Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Macronutrient'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Macronutrient.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Macronutrient.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Chater, Peter. "Bioactive alginates and macronutrient digestion." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2460.
Full textAbstract:
Macronutrient digestion is a major factor in health and metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes and presents a huge global challenge. Modulating macronutrient digestion with food additives and pharmaceuticals has been shown to be a fruitful approach to the treatment of obesity (Orlistat) and diabetes (Acarbose). Previous work has shown that bioactive agents have novel modulatory effects on the major enzymes of digestion, and work in this lab has shown that specific alginates can inhibit pancreatic lipase up to 70%. Alginates are now being investigated as a potential anti-obesity agent. The purpose of this thesis was to develop in vitro methodologies and an analytical approach for investigating the effects of exogenous compounds on the major digestive enzymes; -amylase, pepsin, trypsin, and lipase. A 3-step process was developed consisting of; higher-throughput single enzyme analysis, selected enzyme kinetics and model gut analysis. Alginates were shown to inhibit the action of pepsin, but have no effect on trypsin activity in vitro. The structure of alginate is key to the inhibition of pepsin, and rheological and viscometric data suggested that this effect was due to a pH dependent interaction between alginate and protein substrate as well as direct enzyme-inhibitor interactions. A similar effect was observed with Fucoidan and sulphated carrageenans. In the model gut analysis, these effects manifested as inhibition of proteolysis in the simulated gastric phase, but not in the small-intestinal phase. Alginates were shown to increase the activity of α-amylase during in vitro single enzyme analysis, but have no significant affect on carbohydrate digestion in a model gut simulation. Fat digestion in the model gut simulation was inhibited by specific alginates, adding further weight to the potential use of alginates as a therapeutic treatment of obesity.
2
Passos, Tiago Uchoa. "Biological Response to Ocean Macronutrient Fertilisation." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18381.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to examine biological response to ocean macronutrient fertilisation on the oligotrophic waters offshore Sydney, Australia. This research investigates nutrient uptake, phytoplankton biomass growth, microzooplankton grazing and zooplankton and bacteria changes. After inoculating the sample with macronutrients there was a period of latency followed by rapid growth of phytoplankton until a maximum concentration was reached and subsequently decreased to a value similar to the initial concentration. Once the maximum concentration of phytoplankton decreased to a value similar to the initial concentration, another fertilisation (re-fertilisation) was conducted using the same seawater samples and the same concentration of macronutrients N & P. Results indicate that macronutrients N & P were initially limiting phytoplankton growth. The phytoplankton concentration maximum varied from 4 µg/l to 20 µg/l when add to an initial concentration of nutrients of 16 µmol N and 1 µmol P, while microzooplankton grazing varied from 30% to 77% of the total growth of phytoplankton biomass. It was observed that high phytoplankton concentration (20 µg/l) occurred where there was low grazing pressure (33 %) whereas low phytoplankton concentration (5.5 µg/l) occurred where there was high grazing pressure (71%). This suggests that phytoplankton concentration maximum was limited by microzooplankton grazing pressure rather than only macronutrient availability. The initial predominant zooplankton taxon group found in the samples are copepod cyclopod and calanoid. The species distribution was weakly affected by fertilisation and re-fertilisation. DNA sequencing results show that the initial predominant marine bacteria found in the samples are prochlorococcus and the total number of bacteria has doubled after fertilisation but remained similar after re-fertilisation. No remineralisation of particulate matter was observed after the macronutrients were exhausted.
3
Podlesak, David William. "Metabolic routing of macronutrients in migratory songbirds : effects of diet quality and macronutrient composition revealed using stable isotopes /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3160036.
Full text
4
Sunny, Nishanth E. "Integrating macronutrient metabolism In developing chicken embryos." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7842.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Animal and Avian Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
5
Kaplan, Randall Jeffrey. "Influence of dietary saturated fat on macronutrient selection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ28790.pdf.
Full text
6
Jalihal, Amogh Prabhav. "Mathematical modeling of macronutrient signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99306.
Full textAbstract:
In eukaryotes, distinct nutrient signals are integrated in order to produce robust cellular responses to fluctuations in the environment. This process of signal integration is attributed to the crosstalk between nutrient specific signaling pathways, as well as the large degree of overlap between their regulatory targets. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, these distinct pathways have been well characterized. However, the significant overlap between these pathways confounds the interpretation of the overall regulatory logic in terms of nutrient-dependent cell state determination. Here, we propose a literature-curated molecular mechanism of the integrated nutrient signaling pathway in budding yeast, focussing on carbon and nitrogen signaling. We build a computational model of this pathway to reconcile the available experimental data with our proposed molecular mechanism. We evaluate the robustness of the model fit to data with respect to the variations in the values of kinetic parameters used to calibrate the model. Finally, we use the model to make novel, experimentally testable predictions of transcription factor activities in mutant strains undergoing complex nutrient shifts. We also propose a novel framework, called BoolODE for utilizing published Boolean models to generate synthetic datasets used to benchmark the performance of algorithms performing gene regulatory network inference from single cell RNA sequencing data.Doctor of Philosophy
An important problem in biology is how organisms sense and adapt to ever changing environments. A good example of an environmental cue that affects animal behavior is the availability of food; scarcity of food forces animals to search for food-rich habitats, or go into hibernation. At the level of single cells, a range of behaviors are observed depending on the amount of food, or nutrients present in the environment. Moreover, different types of nutrients are important for different biological functions in single cells, and each different nutrient type will have to be available in the right quantities to support cellular growth. At the subcellular level, intricate molecular machineries exist which sense the amounts of each nutrient type, and interpret this information in order to make a decision on how best to respond. This interpretation and integration of nutrient information is a complex, poorly understood process even in a simple unicellular organism like the budding yeast. In order to understand this process, termed nutrient signaling, we propose a mathematical model of how yeasts respond to nutrient availability in the environment. Our model advances the state of knowledge by presenting the first comprehensive mathematical model of the nutrient signaling machinery, accounting for a variety of experimental observations from the last three decades of yeast nutrient signaling. We use our model to make predictions on how yeasts might behave when supplied with different combinations of nutrients, which can be verified by experiments. Finally, the cellular machinery that helps yeasts respond to nutrient availability in the environment is very similar to the machinery in cancer cells that causes them to grow rapidly. Our proposed model can serve as a stepping stone towards the construction of a model of cancer's responses to its nutritional environment.
7
Stroster, John A. "Meta-Analytic Assessment of Blood Lipid Response to Dietary Manipulation of Macronutrient Distribution." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/293605.
Full textAbstract:
Incorporating the best findings from current, high-quality research into routine clinical practice is the basis of evidence-based care. Chapter 1: "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis in Evidence-Based Care" is a review of the systematic review process, including meta-analysis, aimed at clinical professionals with limited statistical training. It advocates the use of the systematic review process, outlines some general techniques, and provides selected resources where individuals can acquire additional assistance. The typical steps involved include: formulating a clear research question, defining inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracting the data and assessing the study quality, summarizing and synthesizing the evidence, and then interpreting the findings. When effort is made to minimize bias and locate as many articles on a particular topic as possible, systematic reviews and meta-analyses can produce invaluable findings for evidence-based care. Chapter 2: "The Effect of Macronutrient Distribution on the Lipid Profile in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" describes a systematic review and meta-analysis that examined the impact total macronutrients had on blood lipid levels. This chapter builds upon the concepts introduced in chapter one, and assesses the effect of manipulating macronutrient distribution on the lipid profile of adults, and compares these effects to recommendations regarding macronutrients, such as the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs). Suggestions related to improving the quality of meta-analyses are also outlined, and supplemental analyses are provided at the end of the dissertation.
8
Afaghi, Ahmad. "Studies Investigating the Influence of Macronutrient Intake on Sleep." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2257.
Full textAbstract:
Several studies have documented the direct effect of macronutrient intake on sleep. A general picture that has emerged indicates that a low carbohydrate diet with a total energy between 13-47% and high fat content with a total energy between 47-77% shows increases in slow wave sleep and may decrease rapid-eye movement sleep. However, previous studies investigating the association between carbohydrate meals and sleep have not explored the effects of the glycemic index (GI) of carbohydrate on sleep. This thesis investigated the affect of GI on the sleep pattern. In a cross-over, repeated measures design, we explored both the effect of GI and the timing of these meals on sleep in good sleepers. The effects of high and low GI carbohydrate-based meals given 4 h before the subjects’ usual bedtime on their sleep quality were examined in Chapter 3. Also evaluated was the effect of high GI meal timing (4 h vs. 1 h) on sleep. Twelve healthy men (18-35y, BMI 18.5-25 kgm-2) were administered a standard, isocaloric meal of low GI = 50 or high GI=109 in a cross-over and counter balanced manner, 4 h before their usual bedtime. On another occasion, the high GI meal was given 1 h before bedtime. Following the high or the low GI meal, participants underwent a familiarization sleep night followed by three polysomnographic test nights. The subjects’ blood and urine were collected for glucose and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin analysis respectively. Significant differences were found between the area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose responses following the high GI meal compared to the responses for the low GI meal. It was shown that a carbohydrate-based high GI meal resulted in a significant shortening of sleep onset latency (SOL) in normal sleepers compared to a low GI meal (P = 0.009), and was most effective when consumed 4 h before bedtime (P = 0.01). There were no significant changes in other sleep indices. The Atkins’ Diet is a popular dietary therapy that promotes weight loss. This restricted carbohydrate diet with high fat and high protein content has not been evaluated for its effects on sleep, or systematically documented for its effects on mood, fatigue or sleepiness. The short term effect of the Atkins’ diet over 48 h on the sleep quality of healthy, non-obese males to a Control mixed diet was compared in Chapter 4. This study employed a repeated measure design where fourteen healthy, non-obese, good sleepers were given isocaloric diets and matching evening test meals (4 h before usual bedtime), which were either mixed (15% protein, 25% fat, 60% carbohydrate) or Atkins’ (38% protein, 61% fat, <1% carbohydrate). After a familiarization night with polysomnography, further polysomnographic testing was then performed on the Control night, 4 h after the first Atkins’ test meal (Atkins Acute) and 48 h (Atkins Ketosis) following commencement of the Atkins’ diet. Objective sleep was recorded using Compumedics S-series Sleep system; Compumedics Ltd, Melbourne, Australia. Urine ketone level was monitored before the evening test meals and at bedtime on the Control night, during the Atkins Acute and Ketosis phase. Blood glucose level was measured before the evening test meal until 120 min following the meal. Significant differences were found for the AUC for the blood glucose between the Control night and the Atkins Acute and Atkins Ketosis phase (P < 0.001). Participants developed mild hypoglycemia and ketosis 48 h following the Atkins’ diet. A significant reduction in the proportion of rapid eye movement (%REM) sleep to total sleep time (TST) was observed following the Atkins’ Acute and Atkins’ Ketosis phase compared to the Control (P = 0.006 and 0.05 respectively). The percentage of slow wave sleep (%SWS) to TST significantly increased for both the Atkins’ Acute and Ketosis phase compared to the Control meal (P = 0.02 for both phases). The sleep changes may be linked to the energy metabolism of fat of the Atkins’ diet. The effects of the Atkins’ diet compared to a Control mixed diet on sleepiness, mood, fatigue and dream recall were also investigated (Chapter 5). Participants’ overall daytime mood, fatigue intensity, sleepiness and other symptoms were assessed using a visual analogue scale before the evening test meals. The number of subjects with dream recalls was recorded on awakening after each polysomnographic night. The daytime symptoms of fatigue, sleepiness and depressed mood were significantly increased following the Atkins’ diet compared to the Control diet. A greater proportion of subjects reported dreams 48 h after the Atkins’ diet compared to either the Atkins’ Acute phase or the Control condition. Our findings suggest that mild hypoglycemia resulting from the diet may mediate the subjective responses of daytime sleepiness, depressed mood and intense fatigue. The increased proportion of subjects with dream recall may be related to an increased transient arousals from sleep during which dreams are usually consolidated into memory. The finding that “high-glycemic-index carbohydrate meals shorten sleep onset” may be relevant to persons with sleep disturbance. These meals may facilitate sleep transition for those with sleep initiation problems. The effect of the Atkins’ diet in SWS promotion and increasing feelings of fatigue and suppressing mood in the short-term may be relevant for patients with sleep apnoea (obesity), who experience low proportion of SWS and significant somnolence. Further studies to explore these effects on a longer term in this group would be worthwhile.
9
Afaghi, Ahmad. "Studies Investigating the Influence of Macronutrient Intake on Sleep." Faculty of Health Science. Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2257.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of Philosophy(PhD)Several studies have documented the direct effect of macronutrient intake on sleep. A general picture that has emerged indicates that a low carbohydrate diet with a total energy between 13-47% and high fat content with a total energy between 47-77% shows increases in slow wave sleep and may decrease rapid-eye movement sleep. However, previous studies investigating the association between carbohydrate meals and sleep have not explored the effects of the glycemic index (GI) of carbohydrate on sleep. This thesis investigated the affect of GI on the sleep pattern. In a cross-over, repeated measures design, we explored both the effect of GI and the timing of these meals on sleep in good sleepers. The effects of high and low GI carbohydrate-based meals given 4 h before the subjects’ usual bedtime on their sleep quality were examined in Chapter 3. Also evaluated was the effect of high GI meal timing (4 h vs. 1 h) on sleep. Twelve healthy men (18-35y, BMI 18.5-25 kgm-2) were administered a standard, isocaloric meal of low GI = 50 or high GI=109 in a cross-over and counter balanced manner, 4 h before their usual bedtime. On another occasion, the high GI meal was given 1 h before bedtime. Following the high or the low GI meal, participants underwent a familiarization sleep night followed by three polysomnographic test nights. The subjects’ blood and urine were collected for glucose and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin analysis respectively. Significant differences were found between the area under the curve (AUC) for blood glucose responses following the high GI meal compared to the responses for the low GI meal. It was shown that a carbohydrate-based high GI meal resulted in a significant shortening of sleep onset latency (SOL) in normal sleepers compared to a low GI meal (P = 0.009), and was most effective when consumed 4 h before bedtime (P = 0.01). There were no significant changes in other sleep indices. The Atkins’ Diet is a popular dietary therapy that promotes weight loss. This restricted carbohydrate diet with high fat and high protein content has not been evaluated for its effects on sleep, or systematically documented for its effects on mood, fatigue or sleepiness. The short term effect of the Atkins’ diet over 48 h on the sleep quality of healthy, non-obese males to a Control mixed diet was compared in Chapter 4. This study employed a repeated measure design where fourteen healthy, non-obese, good sleepers were given isocaloric diets and matching evening test meals (4 h before usual bedtime), which were either mixed (15% protein, 25% fat, 60% carbohydrate) or Atkins’ (38% protein, 61% fat, <1% carbohydrate). After a familiarization night with polysomnography, further polysomnographic testing was then performed on the Control night, 4 h after the first Atkins’ test meal (Atkins Acute) and 48 h (Atkins Ketosis) following commencement of the Atkins’ diet. Objective sleep was recorded using Compumedics S-series Sleep system; Compumedics Ltd, Melbourne, Australia. Urine ketone level was monitored before the evening test meals and at bedtime on the Control night, during the Atkins Acute and Ketosis phase. Blood glucose level was measured before the evening test meal until 120 min following the meal. Significant differences were found for the AUC for the blood glucose between the Control night and the Atkins Acute and Atkins Ketosis phase (P < 0.001). Participants developed mild hypoglycemia and ketosis 48 h following the Atkins’ diet. A significant reduction in the proportion of rapid eye movement (%REM) sleep to total sleep time (TST) was observed following the Atkins’ Acute and Atkins’ Ketosis phase compared to the Control (P = 0.006 and 0.05 respectively). The percentage of slow wave sleep (%SWS) to TST significantly increased for both the Atkins’ Acute and Ketosis phase compared to the Control meal (P = 0.02 for both phases). The sleep changes may be linked to the energy metabolism of fat of the Atkins’ diet. The effects of the Atkins’ diet compared to a Control mixed diet on sleepiness, mood, fatigue and dream recall were also investigated (Chapter 5). Participants’ overall daytime mood, fatigue intensity, sleepiness and other symptoms were assessed using a visual analogue scale before the evening test meals. The number of subjects with dream recalls was recorded on awakening after each polysomnographic night. The daytime symptoms of fatigue, sleepiness and depressed mood were significantly increased following the Atkins’ diet compared to the Control diet. A greater proportion of subjects reported dreams 48 h after the Atkins’ diet compared to either the Atkins’ Acute phase or the Control condition. Our findings suggest that mild hypoglycemia resulting from the diet may mediate the subjective responses of daytime sleepiness, depressed mood and intense fatigue. The increased proportion of subjects with dream recall may be related to an increased transient arousals from sleep during which dreams are usually consolidated into memory. The finding that “high-glycemic-index carbohydrate meals shorten sleep onset” may be relevant to persons with sleep disturbance. These meals may facilitate sleep transition for those with sleep initiation problems. The effect of the Atkins’ diet in SWS promotion and increasing feelings of fatigue and suppressing mood in the short-term may be relevant for patients with sleep apnoea (obesity), who experience low proportion of SWS and significant somnolence. Further studies to explore these effects on a longer term in this group would be worthwhile.
10
Murgatroyd, Peter R. "Human energy regulation : studies of whole body macronutrient flux." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269030.
Full text
11
Guignard, Maite Stephanie. "Ecological consequences of angiosperm genome size and macronutrient availability." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24632.
Full textAbstract:
Genome size (GS) is a fundamental trait influencing cellular, developmental and ecological parameters, and varies c. 2400- fold in angiosperms. This astonishing range has the potential to influence a plant's nutrient demands, since nucleic acids are amongst the most phosphate and nitrogen demanding cellular biomolecules, and hence its ability to grow and compete in environments where macronutrients are limited. Angiosperm GS are strongly skewed towards small genomes, despite the prevalence of polyploidy in the ancestry of most if not all angiosperm lineages. This thesis examines the hypothesis that large genome sizes are costly to build and maintain and that angiosperm species with large GS are constrained by nitrogen and phosphate limitation. It untangles the interactions between GS, polyploidy and competition in plant communities, and examines how herbivory and GS play a role in plant productivity, measured as above-ground biomass. The hypothesis that large GS are costly was approached by analysing: 1) plant communities growing under different macronutrient conditions at the Park Grass Experiment (Rothamsted, UK); 2) plant communities under different conditions of macronutrient limitation and insect, mollusc, and rabbit herbivory at Nash's Field in Silwood Park (UK); and, 3) Ellenberg's indicator values which represent the realised niche of a species in terms light, water, and soil fertility. Support for the hypothesis was found in all experiments. The range of analyses show that angiosperm plants with large genomes (e.g. 1C-value > 5 pg) are indeed under greater macronutrient limitation in comparison to plants with small genomes, and that it is polyploid plants with large GS which are the most competitive when macronutrient resources are plentiful. In terms of herbivory, the key finding is a highly significant negative association between GS and rabbit herbivory. A species' realised niche for soil fertility was found to show a positive association with its GS. Overall the thesis shows that angiosperm GS plays a central role in plant community composition and responses to macronutrient conditions, and potentially on higher ecosystem processes through associations at different trophic levels.
12
Preston, Kyle J. "Macronutrient Activation of Endothelium Dependent Leukocyte Trafficking: Metabolic Implications." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/361365.
Full textAbstract:
PhysiologyPh.D.
Obesity and insulin resistance are characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory proteins in the blood and immune cell accumulation in the visceral adipose tissue. Resident leukocytes release tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and other inflammatory cytokines which stimulate adipocyte lipolysis, recruit leukocytes to adipose tissue, promote pro-inflammatory immune cell polarization, facilitate oxidative stress, and activate intracellular kinases which dull insulin signaling cascades in metabolic tissues. Immune cell mediated dysregulation of stromal and parenchymal cells has raised suspicion that insulin resistance is an immune disorder initiated by activated white blood cells with over-nutrition. Efforts to improve pathological metabolism by reducing inflammation have yielded mixed results in humans and animal models. The role of inflammation and immune cell accumulation in the visceral fat (VF) in the progression of insulin resistance remains presently debated. There is, however, a consensus that identifying the triggers for obesity and impaired insulin signaling is of the utmost importance. The goal of this report is to identify dietary fat absorption as a key initiator of inflammatory action and insulin desensitization which may be dampened by reducing immune cell accumulation in adipose tissue. To explore how lean, healthy organisms become obese and insulin resistant, we examined the inflammatory consequences of isocaloric but variable macronutrient loads in the VF of lean mice. Mice were administered single liquid meals composed of low-fat (10% fat) or high-fat (60% fat) diet and observed by intravital microscopy to quantify leukocyte-endothelium interactions in mesenteric postcapillary venules (MPCV) 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after oral gavage. Leukocyte rolling and leukocyte adhesion were transiently elevated within 1 hour after feeding and returned to baseline levels 4 hours later. Endothelial cell surface expression of P-selectin (Psel), a rapidly activated cell adhesion molecule (CAM), confirmed that high-fat feeding induced Psel dependent leukocyte rolling through the VF microcirculation. Furthermore, leukocyte accumulation in the VF was modestly increased by a single high-fat meal (HFM). Repetitive high-fat diet (HFD) consumption for 24 hours prolonged elevated leukocyte-endothelium interactions and promoted neutrophil accumulation in the VF. The neutrophilic enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO), a producer of the chlorinating agent hypochlorous acid, increased in abundance and activity in the VF of HFM fed mice. Elevated leukocyte-endothelium interactions, leukocyte infiltration, and MPO activity in VF were not observed in Psel deficient (Psel-/-) mice following lipid overload. To ascertain if MPO is required for sustained endothelial activation, leukocyte-endothelium interactions and leukocyte infiltration were monitored in high-fat fed MPO deficient (MPO-/-) mice. Similar to the Psel-/- mice, MPO-/- mice were protected from the inflammatory effects of high-fat feeding. Our data supports postprandial hyperlipemia as an inducer of transient and Psel dependent inflammatory reactions that are sustained by prolonged HFD consumption. To study whether early phase inflammatory interventions granted late phase metabolic improvements, wild-type (WT), Psel deficient (Psel-/-), and MPO deficient (MPO-/-) C57BL/6 mice were given ad libitum access to LFD (10% fat) or HFD (60% fat) for 12-16 weeks. All mouse groups given HFD became obese. Prolonged HFD consumption sustained elevated leukocyte-endothelium interactions in MPCVs and was accompanied by increased local and systemic TNFα in WT mice. High-fat fed WT mice were hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, glucose intolerant, and insulin resistant compared to LFD fed controls. Psel-/- mice were protected from leukocyte-endothelium interactions as well as local and systemic TNFα accumulation despite extended HFD consumption. Surprisingly, high-fat fed Psel-/- mice were equally hyperglycemic, hyperinsulinemic, glucose intolerant, and insulin resistant as the inflamed, high-fat fed WT mice. MPO-/- mice were also protected from elevated systemic TNFα and gained slightly less weight than the other high-fat fed groups. While MPO-/- mice were hyperglycemic and glucose intolerant, they did have improved insulin stimulated glucose clearance. The data presented in this report demonstrates the pro-inflammatory nature of postprandial hyperlipemia and the insulin desensitizing nature of prolonged HFD consumption. Ablation of VF immune cell accumulation by Psel deletion is not sufficient for improving insulin signaling or glycemic control, which is consistent with prior reports. Deletion of MPO, however, did result in slightly less obesity and marginally improved insulin signaling. We conclude that while immune cell accumulation in the VF contributes to the progression of insulin resistance, it is not a prerequisite for metabolic pathology development.
Temple University--Theses
13
Whitley, Helena Angela. "The interaction of dietary carbohydrate and fat at rest and during exercise." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263546.
Full text
14
El-Kadi, Samer Wassim. "Regulation of macronutrient metabolism by the gastrointestinal tract of ruminants." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3814.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.Thesis research directed by: Animal Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
15
Stiegler, P. "Energy expenditure following different combinations of exercise and macronutrient intake." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441076.
Full text
16
Edwards, Leslie Marie. "Diet quality, macronutrient distribution, and added sugars in older adults." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1604934332749577.
Full text
17
Peske, Fabrício Becker. "Avaliação do condicionamento fisiológico e aplicação de fósforo em sementes de milheto." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11136/tde-24012012-095306/.
Full textAbstract:
Apesar das diversas aptidões de uso do milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), como forragem para pastoreio ou silagem, cobertura do solo e alimentação humana, alguns fatores são limitantes para a expansão do cultivo dessa espécie no Brasil e um dos agravantes é a qualidade física e fisiológica das sementes comercializadas. Assim, este trabalho visou aplicar as técnicas de condicionamento fisiológico, peletização e incorporação de fósforo às sementes para favorecer a implementação e o desenvolvimento da cultura em campo. O experimento envolveu sementes do cultivar BRS 1501, representadas por três lotes, com condicionamento envolvendo água e soluções de PEG6000, enquanto que a peletização foi testada inicialmente com adesivos (PVA, PVP k30, bentonita e Metil celulose) e diferentes produtos em pó com base inerte ou fosforada. As avaliações consistiram de testes físicos iniciais, testes fisiológicos por seis meses de armazenamento, desenvolvimento das plantas em campos com diferentes disponibilidades de fósforo no solo e avaliações químicas de fósforo total e fosfatase ácida em plântulas e plantas de milheto. Não há diferemça significativa na germinação das sementes e emergência das plântulas originadas de sementes pré condicionadas. A peletização das sementes é uma alternativa viável para alteração do volume das sementes sem alterar seu desempenho fisiológico. Em relação à incorporação de fósforo ao pélete das sementes, há efeito significativo no desenvolvimento das plântulas, assim como para a absorção deste macronutriente. Por outro lado, há impacto significativo de materiais e doses específicas sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, principalmente do fosfato bicálcico.Beside the many aptitudes of the pearl millet (stock feeding, hay, soil layer protection and food in general), some factors limit its expansion in Brazil, being generally, the low physical and physiological seed quality on the market as one of the harshest problems. Thus, this study aimed at applying physiologic conditioning techniques, pelleting and phosphorus application on seeds to improve seedling emergence and crop development in the fields. The experiment used 3 seed lots of BRS 1501 cv, with water and osmotic solution conditioning, while pelleting was tested with 4 different binders (PVA, PVP k30, bentonite and Methil celulose) and different inert and phosphorate powder products. The evaluations consisted of initial phisical tests, followed by physiological tests for 6 months of storage, Field development under 2 different phosphorus soil content and, chemical evaluations as total P content and acid phosphate on pearl millet seedlings and plants. The results show no significant difference on the seedling emergence and germination of physiological conditioned seeds. The seed pelleting was effective on improving seeds volume without harming seed physiologic performance. Regarding phosphorous incorporation through seed pellet, the results show significant effects on the seedling development, as well as it´s absorption. However, with significant impact of specific materials and quantities on the seeds physiologic performance, especially with Bicalcic phosphate.
18
Kagya-Agyemang, James Kwame. "Limits to sustained energy intake during lactation : effects of macronutrient composition." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted, no access until Jan, 3, 2010. Online version available for University member only until Dec. 9, 2010, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25326.
Full text
19
McCormick, Sara Elizabeth. "Influence of dietary saturated fat and diet composition on macronutrient selection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0006/MQ45545.pdf.
Full text
20
Angers, Kathleen. "Effect of melatonin on food intake and macronutrient choice in rats." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78238.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of melatonin, a hormone that triggers biological rhythms, was examined in relation to food intake and macronutrient selection. Wistar rats (n = 48) of both sexes were divided into 3 groups and offered a simultaneous choice of 2 diets: a carbohydrate-rich diet and a protein-rich diet, with a different type of carbohydrate and protein in each of the groups. Increased short- (4h post-injection) and long-term (12h post-injection) nocturnal total food intake was found following intraperitoneal administration of melatonin (10 000 and 15 000 pg/ml blood) at dark onset. Melatonin increased short-term carbohydrate-rich diet intake similarly across sensory contrasting diets (dextrin/cornstarch, cornstarch, and sucrose/cornstarch) and genders. However, melatonin caused an inconsistent increase in protein-rich diet intake across the various diets (casein, soy isolate, and egg protein) and genders. In conclusion, melatonin favors carbohydrate intake at the beginning of the activity period, and may act as a time indicator that provides a night signal.
21
LeBlanc, Marisa. "Effect of sibutramine on macronutrient selection in male and female rats." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79027.
Full textAbstract:
Sibutramine is a serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) which has been shown to be a safe and effective weight-loss drug. The purpose of this study was to examine whether sibutramine has an effect on macronutrient selection in both female and male rats in addition to total food intake. Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into three groups and each group was offered a different set of three diets, each set included a carbohydrate-rich diet, a protein-rich diet and a fat-rich diet. Sibutramine (10mg/kg) was shown to consistently decrease carbohydrate and fat intake at all data points regardless of gender and diets. The effect of sibutramine on protein intake was diet and gender-specific. All doses of sibutramine decreased total food intake regardless of gender and diet group beginning at 6-h post-administration. In conclusion, sibutramine affected macronutrient selection and emphasis on dietary recommendations should be considered during therapy.
22
Klicman, Edmund R. Klicman. "VARYING CALORIE AND MACRONUTRIENT INTAKES OF INDIVIDUALS WITH DIFFERENT SLEEP QUALITY." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532129806864699.
Full text
23
Bennoson, Janet. "The effect of manipulating the macronutrient composition of meals postprandial lipid metabolism." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310698.
Full text
24
Richardson, Rosemary Ann. "Effect of liver cirrhosis and transplantation on fuel metabolism and macronutrient preference." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/22581.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined factors associated with the anorexia of chronic liver disease and obesity following liver transplantation. Sixty-seven patients with chronic liver disease and a group of 18 healthy volunteers were recruited. A sub-group of 23 patients who underwent liver transplantation were reviewed every three months on three occasions. Nutritional status was determined using body habitus measurements and multi-frequency impedance analysis. Indirect calorimetry was used to determine energy and substrate metabolism in the fasted and fed state. Basal and post-prandial insulin and glucose concentrations were measured. Diet diaries were used to estimate energy and macronutrient intake and macronutrient preference was identified using a single food varying in fat and carbohydrate content. Patients with cirrhosis of hepatocellular origin (alcoholic liver cirrhosis, cryptogenic cirrhosis) had the greatest disturbances in substrate metabolism, depressed dietary intakes and poorest nutritional status when compared with patients with biliary cirrhosis and control subjects. These findings suggest that aberrant metabolism may contribute to anorexia and impact on nutritional status in patients with hepatocellular cirrhosis. No differential effect was observed when patients were stratified for severity of disease. Following liver transplantation, patients weight exceeded pre-illness values by 7% and this increase in body weight was accounted for by fat mass but not lean tissue. A decrease in resting energy expenditure was observed and a 5% increase in the dietary intake of fat derived energy. No association between immunosuppressive medication and body weight was seen. Multiple regression analysis revealed that the strongest predictor of weight gain was resting energy expenditure. These findings suggest that the liver transplant procedure per se is implicated in the energy economy and fat hyperphagia observed following liver transplantation which may be a result of denervation and the loss of afferent input and efferent outflow.
25
Ankrah, Naa Kwaduah. "The Improvement in Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Sleep Duration and its Association with Changes Macronutrient Intake in Adults." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1279563986.
Full text
26
Simpson, Lisa G. "Impact of long-term manure application on soil macronutrient levels in Southern Alberta." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Dept. of Geography, c2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3098.
Full textAbstract:
The role of manure applications on soil nutrient dynamics in years after manure applications cease has not been extensively studied. An investigation of two long-term manure trials in the Battersea Drain watershed in southern Alberta was undertaken in 2004 to determine changes in soil nutrient status three years after the initial study was completed. The investigation of the nutrient status of an intensive livestock operation was another component of the study. There was a significant decrease in levels of soil nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plots that received manure application rates over 60 Mg ha-1. The nutrient status of the farm showed a net export of nitrogen and an accumulation of phosphorus and potassium in the soil. Recommendations for alternate methods for handling manure were presented.x, 120 leaves : ill (some col.), col. maps ; 29 cm
27
Mazlan, bin Mamat Nik. "Effects of fat and carbohydrate on energy intake and macronutrient selection in humans." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327059.
Full text
28
Karnani, Mahesh Miikael. "Macronutrient sensing by hypocretin/orexin and GAD65 neurons of the lateral hypothalamic area." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610247.
Full text
29
Therrian, Franklin James. "Macronutrient intake and fluid status of elite female distance runners at moderate altitude." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20120.
Full textAbstract:
Master of ScienceDepartment of Hospitality Management and Dietetics
Betsy Barrett
The topic of athlete nutrition has been discussed amongst competitors, coaches, and nutrition professionals since the dawn of the Modern Olympic Movement in 1896 and has led to many strategies to help athletes compete at a higher level. Endurance athletes have been studied around the world. However, studies conducted with elite distance runners at altitude have focused mainly on male athletes in Kenya or Ethiopia. Despite the efforts of researchers over the years in the area of athlete nutrition there has been little research that specifically focuses on elite female distance runners and little evidence is available about the dietary habits and beliefs of these athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the macronutrient and fluid intakes of female distance runners and to determine if current fad diets and specific athletic events impact their eating habits. Seven female elite distance runners (six of European and one of Asian descent) training at altitude completed the study. Their specific events ranged from the 5-K to ultra-marathon. The athletes entered their food, fluid and physical activity for six weeks and submitted a report weekly to the researcher. The data was entered by the researcher into myfitnesspal.com which tabulated the data. The results recorded into Excel spreadsheets for each athlete. At the end of the six weeks, all data was compiled to get a total intake for each athlete and the group as a whole. Mean, minimums, maximums, and standard deviations were used for data analysis. At the end of the six weeks, a telephone interview was conducted with each athlete to determine their eating habits, attitudes towards food, how others impacted their eating and if they were following a fad diet and why. Results indicated that these athletes reported lower mean carbohydrate (51±19.4% of calories) and higher protein (19±6% of calories) intake than is recommended per the Joint Statement of the ADA, DC and ACSM (2009). Fat and fluid consumption were adequate, but overall calories taken in were a little lower than calories expended. The athletes avoided soy, high fructose corn syrup, artificial sweeteners, dairy, and fried foods and focused on eating more fruits and vegetables. Five of the seven athletes were following a gluten free diet because they felt it gave them a competitive edge, increased performance, and reduced GI distress. Based on the results of this study, coaches and athletes should focus on perceived exertion in workouts, macronutrient amounts and overall calories to ensure the athlete is able to compete at a high level.
30
Nelson, Laura Ashley. "Dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y affect feed intake in brioler chicks." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/48899.
Full textAbstract:
Understanding the central nervous systems role in appetite regulation is crucial to cure the obesity epidemic, which is more prevalent than any disease in the United States. Central appetite regulators, known as neuropeptides, are pivotal in understanding appetite regulation. Neuropeptide Y (NPY), a 36 amino acid peptide, plays a major role in regulating the hunger signals from the brain. In all vertebrates studied, it is a strong orexigenic neurotransmitter located throughout multiple nuclei of the hypothalamus. Peripheral hormones associated with hunger are able to activate NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus, which leads to a cascade of events that activate orexigenic neurons throughout the hypothalamus. Although extensive research has gone into understanding the role of NPY in appetite regulation, the effects of macronutrient composition of diets on NPY function have not been elucidated in non-mammalian species.
This research investigates how food intake is affected by dietary macronutrient composition in broiler type chickens that are fed three varying macronutrient diets: high carbohydrate (22% CP, 3000kcal/kg) a broiler starter diet, high fat (60% ME from lard), high protein 30%CP). All diets were formulated to be isocaloric. When chicks are fed the high fat diet central NPY administration has a greater effect on feed intake compared to both the basal and high protein diet. Regardless of what diet the chick is fed from hatch, if they are switched to one of the other two diets post central administration of NPY the high fat diet stimulated feed intake for the longest duration. Although, NPY had the strongest orexigenic effect on chicks fed the high fat diet, in a choice diet situation broiler chicks chose the high protein diet, independent of central NPY administration.Master of Science
31
Harper, Laurelyn. "The impact of macronutrient intake on body image among female college undergraduate students." Online version, 2009. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2009/2009harperl.pdf.
Full text
32
Wang, Guoqing. "Effects of dietary macronutrient composition and exogenous neuropeptide Y on adipose tissue development in broiler chicks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83514.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of this dissertation research was to investigate the effect of dietary macronutrient composition on neuropeptide Y (NPY)-mediated regulation of adipose tissue physiology in broiler chickens during the early post-hatch period. A high-carbohydrate (HC), high-fat (HF) or high-protein (HP) diet was fed to broiler chicks in all experiments and various facets of physiology were evaluated at day 4 post-hatch, including diet-, fasting-, and neuropeptide Y-induced effects on gene expression, cellular morphology, and lipid metabolism. Experiment 1 was designed to study the effects of diet on molecular changes in different adipose tissue depots (subcutaneous, clavicular and abdominal) after 3 hours of fasting and 1 hour of refeeding. Adipose tissue weights were decreased in chicks that consumed the HP diet, whereas adipocyte diameter was increased in response to the HF diet. There was greater expression of mRNAs encoding fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and monoglyceride lipase in chicks fed the HC and HF diets than the HP diet in all three adipose tissue depots. Fasting increased plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations in chicks fed the HC and HP diets. Results suggest that the heavier fat depots and larger adipocytes in chicks fed the HF diet are explained by greater rates of hypertrophy, whereas the HP diet led to a decrease in adipose tissue deposition, likely as a result of decreased rates of adipogenesis. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to investigate how dietary macronutrient composition affects the effect of centrally or peripherally administered NPY, respectively, on lipid metabolism-associated factor mRNAs in adipose tissue. In experiment 2, vehicle or 0.2 nmol of NPY was injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) and abdominal and subcutaneous fat samples were collected at 1 hour post-injection. In the subcutaneous fat, ICV NPY injection decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) and sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1) mRNAs in chicks fed the HF diet, whereas there was an increase in SREBP1 expression in chicks fed the HF diet after NPY injection. Expression of PPAR gamma and FABP4 mRNAs increased in the abdominal fat of HF diet-fed chicks after NPY injection. Thus, HF diet consumption may have enhanced the sensitivity of chick adipose tissue to the effect of centrally-injected NPY on gene expression of adipogenesis-associated factors. In experiment 3, vehicle, 60, or 120 micrograms/kg BW of NPY was injected intraperitoneally (IP), and subcutaneous, clavicular, and abdominal fat was collected at 1 and 3 hours post-injection. Food intake and plasma NEFA concentrations were not different among chicks fed the HC, HF or HP diet after IP NPY injection, indicating that the effects of NPY on adipogenesis were independent of secondary effects due to altered energy intake. In response to the lower dose of NPY, the expression of NPY receptor sub-type 2 mRNA was increased at 1 hour post-injection in the subcutaneous fat of chicks fed the HP diet, whereas there was less 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 2 mRNA in the subcutaneous fat of chicks fed the HC diet. The higher dose of NPY was associated with greater AGPAT2 mRNA in the clavicular fat of chicks that consumed the HP diet and less CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha in the abdominal fat of chicks that were provided the HF diet. However, there was also a decrease in the expression of some of these factors, although mechanisms are unclear. In conclusion, dietary macronutrient composition influenced the response of adipose tissue to the adipogenic effects of NPY and metabolic effects of short-term fasting and refeeding during the first week post-hatch. Collectively, this research may provide insights on understanding NPY's effects on the development of adipose tissue during the early life period and mechanisms underlying diet-dependent and depot-dependent differences in adipose tissue physiology across species.Ph. D.
33
Trottier, Geneviève. "Macronutrient composition of maternal diet affects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in developing rat pups." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ44302.pdf.
Full text
34
Trottier, Geneviève. "Macronutrient composition of maternal diet affects hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responsiveness in developing rat pups." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20881.
Full textAbstract:
We studied the consequences of providing rat dams with elevated levels of dietary fat during lactation on stress responses in the offspring at different stages of development. High-fat feeding increased total milk lipid levels, and led to increased lipid deposition and plasma leptin levels in pups. Ten-day-old neonates from high-fat fed mothers had reduced stress responsiveness compared to controls. In contrast, 35-day-old pups from mothers fed high-fat diets showed greater stress-induced ACTH secretion. These findings indicate that maternal diet has effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responsiveness, which can persist after weaning to a normal rat chow diet. We also investigated macronutrient selection in the offspring, since differences in nutrient preferences may produce long-lasting consequences of lactational diet. However, our results did not support an involvement of maternal diet in postweaning nutrient selection. Furthermore, HPA stress responses were no longer related to maternal diet once offspring reached maturity.
35
Hew, Jonathan Joseph. "Optimising dietary macronutrient intake for cutaneous and burn wound healing using the Geometric Framework." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21287.
Full textAbstract:
Background Nutritional support in the form of macronutrients (protein, carbohydrate and fat) for severe burn injury is an essential component of modern burn care. Current best practice involves the use of high-energy, high-protein diets to aid burn wound healing and to reduce the catabolic sequelae of hypermetabolism. The purpose of this PhD project was to investigate the effect of macronutrients on skin structure, healing of simple cutaneous wounds and finally healing of complex burn wounds in mice using a novel method of analysis known as the Geometric Framework (GF). The overall aim of the study was to identify the most favourable ratio of macronutrients for cutaneous and burn wound healing. Methods For chapters 2, 3 and 5, the GF a recently developed modelling platform that permits analysis of the simultaneous, individual and interactive effects of macronutrients on an organism and its environment was used to investigate the effect of nutrition on skin structure (Chapter 2), cutaneous healing (Chapter 3) and burn wound healing (Chapter 5) in a mouse model. For Chapter 4 a mouse model of post-burn hypermetabolism was developed and characterised using histological, biochemical techniques and metabolic cages. Results Chapter 2: The effect of macronutrients on skin structure:The effects of long-term macronutrient intake on skin structure are sex specific, with high-protein intake increasing male dermis thickness. Skin changes in female mice were less noticeable and primarily driven by carbohydrate intake. Dermal thickness and subcutaneous fat thickness were found to be inversely proportional in both sexes. Chapter 3: The effect of macronutrients on cutaneous wound healing:Cutaneous wound healing was found to be optomised by a low-protein intake (5% total energy intake) with equal intake of carbohydrate and fat (48% carbohydrate and fat). Mice fed this diet had favourable wound cytokine expression, faster epidermal migration and cell proliferation and improved collagen deposition. Systemically, accelerated healing was associated with a greater systemic inflammatory response, loss of lean body mass, higher energy expenditure, increased weight and expression of uncoupling protein-1 in inguinal white fat and brown adipose tissue. Chapter 4: Development and characterisation of a mouse model of hypermetabolism:Large burn injury when compared to small burn injury resulted in a profound and prolonged period of hypermetabolism, with a significantly increased basal energy expenditure and loss of lean mass. The model was further characterised to show that a large burn injury in mice is capable of mimicking many aspects of human burn injury pathophysiology including cytokines, hormonal and organ abnormalities. Chapter 5: The effect of macronutrients on burn injury healing and hypermetabolism:Wound healing in a hypermetabolic mouse model was accelerated by a moderate-protein, high-carbohydrate, low-fat intake at a ratio of protein:carbohydrate:fat of 1:4:2. High protein intake was essential early after burn injury to prevent mortality and weight-loss, but was associated with delayed wound healing in later stages. Conclusions Cutaneous healing in mice is accelerated by a low-protein intake and burn wound healing is accelerated by a moderate-protein intake. After burn injury, a high-carbohydrate intake was beneficial, especially when compared to the effects of a high-fat intake. This research has the potential to alter practice in global wound management by challenging the current use of high-protein diets for cutaneous and burn wounds and confirms the benefits of a high-carbohydrate rather than a high-fat intake for improving outcomes after burn injury.
36
Jones, Emma Kathleen. "The effects of Acute Macronutrient Ingestion on Cognitive Function and Mood in Healthy Young Adults." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531699.
Full text
37
Regan, Paula J. "Influence of macronutrient preloads on appetite and metabolic parameters in liver and renal transplant recipients." Thesis, Queen Margaret University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271521.
Full text
38
Peairs, Abigail Desiree. "The Effects of Macronutrient Composition on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Overweight and Obese Humans." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29027.
Full textAbstract:
Two thirds of American adults are overweight and almost half of those qualify as obese. Obesity independently increases risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), type II diabetes (T2D), and hypertension; thus, strategies to reduce risk in this population are desperately needed. Oxidative stress and inflammation are two perpetuators of these chronic diseases that are often elevated in obesity. Interventions that target reductions in oxidative stress and inflammation may help to reduce co-morbidities associated with obesity. Weight loss is shown to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the composition of and food choices within the weight loss diet may influence the response of these factors to weight loss, and has not been adequately assessed. We first tested whether there were differential effects of a conventional low-fat, high carbohydrate weight loss diet (LF) and the Atkins diet (a popular low carbohydrate, high fat diet (HF)) on oxidative stress and inflammation. We demonstrated that HF raised C-reactive protein (CRP) levels relative to LF in overweight and obese women over four weeks. This finding raises questions as to the long term safety of the HF eating plan in terms of CVD risk. We next examined the role of oxidative stress in the HF diet-induced increase in inflammation by evaluating the effects of an antioxidant supplement versus a placebo in conjunction with HF in overweight and obese men and women. Although our full hypothesis was not supported, as oxidative stress did not increase with HF, the trend for a differential effect on CRP when antioxidants were consumed is provocative. It suggests that future research on the connection between oxidative stress, the macronutrient content of the diet, and inflammation in obesity is warranted.
Regarding the effects of specific fats, epidemiological research shows that diets high in saturated fat (SFA) are associated with higher CVD risk while diets higher in omega 3 fats (n-3FA) with lower CVD risk. However, the acute effects of these fats on indices of inflammation and oxidative stress are less understood, particularly in the overweight/obese population. As the majority of the time is spent in the postprandial state, the acute responses to high fat meals are gaining attention for their contribution to endothelial dysfunction and CVD. We showed that acute meals high in SFA increased a marker of endothelial activation (ICAM-1) which could contribute to the atherogenic associations with SFA. Conversely, including n-3FA in a high fat meal acutely enhanced NF-κB activation in circulating mononuclear cells; however, there were no increases in any inflammatory proteins measured over the 6 h postprandial period. It is apparent that dietary macronutrients can influence factors associated with chronic disease in overweight and obese individuals. The evidence presented here may help to refine dietary recommendations for this population.Ph. D.
39
Cannon, Colleen A. "Nutritional Ecology of the Carpenter Ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer): Macronutrient Preference and Particle Consumption." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29447.
Full textAbstract:
The nutritional ecology of the black carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (De Geer) was investigated by examining macronutrient preference and particle consumption in foraging workers. The crops of foragers collected in the field were analyzed for macronutrient content at two-week intervals through the active season. Choice tests were conducted at similar intervals during the active season to determine preference within and between macronutrient groups. Isolated individuals and small social groups were fed fluorescent microspheres in the laboratory to establish the fate of particles ingested by workers of both castes.
Under natural conditions, foragers chiefly collected carbohydrate and nitrogenous material. Carbohydrate predominated in the crop and consisted largely of simple sugars. A small amount of glycogen was present. Carbohydrate levels did not vary with time. Lipid levels in the crop were quite low. The level of nitrogen compounds in the crop was approximately half that of carbohydrate, and exhibited seasonal dependence. Peaks in nitrogen foraging occurred in June and September, months associated with the completion of brood rearing in Camponotus.
In choice tests, foragers demonstrated a preference for sucrose, fructose, and glucose, the most common honeydew sugars. Sucrose was preferred over other sugars in laboratory and field tests. Consumption rates peaked at a concentration of 20%. Casein hydrolysate and processed fish products stimulated the most feeding in choice tests of protein foods. Though a variety of lipids of plant and animal origin were offered in both field and laboratory tests, they were generally ignored.
No effect of time was observed during choice tests of macronutrient preference. Overall, nitrogenous food was collected four-fold more intensively than carbohydrate, in contrast to the results obtained from examinations of the crop contents. These data suggest that accessible nitrogen is limited in the environment.
Workers readily consumed fluorescent microspheres 0.5 - 45 μm diameter. Forty-five μm microspheres were excluded from the crop. Particles 3 - 10 μm reached the crop, but were never seen in the mid- or hindguts of either major or minor workers. They also filled the infrabuccal pocket, where they were compacted into pellets. It is thought that the proventriculus contains such particles in the foregut, where they are eventually filtered from the ingluvium.
Microspheres 1 μm or less were difficult to observe in the infrabuccal pocket, suggesting that they are not as effectively sequestered as larger particles. Microspheres smaller than 1 μm were seen in the mid- and hindgut of both worker castes, indicating that particles of this size are immune to the proventricular filter. Caste exerted an effect at one μm diameter, the threshold of filtering efficiency. One μm microspheres consumed by minor workers were detected in the mid- and hindgut, whereas one μm microspheres were never detected beyond the proventriculus in major workers.Ph. D.
40
Solon-Biet, Samantha Marie. "The role of macronutrient balance on appetite, metabolic health and ageing in a mouse model." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10396.
Full textAbstract:
The fundamental question of what represents a macro-nutritionally balanced diet, and how this influences appetite and maintains health and longevity, remains unanswered. Here, the Geometric Framework, a state-space nutritional modelling method, was used to measure the interactive effects of dietary energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate on food intake, cardiometabolic phenotype and longevity in mice fed one of 25 diets ad libitum. By manipulating both the macronutrient ratios and energy density with the addition of cellulose, these diets addressed both nutrient quality and quantity. Using this 3-D based experimental design, we investigated: 1. the interaction between dietary protein, carbohydrate and fat during long-term dietary manipulation and their effects on food and energy intake, body composition, glucose tolerance and blood pressure in 6 month old mice; 2. the balance of macronutrients and the effect on ageing and age-related cardiometabolic health and survival in 15 month old mice; and 3. the short-term (8 week) high protein feeding vs traditional 40% caloric restriction and the effects on metabolic health in 4 month old mice. Mice have the capacity to regulate individual macronutrients separately from total energy intake. When individual macronutrients were analysed at 4, 6 and 15 months, we found that protein intake was tightly regulated over carbohydrate and fat. Compensatory feeding responses allowed mice to reach this target at the cost of over- or under eating carbohydrate and fat. This is consistent with the protein leverage effect, resulting in increased adiposity and basal blood glucose levels on low % protein diets. Surprisingly, glucose tolerance was markedly better in these mice in comparison to leaner animals on a higher % protein diet. These results remained consistent in 4, 6 and 15 month old mice. Mice fed low-density diets displayed the lowest life expectancy despite consuming 30% less energy, indicating that caloric restriction by dilution did not extend lifespan. Instead, we showed that longevity and latelife cardiometabolic health were optimised with low protein diets, particularly when protein was replaced with carbohydrate to limit compensatory feeding for protein. Replacing protein with fat in the diet resulted in elevated energy intakes due to lack of suppression of compensatory feeding for protein. These consequences are associated with hepatic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and mitochondrial function and, in turn, related to circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and glucose. Here, circulating levels of BCAAs were positively correlated with increasing protein to carbohydrate ratio resulting in elevated mTOR activation in the liver. The results suggest that longevity can be extended in ad libitum-fed animals by manipulating the ratio of macronutrients to inhibit mTOR activation. In this thesis, I present the first comprehensive study of the macronutritional phenotype of the mouse by quantifying the interaction of energy and protein, carbohydrate and fat intake during short-term and long-term dietary manipulation and their effects on feeding behaviour, cardiometabolic health and longevity. In translational terms, these data may have important implications for diet management and the development of key features of metabolic syndrome and the extension of a healthy lifespan.
41
Wang, Guoqing. "Central mechanisms of prolactin-releasing peptides orexigenic effect in chickens." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53951.
Full textAbstract:
Prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is an endogenous hypothalamic neuropeptide that when exogenously injected increases food intake in chickens, but decreases it in rodents and goldfish. We designed three sets of experiments to elucidate the mechanisms of PrRP's orexigenic effect in chicks. In experiment one, food and water intake were evaluated in chicks after receiving intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of the vehicle, 0.75, 3, 12, 47 or 188 pmol PrRP. The administration of 12 and 47 pmol PrRP increased food intake for up to 120 min after injection, and 188 pmol increased it for up to 180 min. The lowest effective dose was 3 pmol, which increased food intake for up to 60 min after injection. Water intake was not affected. To investigate the molecular mechanisms, c-Fos immunohistochemistry was performed and mRNA expression of some appetite-associated neurotransmitters was measured in chicks that received either vehicle or 188 pmol of PrRP. The rostral paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was activated which coincided with increased neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA expression in the whole hypothalamus. In experiment two, food and water intake were evaluated in chicks fed a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) or high protein (HP) diet after ICV injection of vehicle, 3 or 188 pmol PrRP. Chicks fed the HP diet increased food intake at a lower dose than chicks fed HF and HP diets after ICV PrRP injection. In addition, ICV injection of vehicle, 3 and 188 pmol PrRP were performed in chicks fed all three diets, and ICV PrRP injection induced preferential intake of the HP diet over HC and HF diets. The expression of some appetite-associated neuropeptides in the hypothalamus was also measured in chicks fed the HC, HF or HP diet after ICV injection of vehicle or 188 pmol PrRP. There was a diet effect on mRNA abundance of all appetite-associated genes measured (P < 0.05), with greater expression in chicks fed the HF or HP than HC diet. While neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA abundance was similar between vehicle and PrRP-injected chicks that consumed HP or HF diets, expression was greater (P < 0.05) in PrRP- than vehicle-injected chicks that consumed the HC. In experiment three, the orexigenic effect of PrRP was tested in chicks selected for low (LWS) and high (HWS) body weight after central administration of vehicle, 24, 94 and 375 pmol PrRP. The LWS chicks had a lower threshold and higher magnitude of food intake increase in response to PrRP injection.
Results demonstrate that PrRP is a potent orexigenic factor in chickens and that effects are likely mediated through the hypothalamus. The orexigenic effect of PrRP was influenced by dietary macronutrient composition, and diet in turn influenced the food intake response to PrRP. These results may contribute to a novel understanding of appetite regulation.Master of Science
42
CORDEIRO, NETO Aluízio Tavares. "Efeito da compactação do solo e da vinhaça no desenvolvimento inicial e nutrição da cana-de-açúcar parasitada por nematoides." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2012. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5560.
Full textAbstract:
Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2016-09-19T14:20:13Z
No. of bitstreams: 1
Aluizio Tavares Cordeiro Neto.pdf: 400725 bytes, checksum: efc835355e5018885ec790a126d5b9a0 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-19T14:20:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aluizio Tavares Cordeiro Neto.pdf: 400725 bytes, checksum: efc835355e5018885ec790a126d5b9a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28
Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
In the present study it was carried out two experiments. In the first one it was evaluate effects of soil compactness and Meloidogyne incognita parasitism interaction on macronutrient contents in shoots, sugarcane initial development and nematode reproduction. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse in a completely randomized design in a 2 (sugarcane varieties: RB962962 and RB863129 ) × 2 (presence and absence of nematode) × 3 (soil density: 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 g.cm-3) factorial arrangement. Fifteen days after planting seedlings were moved to vases and inoculated with approximately 5 M. incognita eggs per cm3 of soil (78000 eggs per plant). After 95 days from inoculation, plants were harvest and it was evaluated plant development, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S content in shoots and nematode reproduction. For both varieties at 1.7 g.cm-3 soil density there was reduction in plant height and weight and increase in Ca and Mg content in shoots, but there was decrease in K content of parasited plants shoots. Soil compactness increased weight and leaf area of RB962962. In the second experiment the effects of vinasse application in soil at rate of 0, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 m³.ha-1 on Meloidogyne incognita reproduction and macronutrient content of sugarcane variety RB863129 were evaluated in a completely casualised design under greenhouse. Plants were inoculated with 20000 M. incognita eggs per vase 30 days after planting, immediately after vinasse application, and results evaluated 90 days after inoculation. Nematode population density, based on number of eggs per plant and per gram of root, decreased as residue rates increased. Vinasse application significantly reduced number of M. incognita eggs per plant with maximum reduction obtained at dose of 728 m³.ha-1, but the presence of nematodes promoted significant decrease in weight of the plants. The N content in shoots was higher in the dose of 100 m³.ha-1, while for P and K, quadratic fit was reaching its maximum respectively at doses of 507 and 425 m³.ha-1. There was no difference among treatments for Ca, Mg and S.
No presente estudo foram conduzidos dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou os efeitos da interação entre a compactação do solo e o parasitismo de Meloidogyne incognita sobre os teores de macronutrientes da parte aérea da cana-de-açúcar, desenvolvimento inicial da cultura e multiplicação dos nematoides. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 2 (variedades: RB962962 e RB863129) × 2 (presença e ausência de nematoides) × 3 (densidades do solo: 1,5, 1,6 e 1,7 g.cm-3). Após 15 dias da brotação, as mudas foram transplantadas para os vasos definitivos e inoculadas com aproximadamente 5 ovos de M. incognita por cm3 de solo (78000 ovos/vaso). Após 95 dias da inoculação, as plantas foram colhidas e avaliado o desenvolvimento das plantas, teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S na parte aérea e reprodução do nematoide. Para as duas variedades houve redução na altura e peso do colmo e aumento nos teores de Ca e Mg da parte aérea, quando na densidade de 1,7 g.cm-3, e redução no teor de K quando parasitadas. A RB962962 foi mais tolerante à compactação do solo apresentando incremento em peso e área foliares. No segundo estudo, os efeitos da incorporação ao solo de doses de vinhaça correspondentes a 0, 50, 100, 500 e 1000 m³.ha-1 sobre a reprodução de Meloidogyne incognita e teores de macronutrientes na cana-de-açúcar variedade RB863129 foram determinados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação. As plantas foram inoculadas com 20.000 ovos de M. incognita por vaso 30 dias após a semeadura, imediatamente após aplicação da vinhaça, e os resultados avaliados 90 dias após a inoculação. A densidade populacional dos nematoides, fundamentada no número de ovos por planta, decresceu com o aumento das taxas de resíduo administradas. A incorporação da vinhaça promoveu redução significativa no número de ovos de M. incognita por planta, com máximo de redução obtido na dose de 728 m³.ha-1, porém a presença dos nematoides promoveu decréscimo significativo no peso fresco das plantas. O teor de N na parte aérea foi maior na dose de 100 m³.ha-1, enquanto que para o P e o K, houve ajuste quadrático atingindo seus máximos respectivamente nas doses de 507 e 425 m³.ha-1. Para o Ca, Mg e S, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos.
43
Sakita, Saori. "Development and Use of a Physiologically Based Mathematical Model Describing the Relationships and Contributions of Macronutrients to Weight and Body Composition Changes." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2552.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss has been a controversial issue for decades. During that time, a high-protein, high-fat, and low-carbohydrate diet has been one of the more popular weight loss diets with the public. We hypothesized that a computer simulation model using STELLA software could help to better understanding the effect of the dietary macronutrient composition on weight loss. We calculated daily total oxidation instead of total energy expenditure as others have done based on the facts that carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake influence carbohydrate, fat, and protein oxidation. In order to create a simple and accurate model comparing dietary macronutrient composition effects, we eliminated exercise as a factor and focused on a sedentary population. The model was validated by five sets of published human data. Following model validation, simulations were carried out to compare the traditional high-carbohydrate diet recommended by the American Dietetic Association and two well-known high-protein diets (Atkins and the Zone diet). The results of computer simulation suggested that the lean tissue retention effect of a high-protein diet, especially with a lower-fat diet, compared with a traditional high carbohydrate diet over 6 months.
44
Fieldstone, Annette. "Obesity of Prader-Willi Syndrome and Normal Obese controls I. Macronutrient Preferences II. Food Intake Patterns." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392220141.
Full text
45
Möller, Katharina [Verfasser]. "The role of formula diets with different macronutrient composition in the treatment of obesity / Katharina Möller." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek (TIB), 2016. http://d-nb.info/1122031351/34.
Full text
46
Peske, Fabrício Becker. "Desempenho de sementes recobertas com fósforo." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2008. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/1454.
Full textAbstract:
Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
dissertacao_fabricio_becker_peske.pdf: 2411345 bytes, checksum: c0607a1c40452f1b72ddc3df5b340737 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2008-02-13The seed is the starting point to obtain a uniform plant population, a good field, and thus, a remarkable productivity. From this concept, new technologies and advances appear more an more each day, capable of changing the way of looking at the global agriculture. The seed coating has a great potential to become a strong factor on the seed sector. It allows the seed producers to add a vast variety of materials on the seed. Having all this in mind, this project had the objective of studying the effects of phosphorous sources added to the soybean seeds trough coating. It involved 4 doses of Phytic Acid and 4 doses of Bicalcic phosphate, which were: 0g, 0,7g, 1,4 e 2,1g / 100g of seeds and two types of soil. The experiment was developed by a randomized complete block design with three replications. It was used vases with 12 kg of capacity with three plants per experimental units. The evaluations were number of seed per plants, weight of seeds per plants and weight of 1000 seeds. Based on the results the following conclusions were taken 1- The Seed Coating of soybeans along with phosphorous and depending on doses and phosphorous sources, increases yield; 2 The dosage of 21 grams of Phytic Acid per 1 kilo of seeds increases yield in about 14% on total grains weight.
A semente de alta qualidade é o ponto de partida para se ter um estande de plântulas uniforme, uma boa lavoura e, conseqüentemente, uma alta produtividade. A partir deste preceito, cada vez mais desenvolvem se pesquisas e tecnologias capazes de mudar a agricultura mundial. O recobrimento de sementes possui um grande potencial para tornar se um fator de impacto no setor sementeiro, já que possibilita aderir uma vasta gama de materiais às sementes. Neste sentido esta pesquisa teve como objetivo experimentar o uso de fontes de fósforo aderidas á sementes de soja e recobertas por uma camada protetora de polímero. Foram usadas 4 doses de fitina e 4 doses de fosfato bicálcico, sendo elas: 0,0g, 0,7g, 1,4 e 2,1g / 100g de semente além de 2 tipos de solo: alta e baixa disponibilidade de fósforo. O polímero utilizado foi rigran® na dose de 0,8 ml / 100g de sementes. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados com 3 repetições, dispostos em vasos no campo. As avaliações foram número de sementes por planta, peso de sementes por planta e peso de 1000 sementes. Com base nos resultados chegou-se as seguintes conclusões 1 - O efeito do recobrimento das sementes de soja com fósforo depende das fontes do fósforo; e 2 A dose de 21 gramas de fitina por 1 kilo de sementes aumenta a produtividade da cultura da soja em mais de 14% no peso total de grãos.
47
Tavares, Carolina Faria. "Densidade energética da dieta e ingestão energética total segundo consumo de adoçantes e/ou alimentos processados com adoçantes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6138/tde-23102013-160348/.
Full textAbstract:
Introdução. O consumo de açúcares aumentou consideravelmente nas últimas décadas, bem como a incidência e a prevalência da obesidade, gerando a elaboração de recomendações para moderá-lo. Os açúcares contribuem para a palatabilidade dos alimentos, podendo também aumentar sua densidade energética (DE), outro fator de risco para obesidade. Uma alternativa seria a substituição por adoçantes não calóricos, que também aumentam a palatabilidade dos alimentos, porém são isentos calorias. No entanto, ainda não existe consenso a respeito das implicações desta substituição principalmente na redução da ingestão energética e do peso corporal. Objetivo. Identificar a DE da dieta, a ingestão energética total e de macronutrientes, segundo consumo de adoçantes e/ou alimentos processados com adoçantes por adultos e idosos. Métodos. Estudo transversal, no qual foram coletados dados de sexo; idade; peso e estatura, para cálculo do IMC; consumo de adoçantes, por questionário adaptado e pelo recordatório de 24 horas, foram calculadas as médias de DE, de ingestão energética total e de macronutrientes. Para verificar associação entre variáveis independentes (idade, sexo, IMC, uso de adoçantes não calóricos) com a dependente \"classificação da DE foi realizada regressão logística, considerando dietas com alta DE aquelas com 1,5 Kcal/g ou mais. Para comparação das médias de ingestão energética e de macronutrientes, entre usuários de adoçantes e não usuários, foi utilizado o Teste t de Student (p 0,05) pelo Stata 10.0. Resultados. Participaram do estudo 168 indivíduos, com idade média de 54,8 anos (DP = 14,9 anos), sendo 84,5 por cento do sexo feminino, 67,9 por cento com sobrepeso ou obesidade e 44,1 por cento usuários de adoçantes. A média da DE das dietas de usuários de adoçantes foi 1,15 Kcal/g (IC 95 por cento [1,11; 1,19]), e de não usuários 1,28 Kcal/g (IC 95 por cento [1,23; 1,33]). Para regressão logística, as variáveis contínuas, idade e IMC, foram categorizadas, porém esta última não permaneceu no modelo final (p > 0,10). Apesar de não significativo, a variável sexo permaneceu no modelo como ajuste. A classificação da idade (p = 0,042) e o uso de adoçantes (p = 0,002) apresentaram associação com os menores valores de DE. Não foi encontrada diferença nas médias de ingestão energética e de macronutrientes entre os grupos. Conclusão. Uso de adoçantes se associou com menores valores de DE, mas não houve diferença no consumo energético total e de macronutrientes entre gruposThe consumption of sugar has increased considerably in recent decades, as well as the incidence and prevalence of obesity, leading the development of recommendations to moderate this consumption. Sugars contribute to the palatability of food, but may also increase their energy density (ED), which is an important obesitys risk factor. An alternative would be replacing sugar by non-caloric sweeteners, which increase the palatability of foods, but with free calories. However, the implications of this substitution in reducing energy intake and body weight are controversial. Objective. Identify the ED of diets, the total energy intake and macronutrient consumption according to the consumption of sweeteners and/or processed foods with sweeteners by adults and elderly. Methods. A cross sectional study, that collected data on gender, age, weight and height, to calculate BMI, consumption of non-caloric sweeteners, by questionnaire and with data from 24-hour recall, were calculated the average of ED, total energy intake and total macronutrient intake. Logistic regression was performed to assess the association between independent variables (age, gender, BMI, use of non-caloric sweeteners) and the dependent classification of ED, considering diets with high ED those with 1.5 kcal/g or more. To compare the means of total energy intake and total macronutrient intake, among noncaloric sweeteners users and nonusers, was used the Students t test (p 0.05) by Stata 10.0. Results. Were collected data form 168 individuals, with an average age of 54.8 years (SD = 14.9 years), 84.5 per cent female, 67.9 per cent overweight or obese and 44.1 per cent users of sweeteners. The mean of ED diets of non-caloric sweeteners users was 1.15 kcal/g (CI 95 per cent [1.11; 1.19]), and 1.28 Kcal/g (CI 95 per cent [1.23; 1.33]) for non-users. For logistic regression the continuous variables, BMI and age, were categorized, but the former did not remained in the final model. Although the variable gender was not significant it remained in the model for adjustment. The classification of age (p = 0.042) and the use of sweeteners (p = 0.002) were associated with lower values of ED. No difference was found in the means of total energy intake and total macronutrient intake between the groups. Conclusion. The use of sweeteners was associated with lower values of ED, but there was no difference in the means of total energy intake and total macronutrient intake between the groups
48
Full, Erin K. "Comparison of Serving Size and Macronutrient Content of Selected Breads, Cereals and Starches across National Nutrition Guidance Systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1282150215.
Full text
49
Cook, Ian Daniel. "Perception of Fatigue, Macronutrient Intake and Fluid Intake of Field Hockey Athletes at Specific Game Day Time Intervals." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1460564696.
Full text
50
Cassie, Nikki. "The impact of macronutrient content and food structure on the gut-brain axis in the regulation of satiety." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2016. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230578.
Full textAbstract:
Enhancing satiety may be a route to overcome excess food intake, a causative agent of the obesity epidemic effecting [sic] developed and developing nations. A theory has evolved that if food processing has been a major contributor to the obesity epidemic then food processing and manipulation could be the solution to the crisis. This could be by means of the manipulation of food to target regulatory mechanisms of the food-gut-brain axis to produce satiety from fewer calories. This thesis is an investigation, using the Sprague Dawley rat model, into possible interactions between macronutrient content and food structure in the regulation of satiation and satiety, and to provide evidence for possible enhanced satiation or satiety by protein crosslinking noted in human studies. Three principle studies were performed: 1) variation in macronutrient content of a base diet presented in a solid or liquid form; 2) gavage of a single macronutrient containing solutions directly to the stomach; and 3) using protein crosslinking to change food form without changing caloric density. Overall, the study found no evidence to support an interaction between macronutrient content and diet form, nor that protein is a more effective macronutrient for inducing satiation or prolonging satiety. The analysis did identify that liquid diets can increase satiation, but can result in negative homeostatic effects and excess food consumption. Research exploring the use of protein crosslinking to promote satiation is still at an early stage but the findings presented in this thesis identify utilisation as a potential tool for enhanced satiation. These studies suggest that while protein crosslinking may enhance satiation there is no translation into longer term satiety. Nevertheless, these findings serve as a basis for further research and could provide information to the food industry for the development of food products that increase the satiation and satiety properties of food.