Journal articles on the topic 'Macronutrient composition'
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Grunwald, Gary K., Helen M. Seagle, John C. Peters, and James O. Hill. "Quantifying and separating the effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients on energy density." British Journal of Nutrition 86, no. 2 (August 2001): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn2001404.
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The purpose of the present study was to estimate and compare the effects of macronutrient composition (relative portions of macronutrients) and of non-macronutrient components (e.g. water and fibre) on energy density (energy per unit weight) of the diets of human subjects. We used standard macronutrient energy content values to develop a simple conceptual model and equation for energy density in terms of % energy from dietary fat and % non-macronutrients by weight. To study these effects in self-selected diets of free-living subjects, we used four consecutive days of self-weighed and recorded food records for thirty-two male and thirteen female free-living adult subjects. In the range of typical human diets, the effect of % non-macronutrients by weight was several times greater than that of % energy from dietary fat, both in absolute terms and relative to daily variation in subjects' diets. Both effects were large enough to be physiologically important. Non-macronutrients (% by weight) alone explained much more of the variation in self-selected dietary energy density either between subjects (R2 95 %) or day-to-day (R2 95 %) than did % energy from dietary fat (R2 5 % and 6 % respectively). Omitting beverages gave similar results. The smaller effect of macronutrient composition on energy density of diets is mainly because alterations in macronutrient composition affect only the portion of typical dietary intake that is macronutrients (one-quarter to one-third of weight). Mathematical methods are also useful in analysing observational data and for separating effects of macronutrient composition and non-macronutrients in intervention studies. These results illustrate the importance of considering non-macronutrients in the design and analysis of experimental or observational dietary data.
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Almeida, Brígida Resende, Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci, Alexandre Alves de Carvalho, Heitor Luiz Heiderich Roza, Felipe Campos Figueiredo, and José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto. "Macronutrient Omission Changes Lippia gracilis Schauer, a Threatened Medicinal Plant, Growth and Volatile Chemical Composition." HortScience 53, no. 12 (December 2018): 1877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13492-18.
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The effect of macronutrient omission on the growth and volatile chemical composition of Lippia gracilis was evaluated. The “minus one element” technique was employed by using a complete (Hoagland and Arnon, 1950) nutrient solution and solutions with macronutrient omission for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S. Macronutrient deficiency significantly influenced L. gracilis growth and volatile chemical composition. Leaf dry weight decreased in order of importance of the macronutrients as follows: Ca = K = N > P > Mg > S. The amount and composition of volatile compounds varied according to macronutrient omission. The major constituents were characterized by p-cymene (ranging from not detected to 43.41%), thymol (3.86% to 7.95%), carvacrol (44.09% to 76.69%), and caryophyllene (0.52% to 6.00%), the contents of which were dependent on the omitted macronutrient. Lack of Ca, Mg, and S increased the contents of cymene and decreased the thymol and carvacrol compared with control. Complete solution and N, P, and K omission retained the same thymol and carvacrol content. In summary, macronutrient availability effectively controlled plant growth and volatile chemical composition of L. gracilis.
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Boyce, Catherine, Mistral Watson, Grace Lazidis, Sarah Reeve, Kenneth Dods, Karen Simmer, and Gemma McLeod. "Preterm human milk composition: a systematic literature review." British Journal of Nutrition 116, no. 6 (August 15, 2016): 1033–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114516003007.
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AbstractThere are wide variations in the macronutrient values adopted by neonatal intensive care units and industry to fortify milk in efforts to achieve recommended intakes for preterm infants. Contributing to this is the variation in macronutrient composition of preterm milk between and within mothers and the variable quality of milk analyses used to determine the macronutrient content of milk. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using articles published in English between 1959 and 2013 that reported the concentrations of one or more macronutrients or energy content in human preterm milk, sampled over a representative 24-h period. Searched medical databases included Ovid Medline, Scopus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library. Results are presented as mean values and ranges for each macronutrient during weeks 1–8 of lactation, and preferred mean values (g/100 ml) for colostrum (week 1) and mature milk (weeks 2–8; protein: 1·27, fat: 3·46, lactose: 6·15 and carbohydrate: 7·34), using data from studies employing the highest-quality analyses. Industry-directed fortification practices using these mean values fail to meet protein targets for infants weighing <1000 g when the fortified milk is fed <170–190 ml/kg per d, and the protein:energy ratio of the fortified milk is inadequate. This study aimed to provide additional information to industry in order to guide their future formulation of breast milk fortifiers. Quality macronutrient analyses of adequately sampled preterm breast milk would improve our understanding of the level of fortification needed to meet recommended protein and energy intakes and growth targets, as well as support standardised reporting of nutritional outcomes.
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Abdelhamid, Enas R., Alyaa H. Kamhawy, Alshaimaa A. Elkhatib, Amr S. Megawer, Amal I. El Shafie, Yasmin G. El Gendy, and Dina E. A. Rabie. "Breast Milk Macronutrients in Relation to Infants’ Anthropometric Measures." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, B (June 25, 2020): 845–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4980.
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BACKGROUND: Breast milk (BM) is the main nutritional source for newborns before they are capable to eat and consume other foods. BM has carbohydrates, lipids, complex proteins, and other biologically active components which have a direct effect on infant growth.
AIM: The aim of the study was to correlate anthropometric data of the infant to macronutrients in BM (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) and to find some modifiable issues affecting macronutrient contents of BM for the benefits of upcoming infants.
METHODS: One hundred breastfeeding mothers participated in the study, they were recruited from the outpatient clinic, El Demerdash Hospital, Ain Shams University, from September 2019, to December 2019. BM was expressed by an electric pump, macronutrient content was assessed. Anthropometric data of the babies and mothers were obtained, gestational age, parity, age of the women, and the route of birth were recorded.
RESULTS: For the macronutrients content of milk, a positive significant correlation was observed between BM fat, protein, and lactose. Infants’ body mass index (BMI) was negatively related to the fat content of BM, while no relation was found between BMI and protein or lactose content of the milk. BM fat content was negatively correlated with gestational age and maternal age. Positive correlations were found between BMI and protein, lactose and infant age. Protein content was negatively correlated with parity. No impact of infant’s sex on BM composition and as regards maternal diet, high protein consumption leading to increase BM protein content.
CONCLUSIONS: The current study confirms that BM macronutrient composition has a wide variability; this variability is associated with each macronutrient, respectively. To improve BM composition, one could aim for improving the nutritional balance in lactating women, especially for protein intake. More well-designed longitudinal studies about factors that influence human milk compositions are warranted.
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Sung, Ki-Chul, Eunju Sung, Christopher D. Byrne, Yong Bum Kim, Chul Woo Ahn, and Hye-Kyung Chung. "Composition of Dietary Macronutrient Intake Is Not Associated with Prevalence of Coronary Artery Calcification in Healthy Korean Adults." Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 66, no. 1 (December 13, 2014): 36–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369563.
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Background and Aims: There is little information supporting the relationships between macronutrients and pre-clinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify whether dietary macronutrient content is related with CAC. Methods: 10,793 healthy Korean adults in a cohort were enrolled. Subjects were divided into CAC (CAC score >0) or non-CAC group (CAC score = 0). Intake of energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein and fat were obtained using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Macronutrient composition was expressed as the ratio of energy from each macronutrient to total energy. Subjects were classified into three groups according to tertiles of intake for each macronutrient. To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and CAC, multiple regression analysis was conducted according to tertile groups of each macronutrient. Results: The prevalence of CAC significantly differed among tertile groups of CHO and fat intake in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for CAC were not significantly different among tertile groups of each macronutrient intake after adjustment in men (CHO: OR = 0.965 [95% CI = 0.826-1.129]; protein: OR = 1.029 [95% CI = 0.881-1.201]; fat: OR = 1.015 [95% CI = 0.868-1.188]) and women (CHO: OR = 1.158 [95% CI = 0.550-2.438]; protein: OR = 1.261 [95% CI = 0.629-2.528]; fat: OR = 0.625 [95% CI = 0.286-1.365]). Conclusions: The prevalence of CAC may not be associated with composition of dietary macronutrient intake in in healthy Korean adults. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel
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Devenport, L., A. Knehans, T. Thomas, and A. Sundstrom. "Macronutrient intake and utilization by rats: interactions with type I adrenocorticoid receptor stimulation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 260, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): R73—R81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.260.1.r73.
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Corticosterone-free (adrenalectomized, ADX) and intact rats were offered experimentally compounded diets in which 65% of available calories were supplied by a single macronutrient (single-diet study). ADX impaired the intake, weight gain (especially as body fat), and efficient utilization of high-protein and high-fat diets. In contrast, no behavioral, metabolic, or compositional changes could be found among ADX rats maintained on a diet high in carbohydrates. When ADX rats were given separate sources of macronutrients (self-selection study) they did not self-select a high-carbohydrate diet. Instead, they displayed a strong fat avoidance and a relative increase in protein intake, the macronutrient they utilize least efficiently. Separate groups of ADX animals were continuously infused with 25 or 125 micrograms.kg-1.day-1 aldosterone, a specific type I adrenocorticoid receptor agonist. Type I receptor stimulation eliminated all ADX-related deficiencies found in the single-diet and self-selection studies: caloric intake, feeding efficiency, carcass composition, and macronutrient preferences were restored to or beyond the corresponding values of adrenal-intact rats. The normal rat's ability to ingest and utilize macronutrients optimally is dependent on corticosterone's stimulation of type I receptors.
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Flatt, Jean-Pierre. "Macronutrient Composition and Food Selection." Obesity Research 9, S11 (November 2001): 256S—262S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2001.128.
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Allegaert, Karel, and Anne Smits. "Acute Maternal Fasting or Fluid Abstention Does Not Significantly Affect the Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk: Clinical and Clinical Research Relevance." Children 7, no. 6 (June 10, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children7060060.
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There are guidelines on lactation following maternal analgo-sedative exposure, but these do not consider the effect of maternal fasting or fluid abstention on human milk macronutrient composition. We therefore performed a structured search (PubMed) on ‘human milk composition’ and screened title, abstract and full paper on ‘fasting’ or ‘abstention’ and ‘macronutrient composition’ (lactose, protein, fat, solids, triglycerides, cholesterol). This resulted in six papers and one abstract related to religious fasting (n = 129 women) and observational studies in lactating women (n = 23, healthy volunteers, fasting). These data reflect two different ‘fasting’ patterns: an acute (18–25 h) model in 71 (healthy volunteers, Yom Kippur/Ninth of Av) women and a chronic repetitive fasting (Ramadan) model in 81 women. Changes were most related to electrolytes and were moderate and mainly in the chronic repetitive fasting model, with no clinical significant changes in macronutrients during acute fasting. We therefore conclude that neither short-term fasting nor fluid abstention (18–25 h) affect human milk macronutrient composition, so that women can be reassured when this topic was raised during consulting. Besides the nutritional relevance, this also matters, as clinical research samples—especially estimating analgo-sedative exposure by lactation—are commonly collected after maternal procedural sedation and maternal fasting. Based on these results, it is reasonable to assume stable human milk composition when such data are used in physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models.
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Yasakov, Dmitry S., Svetlana G. Makarova, Andrey P. Fisenko, and Tamara R. Chumbadze. "Macronutrient composition of diets in vegetarian children." Russian Pediatric Journal 23, no. 4 (August 6, 2020): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9561-2020-23-4-229-234.
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Background. The growing popularity of vegetarianism in the world also affects the growth of the number of families choosing this type of diet. Adherence to a vegetarian diet in children is a concern due to the high risks of macro- and micronutrient deficiencies. Increasing interest in vegetarian diets is also relevant for our country, but there is currently no data on the prevalence of vegetarianism among children in Russia. Materials and methods. We conducted a cross-sectional controlled study of indices of physical development, body component composition, and macronutrient composition of diets in vegetarian and non-vegetarian children. The physical development of vegetarian children was assessed using the «Anthro Plus», the macronutrient composition of diets was assessed using the special computer software, body composition was assessed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis. Results. 24% of vegetarian children had physical deviations: reduced body weight (6.3%), reduced body length (1.9%), mild malnutrition (13.3%), moderate malnutrition (1.3%), severe malnutrition (0.6%), overweight (5.1%). The assessment of the body composition showed statistically lower values of % ACM (p = 0.004) and phase angle (p = 0.005) in vegetarian children. 95% of the vegetarian children had an inadequate composition of the diet: both insufficient and excessive consumption of protein, fat, and carbohydrates. Low consumption of all macronutrients was found in 15% of vegetarian children. Children who received a vegan diet consumed protein with food statistically significantly lower, compared with lacto-and lacto-ovo-vegetarians (p < 0.005), but statistically more often consumed a high level of carbohydrates. High fat intake was found in most vegetarian children, especially children under 12 years. Conclusion. The results of the study showed the need to raise awareness of vegetarian parents about the nutritional risks associated with a vegetarian diet, and to make an adequate diet for their children.
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Czosnykowska-Łukacka, Matylda, Barbara Królak-Olejnik, and Magdalena Orczyk-Pawiłowicz. "Breast Milk Macronutrient Components in Prolonged Lactation." Nutrients 10, no. 12 (December 3, 2018): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121893.
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Human milk (HM) is the first dietary exposure in infancy and the best nutritional option for growth and healthy development of the newborn and infant. The concentrations of macronutrients, namely proteins, carbohydrates and lipids, change during lactation stages. HM has been studied extensively in the first 6 months of lactation, but there are limited data regarding milk composition beyond 1 or 2 years postpartum. The aim of our study was to describe longitudinal changes in HM macronutrient concentrations during the prolonged lactation of healthy mothers from the 1st to the 48th month. For the macronutrient content of milk of mothers breastfeeding for longer than 18 months, fat and protein increased and carbohydrates decreased significantly, compared with milk expressed by women breastfeeding up to 12 months. Moreover, the concentration of fat, protein and carbohydrates in HM over 2 years of lactation from the 24th to the 48th month remained at a stable level. However, analyzed macronutrients were positively (carbohydrate, r = 0.51) or negatively (fat, r = −0.36 and protein, r = −0.58) correlated with the amount of feeding. Our results create a greater potential for understanding the nutritional contribution of HM over 2 years of lactation and showed that the source of calories in breast milk for older children is mainly fat, while carbohydrates play a greater role in infant nutrition in the early stage. The observed changes of macronutrient concentrations from the 1st to the 48th month of lactation are probably related to the adaptation of milk composition to the increased energy demand of the intensively growing child.
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Ryoo, Chung Ja, and Nam Mi Kang. "Maternal Factors Affecting the Macronutrient Composition of Transitional Human Milk." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6 (March 11, 2022): 3308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063308.
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This study investigated the influence of selected maternal factors on the macronutrient composition and energy of human milk (HM). The study enrolled 159 breastfeeding mothers from five postpartum care centers in Seoul, Korea. Their gestational weeks were 37–42 weeks, they had no complications before and after childbirth, and were at 7–14 days postpartum. They provided data using structured questionnaires on general characteristics, stress, sleep quality, spousal support, and dietary intake. Breastfeeding assessment (LATCH) was investigated by qualified nurses, and each mother provided one sample of HM. The HM composition was analyzed using the Miris® HM analyzer. The relationships between variables were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation analysis, and a linear regression analysis was performed to verify the main variables. It was found that maternal dietary intake was related to HM composition as the %energy from carbohydrates (β = 0.86, p < 0.01) and %energy from fat (β = 0.77, p < 0.05) showed positive relationships with HM energy. The LATCH score was positively related to HM energy (β = 0.17, p < 0.05). In contrast, postpartum stress, sleep quality, and spousal support were not associated with HM macronutrient composition. In conclusion, HM macronutrients and energy content were associated with maternal dietary intake and LATCH scores, but not with postpartum stress, sleep quality, and spousal support.
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LEHOCZKY, É. "VARIABILITY IN MACRONUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF WEED SEEDS." Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 14, no. 3 (2016): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1403_451462.
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Jans, Goele, Christophe Matthys, Matthias Lannoo, Bart Van der Schueren, and Roland Devlieger. "Breast Milk Macronutrient Composition After Bariatric Surgery." Obesity Surgery 25, no. 5 (February 18, 2015): 938–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11695-015-1610-1.
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Mimouni, Francis B., Ronit Lubetzky, Sivan Yochpaz, and Dror Mandel. "Preterm Human Milk Macronutrient and Energy Composition." Clinics in Perinatology 44, no. 1 (March 2017): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clp.2016.11.010.
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Lieberman, Harris R., Victor L. Fulgoni, Sanjiv Agarwal, Stefan M. Pasiakos, and Claire E. Berryman. "Protein intake is more stable than carbohydrate or fat intake across various US demographic groups and international populations." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 112, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 180–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqaa044.
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ABSTRACT Background The optimal macronutrient composition of the diet is controversial and many adults attempt to regulate the intake of specific macronutrients for various health-related reasons. Objective The objective was to compare stability and ranges of intakes of different macronutrients across diverse adult populations in the USA and globally. Methods US dietary intake data from NHANES 2009–2014 were used to determine macronutrient intake as a percentage of total energy intake. Variability in macronutrient intake was estimated by calculating the difference between 75th and 25th percentile (Q3–Q1) IQRs of macronutrient intake distributions. In addition, intake data from 13 other countries with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) over $10,000 US dollars (USD) were used to assess variability of intake internationally since there are large differences in types of foods consumed in different countries. Results Protein, carbohydrate, and fat intake (NHANES 2009–2014) was 15.7 ± 0.1, 48.1 ± 0.1, and 32.9 ± 0.1% kcal, respectively, in US adults. The IQR of protein intake distribution (3.73 ± 0.11% kcal) was 41% of carbohydrate intake distribution (9.18 ± 0.20% kcal) and 58% of fat intake distribution (6.40 ± 0.14% kcal). The IQRs of carbohydrate and fat intake distributions were significantly (P <0.01) influenced by age and race; however, the IQR of protein intake was not associated with demographic and lifestyle factors including sex, race, income, physical activity, and body weight. International mean protein intake was 16.3 ± 0.2% kcal, similar to US intake, and there was less variation in protein than carbohydrate or fat intake. Conclusion Protein intake of the US population and multiple international populations, regardless of demographic and lifestyle factors, was consistently ∼16% of total energy, suggesting biological control mechanism(s) tightly regulate protein intake and, consequently, influence intake of other macronutrients and food constituents. Substantial differences in intake of the other macronutrients observed in US and international populations had little influence on protein intake. This trial was registered at the ISRCTN registry as ISRCTN46157745 (https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN4615774).
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Bzikowska-Jura, Agnieszka, Piotr Sobieraj, Dorota Szostak-Węgierek, and Aleksandra Wesołowska. "Impact of Infant and Maternal Factors on Energy and Macronutrient Composition of Human Milk." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (August 26, 2020): 2591. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092591.
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The present study investigates the influence of selected infant and maternal factors on the energy and macronutrient composition of mature human milk (HM). The study enrolled 77 mothers at 4–8 weeks postpartum. Each mother provided 1 sample of HM. Each extracted HM sample was formed by mixing four subsamples of HM, each of which were obtained in one predefined 6-h periods of the day. Among maternal factors, the analysis included: anthropometric data before and after pregnancy; weight gain in pregnancy; body composition, assessed using the Maltron BioScan 920-II to analyze bioimpedance; and dietary intake, assessed with three-day dietary records. Among the neonatal factors, birth weight and length, number of daily feedings and type of delivery were included. The composition of HM, including energy content, protein, fat and carbohydrate concentrations, was analyzed using the Miris human milk analyzer. Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlation coefficients and multivariable logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between the selected maternal and infant factors and HM milk composition. It was found that total protein content of HM was correlated with pre-pregnancy BMI (Spearman rho = 0.238; p = 0.037), current lean body mass (Spearman rho = −0.293, p = 0.01) and total water content (Spearman rho = −0.315, p = 0.005). Carbohydrates were the only macronutrients whose composition was significantly affected by the infant factors. It was reported that higher carbohydrate content was associated with male sex (OR = 4.52, p = 0.049). Our results show that maternal and infant factors, especially maternal pre-pregnancy and current nutritional status and infant sex, interact and affect HM composition, suggesting that macronutrient and energy content in HM may be determined in pregnancy and may have unique compositional profile for every mother–infant dyad.
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Lopes, Vauvenargues, Alexandre Alves de Carvalho, Suzan Kelly Vilela Bertolucci, Heitor Luiz Heiderich Roza, Felipe Campos Figueiredo, and José Eduardo Brasil Pereira Pinto. "Macronutrient Suppression in Nutrient Solution Alters the Growth and Citral Content of Cymbopogon flexuosus." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 6 (May 15, 2019): 320. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n6p320.
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Cymbopogon flexuosus Stapf is a medicinal species cultivated on several continents. The essential oil extracted from its leaves has relevant commercial value and is widely used in flavoring agents, fragrances, perfumery, cosmetics, soaps, and detergents as well as in the pharmaceutical industry. This study evaluated the effect of macronutrient suppression on the growth, visual diagnosis, content, and chemical composition of C. flexuosus essential oil in a hydroponic culture. A completely randomized design with four replicates was used, with three plants per pot in each replicate. The treatments were characterized by suppressing the macronutrients, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, under the missing element technique. After 90 days of cultivation, the deficiency symptoms were photographed and characterized. The dry biomass of the roots and shoot, root-to-shoot ratio, number of tillers, leaf analysis, content, yield, and chemical composition of the essential oil were evaluated. Macronutrient suppression in a hydroponic culture influenced growth and chemical composition of C. flexuosus essential oil. Total biomass production was more limited in potassium and magnesium omission. Suppressing sulfur promoted an increase in content and yield of essential oil. The highest citral content was observed in phosphorus and nitrogen omission.
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Goetze, Oliver, Andreas Steingoetter, Dieter Menne, Ivo R. van der Voort, Monika A. Kwiatek, Peter Boesiger, Dominik Weishaupt, Miriam Thumshirn, Michael Fried, and Werner Schwizer. "The effect of macronutrients on gastric volume responses and gastric emptying in humans: a magnetic resonance imaging study." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 292, no. 1 (January 2007): G11—G17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00498.2005.
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The effects of macronutrients on gastric volume changes, emptying, and gastrointestinal symptoms are incompletely understood. Three liquid meals of 500 ml (fat emulsion, 375 kcal; protein solution, 375 kcal; glucose solution, 400 kcal) were infused into the stomach of 12 healthy volunteers on three occasions. Studies were performed in seated body position using an open-configuration magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. MRI imaging sequences, assessing stomach and meal volumes, were performed prior to and at times t = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 25, 35, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min after meal administration. Areas under the curve for the early emptying phase (0–15 and 0–45 min) were calculated, and characteristics of the volume curves were analyzed by a gastric emptying model. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by a self-report scale. Initial ( t = 0 min) and early postprandial gastric volumes were highest for glucose because of lower initial emptying. However, in the early emptying phase the characteristics of the volume curves for stomach and meal were uniform for all macronutrients. Perceptions of fullness and satiety were linearly associated with postprandial gastric volumes, but not with macronutrient composition. Isovolumic macronutrient meals modulate gastric volume response by initial meal emptying patterns. Macronutrient specific accommodation responses, as shown in barostat studies, are not reflected as gastric volume responses under noninvasive conditions.
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Sharma, Sukshma S., Darren C. Greenwood, Nigel A. B. Simpson, and Janet E. Cade. "Is dietary macronutrient composition during pregnancy associated with offspring birth weight? An observational study." British Journal of Nutrition 119, no. 3 (January 10, 2018): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114517003609.
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AbstractThere is lack of evidence on the differential impact of maternal macronutrient consumption: carbohydrates (CHO), fats and protein on birth weight. We investigated the association between maternal dietary macronutrient intakes and their sub-components such as saccharides and fatty acids and birth weight. This analyses included 1,196 women with singleton pregnancies who were part of the CAffeine and REproductive health study in Leeds, UK between 2003 and 2006. Women were interviewed in each trimester. Dietary information was collected twice using a 24-h dietary recall about 8–12 weeks and 13–27 weeks of gestation. Multiple linear regression models adjusted for alcohol and smoking in trimester 1, showed that each additional 10 g/d CHO consumption was associated with an increase of 4 g (95 % CI 1, 7;P=0·003) in birth weight. Conversely, an additional 10 g/d fat intake was associated with a lower birth weight of 8 g (95 % CI 0, 16;P=0·04) when we accounted for energy contributing macronutrients in each model, and maternal height, weight, parity, ethnicity, gestational age at delivery and sex of the baby. There was no evidence of an association between protein intake and birth weight. Maternal diet in trimester 2 suggested that higher intakes of glucose (10 g/d) and lactose (1 g/d) were both associated with higher birth weight of 52 g (95 % CI 4, 100;P=0·03) and 5 g (95 % CI 2, 7;P<0·001) respectively. These results show that dietary macronutrient composition during pregnancy is associated with birth weight outcomes. An appropriately balanced intake of dietary CHO and fat during pregnancy could support optimum birth weight.
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Mills, Luke, Lynda Coulter, Emma Savage, and Neena Modi. "Macronutrient content of donor milk from a regional human milk bank: variation with donor mother–infant characteristics." British Journal of Nutrition 122, no. 10 (September 2, 2019): 1155–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114519002228.
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AbstractBetter understanding of the variation in macronutrient content of human donor milk (HDM) potentiates targeted nutrition for preterm babies. The present study describes the relationship of maternal age, parity, monthly lactation stage estimate (LSEm), daily volume of milk expressed (Vd), sex, gestation and birth weight z scores with macronutrient content of HDM. Multilevel mother–infant pair ID random intercept models were performed using the predictor variables above on the outcome HDM macronutrient content determined using mid-IR spectroscopy. Mean macronutrient content was also compared by gestational age and small for gestational age (SGA) (z score < –1·28) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA) (z score ≥ –1·28) categories. A total of 2966 samples of donations from 1175 mother–infant pairs to the UK Northwest Human Milk Bank between 2011 and 2017 were analysed. Mean protein, fat, carbohydrate and calculated energy were 0·89 (SD 0·24) g/dl, 2·99 (SD 0·96) g/dl, 7·09 (SD 0·44) g/dl, and 60·37 (SD 8·41) kcal/dl (252·59 (SD 35·19) kJ/dl), respectively. Preterm SGA HDM was significantly higher in protein, fat and energy content than term AGA HDM and significantly lower in carbohydrate content than term AGA HDM after controlling for LSEm, Vd and between-subject effects. Degree of prematurity did not influence macronutrient content. Between-subject effects accounted for more of the variance in macronutrient content than the fixed effects in the model. Despite this, SGA status, as well as prematurity, may be an important determinant of macronutrient content in human milk. As bioavailability of macronutrients from HDM is uncertain, studies evaluating growth and body composition in preterm and SGA babies fed HDM are warranted.
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Verspoor, Eline, Trudy Voortman, Frank J. A. van Rooij, Fernando Rivadeneira, Oscar H. Franco, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, and Josje D. Schoufour. "Macronutrient intake and frailty: the Rotterdam Study." European Journal of Nutrition 59, no. 7 (November 14, 2019): 2919–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-019-02131-0.
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Abstract Purpose To investigate the longitudinal association between the macronutrient composition of the diet and frailty. Methods Data were obtained from 5205 Dutch middle-aged and older adults participating in the Rotterdam Study. Frailty was measured using a frailty index based on the accumulation of 38 health-related deficits, score between 0 and 100, and a higher score indicating more frailty. Frailty was assessed at baseline and 11 years later (range of 23 years). Macronutrient intake was assessed using food-frequency questionnaires. The association between macronutrients and frailty over time was evaluated using multivariable linear regression, adjusted for the frailty index at baseline, energy intake, and other relevant confounders. All analyses were performed in strata of BMI. Results Median frailty index score was 13.8 points (IQR 9.6; 19.1) at baseline and increased by a median of 2.3 points (IQR − 2.0; 7.6) after 11 years. Overall, we found no significant associations between intake of carbohydrates or fat and frailty over time. We did observe a significant positive association between an iso-energetic intake of 10 g protein and frailty over time (β 0.31 (95% CI 0.06; 0.55)) which was mainly driven by animal protein (β 0.31 (95% CI 0.07; 0.56)). It did not depend on whether it was substituted fat or carbohydrates. Conclusions Our findings suggest that a reduction in the intake of animal protein may improve the overall health status over time in a relatively healthy population. More research is needed on the optimal macronutrient composition of the diet and frailty in more vulnerable populations.
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Bi, Xinyan, Ciarán G. Forde, Ai Ting Goh, and Christiani Jeyakumar Henry. "Basal Metabolic Rate and Body Composition Predict Habitual Food and Macronutrient Intakes: Gender Differences." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 4, 2019): 2653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112653.
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The underlying mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis and food intake are not fully understood. Moreover, little research has been performed on the relation of body composition with habitual macronutrient intake among free-living populations. Since body composition and energy metabolism differ between males and females, we aimed to determine whether the relationship between body composition and habitual macronutrient intakes is gender-dependent. In this cross-sectional study, 261 participants (99 males) were recruited from Singapore. Macronutrient intake was evaluated from a three-day self-reported dietary record. Body composition and basal metabolic rate (BMR) were determined by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and indirect calorimetry, respectively. Our results show that both BMR (p < 0.001) and lean body mass (LBM, p < 0.001) predicted daily energy intake (EI). LBM was positively associated with intakes of protein (PRO) and fat (FAT) in females, but not in males. This relationship persisted even after adjustment for fat mass (FM). On the other hand, no significant associations between FM and macronutrient intake were observed in both males and females. Therefore, the relationship between habitual macronutrient intake, LBM, and BMR is gender-dependent. Elucidating the gender differences in energy metabolism is important for understanding the factors that regulate energy homeostasis and can subsequently help better manage energy balance.
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Andreae, Mary, W. Andrew Clark, John Sterrett, James Adkins, and Jonathan Moorman. "Fecal Macronutrient Composition and Acquired Lipodystrophy in Males Infected with Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) Versus Non-Infected Males." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa049_001.
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Abstract Objectives Many persons with an HIV infection and undergoing treatment with Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) still experience weight loss, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, gastrointestinal issues (diarrhea and malabsorption), and ectopic fat-redistribution typical of acquired lipodystrophy. Symptoms include non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and liver fibrosis. This study aimed to further elucidate the relationship between malabsorption in HIV infected males, the macronutrient content of feces, and the association with anthropometric measurements and NAFLD and liver fibrosis. Methods This research enrolled fourteen male participants that are HIV infected, and 14 non-infected males that were matched for age and body mass index (BMI). Anthropometric measurements BMI and hip to waist ratio were obtained, along with a liver scan for fatty liver and fibrosis using the ARFI ultrasound technique. A full bowel movement was collected for each participant, a small aliquot was collected for future microbiome analysis and the remainder was freeze-dried and stored at −80 C. Proximate analysis of feces were completed for macronutrient composition. Analyses included bomb calorimetry for total kilocalories, kjeldahl and soxhlet for % crude protein and crude fat, respectively, and fiber analysis for % insoluble, soluble, and total fiber. Results There were no significant differences found between groups in macronutrient content of the feces. Differences between insoluble and soluble fiber approached statistical significance between groups, with HIV infected males having a greater proportion with P = 0.080, and 0.072 respectively. Anthropometric data approached statistical significance, with the HIV infected males exhibiting a greater value for liver damage (P = 0.060) and hip to waist ratio (P = 0.015). Conclusions Surprisingly, macronutrients differences, especially soxhlet (fat level in feces) and bomb calorimetry (total kcals for fecal dry matter) were similar between HIV and non-infected controls even though HIV participants reported GI symptoms. Future analysis of the microbiome may identify altered community metabolism that could result in GI symptoms despite no evidence from macronutrient analysis. Funding Sources Seed Grant, Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Diseases and Immunity, ETSU.
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Surono, Ingrid S., Fasli Jalal, Syukrini Bahri, Andreas Romulo, Pratiwi Dyah Kusumo, Erida Manalu, Yusnita, and Koen Venema. "Differences in immune status and fecal SCFA between Indonesian stunted children and children with normal nutritional status." PLOS ONE 16, no. 7 (July 29, 2021): e0254300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254300.
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We recently showed that the gut microbiota composition of stunted children was different from that of children with normal nutritional status. Here, we compared immune status and fecal microbial metabolite concentrations between stunted and normal children, and we correlated macronutrient intake (including energy), metabolites and immune status to microbiota composition. The results show that macronutrient intake was lower in stunted children for all components, but after correction for multiple comparison significant only for energy and fat. Only TGF-β was significantly different between stunted children and children of normal nutritional status after correction for multiple comparisons. TNF-alpha, IL-10, lipopolysaccharide binding protein in serum and secretory IgA in feces were not significantly different. Strikingly, all the individual short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids were higher in fecal samples of stunted children (significant for acetate, valerate and total SCFA). These metabolites correlated with a number of different microbial taxa, but due to extensive cross-feeding between microbes, did not show a specific pattern. However, the energy-loss due to higher excretion in stunted children of these metabolites, which can be used as substrate for the host, is striking. Several microbial taxa also correlated to the intake of macronutrients (including dietary fibre) and energy. Eisenbergiella positively correlated with all macronutrients, while an uncharacterized genus within the Succinivibrionaceae family negatively correlated with all macronutrients. These, and the other correlations observed, may provide indication on how to modulate the gut microbiota of stunted children such that their growth lag can be corrected. Trail registered at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04698759.
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Park, Hyerim, Anthony Kityo, Yeonjin Kim, and Sang-Ah Lee. "Macronutrient Intake in Adults Diagnosed with Metabolic Syndrome: Using the Health Examinee (HEXA) Cohort." Nutrients 13, no. 12 (December 14, 2021): 4457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13124457.
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Macronutrient intake is important in the prevention and management of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to evaluate total energy and macronutrient intake of participants diagnosed with MetS at recruitment of the health examinees (HEXA) cohort, considering the plant and animal sources of each macronutrient. We included 130,423 participants aged 40–69 years for analysis. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated to evaluate the intake of macronutrients stratified by gender. Energy and macronutrient intake were estimated by linking food frequency questionnaire data to the Korean food composition database, and were calculated separately for plant and animal foods. Low energy (men: OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.98; women: OR = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99), and fat intake (men: OR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90–0.96; women: OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83) were observed. Only postmenopausal women had lower intake of total energy (OR = 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92–0.97), whereas low fat intake was observed in all women (OR = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.77–0.83). For carbohydrate intake, the OR were 1.14 (95% CI: 1.08–1.22) and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.08–1.27) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. Protein intake was low (OR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.86–0.95; and OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82–0.94) among women in their 50s and 60s, respectively. High intake of plant carbohydrates in women (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12–1.20), and plant protein in both genders (OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.05–1.13) were observed, but low intake of total energy, fat, and animal-source carbohydrates in both genders was also observed. Fat intake was low regardless of food source. In conclusion, high consumption of plant-source macronutrients, and low consumption of animal-source macronutrients was observed in Korean adults diagnosed with MetS. Attention should be directed to plant sources of carbohydrates and proteins when designing population interventions for metabolic syndrome reduction in Korea.
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Czaplicka, Marta, Kacper Parypa, Adam Szewczuk, Ewelina Gudarowska, Magdalena Rowińska, Muhamad Alfiyan Zubaidi, and Agnieszka Nawirska-Olszańska. "Assessment of Selected Parameters for Determining the Internal Quality of White Grape Cultivars Grown in Cold Climates." Applied Sciences 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 5534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12115534.
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Viticulture in a cool climate is more challenging than in traditional wine regions. Due to the weather conditions, the berries may not achieve their full maturation composition. Therefore, suitable grape cultivars should be selected for cultivation in cool climate regions. The aim of this research was to compare selected grape cultivars grown under the same climatic conditions in terms of their antioxidant activity, chemical composition, and macronutrient contents. Their dry matter content, total soluble solids, pH, total acidity, and vitamin C were also analyzed. This research confirmed the existence of differences between the cultivars regarding their antioxidant activity, total soluble solids and polyphenols, and content of vitamin C and macronutrients.
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Gifari, Nazhif, Rachmanida Nuzrina, Mury Kuswari, Nabila Tri Hutami, and Ayu Ghalda. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITION KNOWLEDGE AND AEROBIC FITNESS IN YOUNG GYMNASTS." Science of Gymnastics Journal 12, no. 2 (November 7, 2022): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.52165/sgj.12.2.195-202.
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This study aimed to analyze the nutrition knowledge, nutritional status, body composition, nutrient intake and physical fitness of young gymnasts. The study used a cross-sectional design with 20 subjects comprising rhythmic and artistic gymnasts in Raden Inten, Jakarta. Nutritional status and body composition were measured using anthropometric measurements, macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were measured with 3x24-h food recall, physical fitness was measured using the bleep test (20m shuttle run), and nutrition knowledge was assessed using questionnaires consisting of 30 questions on macronutrients, micronutrients and water. The results indicated that the gymnasts (n=20, 13.7±2.1 y.o, 37.8±8.2 kg and 147.3±10 cm) generally had a fairly good nutrition knowledge score (73.2%); i.e. 10 people in the good nutrition-knowledge group and 10 people in the poor nutrition-knowledge group. The majority of the macronutrient and micronutrient intakes were below the nutritional requirements, in both the good and poor nutrition-knowledge groups. The nutrition knowledge scores were low for hydration-related knowledge (66%), while the scores for macronutrient and micronutrient knowledge were 73.8% and 84.2%, respectively. This study found that nutrition knowledge had a positive correlation with physical fitness (p<0.05). A sports nutrition-related education intervention is needed for those gymnasts that still have poor nutrition knowledge. Sports nutrition knowledge needs to be provided for athletes and coaches so that athletes’ intakes meet their nutritional requirements in order to maximise their performance.
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Jans, Goele, Roland Devlieger, Kristien Roelens, Anne Loccufier, and Christophe Matthys. "476: Breast milk macronutrient composition after bariatric surgery." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 212, no. 1 (January 2015): S242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2014.10.522.
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Blomquist, Gregory E. "Adaptation, phylogeny, and covariance in milk macronutrient composition." PeerJ 7 (November 13, 2019): e8085. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8085.
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Background Milk is a complicated chemical mixture often studied through macronutrient concentrations of fat, protein, and sugar. There is a long-standing natural history tradition describing interspecific diversity in these concentrations. However, recent work has shown little influence of ecological or life history variables on them, aside from maternal diet effects, along with a strong phylogenetic signal. Methods I used multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to revisit the ecological and life history correlates of milk macronutrient composition and elaborate on the nature of the phylogenetic signal using the phylogenetic mixed model. I also identified clades with distinctive milks through nonparametric tests (KSI) and PhylogeneticEM evolutionary modeling. Results In addition to the previously reported diet effects, I found increasingly aquatic mammals have milk that this is lower in sugar and higher in fat. Phylogenteic heritabilities for each concentration were high and phylogenetic correlations were moderate to strong indicating coevolution among the concentrations. Primates and pinnipeds had the most outstanding milks according to KSI and PhylogeneticEM, with perissodactyls and marsupials as other noteworthy clades with distinct selection regimes. Discussion Mammalian milks are diverse but often characteristic of certain higher taxa. This complicates identifying the ecological and life history correlates of milk composition using common phylogenetic comparative methods because those traits are also conservative and clade-specific. Novel methods, careful assessment of data quality and hypotheses, and a “phylogenetic natural history” perspective provide alternatives to these traditional tools.
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Gibney, Michael J. "Optimal macronutrient balance." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 58, no. 2 (May 1999): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665199000555.
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There is at present a justifiable debate as to the optimum level of total dietary fat which will reduce the risk of obesity without an elevation of plasma triacylglycerol or a depression of plasma HDL-cholesterol. Total plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels are lowered and risk of fatal myocardial infarction is lowered when either saturated or trans-unsaturated fatty acids are replaced isoenergetically by either monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. The triacylglycerol-raising and HDL-lowering effects of low-fat high-carbohydrate diets can be over-come with low intakes of n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and moderate exercise. Whilst a reduction in dietary fat is being attained in many countries, the reduction is uniform across all fatty acids, leaving dietary fat composition unchanged. The ability of low-fat diets to reduce cholesterol and cause a fall in body weight is not influenced by the carbohydrate ratio starch: sugars in the diet. However, weight-gain susceptibility to high intakes of dietary fat and the plasma cholesterol responsiveness to diet are considerably influenced by common genetic polymorphisms.
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Diaz Gomez, Mariana, David A. S. Rosen, Ian P. Forster, and Andrew W. Trites. "Prey composition impacts lipid and protein digestibility in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 98, no. 10 (October 2020): 681–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2020-0007.
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Pinnipeds have specific macronutrient (protein, lipid) requirements to satisfy physiological functions, yet little is known about how diet characteristics affect macronutrient digestibility. We measured relative and absolute lipid and protein digestibility in six female northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus (Linnaeus, 1758)) fed eight experimental diets composed variously of four prey species (Pacific herring, Clupea pallasii Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1847; walleye pollock, Gadus chalcogrammus Pallas, 1814 (formerly Theragra chalcogramma (Pallas, 1814)); capelin, Mallotus villosus (Müller, 1776); magister armhook squid, Berryteuthis magister (Berry, 1913)). We quantified how digestibility was affected by proximate composition of the diet (% lipid or % protein), levels of food mass and macronutrient intake, and tested for any potential benefit of multi-species diets. Overall, digestibility of both protein and lipid were high across diets, although macronutrient retention of lipids (96.0%–98.4%) was significantly higher than protein (95.7%–96.7%) for all but the two highest protein diets. Increased levels of protein intake resulted in increased protein retention, but decreased lipid digestibility. There was no evidence that mixed-species diets provide greater macronutrient digestibility over single-species diets. The results suggest that high to moderate lipid diets are more beneficial to northern fur seals because they lead to increased levels of lipid retention without large decreases in protein digestibility. This raises concerns that dietary factors may be contributing to the population declines of northern fur seals in the Bering Sea.
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Fischer Fumeaux, Garcia-Rodenas, De Castro, Courtet-Compondu, Thakkar, Beauport, Tolsa, and Affolter. "Longitudinal Analysis of Macronutrient Composition in Preterm and Term Human Milk: A Prospective Cohort Study." Nutrients 11, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 1525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11071525.
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Background: Mother’s own milk is the optimal source of nutrients and provides numerous health advantages for mothers and infants. As they have supplementary nutritional needs, very preterm infants may require fortification of human milk (HM). Addressing HM composition and variations is essential to optimize HM fortification strategies for these vulnerable infants. Aims: To analyze and compare macronutrient composition in HM of mothers lactating very preterm (PT) (28 0/7 to 32 6/7 weeks of gestational age, GA) and term (T) infants (37 0/7 to 41 6/7 weeks of GA) over time, both at similar postnatal and postmenstrual ages, and to investigate other potential factors of variations. Methods: Milk samples from 27 mothers of the PT infants and 34 mothers of the T infants were collected longitudinally at 12 points in time during four months for the PT HM and eight points in time during two months for the T HM. Macronutrient composition (proteins, fat, and lactose) and energy were measured using a mid-infrared milk analyzer, corrected by bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for total protein content. Results: Analysis of 500 HM samples revealed large inter- and intra-subject variations in both groups. Proteins decreased from birth to four months in the PT and the T HM without significant differences at any postnatal time point, while it was lower around term equivalent age in PT HM. Lactose content remained stable and comparable over time. The PT HM contained significantly more fat and tended to be more caloric in the first two weeks of lactation, while the T HM revealed higher fat and higher energy content later during lactation (three to eight weeks). In both groups, male gender was associated with more fat and energy content. The gender association was stronger in the PT group, and it remained significant after adjustments. Conclusion: Longitudinal measurements of macronutrients compositions of the PT and the T HM showed only small differences at similar postnatal stages in our population. However, numerous differences exist at similar postmenstrual ages. Male gender seems to be associated with a higher content in fat, especially in the PT HM. This study provides original information on macronutrient composition and variations of HM, which is important to consider for the optimization of nutrition and growth of PT infants.
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Prentice, Andrew M. "Macronutrients as sources of food energy." Public Health Nutrition 8, no. 7a (October 2005): 932–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005779.
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AbstractThis background paper considers the extent to which the development of new recommendations for dietary energy requirements needs to account for the macronutrient (fat, carbohydrate, protein and alcohol) profiles of different diets. The issues are discussed from the dual perspectives of avoiding under-nutrition and obesity. It is shown that, in practice, human metabolic processes can adapt to a wide range of fuel supply by altering fuel selection. It is concluded that, at the metabolic level, only diets with the most extreme macronutrient composition would have any consequences by exceeding the natural ability to modify fuel selection. However, diets of different macronutrient composition and energy density can have profound implications for innate appetite regulation and hence overall energy consumption.
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Xu, Xiaoyue, Julie E. Byles, Zumin Shi, and John J. Hall. "Evaluation of older Chinese people's macronutrient intake status: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 1 (November 13, 2014): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514003444.
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Little is known about the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people. The present study evaluated the macronutrient intake status of older Chinese people (aged ≥ 60 years), investigated whether they had intake levels that met the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), and explored the associations between macronutrient intakes and age groups, sex, education levels, work status, BMI groups, urbanicity levels and four socio-economic regions of China (Northeast, East Coast, Central and Western). Dietary intake data of 2746 older Chinese with complete dietary intake data in the Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (2009 wave) carried out across four diverse regions were analysed. Dietary intake data were obtained by interviews using 24 h recalls over three consecutive days. The MUFA:SFA ratios were calculated based on the Chinese Food Composition Table. Less than one-third of the older Chinese people included in the present study had intake levels meeting the adequate intake for carbohydrate-energy and fat-energy; less than one-fifth had intake levels meeting the recommended nutrient intake for protein-energy; and more than half of the older people had fat-energy intakes higher than the DRI. There were strong associations between the proportions of energy from the three macronutrients and education levels, urbanicity levels and the four socio-economic regions of China, with older people living in the East Coast region having different patterns of macronutrient-energy intakes when compared with those living in the other three regions. Macronutrient intakes across different urbanicity levels in the four regions revealed considerable geographical variations in dietary patterns, which will affect the risk factors for non-communicable diseases. Clinical interventions and public health policies should recognise these regional differences in dietary patterns.
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Qin, Yue, Marah Aqeel, Fengqing Zhu, Edward J. Delp, and Heather A. Eicher-Miller. "Dietary Aspects to Incorporate in the Creation of a Mobile Image-Based Dietary Assessment Tool to Manage and Improve Diabetes." Nutrients 13, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): 1179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13041179.
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Diabetes is the seventh leading cause of death in United States. Dietary intake and behaviors are essential components of diabetes management. Growing evidence suggests dietary components beyond carbohydrates may critically impact glycemic control. Assessment tools on mobile platforms have the ability to capture multiple aspects of dietary behavior in real-time throughout the day to inform and improve diabetes management and insulin dosing. The objective of this narrative review was to summarize evidence related to dietary behaviors and composition to inform a mobile image-based dietary assessment tool for managing glycemic control of both diabetes types (type 1 and type 2 diabetes). This review investigated the following topics amongst those with diabetes: (1) the role of time of eating occasion on indicators of glycemic control; and (2) the role of macronutrient composition of meals on indicators of glycemic control. A search for articles published after 2000 was completed in PubMed with the following sets of keywords “diabetes/diabetes management/diabetes prevention/diabetes risk”, “dietary behavior/eating patterns/temporal/meal timing/meal frequency”, and “macronutrient composition/glycemic index”. Results showed eating behaviors and meal macronutrient composition may affect glycemic control. Specifically, breakfast skipping, late eating and frequent meal consumption might be associated with poor glycemic control while macronutrient composition and order of the meal could also affect glycemic control. These factors should be considered in designing a dietary assessment tool, which may optimize diabetes management to reduce the burden of this disease.
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Zeitler, Evan M., J. Charles Jennette, Jennifer E. Flythe, Ronald J. Falk, and John S. Poulton. "High-calorie diet results in reversible obesity-related glomerulopathy in adult zebrafish regardless of dietary fat." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 322, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): F527—F539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00018.2022.
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Obesity is a risk factor for kidney disease. The role of diet in this association is difficult to study in humans. In this study, zebrafish fed a high-calorie diet, regardless of fat macronutrient composition, developed glomerulomegaly, foot process effacement, and filtration barrier dysfunction, recapitulating the changes seen in humans with obesity. Calorie restriction reversed the changes. This work suggests that macronutrient composition may be less important than total calories in the development of obesity-related kidney disease.
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Desmarchelier, Charles, Tobias Ludwig, Ronny Scheundel, Nadine Rink, Bernhard L. Bader, Martin Klingenspor, and Hannelore Daniel. "Diet-induced obesity in ad libitum-fed mice: food texture overrides the effect of macronutrient composition." British Journal of Nutrition 109, no. 8 (August 6, 2012): 1518–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512003340.
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Diet-induced obesity in mice can be achieved through the use of diets with different macronutrient compositions and textures. We aimed at determining the contribution of macronutrient composition to obesity development and associated pathophysiological changes in mice. C57BL/6N mice were offered a control, a high-fat or a Western-style diet, either as pellet (H for hard) or with identical composition in powder form (S for soft), resulting in C-S, C-H, HF-H, HF-S, W-H and W-S groups, respectively. Body fat distribution, expression levels of selected target genes in adipose tissues, clinical chemistry and hormone concentration in the blood, as well as liver TAG content were measured. The most striking finding was that all mice fed the different powder diets developed obesity with similar weight gain, whereas among the mice fed the pellet diets, only those given the HF and W diets became obese. This allowed us to separate diet-specific effects from obesity-mediated effects. Irrespective of the food texture, the W diet induced a more severe hepatosteatosis and higher activities of serum transaminases compared with the two other diets. Adipose tissue gene expression analysis revealed that leptin and adiponectin levels were not affected by the dietary composition per se, whereas uncoupling protein 1 and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 levels were decreased by both dietary composition and changes in body weight. In conclusion, diets differing in macronutrient composition elicit specific pathophysiological changes, independently of changes in body weight. A diet high in both fat and sugars seems to be more deleterious for the liver than a HF diet.
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Kirk, Erik P., and Joseph Donnelly. "Does Chronic Exercise Influence Energy Intake and Macronutrient Composition?" Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-00218.
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Tielemans, Myrte J., Audry H. Garcia, André Peralta Santos, Wichor M. Bramer, Nellija Luksa, Mateus J. Luvizotto, Eduardo Moreira, et al. "Macronutrient composition and gestational weight gain: a systematic review." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 103, no. 1 (December 16, 2015): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.110742.
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Essah, Paulina A., James R. Levy, Sakita N. Sistrun, Susan M. Kelly, and John E. Nestler. "Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Postprandial Peptide YY Levels." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 92, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 4052–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-2273.
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Abstract Background: Peptide YY (PYY) is released from the distal small intestine and colon after meals and reduces appetite by increasing satiety. The amount of PYY released is proportional to calories ingested. Fat ingestion has also been reported to stimulate PYY release. Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether macronutrient composition influences postprandial serum PYY levels by comparing 1 wk of a weight-maintenance low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet with a low-fat, high-carbohydrate (LFHC) diet. Methods: In this randomized crossover study, 18 obese subjects (14 females, 4 males, mean body mass index 35.6 ± 2.9 kg/m2) were randomly assigned initially to 1 wk of a weight-maintenance LCHF or LFHC diet, after which a test meal of identical composition was given and serum PYY levels were assessed for 2.5 h postprandially. After a 1-wk washout period, subjects were crossed over and retested. Results: After 1 wk, mean postprandial area under the curve PYY after the LCHF test meal was 1.5-fold greater than after the LFHC test meal (P < 0.001). The LCHF diet led to 55% higher levels of postprandial serum PYY levels, compared with the LFHC diet (P = 0.005). Conclusions: These data show that a LCHF diet stimulates PYY secretion more than a LFHC diet in obese individuals.
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Schteingart, D. E. "Effect of Macronutrient Composition on Postprandial Peptide YY Levels." Yearbook of Endocrinology 2008 (January 2008): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0084-3741(08)79182-0.
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Maas, Yolande G. H., Jeanet Gerritsen, Augustinus A. M. Hart, Mijna Hadders-Algra, Jan M. Ruijter, Pieter Tamminga, Majid Mirmiran, and Henk Spekreijse. "Development of macronutrient composition of very preterm human milk." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 1 (July 1998): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001743.
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The effects of gestational age at delivery (GA), postnatal age (PNA) and post-menstrual age (PMA=PNA+GA, an indicator of autonomous developmental processes not affected by the moment of birth) on macronutrient composition of very preterm milk were studied. Total N, fat, lactose and carbohydrate concentrations, energy density and 24 h volume were determined in 282 24 h milk samples collected at weekly intervals (days 7–55 of lactation) from seventy-nine women delivering their babies between 25 and 29 weeks of gestation. GA related differences were found for carbohydrate concentration only: carbohydrate concentration was lower with increasing GA. PNA was related to a decrease in total N and an increase in lactose concentration. PMA was not related to milk composition. Our data indicate that PNA strongly influences the development of the composition of very preterm human milk, while GA affects carbohydrate content with a negligible effect on the nutritional value of the milk. We conclude that in accordance with current opinion in paediatrics, human milk is the best source of nutrients even for very preterm (< 30 weeks GA) infants.
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McConn, Betty R., Justin Matias, Guoqing Wang, Mark A. Cline, and Elizabeth R. Gilbert. "Dietary macronutrient composition affects hypothalamic appetite regulation in chicks." Nutritional Neuroscience 21, no. 1 (August 16, 2016): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1028415x.2016.1219103.
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Quinn, Elizabeth A., Fe Largado, Michael Power, and Christopher W. Kuzawa. "Predictors of breast milk macronutrient composition in filipino mothers." American Journal of Human Biology 24, no. 4 (March 21, 2012): 533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22266.
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Jyväkorpi, S. K., A. Urtamo, M. Kivimäki, and T. E. Strandberg. "Macronutrient composition and sarcopenia in the oldest-old men." Clinical Nutrition 39, no. 12 (December 2020): 3839–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.04.024.
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Schrama, J. W., S. Saravanan, I. Geurden, L. T. N. Heinsbroek, S. J. Kaushik, and J. A. J. Verreth. "Dietary nutrient composition affects digestible energy utilisation for growth: a study on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and a literature comparison across fish species." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 2 (October 18, 2011): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114511005654.
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The effect of the type of non-protein energy (NPE) on energy utilisation in Nile tilapia was studied, focusing on digestible energy utilisation for growth (kgDE). Furthermore, literature data on kgDE across fish species were analysed in order to evaluate the effect of dietary macronutrient composition. A total of twelve groups of fish were assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design: two diets (‘fat’ v. ‘starch’) and two feeding levels (‘low’ v. ‘high’). In the ‘fat’-diet, 125 g fish oil and in the ‘starch’-diet 300 g maize starch were added to 875 g of an identical basal mixture. Fish were fed restrictively one of two ration levels (‘low’ or ‘high’) for estimating kgDE. Nutrient digestibility, N and energy balances were measured. For estimating kgDE, data of the present study were combined with previous data of Nile tilapia fed similar diets to satiation. The type of NPE affected kgDE (0·561 and 0·663 with the ‘starch’ and ‘fat’-diets, respectively; P < 0·001). Across fish species, literature values of kgDE range from 0·31 to 0·82. Variability in kgDE was related to dietary macronutrient composition, the trophic level of the fish species and the composition of growth (fat:protein gain ratio). The across-species comparison suggested that the relationships of kgDE with trophic level and with growth composition were predominantly induced by dietary macronutrient composition. Reported kgDE values increased linearly with increasing dietary fat content and decreasing dietary carbohydrate content. In contrast, kgDE related curvilinearly to dietary crude protein content. In conclusion, energy utilisation for growth is influenced by dietary macronutrient composition.
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Grech, Amanda, Anna Rangan, and Margaret Allman-Farinelli. "Macronutrient Composition of the Australian Population’s Diet; Trends from Three National Nutrition Surveys 1983, 1995 and 2012." Nutrients 10, no. 8 (August 8, 2018): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10081045.
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Although the role of individual macronutrients in the development of obesity remains controversial, changes in macronutrient composition of the diet may have played a causal role in the obesity epidemic. The aim of this analysis was to determine the percentage energy (%E) for protein, carbohydrate and fat of Australian adults’ diets over time. Cross-sectional, national nutrition surveys from 1983, 1995 and 2012 assessed diet using one 24 h recall. The prevalence of obesity increased between each survey, from 9.6% to 19.7% and 27.7%. Protein (%E) differed between each survey and contributed 17.7%, 16.8% and 18.3% energy in 1983, 1995 and 2012, respectively (p < 0.001). Carbohydrate (%E) increased from 40.0% in 1983 to 44.9% in 1995 (p < 0.001), with no change in dietary fibre but declined in 2012 to 43.1%. Fat (%E) declined between each survey from 35.3%, 31.9%, to 30.9%, respectively (p < 0.001). Alcohol (%E) has declined for younger adults and men but intake increased for women aged >45 years. Prospective cohort studies with comprehensive assessment of foods consumed, together with measurements of weight and height, will advance the understanding of the relationship between macronutrients and changes in body weight and obesity.
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Agah, Shahram, Azadeh Aminianfar, Ammar Hassanzadeh Keshteli, Vida Bitarafan, Peyman Adibi, Ahmad Esmaillzadeh, and Christine Feinle-Bisset. "Association between Dietary Macronutrient Intake and Symptoms in Uninvestigated Dyspepsia: Evidence from a Population-Based, Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 14, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 2577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14132577.
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(1) Background: Limited evidence from laboratory-based studies suggests that specific dietary macronutrients, particularly fat, can induce dyspeptic symptoms. Through a population-based study, we investigated the relationship between dietary macronutrients and dyspeptic symptoms and sought to determine macronutrient intake thresholds to predict or prevent dyspepsia and reduce symptoms in patients with dyspepsia. (2) Methods: A total of 4763 Iranian people were enrolled in this population-based, cross-sectional study. Uninvestigated dyspepsia (UD) and its symptoms, including postprandial fullness, early satiation, and epigastric pain, were evaluated using a modified Persian version of the Rome III criteria. The dietary intakes of participants were evaluated using a validated food–frequency questionnaire. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to calculate threshold intakes of dietary macronutrients to prevent UD in the general population. The analysis was then repeated in those with UD to calculate intake thresholds for reducing UD symptoms. (3) Results: Early satiation occurred in 6.3% (n = 302), postprandial fullness in 8.0% (n = 384) and epigastric pain in 7.8% (n = 371) of participants. The prevalence of UD was 15.2%. Compared with individuals without UD, those with UD had a lower intake of carbohydrates (48.2% vs. 49.1%) and a higher intake of fats (38.3% vs. 37.4%), while protein and energy intakes did not differ. Higher dietary fat and protein intakes were associated with a higher prevalence of postprandial fullness and epigastric pain, respectively. Macronutrient intakes to predict UD in the general population were <49% of energy from carbohydrates, >14.7% from protein, and >37.7% from fats. Carbohydrate, protein, and fat intakes to prevent symptoms among those with UD were calculated to be >48.2%, <14.6%, and <38.6%, respectively. (4) Conclusion: Higher carbohydrate intake and lower fat or protein intakes were associated with a lower likelihood of UD. Prospective studies carefully manipulating dietary macronutrient composition are warranted to investigate the value of dietary changes to improve symptoms in people with UD.
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Mukhopadhyay, A., T. Thomas, R. J. Bosch, P. Dwarkanath, A. Thomas, C. P. Duggan, and A. V. Kurpad. "Fetal sex modifies the effect of maternal macronutrient intake on the incidence of small-for-gestational-age births: a prospective observational cohort study." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 108, no. 4 (September 18, 2018): 814–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqy161.
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Abstract Background Maternal macronutrient intake is likely to play a pivotal role in fetoplacental growth. Male fetuses grow faster and their growth is more responsive to maternal size. Objective We assessed the role of fetal sex in modifying the effect of maternal macronutrient intake on the risk of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth. Design This was a prospective, observational cohort study of 2035 births from an urban South Asian Indian population. Maternal intakes of total energy and macronutrients were recorded by validated food-frequency questionnaires. The interaction of trimester 1 macronutrient intake with fetal sex was tested on the outcome of SGA births. Results The prevalence of SGA was 28%. Trimester 1 macronutrient composition was high in carbohydrate and low in fat (means ± SDs—carbohydrate: 64.6% ± 5.1%; protein: 11.5% ± 1.1%; and fat: 23.9% ± 4.4% of energy). Higher carbohydrate and lower fat consumption were each associated with an increased risk of SGA [adjusted OR (AOR) per 5% of energy (95% CI): carbohydrate: 1.15 (1.01, 1.32); fat: 0.83 (0.71, 0.97)] specifically among male births (males: n = 1047; females: n = 988). Dietary intake of >70% of energy from carbohydrate was also associated with increased risk (AOR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.00, 2.78), whereas >25% of energy from fat intake was associated with decreased risk (AOR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.90) of SGA in male births. Conclusions Higher carbohydrate and lower fat intakes early in pregnancy were associated with increased risk of male SGA births. Therefore, we speculate that fetal sex acts as a modifier of the role of maternal periconceptional nutrition in optimal fetoplacental growth.
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Strang, Sabrina, Christina Hoeber, Olaf Uhl, Berthold Koletzko, Thomas F. Münte, Hendrik Lehnert, Raymond J. Dolan, Sebastian M. Schmid, and Soyoung Q. Park. "Impact of nutrition on social decision making." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 25 (June 12, 2017): 6510–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620245114.
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Food intake is essential for maintaining homeostasis, which is necessary for survival in all species. However, food intake also impacts multiple biochemical processes that influence our behavior. Here, we investigate the causal relationship between macronutrient composition, its bodily biochemical impact, and a modulation of human social decision making. Across two studies, we show that breakfasts with different macronutrient compositions modulated human social behavior. Breakfasts with a high-carbohydrate/protein ratio increased social punishment behavior in response to norm violations compared with that in response to a low carbohydrate/protein meal. We show that these macronutrient-induced behavioral changes in social decision making are causally related to a lowering of plasma tyrosine levels. The findings indicate that, in a limited sense, “we are what we eat” and provide a perspective on a nutrition-driven modulation of cognition. The findings have implications for education, economics, and public policy, and emphasize that the importance of a balanced diet may extend beyond the mere physical benefits of adequate nutrition.