk would improve our understanding of the level of fortification needed to meet recommended protein and energy intakes and growth targets, as well as support standardised reporting of nutritional outcomes.
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Cheng, Hoi Lun, David Raubenheimer, Katharine Steinbeck, Louise Baur, and Sarah Garnett. "New insights into the association of mid-childhood macronutrient intake to pubertal development in adolescence using nutritional geometry." British Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 03 (June 14, 2019): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519001326.
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AbstractNutritional geometry (NG) is a novel dietary analysis approach that considers nutrient balance, rather than single nutrient effects, on health and behaviour. Through NG, recent animal experiments have found that lifespan and reproduction are differentially altered by dietary macronutrient distribution. Epidemiological research using NG reports similar findings for human ageing. Yet, the relation of macronutrient balance to human reproduction, especially reproductive maturation, remains undefined. We studied the impact of childhood macronutrient intake on pubertal maturation, by applying NG to an Australian longitudinal adolescent dataset. Food records, collected at age 8 years from 142 pre-pubertal children (females, 92; males, 50), were analysed for absolute energy, percentage energy and energy-adjusted residuals from protein, carbohydrate and fat. Pubertal stage change (assessed at 8, 13 and 15 years) was modelled to obtain individual mathematical estimates of pubertal timing and tempo. Timing of menarche was recorded. The association of macronutrients to pubertal timing/tempo was assessed via NG, involving generalised additive models and heat maps to aid interpretation. Results showed lower dietary protein (relative to carbohydrate and fat) in girls consistently predicted earlier pubertal timing and menarche, and was related to faster pubertal tempo (all P < 0·05). No significant associations were identified in boys for both timing and tempo. Results suggest a role of non-protein macronutrients in facilitating female maturation; corroborating feeding and reproductive behaviour patterns observed in earlier NG studies of primates. Application of NG to other adolescent datasets is required to confirm the present findings. Such work would advance understanding of how nutrient balance shapes human development and health.
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Wright, Alan L., Tony L. Provin, Frank M. Hons, David A. Zuberer, and Richard H. White. "Nutrient Accumulation and Availability in Compost-amended Turfgrass Soil." HortScience 42, no. 6 (October 2007): 1473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.6.1473.
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Compost application to turfgrasses may contribute to accumulation of macronutrients in soil and eventually pose leaching and runoff hazards. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of compost on soil-dissolved organic C (DOC) and accumulation of NH4OAc-EDTA-extractable and water-soluble nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze] turf. Dissolved organic C increased from 3 to 29 months after application for unamended and compost-amended soils, indicating contribution from decomposition of both compost and St. Augustinegrass residues. Dissolved organic C was 75%, 78%, and 101% greater 29 months after application of 0, 80, and 160 mg·ha−1 of compost, respectively, than before application. Dissolved organic C and macronutrients exhibited considerable seasonal variation, because DOC and EDTA-extractable P, Ca, Mg, and S increased after compost application, whereas NO3 declined. Water-soluble K, Ca, and Mg declined, whereas P and S increased from 0 to 29 months. Similar seasonal changes in macronutrient concentrations occurred for unamended and compost-amended soil, indicating that composts, in addition to turfgrass residues, influenced DOC and macronutrient dynamics. Long-term nutrient accumulation occurred in compost-amended turfgrass, but seasonal dynamics were more related to the growth stage of turfgrass than compost. Formation of DOC-cation complexes appeared to contribute to macronutrient mobility, because decreases in DOC and nutrient concentrations occurred during turfgrass dormancy in winter and after high precipitation levels, indicating the potential for leaching of DOC-associated nutrients from soil.
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Reed, Danielle R., Mark I. Friedman, and Michael G. Tordoff. "Experience with a macronutrient source influences subsequent macronutrient selection." Appetite 18, no. 3 (June 1992): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6663(92)90199-g.
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Bellaloui, Nacer, Sukumar Saha, Jennifer L. Tonos, Jodi A. Scheffler, Johnie N. Jenkins, Jack C. McCarty, and David M. Stelly. "Effects of Interspecific Chromosome Substitution in Upland Cotton on Cottonseed Macronutrients." Plants 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2021): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061158.
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Nutrients, including macronutrients such as Ca, P, K, and Mg, are essential for crop production and seed quality, and for human and animal nutrition and health. Macronutrient deficiencies in soil lead to poor crop nutritional qualities and a low level of macronutrients in cottonseed meal-based products, leading to malnutrition. Therefore, the discovery of novel germplasm with a high level of macronutrients or significant variability in the macronutrient content of crop seeds is critical. To our knowledge, there is no information available on the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on cottonseed macronutrient content. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chromosome or chromosome arm substitution on the variability and content of the cottonseed macronutrients Ca, K, Mg, N, P, and S in chromosome substitution lines (CS). Nine chromosome substitution lines were grown in two-field experiments at two locations in 2013 in South Carolina, USA, and in 2014 in Mississippi, USA. The controls used were TM-1, the recurrent parent of the CS line, and the cultivar AM UA48. The results showed major variability in macronutrients among CS lines and between CS lines and controls. For example, in South Carolina, the mean values showed that five CS lines (CS-T02, CS-T04, CS-T08sh, CS-B02, and CS-B04) had higher Ca level in seed than controls. Ca levels in these CS lines varied from 1.88 to 2.63 g kg−1 compared with 1.81 and 1.72 g kg−1 for TM-1 and AMUA48, respectively, with CS-T04 having the highest Ca concentration. CS-M08sh exhibited the highest K concentration (14.50 g kg−1), an increase of 29% and 49% over TM-1 and AM UA48, respectively. Other CS lines had higher Mg, P, and S than the controls. A similar trend was found at the MS location. This research demonstrated that chromosome substitution resulted in higher seed macronutrients in some CS lines, and these CS lines with a higher content of macronutrients can be used as a genetic tool towards the identification of desired seed nutrition traits. Also, the CS lines with higher desired macronutrients can be used as parents to breed for improved nutritional quality in Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., through improvement by the interspecific introgression of desired seed nutrient traits such as Ca, K, P, S, and N. The positive and significant (p ≤ 0.0001) correlation of P with Ca, P with Mg, S with P, and S with N will aid in understanding the relationships between nutrients to improve the fertilizer management program and maintain higher cottonseed nutrient content.
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Keast, Russell, Andrew Costanzo, and Isabella Hartley. "Macronutrient Sensing in the Oral Cavity and Gastrointestinal Tract: Alimentary Tastes." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (February 19, 2021): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020667.
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There are numerous and diverse factors enabling the overconsumption of foods, with the sense of taste being one of these factors. There are four well established basic tastes: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter; all with perceptual independence, salience, and hedonic responses to encourage or discourage consumption. More recently, additional tastes have been added to the basic taste list including umami and fat, but they lack the perceptual independence and salience of the basics. There is also emerging evidence of taste responses to kokumi and carbohydrate. One interesting aspect is the link with the new and emerging tastes to macronutrients, with each macronutrient having two distinct perceptual qualities that, perhaps in combination, provide a holistic perception for each macronutrient: fat has fat taste and mouthfeel; protein has umami and kokumi; carbohydrate has sweet and carbohydrate tastes. These new tastes can be sensed in the oral cavity, but they have more influence post- than pre-ingestion. Umami, fat, kokumi, and carbohydrate tastes have been suggested as an independent category named alimentary. This narrative review will present and discuss evidence for macronutrient sensing throughout the alimentary canal and evidence of how each of the alimentary tastes may influence the consumption of foods.
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Li, Ziwei, Peng Tian, Tengbo Huang, and Jianzi Huang. "Noncoding-RNA-Mediated Regulation in Response to Macronutrient Stress in Plants." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 11205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222011205.
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Macronutrient elements including nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) are required in relatively large and steady amounts for plant growth and development. Deficient or excessive supply of macronutrients from external environments may trigger a series of plant responses at phenotypic and molecular levels during the entire life cycle. Among the intertwined molecular networks underlying plant responses to macronutrient stress, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), mainly microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs), may serve as pivotal regulators for the coordination between nutrient supply and plant demand, while the responsive ncRNA-target module and the interactive mechanism vary among elements and species. Towards a comprehensive identification and functional characterization of nutrient-responsive ncRNAs and their downstream molecules, high-throughput sequencing has produced massive omics data for comparative expression profiling as a first step. In this review, we highlight the recent findings of ncRNA-mediated regulation in response to macronutrient stress, with special emphasis on the large-scale sequencing efforts for screening out candidate nutrient-responsive ncRNAs in plants, and discuss potential improvements in theoretical study to provide better guidance for crop breeding practices.
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He, Jie, Quanhou Dai, Fengwei Xu, Youjin Yan, and Xudong Peng. "Variability in Soil Macronutrient Stocks across a Chronosequence of Masson Pine Plantations." Forests 13, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010017.
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Plantations play a vital role in the global nutrient cycle because they have large stocks of soil macronutrients. However, the impacts of plantations on soil macronutrient stocks combined with stand age and soil physicochemical properties have not been well quantified. We compared soil macronutrient stocks at soil depths of 0−20 and 20−40 cm across a 7-, 14-, 25-, and 30-year chronosequence of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) plantations. The results showed that the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) stocks first increased and then decreased with stand age. The highest N and P stocks were observed in the 14-year-old plantation, and the 25-year-old plantation displayed the highest K stock. The C, N, and P stocks declined with increasing soil depth across all sites, whereas the reverse trend was found in the K stock. Carbon stocks were highest for all plantations, followed by the K, N, and P stocks. Plantation soils exhibited a higher C:P ratio and a lower P:K ratio at various soil depths. The dominant controlling factors for the soil macronutrient stocks varied significantly at different stand ages and soil depths according to statistical analysis. For the total soil system, the C stock was affected by the available nutrients, organic matter, and stoichiometry; the available nutrients and organic matter were the determinant factors of the N and P stocks. Aggregate stability could be the primary parameter affecting the K stock. Organic matter explained most of the variation in soil macronutrient stocks, followed by the P:K ratio and available K. Collectively, our results suggest that the response of soil macronutrient stocks to stand age and soil depth will be dependent on different soil physicochemical properties, and P and K may be important limiting factors in Masson pine plantation ecosystems.
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Xu, Xiaoyue, Julie E. Byles, Zumin Shi, and John J. Hall. "Evaluation of older Chinese people's macronutrient intake status: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 1 (November 13, 2014): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003444.
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Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people. The present study evaluated the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people (aged ≥ 60 years), investigated whether they had intake levels that met the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and explored the associations between macronutrient intakes and age groups, sex, education levels, work status, BMI groups, urbanicity levels and four socio-economic regions of China (Northeast, East Coast, Central and Western). Dietary intake data of 2746 older Chinese with complete dietary intake data in the Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (2009 wave) carried out across four diverse regions were analysed. Dietary intake data were obtained by interviews using 24 h recalls over three consecutive days. The MUFA:SFA ratios were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table. Less than one-third of the older Chinese people included in the present study had intake levels meeting the adequate intake for carbohydrate-energy and fat-energy; less than one-fifth had intake levels meeting the recommended nutrient intake for protein-energy; and more than half of the older people had fat-energy intakes higher than the DRI. There were strong associations between the proportions of energy from the three macronutrients and education levels, urbanicity levels and the four socio-economic regions of China, with older people living in the East Coast region having different patterns of macronutrient-energy intakes when compared with those living in the other three regions. Macronutrient intakes across different urbanicity levels in the four regions revealed considerable geographical variations in dietary patterns, which will affect the risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Clinical interventions and public health policies should recognise these regional differences in dietary patterns.
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Gupta, Lovely, Priti Lal, and Deepak Khandelwal. "Optimizing Macronutrients in People with Diabetes." Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 06, no. 02 (November 12, 2018): 065–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675684.
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AbstractDiverse dietary practices and nutritional counseling strategies are followed in the management of diabetes and its comorbidities. The dietary approaches practiced in India make use of calorie and nutrient counting to ensure patient-centered nutrition therapy in diabetes management. Macronutrient modulation is a central pillar of patient-centered medical nutrition therapy (MNT). Carbohydrates (CHO) are considered as the predominant macronutrient affecting postprandial blood glucose levels. The insulin-to-CHO ratio is used for calculating mealtime insulin doses among patients on insulin regimen. The aim of this article is to highlight challenges faced in planning MNT, modifying recommended dietary allowances for persons with diabetes, and suggesting solutions to overcome these. It also aims to understand the requirement of individual macronutrients and their impact on glycemia as well as insulin dose adjustment.
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Gonçalves, Felipe Augusto Reis, Priscila Maria de Aquino, Luiz Otávio Duarte, Rosiane Filomena Batista Almeida de Aquino, Marcelo Rodrigues dos Reis, and Leonardo Angelo de Aquino. "Macronutrient extraction curves of the onion crop." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6 (August 29, 2019): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6p2497.
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This study aimed to determine the extraction curves and accumulation order of macronutrients of two onion cultivars. In commercial fields in the region of Alto Paranaíba, MG, Brazil, onion plants of the cultivars ‘Optima’ and ‘Sirius’ were collected during the cycle in 2014 and 2015 to determine dry matter and macronutrient accumulation. The yield was determined at harvest time. Three phases of dry matter and nutrient accumulations were observed. The first phase had a slow accumulation and was followed by a fast increment and subsequent stabilization in phases two and three, respectively, for most of the nutrients in both cultivars and years of cultivation. Duration and accumulated at each phase were different between cultivars and years of cultivation. The total and commercial bulb yield did not vary between cultivars but only between years of cultivation, with average values of 117 and 60 Mg ha?1 in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The partitioning of dry matter and macronutrients followed the same model for both cultivars and years of cultivation. Macronutrients with the largest partitioning for bulbs are P and S. The decreasing extraction order for both cultivars was K > Ca > N > P > Mg > S in 2014 and K > N > Ca > P > S > Mg in 2015.