Relevant bibliographies by topics / Macroline

Academic literature on the topic 'Macroline'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Macroline"

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Lim, Siew-Huah, Shin-Jowl Tan, Yun-Yee Low, and Toh-Seok Kam. "Lumutinines A–D, Linearly Fused Macroline–Macroline and Macroline–Sarpagine Bisindoles fromAlstonia macrophylla." Journal of Natural Products 74, no. 12 (December 27, 2011): 2556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np200730j.

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Lim, Siew-Huah, Yun-Yee Low, G. Subramaniam, Zanariah Abdullah, Noel F. Thomas, and Toh-Seok Kam. "Lumusidines A−D and villalstonidine F, macroline–macroline and macroline–pleiocarpamine bisindole alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla." Phytochemistry 87 (March 2013): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.11.005.

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Tan, Shin-Jowl, Kuan-Hon Lim, G. Subramaniam, and Toh-Seok Kam. "Macroline–sarpagine and macroline–pleiocarpamine bisindole alkaloids from Alstonia angustifolia." Phytochemistry 85 (January 2013): 194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.08.016.

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Lim, Siew-Huah, Yun-Yee Low, Shin-Jowl Tan, Kuan-Hon Lim, Noel F. Thomas, and Toh-Seok Kam. "Perhentidines A–C: Macroline–Macroline Bisindoles fromAlstoniaand the Absolute Configuration of Perhentinine and Macralstonine." Journal of Natural Products 75, no. 5 (May 4, 2012): 942–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np300120p.

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Bi, Yingzhi, and James M. Cook. "General approach for the synthesis of macroline/sarpagine alkaloids. The total synthesis of (+)-macroline." Tetrahedron Letters 34, no. 28 (July 1993): 4501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-4039(93)88069-u.

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Zhang, Ye, Lei Zhang, and Xiangbing Qi. "Total Synthesis of (–)-Alstofolinine A: Selected Furan Oxidation/ Cyclization Cascade." Synlett 31, no. 01 (November 5, 2019): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690247.

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Indole-fused tetracyclic ring systems containing nitrogen atoms are common core skeletons of many indole alkaloids such as sarpagine, macroline, and ajmaline. Efficient and stereoselective construction of these ring systems can promote the development of the corresponding alkaloid syntheses. In this article, we briefly summarize our current progress toward the application of the aza-Achmatowicz reaction and indole nucleophilic addition reaction cascade for the first asymmetric total synthesis of the macroline-type indole alkaloid (–)-Alstofolinine A. Our synthetic strategy is based on furan oxidation/rearrangement and proceeds from easily accessible materials such as indole and furan derivatives.
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Kadam, Vilas D., Sridhara Shanmukha Rao B., S. K. Mahesh, Mithun Chakraborty, S. Phani Babu Vemulapalli, Satya Narayana Dayaka, and Gangarajula Sudhakar. "Stereoselective Access to the Core Structure of Macroline-Type Indole Alkaloids: Total Synthesis of Macroline and Alstomicine." Organic Letters 20, no. 16 (August 2018): 4782–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.orglett.8b01921.

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Rahman, Md Toufiqur, Veera Venkata Naga Phani Babu Tiruveedhula, Michael Rajesh Stephen, Sundari K. Rallapalli, Kamal P. Pandey, and James M. Cook. "Completion of the Total Synthesis of Several Bioactive Sarpagine/Macroline Alkaloids including the Important NF-κB Inhibitor N4-Methyltalpinine." Molecules 27, no. 5 (March 7, 2022): 1738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051738.

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The unification of the general synthetic strategy regarding the important and emerging group of C-19 methyl-substituted sarpagine/macroline alkaloids has culminated in the completion of the total synthesis of several bioactive alkaloids. Key transformations include an ACE-Cl mediated late-stage N(4)-demethylation and an anhydrous acid-mediated intramolecular quaternary hemiaminal formation between a tertiary amine and an aldehyde function to allow efficient access to several biologically important alkaloids from this group. Herein, the enantiospecific total synthesis of the first known sarpagine/macroline alkaloid with NF-κB inhibitory activity, N(4)-methyltalpinine (as a chloride salt), as well as the anticancer alkaloids talpinine, O-acetyltalpinine, and macrocarpines F–G, are described.
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Kam, Toh-Seok, and Yeun-Mun Choo. "Novel Macroline Oxindoles from a Malayan Alstonia." Tetrahedron 56, no. 33 (August 2000): 6143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4020(00)00564-0.

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Lim, Siew-Huah, Yun-Yee Low, Saravana Kumar Sinniah, Kien-Thai Yong, Kae-Shin Sim, and Toh-Seok Kam. "Macroline, akuammiline, sarpagine, and ajmaline alkaloids from Alstonia macrophylla." Phytochemistry 98 (February 2014): 204–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.014.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Macroline"

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Pett, Richard. "Total synthesis of the macroline-related alkaloid (±)-alstonerine." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/17842.

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This thesis examines the total synthesis of the macroline-related indole alkaloid alstonerine and related compounds. It is divided into three sections: The first section provides a review of the total synthesis efforts reported by Cook, Martin, Kuethe, and Kwon, as well previous work within the Craig group. The second section discusses the results of our investigations. The optimisation of the synthesis of key intermediate α,β-unsaturated lactam alcohol via directed-aziridine ring-opening is presented in detail. Our progress towards the synthesis of macroline-related alkaloids macroline, alstolactone, anhydromacrosalhine-methine and alstonerinal, as well as their N4-tosyl derivatives, from the key intermediate is discussed. The findings from these studies are presented en route to the total synthesis of alstonerine. The third section contains experimental procedures and characterisation data for compounds synthesised.
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Garet, Florence. "Mode d'action des antibiotiques du groupe des macrolides." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P265.

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Talbi, Patrice. "Macrolides et éradication de Hélicobacter pylori." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR23066.

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Zarate, Ruiz Griselda Araceli. "Vers la synthèse totale de la Thuggacine A." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENCM0002.

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Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit concerne la synthèse du fragment C12-C25 de la Thuggacine A, macrolide antibiotique, par deux voies de synthèse. La première voie de synthèse nous a permis de créer 4 des 5 centres stéréogéniques à partir du (R)-glycéraldéhyde acétonide. L'étape-clé d'induction asymétrique a montré que les 3 centres C18 à C20 présentent une configuration relative syn présente dans la Thuggacine A mais que les centres C17-C18 sont anti-configurés, configuration confirmée par cristallographie du composé 84. Les faibles rendements ainsi qu'un contrôle insuffisant de la diastéréosélectivité de ces 4 centres asymétriques nous ont conduit à étudier une stratégie de synthèse alternative. La deuxième voie de synthèse nous a permis d'obtenir le fragment C13-C25 en 10 étapes linéaires et avec un très bon contrôle de la stéréochimie des 5 centres stéréogéniques créés. Les 4 centres asymétriques C-17 à C-20 ont été construits grâce à deux réactions d'aldolisations type Evans, tandis que l'addition d'un allényl-stannane a permis l'introduction stéréosélective du centre C-16
The herein presented study is concerned by the synthesis of the C12-C25 fragment of Thuggacine A, a potent antibiotic macrolide, through two distinct synthetic pathways. The first synthetic pathway enabled us to form 4 among 5 stereogenic centers from (R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide. The key induction asymmetric step showed that the 3 chiral centers C18-C20 were formed with a syn-configuration as in Thuggacine A and the C17-C18 stereocenters were anti-configurated, a result confirmed by X-ray cristallography of compound 84. Low yields and low diastereocontrol of these four chiral centers led us to envisage an alternative synthetic strategy. The second synthetic pathway enabled us ti obtain the C13-C25 fragment within ten linear steps and a high diastereocontrol of the five required stereogenic centers. The 4 chiral centers C-17 to C-20 were formed through two Evans's aldolization steps while the stereochemistry of the C16 center was secured by an allenyl-stannane homologation
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Vicarini, Hubert. "Résistance inductible et constitutive des streptocoques et des entérocoques à l'érythromycine." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05P007.

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Peyramaure, Elisabeth. "Distribution de trois classes d'antibiotiques dans l'organisme : les macrolides, les quinolones et les céphalosporines." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P193.

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Jensen-Cain, Donna Marie. "Macrolide Resistance in Mycobacterium avium." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30560.

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Mycobacterium avium isolates resistant to clarithromycin and azithromycin have been recovered from patients undergoing antibiotic therapy. Comparison of DNA fingerprints of sensitive and resistant isolates showed that resistance resulted from mutation of the original, sensitive isolate in five of seven patients. In the other two patients, the clarithromycin-resistant isolates were unrelated to the sensitive isolate, suggesting that the resistant isolate resulted from either superinfection or selection of a resistant strain from a polyclonal population. Investigation of the mechanisms of clarithromycin and azithromycin resistance in M. avium showed that high-level resistance resulted from a point mutation at position A-2058 in the 23S rRNA. Based on this finding, a rapid screen for clarithromycin-resistance in M. avium was developed based on PCR. Twenty-three clinical isolates were analyzed, seven of which were clarithromycin-resistant. The target product was amplified only in clarithromycin-resistant strains, all of which had mutations at position 2058. A polyuridylic acid (poly U)-dependent in vitro translation system from M. avium was developed to investigate the effect of antibiotics on protein synthesis. Clarithromycin was an effective inhibitor of protein synthesis in cell-free extracts of a susceptible M. avium strain, whereas a high-level resistant strain was less susceptible to clarithromycin in vitro. Mixtures of extracts from sensitive and resistant strains showed a pattern of clarithromycin inhibition similar to the resistant strain, suggesting that resistance may be dominant in partial diploids. Three M. avium strains exhibiting step-wise, intermediate resistance to azithromycin were characterized in comparison to the sensitive parent. All strains were similar in hydrophobicity, growth medium requirements, and growth response to temperature. The azithromycin-resistant strains were resistant to several unrelated agents, including ciprofloxacin, rifabutin, and ethidium bromide. Addition of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) did not lower minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for ciprofloxacin or ethidium bromide. Cell-free extracts of the strains were as sensitive to azithromycin in vitro as the parent strain. The results rule out inactivation, efflux, and mutations in the target as resistance mechanisms, and suggest intermediate resistance may be due to altered permeability of the cell wall or membrane.
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Cousin, Sydney Louis. "Macrolide resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5078.

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Bassuel, Virginie. "Macrolides, streptogramines et staphylocoques : étude d'une nouvelle résistance à l'érythromycine par efflux et d'une nouvelle streptogramine, injectable, le RP 59500." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05P210.

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Lovmar, Martin. "Macrolide Antibiotics in Bacterial Protein Synthesis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6009.

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Books on the topic "Macroline"

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G, Thomas, Sabatini D. M, and Hall Michael N, eds. TOR, target of rapamycin. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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G, Thomas, Sabatini D. M, and Hall Michael N, eds. TOR, target of rapamycin. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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1934-, Neu Harold C., Young Lowell S, and Zinner Stephen H. 1939-, eds. The New macrolides, azalides, and streptogramins: Pharmacology and clinical applications. New York: M. Dekker, 1993.

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1935-, Ōmura Satoshi, ed. Macrolide antibiotics: Chemistry, biology, and practice. 2nd ed. Amersterdam: Elsevier Science (USA), 2002.

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J, Bryskier André, ed. Macrolides: Chemistry, pharmacology and clinical uses. Paris: Arnette Blackwell, 1993.

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Schönfeld, Wolfgang, and Herbert A. Kirst, eds. Macrolide Antibiotics. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0.

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1939-, Zinner Stephen H., and ICMASK (4th : 1998 : Barcelona, Spain), eds. New considerations for macrolides, azalides, streptogramins, and ketolides. New York: Marcel Dekker, 2000.

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Zebrowski, George. Macrolife: A mobile utopia. Amherst, NY: Pyr, 2006.

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M, Popkova A., Vërtkin A. L, and Kolobov S. V, eds. Makrolidy: Monografii͡a︡. Moskva: Dialog-MGU, 2000.

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1939-, Zinner Stephen H., and International Conference on the Macrolides, Azalides, and Streptogramins (3rd : 1996 : Lisbon, Portugal), eds. Expanding indications for the new macrolides, azalides, and streptogramins. New York: Dekker, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Macroline"

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Woodson, Erika. "Macrolide." In Encyclopedia of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, 1525. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23499-6_200181.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Macrolide." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 906. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_14167.

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Kirst, Herbert A. "Introduction to the macrolide antibiotics." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 1–13. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_1.

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Cundliffe, Eric. "Biosynthesis of the macrolide antibiotic, tylosin." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 177–84. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_10.

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Ali, Adel Ben, Fred W. Goldstein, and Jacques F. Acar. "In vitro activity of macrolides against traditional susceptible bacteria." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 185–200. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_11.

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Young, Lowell S., and Luiz E. Bermudez. "Activity of macrolides against mycobacteria." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 201–13. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_12.

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Hammerschlag, Margaret R. "Chlamydia pneumoniae and asthma and atherosclerosis: role of macrolides." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 215–28. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_13.

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Ridgway, Geoffrey L. "Activity of macrolides in sexually transmitted diseases." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 229–41. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_14.

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Mégraud, Francis. "Helicobacter pylori and macrolides." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 243–60. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_15.

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Allen, Norris E. "Effects of macrolide antibiotics on ribosome function." In Macrolide Antibiotics, 261–80. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8105-0_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "Macroline"

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Lanz, Oliver, and Andrea Scrivani. "Macroline – New Solutions to Improve Abrasive Wear Resistance." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0766.

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Abstract Highly wear resistant overlays for abrasive environments can be provided by welding technologies such as Plasma Transferred Arc Welding (PTAW) or Laser Cladding. Therefore, these overlays can contain higher amounts of hard particles with a desired homogeneous distribution through the weld overlay, all embedded in a metal matrix. Depending on the welding technology, the dissolution of the hard particles has to be considered as result of heat input and chemical reaction between hard particles and metal matrix while welding. Cast Tungsten Carbides (CTC) in self-fluxing Ni based alloys are widely used and accepted compositions and allow to target requirements such as hardness, impact toughness and/or corrosion resistance if required. This investigation compares CTC with Macroline Tungsten Carbide regarding abrasive wear resistance in Ni, Co and Fe based alloys applied by PTAW and Laser cladding and gives an outlook on potential new solutions for wear resistance in abrasive conditions. Beside the relative wear resistance, this investigation also focusses on the seam thickness as reaction zone between the carbide particles and the metal matrices. A first SEM and EDX analysis of a worn surface and precipitated phases provides an explanation regarding wear behavior in abrasive conditions.
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Baldoni, Gabriela, Gabriela Iribarren, Claudia Garbasz, Pablo Striebeck, Micaela Mayer Wolf, Liliana Fernandez Canigia, and Patricia Galarza. "Persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium: first reports in Argentina." In XIII Congresso da Sociedade Brasileira de DST - IX Congresso Brasileiro de AIDS - IV Congresso Latino Americano de IST/HIV/AIDS. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/dst-2177-8264-202133p044.

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Introduction: Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) is responsible for 15%-20% nongonococcal urethritis in men. In Argentina, the diagnosis is only performed by few laboratories. Single-dose 1 g azithromycin (AZM1D) treatment leads to emergence of macrolide resistance (mutations at 23S rRNA gene, region V, position 2058 or 2059). Recommendations include 5-day AZM (AZM5D) regimen, moxifloxacin as second-line therapy. Doxycycline is only 30% effective. Test of Cure (ToC) is advisable. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the first two clinical cases of persistent and recurrent urethritis due to macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina. Methods: End point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for diagnosis and ToC. Sanger sequencing analysis of mutations. Results: Case 1: A 26-year-old male patient with occasional heterosexual contacts and no history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) complained urethral thick purulent discharge and dysuria (January 2018), with negative microbiological cultures and Chlamydia trachomatis PCR. The patient received ceftriaxone/AZM1D. However, symptoms persisted (April 2018). Later, doxycycline was prescribed for 1 month. Five days after treatment, the sample was referred to the STI national reference laboratory (NRL) and results were found positive for MG. The patient was given AZM5D. As a result, symptoms disappeared, posterior ToC was found negative, and retrospectively, sequencing 23S rRNA gene showed A2058G transition. Case 2: An 18-year-old male patient with stable heterosexual relationship complained of previous gonococcal urethritis and urethral serous exudate with inflammatory reaction (September 2017), with negative microbiological cultures. The patient received ceftriaxone and AZM1D as initial treatment. Later, he was given doxycycline for 10 days. On February 2018, symptoms reappeared and sample referred to the NRL was positive for MG (negative for other STIs). With AZM1D treatment, symptoms disappeared. After 1 month, the symptoms recurred. Results showed a new MG-positive sample (April 2018). AZM5D administration induced 2 weeks symptoms free and recurrence, requiring moxifloxacin treatment. Symptoms disappeared completely. Posterior ToC is negative. Subsequently, sequencing both samples referred to the NRL showed A2059G transition. Conclusion: The clinical cases presented notified the importance of early and accurate diagnosis of MG infections and use of adequate treatment schemes. We emphasized the relevance of monitoring and surveillance prevalence of macrolide-resistant MG in Argentina.
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Moon, Seong Mi, Hye Yun Park, Su-Young Kim, Kyeongman Jeon, Seung-Heon Lee, Chang Ki Kim, Sung Jae Shin, and Won-Jung Koh. "Treatment outcomes of macrolide-resistantmycobacterium aviumcomplex lung disease." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa2567.

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Umer, Erum, Zafar Ahmed, and Syed Ali Arsalan. "Macrolides resitance to streptococcus pneumonia." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa2267.

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Martínez Cebeira, Montserrat, José Pérez Sestelo, and Luis, A. Sarandeses. "Synthetic studies on tulearin macrolides." In The 15th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-15-00774.

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Iungin, Olga, Lesia Maistrenko, Kateryna Rudnieva, Olena Moshynets, Viktoriia Potochylova, and Оlena Mokrousova. "Collagen-Based Gel with Antimicrobial Activity from Leather Waste." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.ii.12.

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The work is focused on obtaining collagen-based gel from leather waste with antimicrobial activity for further use with biomedical application and as dressings for wounds. Two antibiotics - macrolide azithromycin and phenicol chloramphenicol were tested using both laboratory strain and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus species from patients with wounds in Kyiv region. Collagen matrix was obtained from delimed pelt leather waste by acetic acid extraction. The biofilm assay and MTT assay were applied to study the effect of antimicrobial component in collagen-based gel. The reduced growth rate, cells attachment level and cells metabolic activity were the evidences of strains inhibition and biofilm development prevention.
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Martel, A., A. Decostere, E. Deleener, L. Devriese, and F. Haesebrouck. "Macrolide resistance in porcine streptococci: a human health hazard?" In Second International Symposium on Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-500.

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Suzuki, Takaya, Hiroshi Kubo, Haruhiko Fuwa, and Takashi Kondo. "An Anti-Cancer Effect Of Newly Synthesized Macrolide Compounds." In American Thoracic Society 2011 International Conference, May 13-18, 2011 • Denver Colorado. American Thoracic Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_meetingabstracts.a5069.

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Abdellati, Saïd, Els Verhoeven, Irith De Baetselier, Tania Crucitti, and Chris Kenyon. "P668 Transfer of high-level macrolide resistance inneisseria gonorrhoeae." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.735.

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Domthong, Pornanan, Uthumporn Domthong, Poonapong Hansiriphan, Virissorn Wongsrichanalai, Sudaluck Tanyaharn, Varunya Wutthichan, Patumporn Jian-umpunkul, and Anan Wattanathum. "Macrolide-resistantmycoplasma pneumoniaein respiratory tract infection and its clinical relevance." In ERS International Congress 2016 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.pa2614.

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Reports on the topic "Macroline"

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Gergova, Raina, Adile Muhtarova, Lyudmila Boyanova, and Rumyana Markovska. Distribution of msr(D), mef(A/E), emm Genotypes and Virulence Profiles among Bulgarian Macrolide Resistant Streptococcus pyogenes Isolates. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2021.11.13.

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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges, et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.

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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, John Rodgers, Daisy Duncan, Joanna Lawes, Charles Byrne, and Craig Swift. Levels and trends of antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter spp. from chicken in the UK. Food Standards Agency, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.dud728.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle of transmission for this organism. It is estimated there are 500,000 cases of campylobacteriosis in the UK annually, with Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) and Campylobacter coli (C. coli) accounting for approximately 91% and 8 % of infections, respectively. Although severe infection in humans is uncommon, treatment is seldom needed for human infection but usually involves the administration of a macrolide (e.g., azithromycin) or a fluoroquinolone (e.g., ciprofloxacin). An increased rate of resistance in Campylobacter in chicken to such antimicrobials could limit effective treatment options for human infections and it is therefore important to monitor changes in rates of resistance over time. In this report we analysed trends in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from chicken in the UK. The chicken samples were from chicken reared for meat (ie. broiler chicken as opposed to layer chicken (ie. egg-laying chicken)) and included chicken sampled at slaughterhouses as well as from retail stores in the UK. Datasets included AMR results from retail surveys of Campylobacter spp. on chicken sampled in the UK from various projects in the time period from 2001 to 2020. In the retail surveys, samples were obtained from stores including major and minor retail stores throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each nation) and Campylobacter spp. testing was performed using standard methods with the majority of isolates obtained from direct culture on standard media (mCCDA). Data from national scale surveys of broiler chicken, sampling caecal contents and carcase neckskins at slaughterhouses, undertaken by APHA in 2007/2008, and between 2012 and 2018 were also included in the study. In the APHA-led surveys, Campylobacter were isolated using standard culture methods (culture onto mCCDA) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by a standard microbroth dilution method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of isolates. Care was taken when comparing data from different studies as there had been changes to the threshold used to determine if an isolate was susceptible or resistant to an antimicrobial in a small number of scenarios. Harmonised thresholds (using epidemiological cut-off (ECOFF) values) were employed to assess AMR with appropriate adjustments made where required to allow meaningful comparisons of resistance prevalence over time. Data from additional isolates where resistance to antimicrobials were predicted from genome sequence data were also considered.
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Jorgensen, Frieda, Andre Charlett, Craig Swift, Anais Painset, and Nicolae Corcionivoschi. A survey of the levels of Campylobacter spp. contamination and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance determinants in fresh whole UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale (non-major retailers). Food Standards Agency, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.xls618.

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Campylobacter spp. are the most common bacterial cause of foodborne illness in the UK, with chicken considered to be the most important vehicle for this organism. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) agreed with industry to reduce Campylobacter spp. contamination in raw chicken and issued a target to reduce the prevalence of the most contaminated chickens (those with more than 1000 cfu per g chicken neck skin) to below 10 % at the end of the slaughter process, initially by 2016. To help monitor progress, a series of UK-wide surveys were undertaken to determine the levels of Campylobacter spp. on whole UK-produced, fresh chicken at retail sale in the UK. The data obtained for the first four years was reported in FSA projects FS241044 (2014/15) and FS102121 (2015 to 2018). The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated raw whole retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target. This report presents results from testing chickens from non-major retailer stores (only) in a fifth survey year from 2018 to 2019. In line with previous practise, samples were collected from stores distributed throughout the UK (in proportion to the population size of each country). Testing was performed by two laboratories - a Public Health England (PHE) laboratory or the Agri-Food & Biosciences Institute (AFBI), Belfast. Enumeration of Campylobacter spp. was performed using the ISO 10272-2 standard enumeration method applied with a detection limit of 10 colony forming units (cfu) per gram (g) of neck skin. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to selected antimicrobials in accordance with those advised in the EU harmonised monitoring protocol was predicted from genome sequence data in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates The percentage (10.8%) of fresh, whole chicken at retail sale in stores of smaller chains (for example, Iceland, McColl’s, Budgens, Nisa, Costcutter, One Stop), independents and butchers (collectively referred to as non-major retailer stores in this report) in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. has decreased since the previous survey year but is still higher than that found in samples from major retailers. 8 whole fresh raw chickens from non-major retailer stores were collected from August 2018 to July 2019 (n = 1009). Campylobacter spp. were detected in 55.8% of the chicken skin samples obtained from non-major retailer shops, and 10.8% of the samples had counts above 1000 cfu per g chicken skin. Comparison among production plant approval codes showed significant differences of the percentages of chicken samples with more than 1000 cfu per g, ranging from 0% to 28.1%. The percentage of samples with more than 1000 cfu of Campylobacter spp. per g was significantly higher in the period May, June and July than in the period November to April. The percentage of highly contaminated samples was significantly higher for samples taken from larger compared to smaller chickens. There was no statistical difference in the percentage of highly contaminated samples between those obtained from chicken reared with access to range (for example, free-range and organic birds) and those reared under standard regime (for example, no access to range) but the small sample size for organic and to a lesser extent free-range chickens, may have limited the ability to detect important differences should they exist. Campylobacter species was determined for isolates from 93.4% of the positive samples. C. jejuni was isolated from the majority (72.6%) of samples while C. coli was identified in 22.1% of samples. A combination of both species was found in 5.3% of samples. C. coli was more frequently isolated from samples obtained from chicken reared with access to range in comparison to those reared as standard birds. C. jejuni was less prevalent during the summer months of June, July and August compared to the remaining months of the year. Resistance to ciprofloxacin (fluoroquinolone), erythromycin (macrolide), tetracycline, (tetracyclines), gentamicin and streptomycin (aminoglycosides) was predicted from WGS data by the detection of known antimicrobial resistance determinants. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was detected in 185 (51.7%) isolates of C. jejuni and 49 (42.1%) isolates of C. coli; while 220 (61.1%) isolates of C. jejuni and 73 (62.9%) isolates of C. coli isolates were resistant to tetracycline. Three C. coli (2.6%) but none of the C. jejuni isolates harboured 23S mutations predicting reduced susceptibility to erythromycin. Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as harbouring genetic determinants for resistance to at least three unrelated antimicrobial classes, was found in 10 (8.6%) C. coli isolates but not in any C. jejuni isolates. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin and erythromycin was predicted in 1.7% of C. coli isolates. 9 Overall, the percentages of isolates with genetic AMR determinants found in this study were similar to those reported in the previous survey year (August 2016 to July 2017) where testing was based on phenotypic break-point testing. Multi-drug resistance was similar to that found in the previous survey years. It is recommended that trends in AMR in Campylobacter spp. isolates from retail chickens continue to be monitored to realise any increasing resistance of concern, particulary to erythromycin (macrolide). Considering that the percentage of fresh, whole chicken from non-major retailer stores in the UK that are highly contaminated (at more than 1000 cfu per g) with Campylobacter spp. continues to be above that in samples from major retailers more action including consideration of interventions such as improved biosecurity and slaughterhouse measures is needed to achieve better control of Campylobacter spp. for this section of the industry. The FSA has indicated that the retail proxy target for the percentage of highly contaminated retail chickens should be less than 7% and while continued monitoring has demonstrated a sustained decline for chickens from major retailer stores, chicken on sale in other stores have yet to meet this target.
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Long-term macrolide antibiotics reduce risk of exacerbations of bronchiectasis. National Institute for Health Research, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/signal-000831.

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