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Sutanto, Clarinda Nataria, Min Xian Wang, Denise Tan, and Jung Eun Kim. "Association of Sleep Quality and Macronutrient Distribution: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression." Nutrients 12, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12010126.
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Sleep is involved in metabolic, emotional and cognitive regulation and is therefore an essential part of our health. Although an association between sleep quality and macronutrient intake has been reported, studies on the effect of macronutrient distribution with sleep quality are limited, and available results are inconsistent. In this study, we aim to assess the association between sleep quality and macronutrient distribution in healthy adults from systematically reviewed cross-sectional studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A total of 19 relevant articles were selected and it was observed that good sleepers (sleep duration ≥ 7 h, global sleep score ≤ 5, sleep latency ≤ 30 min and sleep efficiency >85%) had a higher energy distribution from dietary protein than poor sleepers. On the other hand, good sleepers showed a relatively lower percentage of energy from dietary carbohydrate and fat than poor sleepers. However, meta-regression analysis revealed no dose-dependent association between the macronutrient distributions and sleep duration. These results suggest that consuming a greater proportion of dietary protein may benefit on improving sleep quality in healthy adults. However, findings may be susceptible to reverse causality and additional RCTs are needed.
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Ryoo, Chung Ja, and Nam Mi Kang. "Maternal Factors Affecting the Macronutrient Composition of Transitional Human Milk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063308.
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This study investigated the influence of selected maternal factors on the macronutrient composition and energy of human milk (HM). The study enrolled 159 breastfeeding mothers from five postpartum care centers in Seoul, Korea. Their gestational weeks were 37–42 weeks, they had no complications before and after childbirth, and were at 7–14 days postpartum. They provided data using structured questionnaires on general characteristics, stress, sleep quality, spousal support, and dietary intake. Breastfeeding assessment (LATCH) was investigated by qualified nurses, and each mother provided one sample of HM. The HM composition was analyzed using the Miris® HM analyzer. The relationships between variables were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis, and a linear regression analysis was performed to verify the main variables. It was found that maternal dietary intake was related to HM composition as the %energy from carbohydrates (β = 0.86, p < 0.01) and %energy from fat (β = 0.77, p < 0.05) showed positive relationships with HM energy. The LATCH score was positively related to HM energy (β = 0.17, p < 0.05). In contrast, postpartum stress, sleep quality, and spousal support were not associated with HM macronutrient composition. In conclusion, HM macronutrients and energy content were associated with maternal dietary intake and LATCH scores, but not with postpartum stress, sleep quality, and spousal support.
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Satterfield, Brieann C., and William D. S. Killgore. "Habitual sleep duration predicts caloric and macronutrient intake during sleep deprivation." Sleep Health 6, no. 1 (February 2020): 88–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2019.08.012.
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Satterfield, B. C., A. Alkozei, A. C. Raikes, and W. D. Killgore. "0235 Habitual Sleep Duration Predicts Caloric and Macronutrient Intake during Sleep Deprivation." Sleep 41, suppl_1 (April 2018): A91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsy061.234.
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Sutanto, Clarinda, Wen Wei Loh, Darel Wee Kiat Toh, Delia Pei Shan Lee, and Jung Eun Kim. "Association Between Macronutrient Intakes and Sleep Quality in Middle-Aged and Older Population in Singapore." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_058.
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Abstract Objectives Quality sleep is essential to health and poor sleep may increase the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Previous studies have reported that macronutrient intakes, such as dietary protein, may be associated with sleep quality. However research, on this relationship in older adults who often exhibit poorer sleep quality is still limited. Therefore, the objective of this research is to assess the association between macronutrient intakes and sleep quality in middle-aged and older population in Singapore. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 104 men and women (59 ± 6 years) were recruited within Singapore. Their food intakes and sleep quality were assessed using 3-day food records and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index questionnaire, respectively. In addition, plasma amino acid concentration was measured from the collected blood samples. The relationship between diet, plasma amino acids and sleep quality were evaluated using multiple linear regression and adjusted for age, BMI and gender. Results From this study, no association were observed between total energy intake (%E) from protein and tryptophan (Trp) intakes and sleep quality parameters. However, %E from fat was positively associated with sleep efficiency (SE%) (β-coefficient = 19.6, P = 0.02). A similar positive association with SE% was also observed for mono- and poly-unsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, %E from carbohydrate was inversely associated with SE% (β-coefficient = −21.2, P = 0.03). Sugar intake was also inversely associated with sleep quality parameters. Although plasma Trp concentration was not associated with sleep quality parameters, Trp and large neutral amino acids concentration ratio was inversely associated with sleep duration (β-coefficient = −19.2, P = 0.02). Conclusions In conclusion, consuming a diet with a higher energy from fat and lower energy from carbohydrate may improve sleep quality in Singapore middle-aged and older adults. The type of fat and carbohydrate consumed may also affect sleep quality. Funding Sources This research study is funded by the National University of Singapore (Grant number: R-143–000-A03–133).
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Coronado Ferrer, Silvia, Isabel Peraita-Costa, Agustín Llopis-Morales, Yolanda Picó, José Miguel Soriano, F. Javier Nieto, Agustín Llopis-González, and María Morales-Suarez-Varela. "Actigraphic Sleep and Dietary Macronutrient Intake in Children Aged 6–9 Years Old: A Pilot Study." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 2568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112568.
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The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between different sleep parameters and energy and macronutrient intake in school-aged children. A total of 203 children 6 to 9 years of age participated in this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric measurements were taken first. Diet was assessed with 3-day food logs and sleep was measured with a questionnaire on sleep quality and a wrist actigraph worn for at least 7 days. A decrease of 165.45 kcal was observed per each additional hour of sleep during the week (β (95% CI) = −165.45 (−274.01, −56.88); p = 0.003). This relationship was also observed for fat (β (95% CI) = −11.14 (−18.44, −3.84); p = 0.003) and protein (β (95% CI) = −13.27 (−22.52, −4.02); p = 0.005). An increase in weekend sleep efficiencies for those under the recommended threshold of 85% also had a similar association with energy (β (95% CI) = −847.43 (−1566.77, 128.09); p = 0.021) and carbohydrate (β (95% CI) = −83.96 (−161.76, −6.15); p = 0.035)) intake. An increase in habitual sleep variability was related with a slight increase in protein intake (β (95% CI) = 0.32 (0.031, 0.62); p = 0.031). Children who slept less had a higher energy intake, especially from fat and protein and those who presented inefficient sleep had a higher carbohydrate intake. Strategies to enhance sleep quality and quantity combined with dietary recommendations could help to improve energy and macronutrient intake levels in children.
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Barker, M., M. St-Onge, A. Seixas, W. D. Killgore, C. C. Wills, and M. A. Grandner. "0140 Dietary Macronutrients and Sleep Duration, Sleep Disturbance, and Daytime Fatigue." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A55—A56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.138.
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Abstract Introduction We examined nationally-representative data on macronutrients associated with multiple dimensions of sleep health. Methods Data were obtained from the 2015–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, (N=5,266 adults). Standard 24-h dietary recall procedures were analyzed to establish daily consumption of protein, carbohydrates, sugar, fiber, total fat, and saturated fat. Self-reported habitual sleep duration was categorized as very short (<5h), short (5–6.5h), normal (7-8h), and long (>8h). Sleep disturbance and daytime tiredness/fatigue were self-reported as either none, mild, moderate, or severe. Weighted multinomial logistic regressions with sleep variables as outcome/dependent variable and percent of each macronutrient as independent variable were adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and body mass index. Results Increased protein was associated with a decreased likelihood of very short sleep (RRR=0.01, p=0.019) and severe fatigue (RRR=0.06, p=0.020). Increased carbohydrates was associated with an increased likelihood of very short (RRR=61.17, p=0.001), short (RRR=3.96, p=0.017), and long (RRR=2.58, p=0.041) sleep, severe sleep disturbance (RRR=9.37, p=0.010) and fatigue (RRR=7.61, p=0.009). Increased sugar was associated with an increased likelihood of very short (RRR=24.17, p=0.001), short (RRR=3.29, p=0.017), and long (RRR=2.22, p=0.046) sleep, as well as mild (RRR=2.36, p=0.041) and severe (RRR=10.70, p=0.001) sleep disturbance, and severe fatigue (RRR=12.98, p<0.0005). Increased fiber was associated with a decreased likelihood of long (RRR=0.01, p=0.032) sleep and severe sleep disturbance (RRR<0.01, p<0.0005), as well as moderate (RRR<0.01, p=0.026) and severe (RRR<0.01, p<0.0005) fatigue. Increased fat was associated with a decreased likelihood of very short sleep (RRR=0.01, p=0.010). Increased saturated fat was associated with a decreased likelihood of very short sleep (RRR<0.01, p=0.017). Conclusion Protein and fiber were associated with better sleep profiles overall and carbohydrate and sugar were associated with worse sleep, as well as increased prevalence of sleep disturbances and fatigue. Support Dr. Grandner is supported by R01MD011600
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Kocevska, Desana, Trudy Voortman, Hassan S. Dashti, Edith H. van den Hooven, Akhgar Ghassabian, Jolien Rijlaarsdam, Nora Schneider, et al. "Macronutrient Intakes in Infancy Are Associated with Sleep Duration in Toddlerhood." Journal of Nutrition 146, no. 6 (May 4, 2016): 1250–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/jn.115.225847.
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Radcliffe, Patrick, Claire Whitney, Heather Fagnant, Marques Wilson, Tracey Smith, and J. Philip Karl. "Severe Sleep Restriction Suppresses Appetite Independent of Effects on Food Intake-Regulating Hormones." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa063_070.
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Abstract Objectives Several nights of moderate (4–5 hr/night) sleep restriction increases appetite and energy intake, and may alter circulating concentrations of food intake-regulating hormones. Whether more severe sleep restriction has similar effects is undetermined. This study aimed to determine the effects of severe, short-term sleep restriction on appetite and food intake-regulating hormones. Methods Randomized, crossover study in which 18 healthy men (mean ± SD: BMI 24.4 ± 2.3 kg/m2, 20 ± 2 yr) were assigned to three consecutive nights of sleep restriction (SR; 2 hr sleep/night) or adequate sleep (AS; 7–9 hr sleep/night) with controlled feeding and activity throughout the 3-day period. On day 4, participants consumed a standardized breakfast. Appetite ratings, and circulating ghrelin, peptide-YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured before and for 4hr after the meal. Ad libitum energy and macronutrient intakes were then measured at a provided buffet lunch. Results Median PYY (–21%) and GLP-1 (–14%) concentrations were lower, and median glucose (3%) concentrations were higher after SR relative to after AS (main effect of condition, P < 0.05; condition-by-time interaction, P = NS). Ghrelin and insulin did not differ between conditions. Mean hunger (–23%), desire to eat (–23%), and prospective consumption (–18%) ratings were all lower, and mean fullness (27%) ratings were higher after SR relative to after AS (main effect of condition, P < 0.05; condition-by-time interaction, P = NS). Ad libitum energy intake at the lunch meal was 14% lower after SR relative to after AS (–332 kcal [95% CI: −479, −185] P < 0.001), but macronutrient composition did not differ. Conclusions In contrast with reported effects of moderate sleep restriction, severe sleep restriction reduced appetite and energy intake. Appetite suppression was likely not due to the observed differences in food intake-regulating hormones as sleep-restriction induced reductions in PYY and GLP-1 concentrations would be expected to increase appetite. Funding Sources US Army MRDC. Authors’ views do not reflect official DoD or Army policy.
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Chrysostomou, Stavri, Frangiskos Frangopoulos, Yiannis Koutras, Kosmia Andreou, Lydia Socratous, and Konstantinos Giannakou. "The relation of dietary components with severity of obstructive sleep apnea in Cypriot patients: A randomized, stratified epidemiological study." PLOS ONE 17, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): e0265148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265148.
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Background Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is considered a public health problem and its prevalence is increasing at an epidemic rate. The aim of this study was to examine whether individual nutrients (macronutrients, antioxidant vitamins) rather than energy restriction may potentially affect OSA severity in a representative population of Cyprus. Methods A total sample of 303 adults (>18 years old) with Cypriot citizenship and permanently residing in Cyprus were randomly selected. Selected patients have completed the food frequency questionnaire, and a physical activity questionnaire and underwent a sleep study to assess OSA severity. Results Overall, 303 patients were included in this study, 169 (55.8%) had mild OSA (apnea-hypopnea index—AHI <15) and the remaining 83 (27.4%) had moderate to severe OSA (AHI>15). The mean age of all patients was 55.7 years old. Patients with moderate to severe OSA had significant higher BMI levels, higher consumption of calories, higher hip circumference, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and neck circumference and higher consumption of folic acid compared with the patients with mild OSA (p<0.05). Conclusions The findings suggest that increased energy intake regardless diet macronutrient composition is positively associated with OSA severity whereas higher folic acid intake seems to have a protective role.
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Baik, Inkyung, and Chol Shin. "Association of Daily Sleep Duration with Obesity, Macronutrient Intake, and Physical Activity." Korean Journal of Community Nutrition 16, no. 3 (2011): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.5720/kjcn.2011.16.3.315.
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Sari, Ni Putu Wulan Purnama, and Maria Manungkalit. "Predictors of post prandial glucose level in diabetic elderly." International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 254. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v8i2.19022.
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Post prandial glucose (PPG) level describes the speed of glucose absorption after 2 hours of macronutrient consumption. By knowing this, we could get the big picture of insulin regulation function and macronutrient metabolism in our body. In elderly, age-related slower glucose metabolism leads to diabetes mellitus (DM) in older age. This study aimed to analyze the predictors of PPG level in diabetics elderly which consist of functional status, self-care activity, sleep quality, and stress level. Cross-sectional study design was applied in this study. There were 45 diabetic elderly participated by filling in study instruments. Pearson and Spearman Rank correlation test were used in data analysis (α<.05). Results showed that most respondents were female elderly, 60-74 years old, had DM for 1-5 years with no family history, and only 33.33% respondents reported regular consumption of oral anti diabetes (OAD). Hypertension was found to be frequent comorbidity. Statistical analysis results showed that functional status, self-care activity, sleep quality, and stress level were not significantly correlated with PPG level in diabetic elderly (all p>α), therefore these variables could not be PPG level predictors. Other factors may play a more important role in predicting PPG level in diabetic elderly.
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Bennett, C. J., H. Truby, Z. Zia, S. W. Cain, and M. L. Blumfield. "Investigating the relationship between sleep and macronutrient intake in women of childbearing age." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 6 (February 8, 2017): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.145.
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Doo, Hyungie, Hyejin Chun, and Miae Doo. "Associations of daily sleep duration and dietary macronutrient consumption with obesity and dyslipidemia in Koreans." Medicine 95, no. 45 (November 2016): e5360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000005360.
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Spaeth, Andrea M., Namni Goel, and David F. Dinges. "Caloric and Macronutrient Intake and Meal Timing Responses to Repeated Sleep Restriction Exposures Separated by Varying Intervening Recovery Nights in Healthy Adults." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 3, 2020): 2694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092694.
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Sleep restriction (SR) reliably increases caloric intake. It remains unknown whether such intake cumulatively increases with repeated SR exposures and is impacted by the number of intervening recovery sleep opportunities. Healthy adults (33.9 ± 8.9y; 17 women, Body Mass Index: 24.8 ± 3.6) participated in a laboratory protocol. N = 35 participants experienced two baseline nights (10 h time-in-bed (TIB)/night; 22:00–08:00) followed by 10 SR nights (4 h TIB/night; 04:00–08:00), which were divided into two exposures of five nights each and separated by one (n = 13), three (n = 12), or five (n = 10) recovery nights (12 h TIB/night; 22:00–10:00). Control participants (n = 10) were permitted 10 h TIB (22:00–08:00) on all nights. Food and drink consumption were ad libitum and recorded daily. Compared to baseline, sleep-restricted participants increased daily caloric (+527 kcal) and saturated fat (+7 g) intake and decreased protein (−1.2% kcal) intake during both SR exposures; however, intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. Similarly, although sleep-restricted participants exhibited substantial late-night caloric intake (671 kcal), such intake did not differ between exposures or recovery conditions. By contrast, control participants showed no changes in caloric intake across days. We found consistent caloric and macronutrient intake increases during two SR exposures despite varying intervening recovery nights. Thus, energy intake outcomes do not cumulatively increase with repeated restriction and are unaffected by recovery opportunities.
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Afzali, Abolfazl, Mojarrad Mohandes, Shahrbanoo Goli, Hossein Bagheri, Seyedmohammad Mirhosseini, and Hossein Ebrahimi. "Effect of zinc supplement on sleep quality in older adults: A randomized clinical trial study." Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis 39, no. 2 (2022): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/afmnai39-33101.
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Introduction/Aim: The use of macronutrient and micronutrient foods is associated with the duration of sleep. This study aimed to determine the effect of zinc supplements on the sleep quality of older adults. Methods: The current parallel randomized clinical trial study was performed using a convenience sampling method. One hundred and fifty older adults who met the inclusion criteria were assigned to intervention and control group. The participants in the intervention group received a daily dose of 30 mg zinc supplementation pill for 70 days and the control group did not receive any supplement. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Serum zinc level in both groups was measured through the auto-analysis method. The questionnaire was completed and the serum level of zinc was measured twice, before the intervention and 70 days after the intervention. Results: Both groups were homogeneous in terms of demographic variables, sleep quality, and serum zinc level before the intervention. Of all, 73.3% of older adults in the intervention group and 74.7% of older adults in the control group had poor sleep quality. Sleep quality in the intervention group, as compared with the control group, significantly improved after the intervention. Furthermore, serum zinc levels in older adults in the intervention group, as compared with the control group, significantly increased after the intervention. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it is recommended to utilize zinc supplementation as a new therapeutic approach for improving sleep quality in older adults.
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Rusu, Adriana, Dana Mihaela Ciobanu, Georgeta Inceu, Anca-Elena Craciun, Adriana Fodor, Gabriela Roman, and Cornelia Gabriela Bala. "Variability in Sleep Timing and Dietary Intake: A Scoping Review of the Literature." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 5248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245248.
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The objective of this scoping review was to summarize previous studies which examined the effect of day-to-day variability in sleep timing and social jetlag (SJL) on dietary intake. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Clarivate Analytics Web of Science and we identified 22 records. No difference in caloric and macronutrient intake between SJL groups was observed in studies that enrolled healthy young adults. However, studies that enrolled participants with obesity and obesity-related chronic conditions reported a higher caloric intake and a higher intake of carbohydrates, total fat, saturated fats, and cholesterol in participants with SJL than in those without. Most studies reported a lower quality of diet, a delayed mealtime, and eating jetlag in participants with SJL vs. those without SJL. No correlation of day-to-day variability in sleep timing with average caloric intake was observed, but bed-time variability was negatively associated with diet quality. Methodological issues have been identified in sources assessed including study design, power calculation, population enrolled, and tools/metrics used for sleep timing variability assessment. Future well powered longitudinal studies, with clear protocols, standardized metrics, including all age groups from general population are needed to clarify the dietary intake consequences of variability in sleep timing.
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Bodur, Mahmut, Şahika Nur Bidar, and Hülya Yardimci. "Effect of chronotype on diet and sleep quality in healthy female students: night lark versus early bird." Nutrition & Food Science 51, no. 7 (June 8, 2021): 1138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-01-2021-0008.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of chronotype on diet and sleep quality in healthy female students. Design/methodology/approach This study was conducted in 197 healthy female students and were grouped in morning, intermediate and evening types according to the Horne and Ostberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Assessment included sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI); physical activity level using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF); dietary intake using the 24-h dietary recall; and diet quality using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). Findings In this study, no significant difference was found between chronotypes in terms of general nutritional habits, age, smoking status, anthropometric measurements and physical activity levels. However, evening-type individuals had poor sleep quality (p = 0.040) and having issues about sleep latency (p = 0.049) and daytime dysfunction (p = 0.044), and they had had lower intake of whole fruit (p = 0.002), total fruit (p = 0.024) and higher consumption of refined grains (p < 0.001). Although, among chronotypes, there is no difference in the intake of protein, saturated fat, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and dietary fiber, evening-type individuals’ daily energy (p = 0.013), fat (p = 0.021) and carbohydrate intake (p = 0.033) were higher. Originality/value In conclusion, further research is required to understand the relationship between chronotype, diet and sleep quality. This study is one of the limited studies that examines sleep quality, daily energy and macronutrient intake and diet quality together for healthy women.
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Saidi, Oussama, Emmanuelle Rochette, Giovanna Del Sordo, Éric Doré, Étienne Merlin, Stéphane Walrand, and Pascale Duché. "Eucaloric Balanced Diet Improved Objective Sleep in Adolescents with Obesity." Nutrients 13, no. 10 (October 10, 2021): 3550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103550.
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Background: A better understanding of the influence of energy balance on sleep in adolescents, particularly those with obesity, could help develop strategies to optimize sleep in these populations. The purpose of this study was to investigate sleep under ad libitum-vs-controlled diets adjusted to energy requirement (eucaloric) among adolescents with obesity and their normal weight controls. Methods: Twenty-eight male adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years, n = 14 adolescents with obesity (OB: BMI ≥ 90th centile) and n = 14 normal weight age matched controls (NW), completed an experimental protocol comprising ad libitum or eucaloric meals for three days, in random order. During the third night of each condition, they underwent in home polysomnography (PSG). Results: An interaction effect of energy intake (EI) was detected (p < 0.001). EI was higher during ad libitum compared to the eucaloric condition (p < 0.001) and in OB compared to NW (p < 0.001) in the absence of any substantial modification to macronutrient proportions. Analyses of energy intake distribution throughout the day showed a significant interaction with both a condition and group effect during lunch and dinner. Sleep improvements were noted in OB group during the eucaloric condition compared to ad libitum with reduced sleep onset latency and N1 stage. Sleep improvements were correlated to reduced EI, especially during the evening meal. Conclusion: Simply adjusting dietary intake to energy requirement and reducing the energy proportion of the evening meal could have therapeutic effects on sleep in adolescents with obesity. However, positive energy balance alone cannot justify worsened sleep among adolescents with obesity compared to normal weight counterparts.
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Diethelm, Katharina, Thomas Remer, Hannah Jilani, Clemens Kunz, and Anette E. Buyken. "Associations between the macronutrient composition of the evening meal and average daily sleep duration in early childhood." Clinical Nutrition 30, no. 5 (October 2011): 640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2011.05.004.
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Kautz, Amber, Ying Meng, Emily S. Barrett, Jessica Brunner, Richard Miller, Susan W. Groth, and Thomas G. O'Connor. "Associations of Tryptophan, Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA), and Vitamin D With Sleep Quality and Depression During Pregnancy." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab046_063.
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Abstract Objectives During pregnancy women are at increased risk of poor sleep quality and depression. Serotonin and melatonin are compounds that are involved in regulation of sleep and mood. Several nutrients are involved in the synthesis of these compounds, including tryptophan, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and vitamin D. Studies exploring associations between these nutrients and sleep, as well as mood, have been largely limited to the general population, showing mixed results. The aim of this study was to assess the associations of dietary intake of these nutrients with sleep quality and depression in pregnant women. Methods Participants enrolled in the Understanding Pregnancy Signals and Infant Development (UPSIDE) Study (n = 253) were included in this analysis if they completed dietary, sleep and depression assessments during the 2nd trimester. Dietary and supplement intake were measured using 24-hour dietary recalls. The NCI method was used to estimate usual intake. Sleep quality was measured with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Depressive symptoms were measured with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Multivariable linear regression was conducted to estimate the associations between nutrients and sleep/depression, adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, parity, education, early pregnancy body mass index, smoking status, energy and macronutrient intake. Results The NCI adjusted mean intakes of tryptophan, DHA, and vitamin D were 1.02 ± 0.11 g/day, 0.13 ± 0.11g/day, and 19.74 ± 21.80 mcg/day, respectively. Mean PSQI score was 6.15 ± 3.39, where higher scores indicated worse sleep quality, and mean EPDS score was 5.84 ± 4.77, where higher scores indicated increased severity of depressive symptoms. Tryptophan intake was inversely associated with EPDS scores (b = −15.23, 95%CI: −26.75, −3.72). The associations between DHA, vitamin D, and depression were not significant. The selected nutrients were not associated with PSQI scores. Conclusions In this study, higher tryptophan intake was associated with lower depressive symptoms among pregnant women during the second trimester. Additional research on the relationship between tryptophan intake and maternal mental health during pregnancy is warranted. Funding Sources NIH, Mae Stone Goode Foundation, Wynne Family Foundation.
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Cao, Yingting, Gary Wittert, Anne Taylor, Robert Adams, and Zumin Shi. "Associations between Macronutrient Intake and Obstructive Sleep Apnoea as Well as Self-Reported Sleep Symptoms: Results from a Cohort of Community Dwelling Australian Men." Nutrients 8, no. 4 (April 8, 2016): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8040207.
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Heinitz, Sascha, Alessio Basolo, Paolo Piaggi, Daniele Piomelli, Reiner Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg, and Jonathan Krakoff. "Peripheral Endocannabinoids Associated With Energy Expenditure in Native Americans of Southwestern Heritage." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 103, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-02257.
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Abstract Context The endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), as well as the related acylethanolamide oleoylethanolamide (OEA), have been implicated in energy expenditure (EE) regulation and metabolic diseases. Muscle (fat-free mass) and fat (fat mass) are metabolically active compartments and main determinants of EE. Objective To assess whether human muscle, adipose, and plasma endocannabinoids correlate with EE. Design Muscle, adipose, and plasma AEA, 2-AG, and OEA concentrations were measured via liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. EE was assessed by indirect whole-room calorimetry. Setting Clinical trial. Participants Obese/overweight Native Americans of full (n = 35) and at least half (n = 21) Southwestern heritage. Main Outcome Measures Twenty-four-hour EE, sleeping EE (SLEEP), resting EE (REE), respiratory quotient (RQ), and macronutrient oxidation. Results In full Natives, muscle AEA concentration correlated with SLEEP (r = −0.65, P = 0.004) and REE (r = −0.53, P = 0.02). Muscle 2-AG was associated with SLEEP (r = −0.75, P = 0.0003). Adipose OEA concentration correlated with RQ (r = −0.47, P = 0.04) and lipid oxidation (r = 0.51, P = 0.03). Plasma OEA concentration was associated with SLEEP (r = −0.52, P = 0.04). After adjustment for major determinants, these lipids explained nearly 20% of the additional variance of the respective measure. Similarly, in Native Americans of at least half Southwestern heritage, investigated lipids correlated with EE measures. Conclusion Endocannabinoids in metabolically relevant peripheral tissues explained a large part of EE variation and may be involved in regulating EE. Dysregulation of peripheral endocannabinoids may predispose people to metabolic diseases via an effect on EE and lipid oxidation.
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Dashti, Hassan S., Jack L. Follis, Caren E. Smith, Toshiko Tanaka, Brian E. Cade, Daniel J. Gottlieb, Adela Hruby, et al. "Habitual sleep duration is associated with BMI and macronutrient intake and may be modified by CLOCK genetic variants." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 101, no. 1 (November 19, 2014): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.095026.
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Minerbi, Amir, Nicholas J. B. Brereton, Abraham Anjarkouchian, Audrey Moyen, Emmanuel Gonzalez, Mary-Ann Fitzcharles, Yoram Shir, and Stéphanie Chevalier. "Dietary Intake Is Unlikely to Explain Symptom Severity and Syndrome-Specific Microbiome Alterations in a Cohort of Women with Fibromyalgia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 3254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063254.
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Background: Significant alterations were recently identified in the composition and putative function of the gut microbiome in women with fibromyalgia. As diet can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, differences in nutritional intake could, in theory, account for some of these specific fibromyalgia microbiome alterations. The current study aims to compare the diet of women with fibromyalgia to that of controls in order to explore possible associations between the intake of certain nutrients, symptom severity and gut microbiome composition. Methods: The study population was comprised of 56 women with fibromyalgia and 68 controls. Dietary intake was assessed using the NIH Automated Self-Administered 24 h recall, following dietitian’s instructions and the completion of a three-day dietary recall. The gut microbiome was assessed by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of stool samples. Results: Most demographic and anthropometric characteristics were comparable between groups. The average energy and macronutrient intake (total and relative) and overall diet quality score were not different between patients and controls, nor were the main vitamins, minerals, fatty acids, alcohol, caffeine, sugar or fiber intakes. The daily intake of micronutrients and normalized macronutrients in women with fibromyalgia was largely not correlated with disease-specific measures, including pain intensity, fatigue, cognitive symptoms and quality of sleep, or with the relative quantity of almost any of the gut microbiome bacterial taxa differentially abundant in fibromyalgia. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that dietary intakes, as evaluated by self-reported questionnaires, probably cannot explain the syndrome-specific differences in gut microbiome or the clinical phenotype of fibromyalgia.
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Gu, Chenjuan, Nga Brereton, Amy Schweitzer, Matthew Cotter, Daisy Duan, Elisabet Børsheim, Robert R. Wolfe, Luu V. Pham, Vsevolod Y. Polotsky, and Jonathan C. Jun. "Metabolic Effects of Late Dinner in Healthy Volunteers—A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 8 (June 11, 2020): 2789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa354.
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Abstract Context Consuming calories later in the day is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. We hypothesized that eating a late dinner alters substrate metabolism during sleep in a manner that promotes obesity. Objective The objective of this work is to examine the impact of late dinner on nocturnal metabolism in healthy volunteers. Design and Setting This is a randomized crossover trial of late dinner (LD, 22:00) vs routine dinner (RD, 18:00), with a fixed sleep period (23:00-07:00) in a laboratory setting. Participants Participants comprised 20 healthy volunteers (10 male, 10 female), age 26.0 ± 0.6 years, body mass index 23.2 ± 0.7 kg/m2, accustomed to a bedtime between 22:00 and 01:00. Interventions An isocaloric macronutrient diet was administered on both visits. Dinner (35% daily kcal, 50% carbohydrate, 35% fat) with an oral lipid tracer ([2H31] palmitate, 15 mg/kg) was given at 18:00 with RD and 22:00 with LD. Main Outcome Measures Measurements included nocturnal and next-morning hourly plasma glucose, insulin, triglycerides, free fatty acids (FFAs), cortisol, dietary fatty acid oxidation, and overnight polysomnography. Results LD caused a 4-hour shift in the postprandial period, overlapping with the sleep phase. Independent of this shift, the postprandial period following LD was characterized by higher glucose, a triglyceride peak delay, and lower FFA and dietary fatty acid oxidation. LD did not affect sleep architecture, but increased plasma cortisol. These metabolic changes were most pronounced in habitual earlier sleepers determined by actigraphy monitoring. Conclusion LD induces nocturnal glucose intolerance, and reduces fatty acid oxidation and mobilization, particularly in earlier sleepers. These effects might promote obesity if they recur chronically.
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Ryterska, Karina, Agnieszka Kordek, and Patrycja Załęska. "Has Menstruation Disappeared? Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea—What Is This Story about?" Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 2827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082827.
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Functional hypothalamic amenorrhea (FHA) is a very common condition affecting women of procreative age. There are many reasons for this disorder, including a low availability of energy in the diet, low micro- and macronutrient intake, overly intensive physical activity, disturbed regeneration processes, sleep disorders, stress, and psychological disorders. The main determinant is long-term stress and an inability to handle the effects of that stress. FHA is a very complex disorder and often goes undiagnosed. Moreover, therapeutic interventions do not address all the causes of the disorder, which could have implications for women’s health. As shown by scientific reports, this condition can be reversed by modifying its causes. This review of the literature aims to update the current knowledge of functional hypothalamic amenorrhea and underscores the complexity of the disorder, with particular emphasis on the nutritional aspects and potential interventions for restoring balance.
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McHill, Andrew, Charles Czeisler, Andrew Phillips, Leigh Keating, Laura Barger, Marta Garaulet, Frank Scheer, and Elizabeth Klerman. "Caloric and Macronutrient Intake Differ with Circadian Phase and between Lean and Overweight Young Adults." Nutrients 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2019): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030587.
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The timing of caloric intake is a risk factor for excess weight and disease. Growing evidence suggests, however, that the impact of caloric consumption on metabolic health depends on its circadian phase, not clock hour. The objective of the current study was to identify how individuals consume calories and macronutrients relative to circadian phase in real-world settings. Young adults (n = 106; aged 19 ± 1 years; 45 females) photographically recorded the timing and content of all calories for seven consecutive days using a smartphone application during a 30-day study. Circadian phase was determined from in-laboratory assessment of dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO). Meals were assigned a circadian phase relative to each participant’s DLMO (0°, ~23:17 h) and binned into 60° bins. Lean (n = 68; 15 females) and non-lean (n = 38, 30 females) body composition was determined via bioelectrical impedance. The DLMO time range was ~10 h, allowing separation of clock time and circadian phase. Eating occurred at all circadian phases, with significant circadian rhythmicity (p < 0.0001) and highest caloric intake at ~300° (~1900 h). The non-lean group ate 8% more of their daily calories at an evening circadian phase (300°) than the lean group (p = 0.007). Consumption of carbohydrates and proteins followed circadian patterns (p < 0.0001) and non-lean participants ate 13% more carbohydrates at 240° (~1500 h) than the lean group (p = 0.004). There were no significant differences when caloric intake was referenced to local clock time or sleep onset time (p > 0.05). Interventions targeting the circadian timing of calories and macronutrients for weight management should be tested.
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Bodur, Mahmut, Edanur Topal, Merve Ateş, and Ayşe Özfer Özcelik. "Preliminary Results of the Comparison of Social Jetlag, Sleep Hygiene and Diet Quality of Obese and Nonobese Young Adults." Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (June 2022): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac055.003.
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Abstract Objectives This study aimed to compare social jetlag exposure, sleep hygiene, and diet quality in obese and nonobese young adults. Methods This study was conducted with obese and nonobese young adults. To determine the social jetlag, as more than 1h was accepted between the sleep midpoints between school days and holidays. The physical activity levels and sleep parameters were objectively followed for 5 days with an activity tracker on school days and holidays. The sleep hygiene scores were determined by the sleep hygiene index, 3-day 24-hour dietary recall were recorded on both days. The energy and macronutrient intakes during school and holidays were determined by the software, and diet quality scores were determined by Healthy Eating Index-2015(HEI-2015). Results This study includes the preliminary results of 70 individuals (22.06 ± 1.76 years) with an equal number of obese and nonobese individuals. While social jetlag was detected in 57.9% of obese individuals; 21.6% in nonobese individuals (p < 0.001). Obese individuals had more inadequate sleep hygiene status (38.47 ± 6.4 vs 24.92 ± 4.66, p < 0.001). While the difference between the sleep midpoints of obese individuals on school days and holidays were 1:27 ± 00:54 minutes; 00:49 ± 00:32 minutes in nonobese individuals (p < 0.001). Obese individuals had a shorter sleep duration on the school day (−0:42 ± 0:15 min, p < 0.001); on holidays, sleep durations were found to be similar (8:31 ± 1:49 vs 8:14 ± 1.05, p > 0.05). Obese individuals had higher energy intake both on holidays and on school days (school day 1649.4 ± 514 vs 1752.9 ± 467 kcal p < 0.05; holiday 1599.2 ± 406 vs 1867.2 kcal, p < 0.05). Obese individuals had higher saturated fat (25.3 ± 11.4 g vs 37.4 ± 12g, p < 0.05) and carbohydrate intake (177.2 ± 8.2 vs 212.2 ± 18.2 g, p < 0.05) on holidays. According to HEI-2015, obese individuals had lower diet quality on school days (63.6 ± 3.3 vs 69.4 ± 1.5 points, p < 0.05) and holidays (56.9 ± 3.4 vs 73.4 ± 1.5 points, p < 0.05). Conclusions As a result, decreased social jetlag exposure and increased sleep hygiene in obese individuals also help improving diet quality and thus may help controlling of body weight. It is necessary to conduct longitudinal studies and to identify vulnerable groups in terms of social jetlag exposure. Funding Sources This study was supported by the TUBITAK 2209-Research Project Support Programme for Undergraduate Students.
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Longstrom, Jaymes M., Lauren M. Colenso-Semple, Brian J. Waddell, Gianna Mastrofini, Eric T. Trexler, and Bill I. Campbell. "Physiological, Psychological and Performance-Related Changes Following Physique Competition: A Case-Series." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk5020027.
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The purpose of this case-series was to evaluate the physiological, psychological and performance-related changes that occur during the postcompetition period. Participants included three male (34.3 ± 6.8 years, 181.6 ± 8.9 cm) and four female (29.3 ± 4.9 years, 161.4 ± 6.0 cm) natural physique athletes. Body composition (fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM); Skinfold), resting metabolic rate (RMR; indirect calorimetry), total body water (TBW; bioelectrical impedance analysis), sleep quality (PSQI; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index), quality of life measures (RAND SF36), menstrual irregularities, and knee extension performance were assessed 1–2 weeks prior to competition, and 4 weeks and 8–10 weeks postcompetition. Blood hormones (free triiodothyronine; T3, free thyroxine; T4, and leptin) were assessed at 1–2 weeks prior to competition and 8–10 weeks postcompetition. Participants tracked daily macronutrient intake daily for the duration of the study. Group-level data were analyzed using exploratory, one-tailed, nonparametric statistical tests. Bodyweight, FM, bodyfat%, RMR, and blood hormones (T3, T4, and leptin) increased significantly (p < 0.05) at the group level. Relative (%Δ) increases in fat mass were associated with △RMR (τ = 0.90; p = 0.001) and △leptin (τ = 0.68; p = 0.02), and △leptin was associated with △RMR (τ = 0.59; p = 0.03). The time course for recovery appears to vary substantially between individuals potentially due to strategies implemented postcompetition.
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Centofanti, S., L. Heilbronn, G. Wittert, A. Coates, J. Dorrian, D. Kennaway, C. Gupta, et al. "P007 Eating in alignment with the circadian clock: A strategy to reduce the metabolic impact of nightwork." SLEEP Advances 2, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2021): A23—A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleepadvances/zpab014.056.
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Abstract Nightwork disrupts circadian rhythms and impairs glucose metabolism, increasing the risk for type 2 diabetes. We investigated eliminating or reducing the amount of food consumed during simulated nightwork as a countermeasure to reduce the impact of circadian disruption on glucose metabolism. N=52 healthy, non-shiftworking participants (24.4±4.9 years; 26 Females; BMI 23.8±2.5kg/m2) underwent a 7-day laboratory protocol with an 8h TIB baseline sleep, followed by 4 simulated nightshifts with 7h TIB daytime sleep and an 8h TIB recovery sleep in groups of 4 participants. Each group was randomly assigned to a meal-at-midnight (n=17, 30% energy requirements), snack-at-midnight (n=16, 10% energy requirements) or no-eating-at-midnight (n=19) condition. Total 24h energy and macronutrient intake were constant across conditions. Standard oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted on day2 (baseline), and day7 (recovery). Plasma was sampled at -15, 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 mins, assayed for glucose and insulin. Area under the curve (AUC) was the calculated. Mixed model analyses of glucose AUC found a condition-by-day interaction (p<0.001). Glucose responses to OGTT did not change with nightwork in the no-eating-at-midnight condition (p=0.219) but worsened in the meal-at-midnight (p<0.001) and snack-at-midnight (p=0.022) conditions. Insulin AUC was different by condition (p=0.047). Insulin was highest after nightwork in the no-eating-at-midnight compared to meal-at-midnight (p=0.014) but not snack-at-midnight (p=0.345). Glucose tolerance was impaired by eating-at-midnight, associated with a lower than expected insulin response. Further work is required to determine the effect of meal or snack composition as a strategy to mitigate adverse metabolic effects of nightwork.
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Ormsbee, Michael J., Amber W. Kinsey, Wyatt R. Eddy, Takudzwa A. Madzima, Paul J. Arciero, Arturo Figueroa, and Lynn B. Panton. "The influence of nighttime feeding of carbohydrate or protein combined with exercise training on appetite and cardiometabolic risk in young obese women." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 40, no. 1 (January 2015): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2014-0256.
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Single macronutrient intake prior to sleep reduces appetite but may negatively impact insulin sensitivity in sedentary obese women. The present study examined the additive impact of nighttime feeding of whey (WH), casein (CAS), or carbohydrate (CHO) combined with exercise training on appetite, cardiometabolic health, and strength in obese women. Thirty-seven sedentary obese women (WH, n = 13, body mass index (BMI) 34.4 ± 1.3 kg/m2; CAS, n = 14, BMI 36.5 ± 1.8 kg/m2; CHO, n = 10, BMI 33.1 ± 1.7 kg/m2) consumed WH, CAS, or CHO (140–150 kcal/serving), every night of the week, within 30 min of sleep, for 4 weeks. Supervised exercise training (2 days of resistance training and 1 day of high-intensity interval training) was completed 3 days per week. Pre- and post-testing measurements included appetite ratings, mood state, resting metabolic rate, fasting lipids, glucose, and hormonal responses (insulin, leptin, adiponectin, hs-CRP, IGF-1, and cortisol), body composition, and strength. Nighttime intake of CAS significantly (p < 0.05) increased morning satiety (pretraining, 25 ± 5; post-training 41 ± 6) more than WH (pretraining, 34 ± 5; post-training, 35 ± 6) or CHO (pre 40 ± 8, post 43 ± 7). Exercise training increased lean mass and strength, decreased body fat, and improved mood state in all groups. No other differences were noted. Nighttime feeding of CAS combined with exercise training increased morning satiety more than WH or CHO. Nighttime feeding for 4 weeks did not impact insulin sensitivity (assessed via homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) when combined with exercise training in obese women. ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT01830946.
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Godos, Justyna, Walter Currenti, Donato Angelino, Pedro Mena, Sabrina Castellano, Filippo Caraci, Fabio Galvano, Daniele Del Rio, Raffaele Ferri, and Giuseppe Grosso. "Diet and Mental Health: Review of the Recent Updates on Molecular Mechanisms." Antioxidants 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040346.
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Over the last decades, there has been a substantial increase in the prevalence of mental health disorders, including an increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, cognitive, and sleep disorders. Diet and its bioactive components have been recognized among the modifiable risk factors, possibly influencing their pathogenesis. This review aimed to summarize molecular mechanisms underlying the putative beneficial effects toward brain health of different dietary factors, such as micro- and macronutrient intake and habits, such as feeding time and circadian rhythm. The role of hormonal homeostasis in the context of glucose metabolism and adiponectin regulation and its impact on systemic and neuro-inflammation has also been considered and deepened. In addition, the effect of individual bioactive molecules exerting antioxidant activities and acting as anti-inflammatory agents, such as omega-3 fatty acids and polyphenols, considered beneficial for the central nervous system via modulation of adult neurogenesis, synaptic and neuronal plasticity, and microglia activation has been summarized. An overview of the regulation of the gut–brain axis and its effect on the modulation of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress has been provided. Finally, the impact of bioactive molecules on inflammation and oxidative stress and its association with brain health has been summarized.
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Kosmadopoulos, Anastasi, Laura Kervezee, Philippe Boudreau, Fernando Gonzales-Aste, Nina Vujovic, Frank A. J. L. Scheer, and Diane B. Boivin. "Effects of Shift Work on the Eating Behavior of Police Officers on Patrol." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040999.
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Recent studies indicate that the timing of food intake can significantly affect metabolism and weight management. Workers operating at atypical times of the 24-h day are at risk of disturbed feeding patterns. Given the increased risk of weight gain, obesity and metabolic syndrome in shift working populations, further research is required to understand whether their eating behavior could contribute to these increased metabolic risks. The objective of this study was to characterize the dietary patterns of police officers across different types of shifts in their natural environments. Thirty-one police officers (six women; aged 32.1 ± 5.4 years, mean ± SD) from the province of Quebec, Canada, participated in a 28- to 35-day study, comprising 9- to 12-h morning, evening, and night shifts alternating with rest days. Sleep and work patterns were recorded with actigraphy and diaries. For at least 24 h during each type of work day and rest day, participants logged nutrient intake by timestamped photographs on smartphones. Macronutrient composition and caloric content were estimated by registered dieticians using the Nutrition Data System for Research database. Data were analyzed with linear mixed effects models and circular ANOVA. More calories were consumed relative to individual metabolic requirements on rest days than both evening- and night-shift days (p = 0.001), largely sourced from increased fat (p = 0.004) and carbohydrate (trend, p = 0.064) intake. Regardless, the proportions of calories from carbohydrates, fat, and protein did not differ significantly between days. More calories were consumed during the night, between 2300 h and 0600 h, on night-shift days than any other days (p < 0.001). Caloric intake occurred significantly later for night-shift days (2308 h ± 0114 h, circular mean ± SD) than for rest days (1525 h ± 0029 h; p < 0.01) and was dispersed across a longer eating window (13.9 h ± 3.1 h vs. 11.3 h ± 1.8 h, mean ± SD). As macronutrient proportions were similar and caloric intake was lower, the finding of later meals times on night-shift days versus rest days is consistent with emerging hypotheses that implicate the biological timing of food intake—rather than its quantity or composition—as the differentiating dietary factor in shift worker health.
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Lindseth, Glenda, and Ashley Murray. "Dietary Macronutrients and Sleep." Western Journal of Nursing Research 38, no. 8 (May 11, 2016): 938–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945916643712.
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Gupta, Charlotte C., Stephanie Centofanti, Jillian Dorrian, Alison M. Coates, Jacqueline M. Stepien, David Kennaway, Gary Wittert, et al. "Subjective Hunger, Gastric Upset, and Sleepiness in Response to Altered Meal Timing during Simulated Shiftwork." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 15, 2019): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061352.
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Shiftworkers report eating during the night when the body is primed to sleep. This study investigated the impact of altering food timing on subjective responses. Healthy participants (n = 44, 26 male, age Mean ± SD = 25.0 ± 2.9 years, BMI = 23.82 ± 2.59kg/m2) participated in a 7-day simulated shiftwork protocol. Participants were randomly allocated to one of three eating conditions. At 00:30, participants consumed a meal comprising 30% of 24 h energy intake (Meal condition; n = 14, 8 males), a snack comprising 10% of 24 h energy intake (Snack condition; n = 14; 8 males) or did not eat during the night (No Eating condition; n = 16, 10 males). Total 24 h individual energy intake and macronutrient content was constant across conditions. During the night, participants reported hunger, gut reaction, and sleepiness levels at 21:00, 23:30, 2:30, and 5:00. Mixed model analyses revealed that the snack condition reported significantly more hunger than the meal group (p < 0.001) with the no eating at night group reporting the greatest hunger (p < 0.001). There was no difference in desire to eat between meal and snack groups. Participants reported less sleepiness after the snack compared to after the meal (p < 0.001) or when not eating during the night (p < 0.001). Gastric upset did not differ between conditions. A snack during the nightshift could alleviate hunger during the nightshift without causing fullness or increased sleepiness.
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Richards, Gareth, Alice Malthouse, and Andrew Smith. "The Diet and Behaviour Scale (DABS): Testing a New Measure of Food and Drink Consumption in a Cohort of Secondary School Children From the South West of England." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 3 (April 8, 2015): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n3p148.
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<p class="Mdeck3abstract">A multitude of instruments exist to assess dietary intake. Many, however, are time-consuming to administer, focus primarily on macronutrient composition or the effects of specific micronutrients, and do not consider the effects of foods and drinks that fail to add significant nutritional contributions (e.g. energy drinks, chewing gum). In order to address these issues the current paper introduces the Diet and Behaviour Scale (DABS). This 29-item questionnaire is used to measure both the frequency and amount of consumption of common foods and drinks, with a particular onus on functional foods and dietary variables of current concern. The DABS was administered to a large cohort of secondary school children from the South West of England at two time-points. At Time 1 (December, 2012) the cohort consisted of 3071 pupils, 2030 of whom responded to the questionnaire; at Time 2 (June, 2013) 3323 pupils made up the cohort, and 2307 completed the questionnaire. Factor analysis yielded a four-factor solution labelled Junk Food, Caffeinated Soft Drinks/Gum, Healthy Foods, and Hot Caffeinated Beverages. When investigating how these factors were related to demographic and lifestyle variables, Chi-square analyses uncovered the following relationships: being male was associated with high Junk Food intake; sleeping for fewer hours than average, achieving low school attendance, and having poor general health were associated with high intake of Caffeinated Soft Drinks/Gum; lower school year, more sleep, more frequent exercise, and good general health were associated with high intake of Healthy Foods; and being male, having a special educational needs status, reporting fewer hours of sleep, and being in an older school year were associated with a high intake of Hot Caffeinated Beverages. Whilst controlling for demographic and lifestyle variables, logistic regression analyses determined that poor general health was predicted by high consumption of Caffeinated Soft Drinks/Gum and low consumption of Healthy Foods. Though additional studies are required to further test the questionnaire and its associated factor structure, the DABS is considered to be a useful self-report measure of certain aspects of dietary intake, and is proposed as a useful tool for future research investigating dietary influences on psychological variables such as mental wellbeing.</p>
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Güvenç, Alpay. "Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition, Aerobic Performance and Lactate, Heart Rate and Perceptual Responses in Young Soccer Players." Journal of Human Kinetics 29, no. 1 (September 1, 2011): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10078-011-0042-9.
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Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Body Composition, Aerobic Performance and Lactate, Heart Rate and Perceptual Responses in Young Soccer PlayersThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and perceived exertion in regularly trained young soccer players. Sixteen male soccer players participated in this study. Mean age, stature, body mass and training age of the players were 17.4±1.2 years, 175.4±3.6 cm, 69.6±4.3 kg and 5.1±1.3 years, respectively. During the Ramadan period, all subjects voluntarily chose to follow the fasting guidelines and abstained from eating and drinking from sunrise to sunset. Body composition, hydration status, dietary intake and sleep duration were assessed on four occasions: before Ramadan, at the beginning of Ramadan, at the end of Ramadan and 2 weeks after the end of Ramadan. On each occasion, aerobic exercise performance and blood lactate, heart rate and rating of perceived exertion responses of players were also determined during an incremental running test. Repeated measures of ANOVA revealed that body mass, percentage of body fat, fat-free mass, hydration status, daily sleeping time and daily energy and macronutrient intake of players did not vary significantly throughout the study period (p>0.05). However, players experienced a small but significant decrease in skinfold thicknesses over the course of the study (p<0.05). Although ratings of perceived exertion at submaximal workloads increased during Ramadan (p<0.05), blood lactate and heart rate responses had decreased by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). In line with these changes, peak running performance and running velocity at anaerobic threshold also improved by the end of Ramadan (p<0.05). Improvements in aerobic exercise performance with time were probably due to the effects of pre-season training program that was performed after the break of the fast (Iftar) during the month of Ramadan. The results of the present study suggest that if regular training regimen, body fluid balance, daily energy intake and sleep duration are maintained as before Ramadan, Ramadan fasting does not have detrimental effects on aerobic exercise performance or body composition in young soccer players.
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Dempster, Sarah, Rhiannon Britton, Andrew Murray, and Ricardo J. S. Costa. "Case Study: Nutrition and Hydration Status during 4,254 km of Running Over 78 Consecutive Days." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 23, no. 5 (October 2013): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.533.
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The aims of this study were to assess the dietary intake and monitor self-reported recovery quality and clinical symptomology of a male ultra-endurance runner who completed a multiday ultra-endurance running challenge covering 4,254 km from North Scotland to the Moroccan Sahara desert over 78 consecutive days. Food and fluid intakes were recorded and analyzed through dietary analysis software. Body mass (BM) was determined before and after running each day, and before sleep. Clinical symptomology and perceived recovery quality were recorded each day. Whole blood hemoglobin and serum ferritin were determined before and after the challenge. Total daily energy (mean ± SD: 23.2 ± 3.2MJ·day−1) and macronutrient intake (182 ± 31g·day−1 protein, 842 ± 115g·day−1 carbohydrate, 159 ± 55 g·day−1 fat) met consensus nutritional guidelines for endurance performance. Total daily water intake through foods and fluids was 4.8 ± 2.0L·day−1. Water and carbohydrate intake rates during running were 239 ± 143ml·h−1 and 56 ± 19g·h−1, respectively. Immediately after running, carbohydrate and protein intakes were 1.3 ± 1.0g·kg BM−1 and 0.4 ± 0.2g·kg BM−1, respectively. Daily micronutrient intakes ranged from 109 to 662% of UK RNIs. Prerunning BM was generally maintained throughout. Overall exercise-induced BM loss averaged 0.8 ± 1.0%; although BM losses of ≥ 2% occurred in the latter stages, a reflection of the warmer climate. Varying degrees of self-reported perceived recovery quality and clinical symptomology occurred throughout the challenge. This case study highlights oscillations in dietary habits along 78 consecutive days of ultra-endurance running, dependent on changes in ambient conditions and course topography. Nevertheless, nutrition and hydration status were maintained throughout the challenge. Despite dietary iron intake above RNI and iron supplementation, this alone did not prevent deficiency symptoms.
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Park, Jeremy, Lorin Donovan, and Joon Young Kim. "Potential Mechanisms of Overtraining." Journal of Health, Sports, and Kinesiology 2, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.47544/johsk.2021.2.1.15.
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Frequent/intense training increases the risk of overtraining in athletes.When overtrained, despite high effort in training, performance stagnates and/or deteriorates (Cadegiani & Kater, 2018). A growing body of literature has attempted to decipher the pathophysiology of overtraining. However, the majority of these literatures focus on the metabolic, biochemical, hormonal, and immunological aspects of overtraining. Few studies have analyzed more applicable biomarkers of overtraining such as eating and sleeping patterns, body composition, mood, and libido with conclusive results. A previous study entitled “Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS)” has attracted researchers’ attention as they measured relevant/applicable biomarkers for overtraining. The purpose of the study by Cadegiani and Kater (2018) is to elaborate the EROS study and understand the mechanisms of overtraining more comprehensively. Male volunteers (age 18-50 years) were screened based on health history, drug use, exercise patterns, and overtraining symptoms (i.e., unexplained performance decreases). After prescreening, selected participants (n=51) were further tested on their sleeping, eating, and social patterns (self-reported), and psychological state by the POMS (Profile of Mood States) questionnaire. Based on these answers, participants were divided into three groups: healthy athletes (ATL), overtrained athletes (OTS), and non-physically active controls (NCS). Using bioimpedance and air-displacement, body hydration and composition were measured. Daily caloric/macronutrient intake, POMS, time spent studying/working (hours/day), libido on a scale 1-10, and basal metabolic rate (BMR) by indirect calorimetry were also measured for analysis. Compared to ATL, OTS reported reduced relative calorie intake (26.4 kcal/kg/day in OTS vs. 52.7 kcal/kg/day in ATL), worse sleep quality on a scale 1-10 (6.5 vs. 8.0), worse mood (POMS scores of 15.0 vs. 5.0 on anger, 5.0 vs. 2.0 on confusion, 7.5 vs. 0.0 on depression, 20.0 vs. 2.0 on fatigue, 16.5 vs. 6.0 on tension, and 9.5 vs. 26.0 vigor), lower measured-to-predicted BMR (100.5% vs. 109.0%), higher body fat (15.3% vs. 10.3%), and diminished libido on a scale 1-10 (7.0 vs. 8.0) and hydration (60.8% vs. 64.9% body water) (all P<0.05). OTS had greater musculature than NCS (40.2 kg vs. 33.7 kg) and spent more time studying/working than ATL (8 vs. 7 hours/day) (all P<0.05). Declining performance observed in OTS may originate from inadequate sleep, which prevents optimal reparative processes. Disproportionally high body fat may have caused reduced BMR in OTS. Excessive working/studying may impair physical performance as cognition requires energy. Critical risk factors for overtraining are likely inadequate sleep, excessive cognition, and insufficient caloric intake (Figure 1). The recruitment method likely involved self-selection bias and limits the validity of the findings. Furthermore, this study disregards metabolic adaptations. OTS consumed less calories than ATL, despite both groups being athletes. It is well-established that metabolism can change depending on diet/lifestyle, thus a slower metabolism observed in OTS may have been caused by previous undereating rather than from overtraining (Heilbronn et al., 2006). Future overtraining studies should record previous patterns of eating prior to participation in an effort to account for potential metabolic adaptions. Lastly, a rigorous recruitment criterion (i.e., randomized controlled setting) should be utilized to minimize potential participation bias.
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Yang, Chia-Lun, Olivia McKeever, and Robin Tucker. "Snacking Behavior Differs Between Evening and Morning Chronotype Individuals but Chronotype Is Not Associated With Energy Intake and Diet Quality." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab038_075.
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Abstract Objectives There is a growing body of literature that links a person's preferred time for activities and sleep cycle, or chronotype, to eating behaviors and the risk of becoming overweight or obese. However, the relationships among chronotype, snacking behavior, diet quality, and food cravings are poorly characterized among US adults. This cross-sectional study examined the associations among chronotype, snacking habits, dietary intake and quality, and food cravings these relationships. Methods One-hundred adults (mean age: 28.4 ± 7.3 y; 63% female) living in the United States completed the study. Based on their score on the HorneÖstberg Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire, an individual was categorized into morning-type (M-type), intermediate-type (I-type), or evening-type (E-type). Snack intake was assessed using a previously published specialized food frequency questionnaire. Diet quality was obtained using the Diet History Questionnaire III. The validated General Food Cravings Questionnaire-Trait measured cravings. General linear regression was used to assess differences in outcomes among chronotypes. Results Over the course of a week, E-type individuals consumed snacks more often than the M-type (E-type: 13.9 ± 4.5, M-type: 11.2 ± 4.6; P = 0.002), but not the I-type (10.1 ± 4.1; P = 0.086). In terms of timing of snacking, E-type individuals consumed more snacks after dinner than the M-type (E-type: 5.3 ± 1.6; M-type: 3.7 ± 2.2; P < 0.001). E-type individuals consumed more energy-dense snacks (E-type: 14.4 ± 4.4; M-type: 11.3 ± 4.7; P = 0.005), especially candies (E-type: 2.0 ± 1.0; M-type: 1.1 ± 0.9, P = 0.005), than the M-type. However, there were no significant differences in healthy snack frequency, food cravings, diet quality, and energy and macronutrient intake among chronotypes (P > 0.05, for all). Conclusions In this relatively young population, E-type individuals consumed snacks more frequently than M-types. However, chronotypes were not associated with an individual's energy intake, diet quality, and food cravings, which suggests that chronotype negligibly influences weight gain risk in this young adult population. Funding Sources USDA NIFA and Michigan AgBioResearch.
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Liu, Ailing, Jing Fan, Caicui Ding, Fan Yuan, Weiyan Gong, Yan Zhang, Chao Song, Ying Zhou, and Gangqiang Ding. "The Association of Sleep Duration with Breakfast Patterns and Snack Behaviors among Chinese Children Aged 6 to 17 Years: Chinese National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2010–2012." Nutrients 14, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 2247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112247.
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A significant increase in the prevalence of short sleep among children has been observed. Short sleep may be associated with unhealthy breakfast and snacking behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to explore the associations of short sleep with breakfast and snacking behaviors among children. Data were obtained from the 2010–2012 China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNNHS). A total of 5254 children aged 6 to 17 years were included. Sleep duration was classified into three categories: moderate sleep, slightly short sleep, and severely short sleep. Breakfast behaviors included skipping breakfast, food diversity, intake of energy and macronutrients, and their proportion of daily total intake. Snack behaviors included snack consumption rate/frequency, types, intake of energy and macronutrients, and proportion of daily total intake. Multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression were used for analysis, with models adjusted for the potential effects of gender, age, region, and family income level. The bootstrapping method was used to calculate the 95% confidence intervals of the model statistics. Results showed that slightly short sleep (OR = 1.15, 95%CI: 1.00, 1.33)) and severely short sleep (OR = 1.36, 95%CI: 1.04, 1.77) was related to higher rates of skipping breakfast compared to moderate sleep. Severely short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 28.44, 95%CI: 31.97, 44.70), carbohydrate (β = 6.62, 95%CI: 8.29, 8.84) and protein (β = 1.17, 95%CI: 1.44, 1.70) intake at breakfast and breakfast accounted for a higher proportion of total daily energy (β = 1.39, 95%CI: 1.48, 2.52), protein (β = 2.26, 95%CI: 3.16, 5.84) and carbohydrate (β = 0.83, 95%CI: 0.07, 3.41). Severely short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 27.4, 95%CI: 18.64, 69.41), protein (β = 0.8, 95%CI: 0.48, 2.40), and fat (β = 1.40, 95%CI: 1.21, 3.16) intake at snacks and snacks accounted for a higher proportion of total daily protein intake (β = 1.23, 95%CI: 0.71, 3.58) and fat intake (β = 2.74, 95%CI: 3.13, 6.09). Slightly short sleep was associated with higher energy (β = 7.28, 95%CI: 0.15, 28.13) and carbohydrate (β = 1.67, 95%CI: 0.86, 5.73) intake at snacks and snacks accounted for a higher proportion of total daily carbohydrate intake. Children with severely short sleep were more likely to choose sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) as snacks (16.5%) and intake them more frequently, at a daily consumption of 204.7 g and 26.7 g per night. Overall, short sleep was associated with unhealthy breakfast patterns and snack behaviors among children. Children with short sleep had higher intake of energy and macronutrients at breakfast and snacks compared with those with moderate sleep. Promoting adequate sleep among children may have a positive effect on developing healthy eating behaviors.
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Hackert, April. "An Exploratory Analysis of Dietary Components in Relation to Symptoms of Anxiety." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa057_024.
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Abstract Objectives Determine reliability of GAD-7 and MASQ in the assessment of symptoms of anxiety and dietary correlates. Methods Cross-sectional, mixed methods design of adult men and women greater than 18 years of age consented; no exclusion criteria (N = 275) entitled, “Food Mood Project (FMP). Data collection occurred December 5, 2015 to August 3, 2016. The project contains two parts: Part 1: electronic demographic assessment (e.g., education, age, gender, marital status, military affiliation, and occupation), completion of five mobile formatted, electronic validated questionnaires (e.g., GAD-7, MASQ, EDE-Q, Zung, and GRIT), and 3-day electronic dietary food and beverage record with self-reported emotional evaluation. Participants who fully completed part 1 [ALL questionnaires and 3-day food record with subjective affect appraisal pre-, during, post- each feeding episode were invited to participate in part 2 (N = 135). Part 2: 90-minunte in-person medical and nutritional interview (N = 106) by author exploring personal and familial medical history, physical activity trends, personal beliefs about food, dieting history, 24-hour dietary recall, sleep hygiene (PSQI), and spiritual health (i.e., SWB), as well as, assessing cognitive set-shifting via trail making test (TMT). Statistical consultation with Deakin University (Australia) and University of California, Berkeley (United States) utilizing SPSS, R, and Stata for linear regression, ANOVA, and PCA, and t-tests for dietary data [manually analyzed using NDSR]; a > 0.05. Results Coefficient of reliability for GAD-7 is 0.869 and Total MASQ is 0.822 as a practical application assessment of symptoms of anxiety. Linear regression examining macronutrient content and MASQ scores for subset of completed Part 1 data (n = 31) reveals mean total carbohydrates by participants was 192.86 gm daily and significantly correlated with total MASQ score (R2 = 0.023; P = 0.027). Conclusions GAD-7 and MASQ have excellent reliability for assessing symptoms of anxiety. Preliminary results notes carbohydrate variability is correlated with reported symptoms of anxiety. Funding Sources Academic funding through University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Nutritional Sciences Vision 20/20 Award (2014), Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2015), and California Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (2017).
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Pustozerov, Evgenii, Polina Popova, Aleksandra Tkachuk, Yana Bolotko, and Andrey Gerasimov. "Implementation of mobile diary app into clinical practice of gestational diabetes treatment." Problems of Endocrinology 62, no. 5 (September 22, 2016): 32–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl201662532-33.
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Introduction. The key element of successful treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a well-organized diet and physical activity plan for the patient. In order to better monitor everyday life activity of patients and get more well-formed information on the process of treatment, a mobile application with electronic diary was given to patients at Almazov Federal North-West Medical Research Centre.The aim of the study is to assess the beneficial action of mHealth app diary usage in clinical practice of gestational diabetes treatment.Materials and methods. Android application diaCompanion was developed and given to a group of patients with detected GDM, who used it to keep records of food intake, blood glucose measurements, insulin injections, physical activity, sleep and ketones. These records were formed into unified electronic diaries and sent remotely to attending physicians. The developed diary app contained necessary functionality for disease management, including embedded food database with micronutrient and macronutrient parameters for more than 2000 local food items, record analysis and editing, database management, automated data retrieval and forwarding to attending physician.Results. By the end of May 2016, 85 patients were included in the study with 39 of them already ended the course. A total of 11020 measurements of blood glucose, and 11747 meals recorded by patients into the application were analyzed. The average number of recorded days per patient was 49 (a minimum of 2 and a maximum of 128 days). The average glucose levels were 4.9 + 0.7 mmol/L at fasting state, 6.3 ± 1.1 mmol/L-1 hours after breakfast, 6.2 ± 0.8 mmol/L after lunch, and 6.2 ± 0.9 mmol/L after dinner. In the analysis of food diaries the average daily energy intake was 1125 ± 405 kcal and the daily consumptions of carbs, proteins and fats were 104±42 g, 66±25 g and 60±22 g respectively. These figures are well below the recommended dietary allowance for pregnant women, may be due to underreporting by patients.Conclusion. Although the study is being in progress, the general impact of app usage revealed a high convenience of this practice from the physician’s perspective. Current approach made it possible to preserve and organize the data, which might otherwise be lost or not collected. This data may be used in medical studies, carried out on patients with GDM.
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Binks, Hannah, Grace E. Vincent, Charlotte Gupta, Christopher Irwin, and Saman Khalesi. "Effects of Diet on Sleep: A Narrative Review." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040936.
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Many processes are involved in sleep regulation, including the ingestion of nutrients, suggesting a link between diet and sleep. Aside from studies investigating the effects of tryptophan, previous research on sleep and diet has primarily focused on the effects of sleep deprivation or sleep restriction on diet. Furthermore, previous reviews have included subjects with clinically diagnosed sleep-related disorders. The current narrative review aimed to clarify findings on sleep-promoting foods and outline the effects of diet on sleep in otherwise healthy adults. A search was undertaken in August 2019 from the Cochrane, MEDLINE (PubMed), and CINAHL databases using the population, intervention, control, outcome (PICO) method. Eligible studies were classified based on emerging themes and reviewed using narrative synthesis. Four themes emerged: tryptophan consumption and tryptophan depletion, dietary supplements, food items, and macronutrients. High carbohydrate diets, and foods containing tryptophan, melatonin, and phytonutrients (e.g., cherries), were linked to improved sleep outcomes. The authors posit that these effects may be due in part to dietary influences on serotonin and melatonin activity.
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Roshanmehr, Farnaz, Yu Tahara, Saneyuki Makino, Ayako Tada, Nanako Abe, Mikiko Michie, and Shigenobu Shibata. "Association of Japanese Breakfast Intake with Macro- and Micronutrients and Morning Chronotype." Nutrients 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14173496.
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(1) Background: Dietary intake may have a remarkable effect on sleep because skipping breakfast and having a late dinner affects many sleep parameters. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day for children and adults to maintain morning chronotype. We examine whether breakfast style is associated with nutrient intake and sleep factors. (2) Methods: This cross-sectional analysis, with a large sample size of 2671 (766 men and 1805 women aged 20–60 years after data brush-up), was based on data obtained from an online survey. Correlation analysis was performed using Spearman’s rank correlation test. The Kruskal–Wallis’s test followed by post hoc Dunn’s multiple comparison test was used to evaluate the interaction between sleep factors and breakfast categories. Multiple regression analyses were performed to identify variables associated with multiple confounding factors. Dietary data were analyzed using approximately one-month average dietary records from the application. The basic characteristics of the participants (age, sex, and BMI) and other lifestyle-related factors (sleep and physical activity) were obtained accordingly. Sleep parameters including the timing of weekday sleep onset, weekday wake-up, weekend (free day) sleep onset, weekend wake-up, sleep, and midpoints of sleep phase were calculated for each participant. We categorized participants’ breakfast types into five groups: (1) Japanese meal, where breakfast may contain Japanese ingredients such as rice; (2) Western meal, where breakfast may contain bread; (3) alternating eating patterns of Japanese and Western meals; (4) cereals and supplements, where breakfast may contain cereals or supplements and energy bars; and (5) skipped breakfast (no breakfast). (3) Results: The midpoint values of the sleep phase on weekends adjusted for sleep debt on work days (MSFsc) related to chronotype were higher in women, suggesting that they may prefer eveningness. Participants with obesity, young age, and low physical activity preferred eveningness with longer sleep durations. Intake of Japanese-style breakfast was significantly associated with early wake-up time on both weekdays and weekends. Cereal-style breakfast intake was significantly associated with late wake-up on both weekdays and weekends. Intake of macronutrients such as protein, fat, carbohydrate, and sodium at breakfast time was positively and strongly associated with the intake of Japanese breakfast, whereas macronutrients were negatively associated with the intake of cereal breakfast. Among micronutrients, vitamin K was positively correlated with Japanese breakfast and negatively correlated with cereal breakfast; (4) Conclusions: Japanese-style breakfast is associated not only with morning preference but also with high intake of macro- and micronutrients.
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Duraccio, K. M., K. N. Krietsch, and D. W. Beebe. "0271 Effects of Experimentally Shortened Sleep on Dietary Outcomes in Adolescents." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.269.
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Abstract Introduction Adolescents who sleep less may consume more calories during the day; however, shortened sleep may have greater impact on the dietary quality of foods, particularly foods high in sugar content. This study examined the impact of shortened sleep on total caloric intake, macronutrients of food (fats, proteins, carbohydrates), added sugars consumed, and glycemic load/index of foods consumed. Methods 110 adolescents (ages 14–17, M = 15.73(1.80); 63.6% female) underwent a within-subject counterbalanced experimental sleep manipulation, spending either 6.5 or 9.5 hours/night in bed for five nights. During each sleep period, adolescents completed three dietary recalls (reporting amounts and types of foods consumed over a 24-hour period) administered by dietary core study staff. We conducted a series of repeated-measure general linear models comparing averaged weekly dietary outcomes of interest by sleep condition. We also explored whether experimental order of the sleep conditions, family income, or adolescent gender, body mass index (BMI), or race moderated the main effects of sleep condition on dietary outcomes. Alpha was set at .05 for primary analyses and .01 for exploratory analyses. Results We observed a main effect of sleep on carbohydrates (p=.038) and added sugars (p=.009) consumed, as well as the glycemic index (p=.013) and glycemic load (p=.009) of foods consumed. We did not observe a main effect of sleep on total calories or total grams of fat or protein consumed. Exploratory analysis found no significant interactions of the moderators with sleep condition on dietary outcomes. Conclusion Adolescents are consuming more carbohydrates, added sugars, and foods higher in glycemic index and load when sleep restricted, compared to well-rested, despite eating comparable amounts of calories. Sleep restricted adolescents may be drawn to foods that provide quick releases of energy to counteract sleepiness experienced during the day. Support R01 HL120879
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Doo, Miae, and Yangha Kim. "Association between sleep duration and obesity is modified by dietary macronutrients intake in Korean." Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 10, no. 4 (July 2016): 424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.010.
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Chung, A., S. Martinez, A. Ursache, S. Chang, Y. Huang, G. Jean-Louis, and L. Brotman. "0995 Nightcap For School-nights: Association Between Milk Intake And Sleep Duration In First-graders." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.991.
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Abstract Introduction Insufficient sleep has been identified as an obesity risk factor due to mechanistic pathways contributing to higher carbohydrate intake, including in children. Dietary intake of macronutrients, such as fats and protein found in milk, may serve as a modifiable risk factor for adequate sleep. We hypothesize that milk intake among a sample of urban first-graders may be associated with sleep duration. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of parent reports of an adapted version of the Child Sleep Health Questionnaire (CSHQ) and Block Dietary Data Systems Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were analyzed among a sample of 837 Black children in Brooklyn, New York. Summary scores were created for milk type. Milk intake was classified by fat content: whole milk and 2% categorized as high-fat, and 1% and skim as low-fat. Independent t-test, correlations and regression analysis to identify associations between parent reports of child’s sleep duration and milk intake were conducted. Results On average, children were 7.3 + 0.6 years old and 52% female. Nearly 57% of parents were immigrants. Children’s mean BMI was 17.27, approximately at the 85th BMI percentile according to CDC index-for-age percentiles. On average, FFQ data reported children consumed high-fat milk 6 days a week. Linear variable regression analysis between high-fat milk intake and sufficient sleep were significant (β =, 0.090, p < 0.05). BMI was significantly associated with high-fat milk intake (β= 0.17, p<0.05). However, high-fat milk intake was not significantly associated with (in)sufficient sleep, after controlling for BMI, sex and age. No difference was reported between immigrant parents and U.S. born parents. Conclusion Plausibly, high-fat milk is contributing to satiety and longer sleep duration. Future studies should include more comprehensive measurement of milk consumption (i.e. time of day and volume) to consider possible effects on children’s sleep. Actigraphy measures and sleep diaries should also be considered. Support Bezos Grant and Community Service Plan grant.
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Everson, C. A., and T. A. Wehr. "Nutritional and metabolic adaptations to prolonged sleep deprivation in the rat." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 264, no. 2 (February 1, 1993): R376—R387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.264.2.r376.
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To understand how and why sleep deprivation is physically harmful, we explored the possible causal relationship between its two main effects, 1) negative energy balance and 2) a composite of symptoms that resemble protein malnutrition, both of which occur despite increased food consumption. We provided balanced diets augmented with either protein or calories (by increased fat content) to freely moving rats. Interactions between sleep deprivation symptoms and energy and protein supplies were assessed from measurements of body weight regulation, consumption of macronutrients, clinical chemistry and hematology profiles, and physical appearance. The results indicate that sleep deprivation causes malnutrition, which is secondary to increased energy expenditure. Even though food consumption remained normal in sleep-deprived rats fed a diet of high protein-to-calorie ratio, body weight loss was more than 16% of baseline, development of skin lesions was hastened, and longevity was shortened by 40% compared with sleep-deprived rats fed the calorie-augmented diet. Food consumption of the calorie-fed rats was lower during baseline than that of the protein-fed group but during sleep deprivation increased to amounts 250% of normal without net body weight gain. Despite a fat-laden diet the calorie-fed hyperphagic group did not have abnormal levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, or glucose, indicating accelerated turnover of nutrients. As would be consistent with calorie malnutrition, pronounced clinical chemistry or hematological abnormalities were not found in any group. Beneficial effects of the calorie-augmented diet are attributed to 1) caloric density of fat, 2) induction of hyperphagia, and 3) efficiency of utilization of fat. We conclude that diet composition interacts strongly with sleep deprivation, affecting the time course and development of pathologies, whereas it exerted negligible influence on body weight regulation under normal conditions.